1.
Bucharest
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Bucharest is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than 60 km north of the Danube River, Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459. It became the capital of Romania in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media, culture and its architecture is a mix of historical, interbellum, communist-era and modern. In the period between the two World Wars, the citys elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of Little Paris. Although buildings and districts in the city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic, in 2016, the historical city centre was listed as endangered by the World Monuments Watch. According to the 2011 census,1,883,425 inhabitants live within the city limits, the urban area extends beyond the limits of Bucharest proper and has a population of about 1.9 million people. Adding the satellite towns around the area, the proposed metropolitan area of Bucharest would have a population of 2.27 million people. According to Eurostat, Bucharest has an urban zone of 2,183,091 residents. According to unofficial data, the population is more than 3 million, Bucharest is the sixth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits, after London, Berlin, Madrid, Rome, and Paris. Economically, Bucharest is the most prosperous city in Romania and is one of the industrial centres. The city has big convention facilities, educational institutes, cultural venues, traditional shopping arcades, the Romanian name București has an uncertain origin. Tradition connects the founding of Bucharest with the name of Bucur, who was a prince, an outlaw, a fisherman, in Romanian, the word stem bucurie means joy, and it is believed to be of Dacian origin. Other etymologies are given by scholars, including the one of an Ottoman traveler, Evliya Çelebi. A native or resident of Bucharest is called a Bucharester, Bucharests history alternated periods of development and decline from the early settlements in antiquity until its consolidation as the national capital of Romania late in the 19th century. First mentioned as the Citadel of București in 1459, it became the residence of the famous Wallachian prince Vlad III the Impaler, the Ottomans appointed Greek administrators to run the town from the 18th century. A short-lived revolt initiated by Tudor Vladimirescu in 1821 led to the end of the rule of Constantinople Greeks in Bucharest, the Old Princely Court was erected by Mircea Ciobanul in the mid-16th century. Under subsequent rulers, Bucharest was established as the residence of the royal court
2.
Drumul Taberei
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It is one of the few examples of successful urban planning during Communist Romania, despite it being built in the Eastern European tradition of dormitory neighborhoods. This success is due to the unique approach of the architects and planners to the concept of high-density urban living. The neighbourhood was built in the mid-to-late 1960s, on agricultural fields and marshland. It was called Road of the Camp because Tudor Vladimirescu set there his Pandur camp before entering Bucharest in 1821, the central concept of the area was providing for a comfortable living environment in a high density urban area. The heart of the quarter is Drumul Taberei Park, a park, complete with an artificial lake. The main avenue of the circles the park forming a U shape, extending outwards to the east. Immediately east of the park, a large north-south street cuts across the U-shaped avenues in order to provide access to Militari. Next to the park, a large market was built. Public transport was constructed to be a part of the neighbourhood. As such, even today, the neighbourhood is well connected to all parts of the city, around each trolleybus stop, commercial areas were planned and built, to include stores, restaurants and cinemas, to serve for each small community served by that stop. The design of the neighbourhood was influenced by the then-fashionable brutalism, in all,63,000 apartments were built. The design of the placed a great importance on mass transit. The network also features a number of bus lines, serving additional routes inside the neighborhood, an extension of the metro to Drumul Taberei, Metro Line M5, is under construction, with an estimated completion date of 2017
3.
Bucharest Metro
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The Bucharest Metro is an underground rapid transit system that serves the capital of Romania, Bucharest. It first opened for service on 16 November 1979, the network is run by Metrorex. In total, the Metrorex system is 71.35 kilometres long and has 53 stations, the first proposals for a metro system in Bucharest were made in the early part of the 20th century, by the Romanian engineers Dimitrie Leonida and Elie Radu. The earliest plans for a Bucharest Metro were drafted in the late 1930s, the outbreak of World War II, followed by periods of political tensions culminating with the installation of communism, put an end to the plans. By 1970, the transport system was no longer adequate due to the fast pace of urban development. A commission was set up, and its conclusion pointed to the necessity of a transit system that would become the Bucharest Metro. The construction on the new system started on 20 September 1975. The network was not built in the style as other Eastern European systems. Firstly, the design of the stations on the lines was simple, clean-cut modern, without excessive additions such as mosaics. The main function of the stations was speed of transit and practicality, secondly, the trainsets themselves were all constructed in Romania and did not follow the Eastern European style of construction. Each station usually followed a theme, and an open plan. No station was made to look exactly like any other, despite this, many stations are rather dark, due to the policies of energy economy in the late 1980s, with later modernisations doing little to fix this problem. Bucharest being one of the largest cities in the region, the network is larger than those of Prague or Budapest, when the planned new line-extensions are finished, they will increase the system length to more than 100 km, with about 80 stations. The first line, M1, opened on 16 November 1979 and it was 8. 1-kilometre long with 6 stations. Large stations which connect with other lines have two terminals, and each terminal goes by a different name. On the official map, they are shown as two stations with a connection in between, even though, in practice, they are really only one station with platforms at different levels. There is one exception, Gara de Nord 1 and Gara de Nord 2 are separate stations, generally, the underground stations feature large interiors. The largest one, Piata Unirii, is cathedral-like, with vast interior spaces, hosting retail outlets and fast-food restaurants and has an network of underground corridors
4.
Bucharest North railway station
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Bucharest North railway station is the main railway station in Bucharest and the largest railway station in Romania. The vast majority of trains to and from Bucharest originate from Gara de Nord. The station was built between 1868-1872, the stone was set on September 10,1868 in the presence of Carol I of Romania. The building is designed as a U-shaped structure, the first railways between Roman - Galați - Bucharest - Pitești were put in service on September 13,1872. Between 1895-1896 a new wing of the station was built, which included a Royal hall due to the visit of Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary and it was initially named Gara Târgoviștei, after the road nearby, Calea Târgoviștei and took its current name in 1888. There are currently 14 tracks and 8 platforms, the station is served by several bus lines as well as the Gara de Nord metro station. Also, the station is connected by CFR train to Henri Coandă International Airport, Bucharest Metro Media related to Gara de Nord at Wikimedia Commons Trains timetable Station North Bucharest Trains timetable
5.
A1 motorway (Romania)
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The A1 motorway is a partially built motorway in Romania, planned to connect Bucharest with the Banat and Crișana regions in the western part of the country. When completed it will be 580 kilometers long and it will span the country on the approximative south-east to north west direction. The motorway starts in the part of Bucharest and connects the following major cities, Pitești, Sibiu, Deva, Timișoara, Arad. As the motorway is built along the Trans-European Transport Networks Rhine-Danube Corridor the construction receives 85% funding from the European Union, as of March 2017, the combined length of the opened sections totals 400.4 kilometers. Other 56.7 kilometers are under construction, the parts of the motorway currently in service include the Bucharest – Pitești section, the Sibiu – Deva section, and the Margina – Nădlac section. Construction works are carried out between Deva and Margina, specifically on three segments having a length of 56.7 kilometers. This section of the motorway is fully operational and is composed of two segments, Bucharest – Pitești and Pitești bypass and it was constructed between 1967 and 1972 during the communist regime. As of November 2015 this is the segment of the motorway where in rest areas operate motels. The Pitești bypass segment was awarded in April 2004 to a joint venture composed of Italian companies Astaldi, the segment was opened to traffic during November 2007, having a major role in diverting traffic from the Pitești city centre. An underpass in the Bascov area was built to resolve traffic congestion at the nearby junction of the DN7. The underpass was completed during October 2008. This section of the motorway is planned and is split into five segments, Pitești – Curtea de Argeș. This is the most difficult section of the motorway from construction works perspective, considering that it has to cross the Carpathian mountains. The tender for the update was launched in April 2012 aiming to have the section finalized by 2020, eight months later the Romanian Government reconsidered and cancelled the tender. Dependent on the issues that might be identified and their environmental impact, following these consultations, it is expected that on 15 December 2015 the company preparing the feasibility study will hand over to CNADNR the final study for lots 1 and 5. According to the version of the Master Plan, the section is expected to be completed until 2020 using a mix between European funds, Romanian budget and low interest loans. This section of the motorway is fully operational and this plan suffered multiple delays and eventually in September 2006 CNADNR decided to terminate the contract. Following this, the section was split into two segments, the first segment was awarded in May 2008 to a joint venture composed of Geiger, Max Bögl and Comtram
6.
Romanian Revolution
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The Romanian Revolution was a period of violent civil unrest in Romania in December 1989 and part of the Revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries. It was also the last removal of a Communist government in a Warsaw Pact country during the events of 1989, in response, Romanians sought revolution and a change in government in light of similar recent events in neighboring nations. Social and economic malaise had been present in socialist Romania for quite some time, the austerity measures were designed in part by Ceaușescu to repay foreign debts. Evading capture by hastily departing via helicopter effectively portrayed the couple as both fugitives and also acutely guilty of accused crimes. They were convicted on all charges, sentenced to death, and immediately executed on Christmas Day 1989, becoming the last persons condemned to death, present-day Romania has unfolded in the shadow of the Ceaușescus along with its communist past, and the tumultuous departure from it. The National Salvation Front quickly took power after Ceaușescu was toppled, promising free, since that point Romania has become far more integrated with the West than its former, albeit tepid, relations with Moscow. Romania became a member of NATO and the European Union in 2004 and 2007, democratic reforms have proven to be moderately successful, though issues with corruption remain. Economic reforms continue, with Romania still possessing, for example, in 1981 Ceaușescu began an austerity program designed to enable Romania to liquidate its entire national debt. To achieve this, many basic goods—including gas, heat and food—were rationed, the infant mortality rate also grew to be the highest in Europe. The secret police had become so omnipresent that it made Romania essentially a police state, free speech was limited and opinions that did not favor the Communist Party were forbidden. The large numbers of Securitate informers made organized dissent nearly impossible, the regime deliberately played on this sense that everyone was being watched to make it easier to bend the people to the Partys will. Even by Soviet-bloc standards, the Securitate was exceptionally brutal, Ceaușescu created a cult of personality, with weekly shows in stadiums or on streets in different cities dedicated to him, his wife and the Communist Party. These and similar projects drained the finances and aggravated the already dire economic situation. Thousands of Bucharest residents were evicted from their homes, which were demolished to make room for the huge structures. Conversely, while Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev spoke of reform, Ceaușescu maintained a political line. The austerity program started in 1981 and the widespread poverty it introduced made the Communist regime very unpopular, however, in months following the announcement austerity and a shortage of goods remained the same as before. It initially appeared that Ceaușescu would weather the wave of revolution sweeping across Eastern Europe and he was formally re-elected for another five-year term as General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party on 24 November at the partys XIV Congress. On the same day, Ceaușescus counterpart in Czechoslovakia, Miloš Jakeš, resigned along with the entire Communist leadership and they were released on 22 December 1989 at 14,00
7.
Hypermarket
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In commerce, a hypermarket is a superstore combining a supermarket and a department store. The result is a retail facility carrying a wide range of products under one roof, including full groceries lines. In theory, hypermarkets allow customers to satisfy all their shopping needs in one trip. The term hypermarket was coined in 1968 by French trade expert Jacques Pictet, hypermarkets, like other big-box stores, typically have business models focusing on high-volume, low-margin sales. Typically covering an area of 5,000 to 15,000 square metres, because of their large footprints, many hypermarkets choose suburban or out-of-town locations that are easily accessible by automobile. The stores innovations included a store alongside a drugstore plus off-street parking. In 1933, mens and womens wear was added, and automotive department, housewares, by the 1950s, Fred Meyer began opening stores that were 45,000 sq ft to 70,000 sq ft, and the 1960s saw the first modern-sized Fred Meyer hypermarkets. The substantially larger store opened a week later in Auderghem near Brussels. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the three major US discount store chains – Walmart, Kmart and Target – started developing hypermarkets. Most Greatland stores have since converted to SuperTarget stores, while some have been converted into regular Target stores with the exception of 2 entrances. In the early 1990s, US hypermarkets also began selling fuel, the idea was first introduced in the 1960s, when a number of supermarket chains and retailers like Sears tried to sell fuel, but it didnt generate sufficient consumer interest at the time. Today there are approximately 4,500 hypermarket stores in the US selling fuel, the average Walmart Supercenter covers around 179,000 square feet, with the largest ones covering 260,000 sq ft. A typical Carrefour hypermarket still covers 10,000 m2, while the European trend in the 2000s has rather turned towards smaller hypermarkets of 3,000 to 5,000 m2. In France, INSEE defines hypermarkets as non-specialized markets with a size of 2,500 m2. In France, hypermarkets are generally situated in shopping centers outside of cities and they are surrounded by extensive car parking facilities, and generally by other specialized superstores that sell clothing, sports gear, automotive items, etc. In Japan, hypermarkets may be found in areas as well as less populated areas. The Japanese government encourages hypermarket installations, as investment by financial stocks are a common way to run hypermarkets. A recent trend has been to combine the dollar store concept with the hypermarket blueprint, sanyal has also argued that some developing countries such as India may even skip the hypermarket stage and directly go online
8.
Cora (hypermarket)
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Cora is a retail group of hypermarkets located in France and elsewhere in Europe. Cora was founded in 1974 by the supermarket holding Louis Delhaize Group after taking over three Carrefour hypermarkets located in Belgium and these three were originally established around 1969 as a joint venture franchise between two other companies, the Carrefour Group and the Delhaize Group. The Louis Delhaize Group owns several supermarket and hypermarket chains internationally, including Cora, Louis Delhaize, Match, Profi, Truffaut, Ecomax, Animalis, Sovena, the name Cora is borrowed from the Greek goddess Persephone who is also known as Cora. As of 3 October 2013, Cora has eleven hypermarkets in Romania, four of which are in Bucharest, Cora France Cora Belgium Cora Romania Cora Luxembourg Cora Antilles
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