1.
Bucharest
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Bucharest is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than 60 km north of the Danube River, Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459. It became the capital of Romania in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media, culture and its architecture is a mix of historical, interbellum, communist-era and modern. In the period between the two World Wars, the citys elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of Little Paris. Although buildings and districts in the city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic, in 2016, the historical city centre was listed as endangered by the World Monuments Watch. According to the 2011 census,1,883,425 inhabitants live within the city limits, the urban area extends beyond the limits of Bucharest proper and has a population of about 1.9 million people. Adding the satellite towns around the area, the proposed metropolitan area of Bucharest would have a population of 2.27 million people. According to Eurostat, Bucharest has an urban zone of 2,183,091 residents. According to unofficial data, the population is more than 3 million, Bucharest is the sixth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits, after London, Berlin, Madrid, Rome, and Paris. Economically, Bucharest is the most prosperous city in Romania and is one of the industrial centres. The city has big convention facilities, educational institutes, cultural venues, traditional shopping arcades, the Romanian name București has an uncertain origin. Tradition connects the founding of Bucharest with the name of Bucur, who was a prince, an outlaw, a fisherman, in Romanian, the word stem bucurie means joy, and it is believed to be of Dacian origin. Other etymologies are given by scholars, including the one of an Ottoman traveler, Evliya Çelebi. A native or resident of Bucharest is called a Bucharester, Bucharests history alternated periods of development and decline from the early settlements in antiquity until its consolidation as the national capital of Romania late in the 19th century. First mentioned as the Citadel of București in 1459, it became the residence of the famous Wallachian prince Vlad III the Impaler, the Ottomans appointed Greek administrators to run the town from the 18th century. A short-lived revolt initiated by Tudor Vladimirescu in 1821 led to the end of the rule of Constantinople Greeks in Bucharest, the Old Princely Court was erected by Mircea Ciobanul in the mid-16th century. Under subsequent rulers, Bucharest was established as the residence of the royal court
2.
Bucharest Metro
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The Bucharest Metro is an underground rapid transit system that serves the capital of Romania, Bucharest. It first opened for service on 16 November 1979, the network is run by Metrorex. In total, the Metrorex system is 71.35 kilometres long and has 53 stations, the first proposals for a metro system in Bucharest were made in the early part of the 20th century, by the Romanian engineers Dimitrie Leonida and Elie Radu. The earliest plans for a Bucharest Metro were drafted in the late 1930s, the outbreak of World War II, followed by periods of political tensions culminating with the installation of communism, put an end to the plans. By 1970, the transport system was no longer adequate due to the fast pace of urban development. A commission was set up, and its conclusion pointed to the necessity of a transit system that would become the Bucharest Metro. The construction on the new system started on 20 September 1975. The network was not built in the style as other Eastern European systems. Firstly, the design of the stations on the lines was simple, clean-cut modern, without excessive additions such as mosaics. The main function of the stations was speed of transit and practicality, secondly, the trainsets themselves were all constructed in Romania and did not follow the Eastern European style of construction. Each station usually followed a theme, and an open plan. No station was made to look exactly like any other, despite this, many stations are rather dark, due to the policies of energy economy in the late 1980s, with later modernisations doing little to fix this problem. Bucharest being one of the largest cities in the region, the network is larger than those of Prague or Budapest, when the planned new line-extensions are finished, they will increase the system length to more than 100 km, with about 80 stations. The first line, M1, opened on 16 November 1979 and it was 8. 1-kilometre long with 6 stations. Large stations which connect with other lines have two terminals, and each terminal goes by a different name. On the official map, they are shown as two stations with a connection in between, even though, in practice, they are really only one station with platforms at different levels. There is one exception, Gara de Nord 1 and Gara de Nord 2 are separate stations, generally, the underground stations feature large interiors. The largest one, Piata Unirii, is cathedral-like, with vast interior spaces, hosting retail outlets and fast-food restaurants and has an network of underground corridors
3.
A1 motorway (Romania)
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The A1 motorway is a partially built motorway in Romania, planned to connect Bucharest with the Banat and Crișana regions in the western part of the country. When completed it will be 580 kilometers long and it will span the country on the approximative south-east to north west direction. The motorway starts in the part of Bucharest and connects the following major cities, Pitești, Sibiu, Deva, Timișoara, Arad. As the motorway is built along the Trans-European Transport Networks Rhine-Danube Corridor the construction receives 85% funding from the European Union, as of March 2017, the combined length of the opened sections totals 400.4 kilometers. Other 56.7 kilometers are under construction, the parts of the motorway currently in service include the Bucharest – Pitești section, the Sibiu – Deva section, and the Margina – Nădlac section. Construction works are carried out between Deva and Margina, specifically on three segments having a length of 56.7 kilometers. This section of the motorway is fully operational and is composed of two segments, Bucharest – Pitești and Pitești bypass and it was constructed between 1967 and 1972 during the communist regime. As of November 2015 this is the segment of the motorway where in rest areas operate motels. The Pitești bypass segment was awarded in April 2004 to a joint venture composed of Italian companies Astaldi, the segment was opened to traffic during November 2007, having a major role in diverting traffic from the Pitești city centre. An underpass in the Bascov area was built to resolve traffic congestion at the nearby junction of the DN7. The underpass was completed during October 2008. This section of the motorway is planned and is split into five segments, Pitești – Curtea de Argeș. This is the most difficult section of the motorway from construction works perspective, considering that it has to cross the Carpathian mountains. The tender for the update was launched in April 2012 aiming to have the section finalized by 2020, eight months later the Romanian Government reconsidered and cancelled the tender. Dependent on the issues that might be identified and their environmental impact, following these consultations, it is expected that on 15 December 2015 the company preparing the feasibility study will hand over to CNADNR the final study for lots 1 and 5. According to the version of the Master Plan, the section is expected to be completed until 2020 using a mix between European funds, Romanian budget and low interest loans. This section of the motorway is fully operational and this plan suffered multiple delays and eventually in September 2006 CNADNR decided to terminate the contract. Following this, the section was split into two segments, the first segment was awarded in May 2008 to a joint venture composed of Geiger, Max Bögl and Comtram
4.
Romanian Revolution
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The Romanian Revolution was a period of violent civil unrest in Romania in December 1989 and part of the Revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries. It was also the last removal of a Communist government in a Warsaw Pact country during the events of 1989, in response, Romanians sought revolution and a change in government in light of similar recent events in neighboring nations. Social and economic malaise had been present in socialist Romania for quite some time, the austerity measures were designed in part by Ceaușescu to repay foreign debts. Evading capture by hastily departing via helicopter effectively portrayed the couple as both fugitives and also acutely guilty of accused crimes. They were convicted on all charges, sentenced to death, and immediately executed on Christmas Day 1989, becoming the last persons condemned to death, present-day Romania has unfolded in the shadow of the Ceaușescus along with its communist past, and the tumultuous departure from it. The National Salvation Front quickly took power after Ceaușescu was toppled, promising free, since that point Romania has become far more integrated with the West than its former, albeit tepid, relations with Moscow. Romania became a member of NATO and the European Union in 2004 and 2007, democratic reforms have proven to be moderately successful, though issues with corruption remain. Economic reforms continue, with Romania still possessing, for example, in 1981 Ceaușescu began an austerity program designed to enable Romania to liquidate its entire national debt. To achieve this, many basic goods—including gas, heat and food—were rationed, the infant mortality rate also grew to be the highest in Europe. The secret police had become so omnipresent that it made Romania essentially a police state, free speech was limited and opinions that did not favor the Communist Party were forbidden. The large numbers of Securitate informers made organized dissent nearly impossible, the regime deliberately played on this sense that everyone was being watched to make it easier to bend the people to the Partys will. Even by Soviet-bloc standards, the Securitate was exceptionally brutal, Ceaușescu created a cult of personality, with weekly shows in stadiums or on streets in different cities dedicated to him, his wife and the Communist Party. These and similar projects drained the finances and aggravated the already dire economic situation. Thousands of Bucharest residents were evicted from their homes, which were demolished to make room for the huge structures. Conversely, while Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev spoke of reform, Ceaușescu maintained a political line. The austerity program started in 1981 and the widespread poverty it introduced made the Communist regime very unpopular, however, in months following the announcement austerity and a shortage of goods remained the same as before. It initially appeared that Ceaușescu would weather the wave of revolution sweeping across Eastern Europe and he was formally re-elected for another five-year term as General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party on 24 November at the partys XIV Congress. On the same day, Ceaușescus counterpart in Czechoslovakia, Miloš Jakeš, resigned along with the entire Communist leadership and they were released on 22 December 1989 at 14,00
5.
Hypermarket
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In commerce, a hypermarket is a superstore combining a supermarket and a department store. The result is a retail facility carrying a wide range of products under one roof, including full groceries lines. In theory, hypermarkets allow customers to satisfy all their shopping needs in one trip. The term hypermarket was coined in 1968 by French trade expert Jacques Pictet, hypermarkets, like other big-box stores, typically have business models focusing on high-volume, low-margin sales. Typically covering an area of 5,000 to 15,000 square metres, because of their large footprints, many hypermarkets choose suburban or out-of-town locations that are easily accessible by automobile. The stores innovations included a store alongside a drugstore plus off-street parking. In 1933, mens and womens wear was added, and automotive department, housewares, by the 1950s, Fred Meyer began opening stores that were 45,000 sq ft to 70,000 sq ft, and the 1960s saw the first modern-sized Fred Meyer hypermarkets. The substantially larger store opened a week later in Auderghem near Brussels. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the three major US discount store chains – Walmart, Kmart and Target – started developing hypermarkets. Most Greatland stores have since converted to SuperTarget stores, while some have been converted into regular Target stores with the exception of 2 entrances. In the early 1990s, US hypermarkets also began selling fuel, the idea was first introduced in the 1960s, when a number of supermarket chains and retailers like Sears tried to sell fuel, but it didnt generate sufficient consumer interest at the time. Today there are approximately 4,500 hypermarket stores in the US selling fuel, the average Walmart Supercenter covers around 179,000 square feet, with the largest ones covering 260,000 sq ft. A typical Carrefour hypermarket still covers 10,000 m2, while the European trend in the 2000s has rather turned towards smaller hypermarkets of 3,000 to 5,000 m2. In France, INSEE defines hypermarkets as non-specialized markets with a size of 2,500 m2. In France, hypermarkets are generally situated in shopping centers outside of cities and they are surrounded by extensive car parking facilities, and generally by other specialized superstores that sell clothing, sports gear, automotive items, etc. In Japan, hypermarkets may be found in areas as well as less populated areas. The Japanese government encourages hypermarket installations, as investment by financial stocks are a common way to run hypermarkets. A recent trend has been to combine the dollar store concept with the hypermarket blueprint, sanyal has also argued that some developing countries such as India may even skip the hypermarket stage and directly go online
6.
Carrefour
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Carrefour S. A. is a French multinational retailer headquartered in Boulogne Billancourt, France, in the Hauts-de-Seine Department near Paris. It is one of the largest hypermarket chains in the world, Carrefour operates in more than 30 countries, in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Carrefour means crossroads and public square in French, the company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. The first Carrefour store opened on in 1960, within suburban Annecy near a crossroads, the Carrefour group was the first in Europe to open a hypermarket, a large supermarket and a department store under the same roof. They opened their first hypermarket on 15 June 1963 in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, in April 1976, Carrefour launched a private label Produits libres line of fifty foodstuffs, including oil, biscuits, milk, and pasta, sold in unbranded white packages at substantially lower prices. In 1999 it merged with Promodès, known as Continent, one of its competitors in the French market. In September 2009, Carrefour updated its logo, in April 2015, Brazilian businessman Abílio Diniz revealed he was in talks to raise his 5.07 percent stake in Carrefour and has the support of shareholders to take a board seat. The head office of the Groupe Carrefour is in Boulogne Billancourt in the Paris metropolitan area, Carrefour leased space in the 9,257 square metres Gecina building at 36 avenue Émile Zola effective 1 December 2010. The complex has 208 parking spaces and has an aluminium facade, E. Naud and L. Poulx designed the building. The chains Carrefour Hypermarket division has its office in Courcouronnes, Essonne, France. Armenia Carrefour opened its first hypermarket in Armenia at Yerevan Mall on 11 March 2015, Bahrain Carrefour has also opened a franchise owned branch in the Bahrain City Centre in 2008. It was the leading retailer in terms of sales figures. A selection of Carrefour products are sold in Hong Kong via Wellcome, Kazakhstan Carrefour opened its first hypermarket in Almaty on February 11,2016. So far it is the one in Kazakhstan. India Carrefour operates cash and carry stores in India under the name Carrefour Wholesale Cash&Carry, the first store opened on 30 December 2010 in Shahdara, Delhi. This was followed by a store in Jaipur in late 2011 and one in Meerut in October 2012, prior to September 2012, Indias foreign direct investment policy did not allow foreign companies to open multi-brand retail stores in the country. However, 100% FDI in cash-and-carry has been permitted since 1997, as a result, most global retailers, including Carrefour, opted for the cash-and-carry route in India. A new FDI policy, allowing up to 51% FDI in multi-brand retail, on 8 July 2014, Carrefour announced that it will shut down its Indian operations and close its five wholesale stores by the end of September
7.
Romania
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Romania is a sovereign state located in Southeastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia and it has an area of 238,391 square kilometres and a temperate-continental climate. With over 19 million inhabitants, the country is the member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city, Bucharest, is the sixth-largest city in the EU, the River Danube, Europes second-longest river, rises in Germany and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km, coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romanias Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains, which cross Romania from the north to the southwest are marked by one of their tallest peaks, Moldoveanu, modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the sovereign Kingdom of Romania. Romania lost several territories, of which Northern Transylvania was regained after the war, following the war, Romania became a socialist republic and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989 Revolution, Romania began a transition back towards democracy and it has been a member of NATO since 2004, and part of the European Union since 2007. A strong majority of the population identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians and are speakers of Romanian. The cultural history of Romania is often referred to when dealing with artists, musicians, inventors. For similar reasons, Romania has been the subject of notable tourist attractions, Romania derives from the Latin romanus, meaning citizen of Rome. The first known use of the appellation was attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia, after the abolition of serfdom in 1746, the word rumân gradually fell out of use and the spelling stabilised to the form român. Tudor Vladimirescu, a leader of the early 19th century. The use of the name Romania to refer to the homeland of all Romanians—its modern-day meaning—was first documented in the early 19th century. The name has been officially in use since 11 December 1861, in English, the name of the country was formerly spelt Rumania or Roumania. Romania became the predominant spelling around 1975, Romania is also the official English-language spelling used by the Romanian government. The Neolithic-Age Cucuteni area in northeastern Romania was the region of the earliest European civilization. Evidence from this and other sites indicates that the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture extracted salt from salt-laden spring water through the process of briquetage
8.
Berceni, Bucharest
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Berceni is a district of southern Bucharest. Berceni is also known as the place through where the wind comes in Bucharest. Geographically, it has a shape, bordered by Oltenitei Road and Turnu Magurele Street in the north and south. Built during the 1960s, it is a typical Communist-era working class district and it has a population of roughly 110,000. It is believed that the name comes from the hussars of Miklós Bercsényi and they settled in the neighborhood of Bucharest. Another theory claims that the name comes from an archaic Romanian word for tax collector, there is also a village of Berceni, which is situated to the south and is outside Bucharest city limits
9.
Centrul Civic
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Centrul Civic is a district in central Bucharest, Romania, which was completely rebuilt in the 1980s as part of the scheme of systematization under the dictator Nicolae Ceauşescu. Bucharest suffered significant damage due to Allied bombing during World War II, the construction of Centrul Civic and the demolitions necessary for it, however, were quite extreme even compared to other reconstruction communist programmes. The vast empty fields which emerged in the town during the demolitions of the 1980s were sarcastically called Ceaușima. Concrete hulks of half-completed buildings long stood where historic buildings once stood, a remainder of the former Ceaușima is the never-completed eastern large area between the Mircea Vodǎ and Nerva Traian streets. Centrul Civic is surrounded all-around by old buildings and neighborhoods. Many churches, such as the Sf, nicolai-Mihai Vodă Church, were moved rather than demolished, and the nearby Antim Monastery remains largely intact, although lacking its original eastern wing. Immediately next to the Centrul Civic, just off Unirii Square, is Dealul Mitropoliei, with the Patriarchal Cathedral and Palace, Centrul Civic is a complex of modern concrete buildings with marble façades, centered on a boulevard originally meant to be the Boulevard of the Victory of Socialism. A large balcony in the Palace surveys the entire length of the boulevard, Centrul Civic includes numerous government offices and apartments, the latter roughly equalling the housing units destroyed for its construction. On this location the Centrul Civic bisects the Dâmboviţa River, which is channelled at this point underground the Square, Centrul Civic stands out as a Socialist-Realism style monument with its architectural uniformity, but also because of its lack of commercial spaces. Most of the shops and restaurants that form the heart of Bucharest are to be found in the areas immediately to the north of Centrul Civic
10.
Cotroceni
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Cotroceni is a neighbourhood in western Bucharest, Romania located around the Cotroceni hill, in Bucharests Sector 5. The nearest Metro stations are Eroilor and Politehnica, the Hill of Cotroceni was once covered by the forest of Vlăsia, which covered most of todays Bucharest. Here, in 1679 a monastery was built by Şerban Cantacuzino, houses were built in the area near the palace by the royal servants and by high-ranking military personnel. Carol I also build a train station named Gara Cotroceni near the palace. The train station was relocated by the communist regime and was used for transporting materials for the construction of Casa Poporului. Important Romanian figures lived in this neighborhood, Ion Minulescu, Marin Preda, Ion Barbu and Liviu Rebreanu
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