1.
Regions of the Philippines
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In the Philippines, regions, ISO 3166-2, PH) are administrative divisions that serve primarily to organize the provinces of the country for administrative convenience. Currently, the republic of the Philippines is divided into 18 regions. Most government offices are established by region instead of individual provincial offices, the regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, which has an elected regional assembly and governor. The Cordillera Administrative Region was originally intended to be autonomous, since that time, other regions have been created and some provinces have been transferred from one region to another. June 22,1973, Pangasinan was transferred from Region III to Region I, july 7,1975, Region XII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. July 25,1975, Regions IX and XII declared as Autonomous Regions in Western, august 21,1975, Region IX divided into Sub-Region IX-A and Sub-Region IX-B. Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions, november 7,1975, Metropolitan Manila created. June 2,1978, Metropolitan Manila declared as the National Capital Region, july 15,1987, Cordillera Administrative Region created. August 1,1989, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao created, Region XII reverted to an administrative region. October 23,1989, First creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. October 12,1990, Executive Order 429 issued by President Corazon Aquino to reorganize the Mindanao regions, february 23,1995, Region XIII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. Sultan Kudarat transferred to Region XI,1997, Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. December 22,1997, Second creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. December 18,1998, Sultan Kudarat returned to Region XII, september 19,2001, Most Mindanao regions reorganized and some renamed. May 17,2002, Region IV-A and Region IV-B created from the former Region IV region, may 23,2005, Palawan transferred from Region IV-B to Region VI, Mimaropa renamed to Mimaro. August 19,2005, Transfer of Palawan to Region VI held in abeyance, may 29,2015, Negros Island Region created. Negros Occidental and Bacolod from Region VI and Negros Oriental from Region VII transferred to form new region, july 17,2016, Republic Act No.10879 established the Southwestern Tagalog Region from the former Region IV-B. As of May 2015, the Philippines comprises 18 administrative regions and these regions are geographically organized into the three island groups of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
2.
Apo Reef
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Apo Reef is a coral reef system in the Philippines situated on the western waters of Occidental Mindoro province in the Mindoro Strait. Encompassing 34 square kilometres, it is the worlds second-largest contiguous coral reef system, the reef and its surrounding waters are protected areas in the country administered as the Apo Reef Natural Park. It is one of the best known and most popular sites in the country. Apo Reef can be found around 15 nautical miles west of the nearest coast of the Philippine island of Mindoro and it is separated from main island by the Apo East Pass of the Mindoro Strait. Politically, the lies within the jurisdiction of the Province of Occidental Mindoro in Region IV-B of the Philippines. Tourism activities are administered by government of Sablayan and the local office of the Department of Environment. Apo Reef is roughly a triangular coral atoll formation approximately 26 kilometres from the north to the south tip and it is separated by two lagoon systems, the north and south lagoons which are bounded by narrow reef platforms. It is a 34 square kilometres almost triangular northern and southern atoll-like reefs separated by a channel that is open to the west. The channel runs east to west from 1.8 to 30 metres deep with a white sand bottom, numerous mounds. The north lagoon is a triangular coral reef platform partly exposed during low tide. It is relatively shallow depths of about 2–10 metres. While the south lagoon is a triangular coral platform enclosed on two sides and is about 30 metres in depth. Likewise, reef limestone and coralline sand on the east and southeastern sides dominantly underlie the area, the main geographical feature of Apo Reef is submerged, but three islands mark it on the surface, the Apo Island, Apo Menor and Cayos del Bajo. The largest is Apo Island at 22 hectares with mangroves and beach vegetation, the reef surrounding the island extends to 0.80 kilometres in places. Outside the lagoonal mangroves in the eastern and southern sides of Apo Island, on the other hand, the lagoonal mangroves have a sandy loam to clay loam soil, underlain by decomposed plant residues or coarse materials. Apo Island is separated from Apo Reef by a narrow, deep channel, the island is about 23 nautical miles from Mindoro and about 20 nautical miles from Nanga and Tara Islands, the nearest of the islands off Busuanga Island on the western side of the Mindoro Strait. The Apo Reef Light, situated on the northeast part of the island, Apo Menor is located near the western end of Apo Reef, about 2.4 kilometres east of Apo Island. It is a limestone island with relatively little vegetation
3.
El Nido, Palawan
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El Nido is a first class municipality and managed resource protected area in the province of Palawan in the Philippines. It is about 420 kilometres south-west of Manila, and about 238 kilometres north-east of Puerto Princesa and it is known for its white-sand beaches, coral reefs, limestone cliffs and as the gateway to the Bacuit archipelago. El Nido is currently ranked #4 in Condé Nast Travelers list of 20 Most Beautiful Beaches in the World, CNNGo has called it the Best Beach and Island destination in the Philippines for its extraordinary natural splendor and ecosystem. It is composed of 45 islands and islets, each has its own unique geological formations, the highest peak is at Cadlao Island, towering up to 640 metres above sea level. El Nido is politically subdivided into eighteen barangays, four of which are situated in the Población, and are also known by their respective zones. It is a town center with tree-lined streets, and the lifestyle is laidback. It is interconnected with other buildings that house other government facilities such as the Rural Health Unit, Municipal Circuit Trial Court, El Nido Post Office, El Nido has been inhabited by humans as early 2680 BC, or even up to 22,000 years ago. Chinese traders had been visiting the area of El Nido for its edible birds nests during the Song Dynasty. In fact, El Nido is specifically mentioned in Chinese records as far back 1225, the town traces its roots from a small Tagbanwa village called Talindak. Some time in the 16th century, waves of migrants from Cuyo Islands came here to settle, in the 1800s, the Spaniards arrived, and they moved to the part where the present-day Población and Mabini are located. The first Spanish families were the Canovas, Vázquez, Ríos, in 1890, the Spaniards renamed it as Bacuit. At the time, the center of the town was Cabigsing, Chinese families moved into the area about the same period, first settling in Langeblangeban. The first Chinese settlers were named Lim, Chin, Liao, Edsan, Ambao, Que-Ke, Lim Piao, Yu His, Pe Phan and it remained part of Taytay until 1916 when it formally became an independent municipality. The new municipality was known as Bacuit. These nests, nido in Spanish, the ingredient for the gourmet nido soup, are being sold at approximately US$3,000 per kilogram. In the same year, the barrio of Oton was renamed to Mabini, because El Nido was quite remote from most of the inhabited islands in the Philippines, its pristine beauty was hidden to the world until 1979 when a sea accident happened in Bacuit Bay. As the story goes, a tuna line disabled a dive boats propeller in the middle of the night forcing it to anchor in an inlet. In 1983, a station was established in Miniloc Island by a group of divers who were on board the diveboat M/V Via Mare
4.
Romblon
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Romblon is an archipelagic province of the Philippines located in the Mimaropa region. The province lies south of Marinduque and Quezon, east of Oriental Mindoro, north of Aklan and Capiz, according to the 2015 census, it has a total population of 292,781. Romblon has been inhabited by aboriginal Filipinos prior to the arrival of the Spanish in 1569, archaeological artifacts recovered by the National Museum in 1936 indicate that the aborigines of Romblon already have a rich and advanced culture. With arrival of the Americans in 1901, Romblon was declared a province and it lost its provincial status for a short while between 1907 and 1945, but regained it in 1946, just after World War II. The inhabitants of Romblon are divided into three groups, Romblomanon, Onhan and Asi. These groups occupy specific islands in the province and have their own language, Romblomanon is mainly spoken in the town of Romblon, in all of three towns of Sibuyan Island, and the town of San Agustin in Tablas Island. Onhan is mainly spoken in the municipalities in the part of Tablas Island as well as in the island municipality of San Jose. The northwestern part of Tablas Island (in Odiongan and Calatrava, as well as the municipalities of Corcuera, Banton. Currently, the province relies on agriculture, particularly rice and copra farming as well as fishing and it also has a lucrative marble industry due to an abundance of Italian-quality marble, hence, its moniker as the Marble Capital of the Philippines. In recent years, the province has become an ecotourism destination, with several white sand beaches, diving spots, mountains. According to legend, the name Romblon was derived from the Romblomanon word Nagalumyom, meanwhile, local historians Roland Madeja and Evelyn Reyes relate the origin of the name Romblon to the shape of Romblon Island. Madeja claims that the name was derived from the Spanish word ronblon, another term for tornillo, according to him, the Spanish claimed to have observed the screw-like shape of Romblon Island. Meanwhile, Reyes claims Romblon originated from doubloon, which refers to the Spanish coin used by Moro pirates in paying dowries for their brides-to-be, the Spanish might have named the island after the shape of the coin. Romblons aboriginal inhabitants were the Negritos from Panay and Mangyans from Mindoro, ancient wooden coffins discovered in the Guyangan Cave System of Banton Island in 1936 signify a rich ancient civilization and culture in the province before the arrival of the Spaniards in 1569. These artifacts are currently on display at the National Museum in Manila, the islands were later organized into three encomiendas and were administered from Arevalo. De Loarca visited Romblon in 1582 and conducted the first census of the islands, in 1635, Recollect missionaries arrived in Romblon to establish Catholic missions and settlements. They helped the Spanish authorities establish peace and order in the islands, in 1637, they established seven missionary centers at Romblon, Badajoz, Cajidiocan, Banton, Looc, Odiongan and Magallanes. Romblon was separated from the jurisdiction of Arevalo and annexed to Capiz, in 1853, the islands were organized into a politico-military commandancia administered from Capiz and continued to be so until the end of the Spanish rule in 1898
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
7.
Island groups of the Philippines
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The geographical divisions of the Philippines are the three island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Luzon and Mindanao are both named after the largest island in their groups, while the Visayas is an archipelago. If a province is reassigned into a new region, it can also be reassigned to a new group, as is the case with Palawan. The island groups themselves do not have governments of their own, but are divided into provinces, cities, municipalities and barangays. Although the island groups do not have local governments, hence capitals, certain cities have become the political, economic, Manila is the national capital and is the de facto capital of Luzon, though neighbouring Quezon City, a former capital, has more inhabitants than Manila. Cebu, on the province and island of the name, is the chief city of the Visayas. Mindanaos main city is Davao, towards its southeast
8.
Luzon
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Luzon (/luːˈzɒn/, Tagalog pronunciation, is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. It is ranked 15th largest in the world, with a population of 52.99 million as of 2015, it is the fourth most populous island in the world, containing about 53% of the countrys total population. Luzon may also refer to one of the three island groups in the country. The name Luzon is thought to derive from the Tagalog word lusong, from just before the first millennium, the Tagalog and Kapampangan peoples of south and central Luzon had established several Indianized kingdoms, notably among them those of Tundok and Namayan. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription, the first Philippine document written in 900AD, names places in and these kingdoms were based on leases between village rulers and landlords or Rajahs, to whom tributes and taxes were levied. These kingdoms were coastal thalassocracies based on trade with neighboring Asian political entities at that time, some parts of Luzon were Islamized when the Sultanate of Brunei expanded its realms from Borneo to the Philippines and set up the Kingdom of Maynila as its puppet-state. In addition, other kingdoms like the Wangdom of Pangasinan had become tributary states to China and were largely Sinified kingdoms, certain kilns were renowned over others and prices depended on the reputation of the kiln. Of this flourishing trade, the Burnay jars of Ilocos are the large clay jar manufactured in Luzon today with origins from this time. The Yongle Emperor instituted a Chinese Governor on Luzon during Zheng Hes voyages, China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago. China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in Yongles reign, in the 1500s, people from Luzon were called Lucoes and were actively employed in trading, seafaring and military campaigns across Southeast Asia. The Portuguese were the first European explorers who recorded it in their charts as Luçonia or Luçon, edmund Roberts, who visited Luzon in the early 19th century, wrote that Luzon was discovered in 1521. Many people from Luzon had active-employment in Portuguese Malacca and his father and wife carried on his maritime trading business after his death. Another important Malacca trader was Curia de Raja who also hailed from Luzon, the surname of de Raja or diraja could indicate that Regimo and Curia, and their families, were of noble or royal descent as the term is an abbreviation of Sanskrit adiraja. Pinto noted that there were a number of Lucoes in the Islamic fleets that went to battle with the Portuguese in the Philippines during the 16th century, the Sultan of Aceh gave one of them the task of holding Aru in 1540. Pinto also says one was named leader of the Malays remaining in the Moluccas Islands after the Portuguese conquest in 1511, pigafetta notes that one of them was in command of the Brunei fleet in 1521. However, the Luções did not only fight on the side of the Muslims, pinto says they were also apparently among the natives of the Philippines who fought the Muslims in 1538. On Mainland Southeast Asia, Lusung/Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD, at the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya. Scholars have thus suggested that they could be valued by all sides
9.
Calapan
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Calapan, officially the City of Calapan a component city, is the capital of the province of Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. According to the 2010 Census, this community has a population of 124,173 people. The Calapan City Seaport is the largest and busiest seaport on Mindoro Island, Calapan is currently one of the only two cities in Region 4-B the other being Puerto Princesa City in Palawan. Calapan serves as the administrative center. It is also the center of commerce, industry, transport, communication, religious activities, Calapan is bounded to the north and north-east by the Calapan Bay, south and southeast by the Municipality of Naujan, and to the west by the Municipality of Baco. The city lies at the quadrangle bounded by 13°12.6 and 13°27’ north latitudes and it is approximately 28 nautical miles from the nearest point of Batangas Province,45 km south of Batangas City and 130 km south of Manila. The city has an area of 250.06 km2 and is composed of 62 barangays of which 22 are classified as urban and 40, the city also has jurisdiction over the three Baco-Chico Islets and the two Silonay Islets on Calapan Bay. The overall land characteristic is a plain with rivers, interspersed with wetlands at the seacoast periphery. The highest elevation is 187 m above sea level at Bulusan Hill, a 6-kilometre long landform east of the city, the City of Calapan is politically subdivided into 62 barangays. San Vicente Central is one of Calapans barangays and serves as the commercial and financial center of the city and it is divided by J. P. Rizal Avenue, the major thoroughfare in the city lined by several commercial establishments. Calapans climate is described as mild and it is relatively dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. February and March have the least rainfall while October and November are the months of greatest rainfall, average yearly rainfall is 2,500 to 4,500 millimetres at the City’s south-west portion. The average daily temperature is 22.9 to 28.3 °C, climate is favorable for vegetation throughout the year under the Type III climate type of the Philippine weather bureau, PAGASA, with relative humidity at 81%. Calapan was formerly a village before the establishment of the first Religious District in Baco. The District convent was transferred to Calapan in 1733 and began its jurisdiction over the Northern Mindoro Ecclesiastical Area. In the early 18th century, the only occupied a strip of land stretching from Ibaba to Ilaya in a cross-shape facing the present church. Later on, succeeding barrios were founded, in 1837, the capital of the province was moved from Puerto Galera to Calapan. When Mindoro became a part of Marinduque on June 13,1902, on November 10,1902, Mindoro was detached from Marinduque
10.
Philippine Standard Time
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Philippine Standard Time, also known as Philippine Time and informally Juan Time, is the official name for the time in the Philippines. The country only uses one time zone, and for a short period, geographically, the Philippines lies within 116°40′ and 126°34′ east of the Prime Meridian, and is physically located within the UTC+08,00 time zone. Philippine Standard Time is maintained by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, the Philippines shares the same time zone with Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, most parts of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Brunei, central Indonesia, and Western Australia. Philippine Standard Time was instituted through Batas Pambansa Blg,8, approved on 2 December 1978 and implemented on 1 January 1983. The Philippines is one of the few countries to officially and almost exclusively use the 12-hour clock in non-military situations. From 1521 to 1844, the Philippines had the date as Mexico. Monday,30 December 1844 was immediately followed by Wednesday,1 January 1845 and this meant that International Date Line moved from going west of the Philippines to go on the east side of the country. At the time, local time was used to set clocks, meaning that every place used its own local time based on its longitude. Television and radio stations in the Philippines display the time, in September 2011, the Department of Science and Technology proposed to synchronise time nationwide in an effort to discourage tardiness. On May 15,2013, President Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act No,10535, better known as the The Philippine Standard Time Act of 2013 as a last step to finally implement the Juan Time. Effective June 1,2013, all government offices and media networks will be required to use Philippine Standard Time as a basis to set their timepieces, in addition, the first week of January will be regularly observed as the National Time Consciousness Week. The IANA time zone database contains one zone for the Philippines in the file zone. tab, hapon starts at 1,00 PM and ends 5,59 PM. Gabí starts at 6,00 PM and ends 12,00 AM which is Hatinggabi, madalíng Araw starts at 12,01 AM and ends 4,59 AM. Except in very formal situations, Filipinos rarely use the numbers in telling time. - Alas otso kwarenta y uno ng gabí or Apatnapút-isá makalipas ng ikawaló ng gabí5,30 A. M, - Alas singko y medya ng umaga or Tatlumpûng minuto makalipas ng ikalimá ng umaga or ikalimá at kalaháti ng umaga 3,00 P. M. - Alas tres ng hapon o Ikatló ng hapon 12,00 P. M, - Alas dose ng tanghalì o Ikalabíndalawá ng tanghalì12,00 A. M. - Alas dose ng hatinggabi o Ikalabíndalawá ng hatinggabí2,00 A. M
11.
Provinces of the Philippines
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The provinces of the Philippines are the primary political and administrative divisions of the Philippines. There are 81 provinces at present, further subdivided into component cities and municipalities, the National Capital Region, as well as independent cities, are independent of any provincial government. Each province is governed by a legislature called the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. The provinces are grouped into 18 regions based on geographical, cultural, fifteen of these regions are designated with numbers corresponding to their geographic location in order from north to south. The Cordillera Administrative Region, National Capital Region, Negros Island Region, each province is a member of the League of Provinces of the Philippines, an organization which aims to address issues affecting provincial and metropolitan government administrations. A provincial government is autonomous of other provinces within the Republic, each province is governed by two main elected branches of the government, executive and legislative. Judicial affairs are separated from provincial governance and are administered by the Supreme Court of the Philippines, the provincial governor is chief executive and head of each province. The vice governor acts as the president for each Sangguniáng Panlalawigan, every SP is composed of regularly elected members from provincial districts, as well as ex officio members. The number of regularly elected SP members allotted to each province is determined by its income class, first- and second-class provinces are provided ten regular SP members, third- and fourth-class provinces have eight, while fifth- and sixth-class provinces have six. Exceptions are provinces with more than five congressional districts, such as Cavite with 14 regularly elected SP members, every SP has designated seats for ex officio members, given to the respective local presidents of the Association of Barangay Captains, Philippine Councilors League, and Sangguniáng Kabataan. The vice governor and regular members of an SP are elected by the voters within the province, ex officio members are elected by members of their respective organisations. National intrusion into the affairs of each provincial government is limited by the Philippine Constitution, the President of the Philippines however coordinates with provincial administrators through the Department of the Interior and Local Government. For purposes of representation, each province is guaranteed its own congressional district. One congressional representative represents each district in the House of Representatives, senatorial representation is elected at an at-large basis and not apportioned through territory-based districts. Those classified as highly urbanized or independent component cities are independent from the province. Local government units classified as component cities and municipalities are under the jurisdiction of the provincial government, the provincial government does not have direct relations with individual barangays. Supervision over a government is the mandate of the mayor. Provinces are classified according to annual income based on the previous 4 calendar years
12.
Marinduque
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Marinduque is an island province in the Philippines located in Mimaropa region. Its capital is the municipality of Boac, Marinduque lies between Tayabas Bay to the north and Sibuyan Sea to the south. It is west of the Bondoc Peninsula of Quezon province, east of Mindoro Island, furthermore, for almost 200 years, the province is home to one of the oldest religious festivals of the country, the Moriones Festival celebrated annually every Holy Week. Legend has it that the island of Marinduque was formed as a consequence of a love affair between two people, Mariin and Gatduke. Mariins father, a chieftain, did not approve of this affair. Before this could be done, the couple sailed out to sea and drowned themselves, during the Philippine-American War, Marinduque was the first island to have American concentration camps. Marinduque is the site of the Battle of Pulang Lupa, where 250 Filipino soldiers under Colonel Maximo Abad and it is one of the few battles during the pacification of the Philippines where the tenacity and bravery of the Filipinos prevailed over the well armed Americans. In 1902, the US-Philippine Commission annexed the islands of Mindoro, four months later, the province became part of the province of Tayabas. On February 21,1920, Act 2280 was passed by the Philippine Congress, in 1942, the Japanese Imperial forces landed in Marinduque. In 1945, combined American and Philippine Commonwealth troops attacked from the Japanese Troops liberated to the Battle of Marinduque in the Second World War. The general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was active in 1935 to 1942 and 1945 to 1946, archaeology in the Philippines began in Marinduque. Prior to 1900, only one important archaeological investigation had been carried out in the country, after Marche, the next important archaeological work was undertaken by Dr. Carl Gunthe in the Visayas Island Group in 1922. An abundant yield of Chinese urns, vases, gold ornaments, skulls and he brought back to France the Marinduque artifacts he uncovered in 40 crates. Part of it now is said to be housed at the Musée de lHomme in France, the finds also included a wooden image of the Marinduque anito called Pastores by the natives. One of these also found its way into the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. These fragile jarlets traveled from China to the pre-colonial Philippines, buried in a cave in Marinduque for centuries, excavated in the late 19th century, brought to Paris and eventually one ended up at the Smithsonian Institution museum. Part of Marinduques history lies at the Marinduque Museum in Poblacion at Boac and it will take some time to analyze these artifacts to piece together its pre-colonial past. Marinduque is considered as the center of the Philippine archipelago by the Luzon Datum of 1911
13.
Occidental Mindoro
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Occidental Mindoro is a province in the Philippines located in the Mimaropa region. Its capital is Mamburao and occupies the half of the island of Mindoro. The province is bordered on the east by the province of Oriental Mindoro, the South China Sea is to the west of the province and Palawan is located to the southwest, across the Mindoro Strait. Batangas is to the north, separated by the Verde Island Passage, Mindoro Island was originally known to the ancients as Ma-i. It was formally called Mait, and known to the Chinese traders before the coming of the Spanish and its existence was mentioned in the old Chinese chronicles in 775 A. D. and more elaborately in 1225. It was an anchorage in the Southeast Asia trade route during the pre-Philippines period. Chinese, Arab and Indian merchants traded with the natives, in 1570, the Spanish began to explore the island and named it Mina de Oro after finding some of the precious metal, though no major gold discoveries were ever made. The natives of Mindoro were called Manguianes by the Spaniards, but the natives refer to themselves by their ethnic or clan identification. There were seven such ethnic or clan distinctions, which are differentiated by language, the Mangyans, as they are now anthropologically known, do not have a warrior society. They are a peaceful, shy but friendly people and they are rarely known to be hostile, and have had no significant record of violent conflict with other people in the entire history of the province. They grow root crops in forest clearings, and hunt wild animals in the forest for their meat needs, there are no authentic documents in existence explaining the original stock of the Mangyan people, but later theoreticians postulate that they migrated from Indonesia before 775 A. D. They hopped from island to island, until settling down permanently in Mindoro. It appeared that clan settlements existed in the North as well as in the ends of the island. By 779, the southwest coast of the island was already a trading center. But there was no attempt of subjugation, just trading, the first semblance of a political system in Mindoros experience was provided by China in the 13th century. For a time, Admiral Ho tried to exert some effort of rule as a prelude to Sino annexation, internal trouble in the Chinese home front, however, recalled the armada, and the attempts of the empire to annex the archipelago did not materialize. Some time after the Ho overture, Islamic influence reached the island, probably, Moslem peoples, possibly - Orang Dampuans crossed Mindoro Strait from Paragua and settled along the coastal areas, developing progressive maritime communities. But later scholars believed the design was Indic in origin and had no religious meaning, the Spaniards also encountered Moro settlers in Lubang Island that were vassals of and paid tribute to the kingdom of Maynila in the North, under Rajah Sulayman
14.
Oriental Mindoro
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Oriental Mindoro is a province in the Philippines located in the island of Mindoro under Mimaropa region in Luzon, about 140 kilometres southwest of Manila. Calapan, the city in the island, is the provincial capital. Oriental Mindoro is touted as the countrys emerging eco-tourism destination, Most of the endemic species in the Philippines are found in the Verde Island Passage between Mindoro island and the main island of Luzon. The passage houses 2,983 individual species of algae, corals, crustaceans, mollusks, fishes, marine reptiles, UNESCO declared Puerto Galera a biosphere reserve under its Man and the Biosphere Programme in the 1970s. The Verde Island Passage is at the apex of the so-called Coral Triangle – the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia – which has the distinction of being the global center of marine biodiversity. In the decades after the war, the continued to become one of the preferred areas of new settlers coming from the overpopulated provinces in the Philippines in search of new land. Apart from the hope to become landowners or to have better tenancy conditions and this project ended in 1956 after the settlement of 606 families on 8,600 hectares of public land. Since then new settlers continue to migrate to Mindoro until today, there is currently a conflict going on between the Military and insurgents. On March 6,2010, eleven soldiers were killed and seven were hurt in a gun battle with the New Peoples Army in Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro covers a total area of 4,238.38 square kilometres occupying the eastern section of Mindoro island in MIMAROPA region. The western portion of the province is mountainous or rugged, while the east has hills, Mount Halcon, standing 2,582 metres above sea level, is the 18th highest mountain in the country and is the provinces and islands highest peak. Lake Naujan, the fifth largest lake in the country with an area of approximately 8,125 hectares of water, is located at the northeastern part of the island. Oriental Mindoro comprises 14 municipalities, with one city, Calapan serving as the provincial capital, Oriental Mindoro has no distinct wet or dry season. Average temperature ranges from 26 to 32 °C, the province experiences maximum rainfall during the months of June to October. Relative humidity is registered at 81%, the population of Oriental Mindoro in the 2015 census was 844,059 people, with a density of 200 inhabitants per square kilometre or 520 inhabitants per square mile. The province is rural, with 70% of the population engaged in agriculture and fishing. Tagalog is widely spoken in the province, other languages spoken are Ilocano and Cebuano. Dialects of the Mangyan language are Arayan, Alagnan, Buhid, Hanunoo, a very large portion of the population are of Roman Catholic conviction. Other Christian and Islamic belief constitute most of the religious affiliation in the province
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Palawan
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Palawan, officially the Province of Palawan, is an archipelagic province of the Philippines that is located in the Mimaropa region. It is the largest province in the country in terms of area of jurisdiction. Its capital is the City of Puerto Princesa, but it is governed independently from the province as an urbanized city. The islands of Palawan stretch between Mindoro in the northeast and Borneo in the southwest and it lies between the South China Sea and the Sulu Sea. The province is named after its largest island, Palawan Island, measuring 450 kilometres long, the province is composed of the long and narrow Palawan Island, plus a number of other smaller islands surrounding it, totalling roughly 1,780 islands and islets. The Calamianes Group of Islands to the northeast consists of Busuanga, Coron, Culion, Balabac Island is located off the southern tip, separated from Borneo by the Balabac Strait. In addition, Palawan covers the Cuyo Islands in the Sulu Sea, the disputed Spratly Islands, located a few hundred kilometres to the west, are considered part of Palawan by the Philippines, and is locally called the Kalayaan Group of Islands. Palawans almost 2,000 kilometres of coastline is lined with rocky coves. It also harbors a vast stretch of forests that carpet its chain of mountain ranges. The mountain heights average 3,500 feet in altitude, with the highest peak rising to 6,843 feet at Mount Mantalingahan, the vast mountain areas are the source of valuable timber. The terrain is a mix of coastal plain, craggy foothills, valley deltas, the province has a total land area of 14,649.73 square kilometres. When Puerto Princesa City is included for geographical purposes, its area is 17,030.75 square kilometres. The land area is distributed to its mainland municipalities, comprising 12,239 square kilometres, and the island municipalities, the province has two types of climate. The first, which occurs in the northern and southern extremities, the other, which prevails in the eastern coast, has a short dry season of one to three months and no pronounced rainy period during the rest of the year. The southern part of the province is virtually free from tropical depressions but northern Palawan experiences torrential rains during the months of July, summer months serve as peak season for Palawan. Sea voyages are most favorable from March to early June when the seas are calm, the average maximum temperature is 31 °C with little variation all year. Palawan comprises 433 barangays in 23 municipalities and the capital City of Puerto Princesa, as an archipelago, Palawan has 13 mainland municipalities and 10 island towns. The remaining island municipalities are, Busuanga, Coron, Linapacan and Culion, Cuyo, Agutaya and Magsaysay, Araceli, Cagayancillo, Balabac and Kalayaan
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Cities of the Philippines
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A city is one of the units of local government in the Philippines. As of December 12,2015, there are 145 cities, Cities are entitled to at least one representative in the Philippine House of Representatives if its population reaches 250,000. They are allowed to use a common seal, only an Act of Congress can create or amend a city charter, and with this city charter Congress confers on a city certain powers that regular municipalities or even other cities may not have. A citys local government is headed by an elected by popular vote. The vice mayor serves as the officer of the Sangguniang Panlungsod. Upon receiving their charters, cities also receive a full complement of executive departments to serve their constituents. Some departments are established on a basis, depending on the needs of the city. Source, Local Government Code of 1991, Cities, like municipalities, are composed of barangays, which can range from urban neighborhoods, to rural communities. Barangays are sometimes grouped into officially defined administrative districts, examples of such are the cities of Manila, Davao, Iloilo, and Samal. Some cities such as Caloocan, Manila and Pasay even have a level between the district and barangay levels, called a zone. However, geographic districts and zones are not political units, there are no elected city government officials in these city-specific administrative levels, rather they only serve to make city planning, statistics-gathering other administrative tasks easier and more convenient. Cities are classified according to annual income based on the previous four calendar years. There are currently 33 highly urbanized cities in the Philippines,16 of which are located in Metro Manila, Component Cities, Cities which do not meet the preceding requirements are deemed part of the province in which they are geographically located. If a component city is located along the boundaries of two or more provinces, it shall be considered part of the province of which it used to be a municipality, majority of the remaining cities are considered component cities. The five exceptions are listed below, independent Component Cities, Cities of this type have charters that explicitly prohibit their residents to vote for provincial officials. These cities are considered independent from the province in which they are geographically located, there are five such cities, Cotabato, Dagupan, Naga, Ormoc and Santiago. There are 38 independent cities in the Philippines, all of which are classified as highly urbanized or independent component cities. Some independent cities are still grouped with their provinces for the purposes of representation in the Congress of the Philippines
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Puerto Princesa
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Puerto Princesa, officially City of Puerto Princesa and often referred to as Puerto Princesa City, is a city located in the western province of Palawan, Philippines. As of 2015 census, Puerto Princesa had a population of 255,116 people, in terms of land area, the city is the second largest geographically after Davao City with an area of 2,381.02 square kilometres. Puerto Princesa is the location of the Philippines Western Command headquarters, today, Puerto Princesa is a popular tourist city with many beach resorts and seafood restaurants. It has been acclaimed several times as the cleanest and greenest city in the Philippines, historically, the place was named after one of the princesses born to Isabella II of Spain and her consort, Francis, Duke of Cádiz. When the princess suffered a death, the Queen changed the name to Puerto de la Princesa. Eventually, the name was shortened to Puerto Princesa, folk etymology attributes the name Puerto Princesa to a noble maiden who was said to have roamed around the area on certain nights of the year. Spanish Colonizers founded the settlement on 4 March 1872 in the course of their exploration of the province, as they scanned the Palawan shoreline for a capital site, they came upon a hill with steep declivity. Rowing to shore, they surveyed the hill and discovered an extensive plateau which they decided as ideal for settlement, antonio Muro levelled a portion of the hill to make way for a chapel. The first mass celebrated in Puerto Princesa took place at a site where a marker now stands, in May 1872, the Port of Puerto Princesa became the center of Spanish Naval Operations in the area because the Bay met all the Navy’s requirements. Royal Decrees later provided incentives to settlers, and by 1883 the settlement had flourished into a town of twelve roads, in 1911, the New American Administration made Puerto Princesa the seat of the Palawan Provincial Government with Major John Brown as Lieutenant Governor. In 1951, the barrios of Tinitian, Caramay, Rizal, Del Pilar, Malcampo, Tumarbong, Taradungan, Ilian, in 1955, the sitios of Materingen, Tandayag, Nasedoc, and Panlawagan were separated from the barrio of Maroyogon and elevated into a barrio. In 1956, the sitios of Calagbenguen, Tarabanan, Bendoyan, Talabigan, Tagbuan, in 1957, the barrio of Tapul was renamed to Salvacion. The town was converted into a city on 1 January 1970 under R. A.5906 as amended by P. D,437, through the effort of then Congressman Ramon Mitra, Jr. Feliberto R. Oliveros, Jr. became the first City Mayor. Since its foundation, Puerto Princesa has been the center of activities in Palawan. Aside from being the seat of administration, it is the heart of trade, commerce, service. Puerto Princesa is located in the midsection of Palawan Island. It is bound to the east by the Sulu Sea, to the west iby the South China Sea, to the north by the municipalities of San Vicente and Roxas, and to the south by the municipality of Aborlan. 66 areas known throughout the Philippines as barangays,35 of which are classified as urban barangays and 31 as rural
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Municipalities of the Philippines
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A municipality is a local government unit in the Philippines. Municipalities are also usually called towns and they are distinct from cities, which are a different category of local government unit. Provinces of the Philippines are divided into cities and municipalities, which in turn, are divided into barangays, as of June 2015, there are 1,490 municipalities across the country. A municipal district is a local government unit, previously certain areas were created first as municipal districts before they were converted into municipalities. Municipalities have some autonomy from the National Government of the Republic of the Philippines under the Local Government Code of 1991 and they have been granted corporate personality enabling them to enact local policies and laws, enforce them, and govern their jurisdictions. They can enter into contracts and other transactions through their elected and appointed officials and they are tasked with enforcing all laws, whether local or national. The National Government assists and supervises the local government to make sure that they do not violate national law, the Judicial Branch of the Republic of the Philippines also caters to the needs of local government units. Local governments, such as a municipalities, do not have their own judicial branch and these responsibilities shall be under approval of the Sangguniang Bayan. The vice mayor shall sign all warrants drawn on the municipal treasury, in circumstances where the mayor permanently or temporarily vacates the position, he shall assume executive duties and functions. While vice mayor presides over the legislature, he cannot vote unless the necessity of tie-breaking arises, laws or ordinances proposed by the Sangguniang Bayan, however, may be approved or vetoed by the mayor. If approved, they become local ordinances, if the mayor neither vetoes nor approves the proposal of the Sangguniang Bayan for ten days from the time of receipt, the proposal becomes law as if it had been signed. If vetoed, the draft is sent back to the Sangguniang Bayan, the latter may override the mayor by a vote of at least two-thirds of all its members, in which case, the proposal becomes law. A municipality, upon reaching a certain requirements – minimum population size, first, a bill must be passed in Congress, then signed into law by the President and then the residents would vote in the succeeding plebiscite to accept or reject cityhood. One benefit in being a city is that the city government gets more budget, but taxes are much higher than in municipalities
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Barangay
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A barangay, formerly referred to as barrio, is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward. In colloquial usage, the term refers to an inner city neighbourhood. The word barangay originated from balangay, a kind of boat used by a group of Austronesian peoples when they migrated to the Philippines, as of June 2015, there were 42,029 barangays throughout the Philippines. When the first Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, the name barangay originated from balangay, a Malay word meaning sailboat. The first barangays started as small communities of around 50 to 100 families. By the time of contact with Spaniards, many barangays have developed into large communities, some of these barangays had large populations. In Panay, some barangays had 20,000 inhabitants, in Leyte,15,000 inhabitants, in Cebu,3,500 residents, in Vitis,7,000 inhabitants, there were smaller barangays with less number of people. But these were generally inland communities, or if they were coastal and these smaller barangays had around thirty to one hundred houses only, and the population varies from one hundred to five hundred persons. According to Legazpi, he found communities with twenty to thirty people only, traditionally, the original “barangays” were coastal settlements of the migration of these Malayo-Polynesian people from other places in Southeast Asia. Most of the ancient barangays were coastal or riverine in nature and this is because most of the people were relying on fishing for supply of protein and for their livelihood. They also travelled mostly by water up and down rivers, trails always followed river systems, which were also a major source of water for bathing, washing, and drinking. The coastal barangays were more accessible to trade with foreigners and these were ideal places for economic activity to develop. Business with traders from other countries also meant contact with cultures and civilizations, such as those of Japan, Han Chinese, Indian people. These coastal communities acquired more cosmopolitan cultures, with developed social structures, during the Spanish rule, through a resettlement policy called the Reducción, smaller scattered barangays were consolidated to form compact towns. Each barangay was headed by the cabeza de barangay, who formed part of the Principalía - the elite ruling class of the municipalities of the Spanish Philippines and this position was inherited from the first datus, and came to be known as such during the Spanish regime. The Spanish Monarch ruled each barangay through the Cabeza, who collected taxes from the residents for the Spanish Crown. When the Americans arrived, slight changes in the structure of government was effected. Later, Rural Councils with four councilors were created to assist, now renamed Barrio Lieutenant, it was later renamed Barrio Council, the Spanish term barrio was used for much of the 20th century until 1974, when President Ferdinand Marcos ordered their renaming to barangays
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House of Representatives of the Philippines
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The House of Representatives of the Philippines, is the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines. It is often informally called Congress, Members of the House are officially styled as Representative and sometimes informally called Congressmen/Congresswomen and are elected to a three-year term. They can be re-elected, but cannot serve more than three consecutive terms, around eighty percent of congressmen are district representatives, representing a particular geographical area. There are 234 legislative districts in the country, each composed of about 250,000 people, there are also party-list representatives elected through the party-list system who constitute not more than twenty percent of the total number of representatives. The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker, currently Pantaleon Alvarez of Davao del Norte, the official headquarters of the House of Representatives is at the Batasang Pambansa located in the Batasan Hills in Quezon City in Metro Manila. The building is simply called Batasan and the word has also become a metonym to refer to the House of Representatives. At the beginning of American colonial rule, from March 16,1900, william Howard Taft was chosen to be the first American civilian Governor-General and the first leader of this Philippine Commission, which subsequently became known as the Taft Commission. This bicameral legislature was inaugurated in October 1907, under the leadership of Speaker Sergio Osmeña and Floor Leader Manuel L. Quezon, the Rules of the 59th United States Congress was substantially adopted as the Rules of the Philippine Legislature. It is this body, founded as the Philippine Assembly, that would continue in one form or another, in 1916, the Jones Act, officially the Philippine Autonomy Act, changed the legislative system. The Philippine Commission was abolished and a new fully elected, bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a House of Representatives, the legislative system was changed again in 1935. The 1935 Constitution established a unicameral National Assembly, but in 1940, through an amendment to the 1935 Constitution, a bicameral Congress of the Philippines consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was adopted. The Liberal bloc of the Nacionalistas permanently split from their ranks and these two will contest all of the elections in what appeared to be a two-party system. This set up continued until President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law, the 1987 Constitution restored the presidential system of government together with a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. Corazon Aquino who nominally had no party, supported the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino, with the victory of Fidel V. This also meant the restoration of Lakas-NUCD as the top party in the chamber, the same would happen when Benigno Aquino won in 2010, which returned the Liberals into power. The presiding officer is the Speaker, the members of the House of Representatives who are also its officers are also ex officio members of all of the committees and has a vote. The Speaker is the head of the House of Representatives, the speaker is elected by majority of all the members of the house, including vacant seats. The speaker is elected at the convening of each Congress
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Languages of the Philippines
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There are some 120 to 175 languages and dialects in the Philippines, depending on the method of classification. Four others are no longer spoken, almost all are Malayo-Polynesian languages, whereas one, Chavacano, is a creole derived from a Romance language. Two are official, while nineteen are official auxiliary languages, including second-language speakers, there are more speakers of Filipino than English in the Philippines. The Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino enumerated 135 Philippine languages present in the country through its Atlas Filipinas map published in 2014. The indigenous scripts of the Philippines are no longer used, instead, Filipino languages are written in the Latin script because of the Spanish. The Arabic script is used in Muslim areas in some areas in southern Philippines. The 1987 Constitution declares Filipino as the language of the country. Spanish and Arabic are to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis, in 1863 a Spanish decree introduced universal education, creating free public schooling in Spanish. It was also the language of the Philippine Revolution, and the 1899 Malolos Constitution effectively proclaimed it as the language of the First Philippine Republic. National hero José Rizal wrote most of his works in Spanish, luciano de la Rosa established that Spanish was spoken by a total of 60% of the population in the early 20th century as a first, second or third language. Following the American occupation of the Philippines and the imposition of English, under the U. S. occupation and civil regime, English began to be taught in schools. By 1901, public education used English as the medium of instruction, around 600 educators who arrived in that year aboard the USAT Thomas replaced the soldiers who also functioned as teachers. The 1935 Constitution added English as an official language alongside Spanish, a provision in this constitution also called for Congress to take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages. On November 12,1937, the First National Assembly created the National Language Institute, President Manuel L. Quezón appointed native Waray speaker Jaime C. De Veyra to chair a committee of speakers of other regional languages. Their aim was to select a language among the other regional languages. Ultimately, Tagalog was chosen as the base language December 30,1937, in 1939, President Manuel L. Quezón renamed the Tagalog language as Wikang Pambansa. The language was renamed in 1959 as Pilipino by Secretary of Education Jose Romero. The 1973 constitution declared the Pilipino language to be co-official, along with English, in addition, Spanish regained its official status when President Marcos signed Presidential Decree No
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Tagalog language
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Tagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by the majority. Its standardized form, officially named Filipino, is officially the national language, the word Tagalog is derived from the endonym taga-log, composed of tagá- and ilog. Linguists such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs, the first written record of Tagalog is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, which dates to 900 CE and exhibits fragments of the language along with Sanskrit, Old Malay, Javanese and Old Tagalog. The first known book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Christiana. Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel *ə, in Bikol and Visayan, this sound merged with /u/ and. In Tagalog, it has merged with /i/, for example, Proto-Philippine *dəkət is Tagalog dikít and Visayan & Bikol dukot. Proto-Philippine *r, *j, and *z merged with /d/ but is /l/ between vowels, Proto-Philippine *ŋajan and *hajək became Tagalog ngalan and halík. Proto-Philippine *R merged with /ɡ/. *tubiR and *zuRuʔ became Tagalog tubig, the first substantial dictionary of the Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. Clain spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books and he wrote the first dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez. Tagalog was declared the language by the first constitution in the Philippines. In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as wikang pambansâ, in 1959, the language was further renamed as Pilipino. The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language mandating that as it evolves, it shall be developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine. The regional languages are the official languages in the regions. In secondary school, Filipino and English become the primary languages of instruction and it is the first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and a second language by the majority. Tagalog is a Central Philippine language within the Austronesian language family, being Malayo-Polynesian, it is related to other Austronesian languages, such as Malagasy, Javanese, Malay, Tetum, and Yami. It is closely related to the languages spoken in the Bicol Region and the Visayas islands, such as the Bikol group and the Visayan group, including Hiligaynon and Cebuano. At present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars of various Tagalog dialects. Some example of differences are, Many Tagalog dialects, particularly those in the south, preserve the glottal stop found after consonants
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Romblomanon language
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Romblomanon is an Austronesian regional language spoken, along with Asi and Onhan, in the province of Romblon in the Philippines. The language is also called Ini, Tiyad Ini, Basi, Niromblon and it is a part of the Visayan language family and is closely related to other Philippine languages. Specifically, it is spoken in the islands on Romblon, Romblon. Sibuyan, all its municipalities, Cajidiocan, Magdiwang, and San Fernando, tablas, the municipality of San Agustin. Romblomanon too is considered as a Far Variant of Bisakol due to its proximity with the Islands of Panay & Masbate. In addition to this, there are two verbal deictics, karí, meaning come to speaker, and kadto, meaning to go yonder
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Asi language
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The Asi language is a regional Visayan language spoken, along with the Romblomanon and Onhan languages, in the province of Romblon, Philippines. Asi originated in the island of Banton, Romblon and spread to the islands of Sibale, Simara. Asi speakers in Odiongan is called Odionganon, Calatravanhon in Calatrava, Sibalenhon in Concepcion, Simaranhon in Corcuera, and Bantoanon in Banton. Specifically, it is spoken on the islands within Romblon, Tablas. The Odiongan dialect has more influences and is more widely used in literature. Banton, the sole municipality of Banton. Simara, the sole municipality of Corcuera. Maestre de Campo, the sole municipality of Concepcion. Linguist David Zorc notes that Asi speakers may have been the first Visayan speakers in the Romblon region and he also suggests that Asi may have a Cebuan substratum and that many of its words may have been influenced by the later influx of other languages such as Romblomanon. Asi has sixteen consonants, p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ng, there are four vowels, a, i/e, and u/o. The vowels i and e are allophones, with i always being used when it is the beginning and sometimes end of a syllable, and e always used when it ends a syllable. The vowels u and o are allophones, with u always being used when it is the beginning and sometimes end of a syllable and this is one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from - allophone. An introduction to the languages of Romblon, in Sarokan News Magazine, July 8,2002
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Onhan language
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Onhan is a regional Western Visayan language spoken, along with the Romblomanon and Asi languages, in the province of Romblon, Philippines. The language is known as Inunhan and Loocnon. The Onhan language has three variants- those speaking in the municipalities of Santa Maria and Alcantara uses /l/ instead of /r/, carabao, the sole municipality of San Jose. As such, it is very related to Kinaray-a and Kuyonon. The New Testament was translated into Bisaya-Inunhan by Eldon Leano Talamisan, the Harrow, an official publication of Romblon State University publishes Inunhan poems, stories and other genre of literature
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Hiligaynon language
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It is the second-most widely spoken of the Visayan languages and is also related to other Philippine languages. It is also spoken as a language by Kinaray-a speakers in Antique, Aklanon/Malaynon speakers in Aklan, Capiznon speakers in Capiz. It is a member of the Visayan language family, the language is also often referred to as Ilonggo in Iloilo and Negros Occidental. Many speakers outside Iloilo argue, however, that this is a usage of the word Ilonggo. The disagreement over the usage of Ilonggo to refer to the language extends to Philippine language specialists and it also has the one of the largest native language-speaking population of the Philippines despite not being taught and studied formally in schools and universities until 2012. Hiligaynon is given the ISO 639-2 three-letter code hil, but has no ISO 639-1 two-letter code, similar to many languages in the Philippines, very little research on dialectology has been done on Hiligaynon. Some native speakers also consider Kinaray-a and Capiznon as dialects of Hiligaynon, however, in fact, at the early part of Spanish colonialization of the Philippines, the Spaniards used the term Visayan only for these areas. While the people of Cebu, Bohol and Leyte were for a time known only as Pintados. The name Visayan was later extended to other islands because, as several of the early writers state. The apostrophe and hyphen also appear in Hiligaynon writing, and might be considered letters, the hyphen, in particular, is used medially in some words to indicate the glottal stop san-o ‘when’ gab-e ‘evening, night’. It is also used to indicate the point in a word where reduplication is present, adlaw-adlaw ‘daily, every day’, from adlaw ‘day, however, the use of this means of marking reduplication is not always consistent, pispis ‘bird’. In addition, some English letters may be used in borrowed words, Hiligaynon has three types of case markers, absolutive, ergative, and oblique. It appears in conservative translations of the Bible into Hiligaynon and in traditional or formal speech The plural personal case markers are not used very often and not even by all speakers. Again, this is an example of a marker that has fallen largely into disuse. The case markers do not determine which noun is the subject and which is the object, rather, in addition to this, there are two verbal deictics, karí, meaning come to speaker, and kadto, meaning to go yonder. Hiligaynon lacks the marker of sentence inversion ay of Tagalog/Filipino or hay of Akeanon, instead sentences in SV form are written without any marker or copula. Examples, Si Maria ay maganda Si Maria matahum/ Si Maria guapa = Maria is beautiful, Maria is beautiful There is no direct translation for the English copula to be in Hiligaynon. However, the prefixes mangin- and nangin- may be used to mean will be and became and it is nice to become rich
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Eastern Visayas
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Eastern Visayas is an administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region VIII. It consists of three islands, Samar, Leyte and Biliran. The region has six provinces, one independent city and one highly urbanized city namely, Biliran, Leyte, Northern Samar, Samar, Eastern Samar, Southern Leyte, Ormoc, the highly urbanized city of Tacloban is the Eastern Visayas Regional Center. These provinces and cities occupy the easternmost islands of the Visayas group of islands, Eastern Visayas faces the Philippine Sea to the east. The region is known for its famous landmark, the San Juanico Bridge, dubbed as the Most Beautifully Designed, as of 2015, the region has a population of 4,440,150 people. Eastern Visayas lies on the east central section of the Philippine archipelago and it consists of three main islands, Leyte, Samar, and Biliran which form the easternmost coast of the archipelago. It has a land area of 2,156,285 hectares or 7. 2% of the country’s total land area. 52% of its land area are classified as forestland and 48% as alienable and disposable land. There are two types of climate prevailing in the region under the Corona system of classification, Type II, Type II climate is characterized by having no dry season but a pronounced maximum rainfall from November to January. Samar Island and the part of Leyte Island fall under this type of climate. Type IV on the hand has an even distribution of rainfall the year round. This type of climate is well exhibited at the half of Leyte island. In November 2013, the region was hit with the highest death toll in the country by Typhoon Haiyan, the regions sea and inland waters are rich sources of salt and fresh water fish and other marine products. It is one of the fish exporting regions of the country, there are substantial forest reserves in the interiors of the islands. Its mineral deposits include chromite, uranium, gold, silver, manganese, magnesium, bronze, nickel, clay, coal, limestone, pyrite and sand and it has abundant geothermal energy and water resources to support the needs of medium and heavy industries. Waray-Waray is the lingua franca of the Eastern Visayas Region spoken on the island of Samar, Biliran, a Sama language, distantly related to the languages of the region, called Abaknon is spoken in the island of Capul in Northern Samar. Cebuano is spoken in western and southern parts of Leyte and in Southern Leyte, Eastern Visayas consists of 6 provinces,1 highly urbanized city,1 independent component city,5 component cities,136 municipalities and 4,390 barangays. Eastern Visayas is primarily an agricultural region with rice, corn, coconut, sugarcane, primary sources of revenue are manufacturing, wholesale and retail trade and services
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Mindoro
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Mindoro is the seventh-largest island in the Philippines. It is located off the coast of Luzon and northeast of Palawan, the southern coast of Mindoro forms the northeastern extremum of the Sulu Sea. In past times, it has been called Ma-i or Mait by Han Chinese traders and by Spaniards, according to the late historian William Henry Scott, an entry in the official history of the Sung Dynasty for the year 972 mentions Ma-i as a trading partner of China. Other Chinese records referring to Ma-i or Mindoro appear in the years that follow, the island was briefly ruled by the Sultanate of Brunei and housed Moro settlements before the Spanish invaded and Christianized the population. From 1920 to 1950, the island was a province with Calapan City as the provincial capital. In 1950, it was partitioned into its two present-day provinces, Occidental Mindoro and Oriental Mindoro, following a referendum that was pushed through by then acting governor Romeo Venturanza, the island was the location of the Battle of Mindoro in World War II. The economy of Mindoro is largely based on agriculture, products consist of a wide variety of fruits, such as citrus, bananas, lanzones, rambutan and coconuts, grainss, sugarcane, peanuts, fish, livestock and poultry. Logging and the mining of marble and copper also thrive, tourism is a lucrative business as well, with locations such as Apo Reef National Park, Lubang Island, Puerto Galera, Sabang Beach and Mount Halcon. Puerto Galeras beaches are the islands most known tourist attraction and are widely visited, the principal language in Mindoro is Tagalog, although in some parts it has been greatly influenced by the native Mangyan and Visayan languages. Mainstream Standard Filipino and Taglish are, indeed, present in and around such areas as Calapan City, Pinamalayan, Puerto Galera and San Jose. Visayan and Mangyan languages, too, are spoken on the island, as are Ilocano, Bicolano, and some foreign languages — e. g. English, Hokkien, the following indigenous languages are spoken in Mindoro. The religion of the indigenous Mangyan population is animism, Mindoro is also home to the tamaraw or Mindoro dwarf buffalo, which is endemic to the island. The tamaraw is a related to the water buffalo and is an endangered species. Washington DC Media related to Mindoro at Wikimedia Commons Geographic data related to Mindoro at OpenStreetMap Map of Mindoro showing towns and major mountain tops
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Southern Tagalog
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Southern Tagalog, designated as Region IV, was an administrative region in the Philippines that comprised the current regions of Calabarzon and Mimaropa. It was partitioned into the two regions on May 17,2002, Southern Tagalog was the largest region in the Philippines in terms of both land area and population. The 2000 Census of Population and Housing showed the region having a total of 11,793,655 people, quezon City was the designated regional center of Southern Tagalog. The former region covered the area where many Tagalog speakers reside, Region IV was divided into Calabarzon and Mimaropa, upon the issuance of Executive Order No. 103, dated May 17,2002, by then-President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, additionally, the province of Aurora was moved to Region III. Palawan was transferred to Region VI on May 23,2005 by virtue of Executive Order 429, however, Palawan residents criticized the move citing a lack of public consultation. Most residents of Puerto Princesa and all but one of the provinces municipalities preferred to stay in Mimaropa, presently, Palawan is still considered part of Mimaropa
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Western Visayas
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Western Visayas is an administrative region in the Philippines, numerically designated as Region VI. It consists of five provinces, and one highly urbanized city, the province of Palawan was transferred to Region VI on May 23,2005 by Executive Order 429. The Department of the Interior and Local Government announced in June 2005 that the transfer had been completed, however, Palaweños criticized the move, citing a lack of consultation, with most residents in Puerto Princesa City and all municipalities but one preferring to stay with Region IV-B. Consequently, Administrative Order No.129 was issued on August 19,2005 to address this backlash and this Order directed the abeyance of Executive Order 429 pending the approval of an implementation plan for the orderly transfer of Palawan from Region IV-B to Region VI. Hence, Palawan is currently part of Region IV-B. By virtue of Executive Order No, Western Visayas consists of the major island of Panay and the smaller Guimaras, as well as several outlying islands. The region is bordered to the north by the Sibuyan Sea, northeast by the Visayan Sea, east by the Guimaras Strait, south by the Iloilo Strait and the Panay Gulf, and west by the Sulu Sea. Western Visayas consists of 5 provinces,1 highly urbanized city,2 component cities,98 municipalities and 3,389 barangays, the languages native to the inhabitants of Western Visayas are, Aklanon, spoken in Aklan, northern Antique and northwestern Capiz. Capiznon, spoken in Capiz, northeastern Iloilo and eastern Aklan, hiligaynon, spoken in Iloilo, Guimaras, Capiz, Antique and Aklan. Kinaray-a, spoken in Antique, southern Iloilo, Guimaras, western Capiz, kalibo International Airport Iloilo International Airport Godofredo P. Media related to Western Visayas at Wikimedia Commons Philippine Standard Geographic Code
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Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
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She was the countrys second female president, and the daughter of former President Diosdado Macapagal. Arroyo is also the first duly elected female Vice President of the Philippines, Arroyo was a former professor of economics at Ateneo de Manila University where Benigno Aquino III was one of her students. She entered government in 1987, serving as assistant secretary and undersecretary of the Department of Trade, after serving as a senator from 1992 to 1998, she was elected to the vice presidency under President Joseph Estrada, despite having run on an opposing ticket. After Estrada was accused of corruption, she resigned her position as Secretary of Social Welfare and Development and joined the growing opposition to the president. Estrada was soon forced from office by the EDSA Revolution of 2001 and she was elected to a full six-year presidential term in the controversial May 2004 Philippine elections, and was sworn in on June 30,2004. Following her presidency, she was elected to the House of Representatives, on November 18,2011, Arroyo was arrested following the filing of criminal charges against her for electoral fraud. She was held at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City under charges of electoral sabotage and she was rearrested while in the hospital on charges of misuse of $8.8 million in state lottery funds in October 2012. On July 19,2016, she was acquitted by the Supreme Court by a vote of 11-4 and she is a member of the Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language. She was born as Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal to politician Diosdado Macapagal and his wife and she is the sister of Dr. Diosdado Boboy Macapagal, Jr. and Cielo Macapagal Salgado. She spent the first years of her life in Lubao, Pampanga, at the age of four, she chose to live with her maternal grandmother in Iligan City. She stayed there for three years, then split her time between Mindanao and Manila until the age of 11 and she is fluent in English, Tagalog, Spanish and several other Philippine languages, most importantly, Kapampangan, Ilokano, and Cebuano. In 1961, when Arroyo was just 14 years old, her father was elected as president and she moved with her family into Malacañang Palace in Manila. A municipality was named in her honor, Gloria, Oriental Mindoro and she attended Assumption Convent for her elementary and high school education, graduating valedictorian in 1964. She then earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from Assumption College, in 1968, Arroyo married lawyer and businessman Jose Miguel Arroyo of Binalbagan, Negros Occidental, whom she had met while still a teenager. They had three children, Juan Miguel, Evangelina Lourdes and Diosdado Ignacio Jose Maria and she pursued a masters degree in Economics at the Ateneo de Manila University and a Ph. D. in Economics from the University of the Philippines Diliman. From 1977 to 1987, she held teaching positions in schools, notably the University of the Philippines. She became chairperson of the Economics Department at Assumption College, in 1987, she was invited by President Corazon Aquino to join the government as Assistant Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry. She was promoted to Undersecretary two years later, in her concurrent position as Executive Director of the Garments and Textile Export Board, Arroyo oversaw the rapid growth of the garment industry in the late 1980s
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Department of Budget and Management (Philippines)
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The Department of Budget and Management of the Republic of the Philippines is an executive body under the Office of the President of the Philippines. The current Secretary of Budget and Management appointed by President Rodrigo Duterte is Benjamin Diokno, the department has four Undersecretaries and four assistant secretaries. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Second Philippine Commission, acting as a legislative body and this was in accordance with the Philippine Bill of 1902, which decreed that disbursements from the National Treasury were to be authorized only in pursuance of appropriations made by law. With the passage of the Jones Law in 1916, the Philippine Legislature was set up with two chambers, the Philippine Senate and the House of Representative, the Governor-General was to submit, within 10 days of the opening of the Legislatures regular session, the annual budget. Two years later, the Council of the State was formed to prepare the budget that the Governor-General was required to submit to the Philippine Legislature, a Budget Office was formed to assist in the preparation, enactment and implementation of such appropriations made by law. The Constitution of 1935 established both budget policy and procedure, which were amplified in a series of laws and executive acts over the years, the Budget Commission was established by Executive Order No.25 issued on April 25,1936. It became a Ministry by virtue of Presidential Decree No,1405, signed on June 11,1978. The first Budget Law was passed on December 17,1937 as Commonwealth Act No.246 and it took effect on January 1,1938, providing for a line-item budget as the framework of the government’s budgeting system. CA No.246 called for a “balanced budget” emphasizing matching proposed expenditures with existing revenues, on June 4,1954, Republic Act No. 992, otherwise called the Revised Budget Act, was enacted providing for a role of the Budget Commission as the fiscal arm. The preparation of the budget was to include the aggregation of the programs of the different departments, at this point, a performance budgeting system was introduced. The Integrated Reorganization Plan of 1972, under Presidential Decree No, the change to a parliamentary form of government was instituted by the 1973 Constitution. The legislative branch of the government, then referred to as the Batasang Pambansa, saw the minister in charge of the budget, chairing the Committee on Appropriations, through the Budget Reform Decree of 1977, the planning, programming and budgeting linkages of the Ministry was further strengthened. The 1973 Philippine Constitution was superseded by the Provisional Constitution under Proclamation No.3 of President Corazon C, the legislative power was temporarily reposed on the President. Budgetary functions once more were exercised by the Office of Budget,292, issued pursuant to the 1987 Constitution, provided for major organizational subdivisions of the Department of Budget and Management. In 1992, under Fidel V. Ramos, government budgeting aimed to make the National Budget an instrument for breaking the boom, beyond sustaining the operations of government and its projects, the budget became an economic stimulus and a means to disperse the gains of economic development. Under President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, the DBM focused its efforts on deepening fiscal responsibility, enhancing the efficiency of public expenditures, on April 25,2011, the Department celebrated its 75th Anniversary. It was kicked-off with a ceremony and a signing of a pledge of commitment by all its employees and executives
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Quezon City
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Quezon City is the most populous city in the Philippines. It is one of the cities that make up Metro Manila, Quezon City was named after Manuel L. Quezon, second President of the Philippines, who founded the city and developed it with the intention to replace Manila as the national capital. The city actually held title for 28 years starting 1948 up to 1976. Quezon City is not located in and should not be confused with Quezon Province and it is the largest city in Metro Manila in terms of land area. Quezon City also hosts the University of the Philippines Diliman–the national university–and Ateneo de Manila University, the Quezon Memorial Circle is a national park and shrine located in Quezon City. The park is an ellipse bounded by the Elliptical Road and its main feature is a mausoleum containing the remains of Manuel L. Quezon, the second President of the Philippines, and his wife, First Lady Aurora Quezon. Before Quezon City was created, its land was settled by the individual towns of San Francisco del Monte, Novaliches. On August 23,1896, the Katipunan led by its Supremo Andrés Bonifacio, in the early 20th century, President Manuel L. Quezon dreamt of a city that would become the future capital of the country to replace Manila. It is believed that his trip to Mexico influenced his vision. In 1938, President Quezon created the Peoples Homesite Corporation and purchased 15.29 km2 from the vast Diliman Estate of the Tuason family, successfully lobbied the assembly to name the city after the incumbent president. President Quezon allowed the bill to lapse into law without his signature on October 12,1939, instead of opposing it, Caloocan residents willingly gave land to Quezon City in the belief it will benefit the countrys new capital. During the Second World War, Imperial Japanese forces occupied Quezon City in 1942 and this caused the territorial division of Caloocan into two non-contiguous parts, the South section being the more urbanized part, and the North half being sub-rural. On June 16,1950, the Quezon City Charter was revised by Republic Act No,537, changing the citys boundaries to an area of 153.59 km2. Exactly six years after on June 16,1956, more revisions to the land area were made by Republic Act No. 1575, which defined its area as 151.06 km2.33 km2, on October 1,1975, Quezon City was the actual site of the Thrilla in Manila boxing fight between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier. On November 7,1975 the promulgation of Presidential Decree No.824 of President Ferdinand Marcos established Metro Manila, Quezon City became one of Metro Manilas 17 cities and municipalities. The next year, Presidential Decree No.940 transferred the capital back to Manila on June 24,1976, on March 31,1978, President Marcos ordered the transfer of the remains of President Quezon from Manila North Cemetery to the completed Quezon Memorial Monument within Elliptical Road. On February 22,1986, the Quezon City portion of the Epifanio de los Santos Avenue became the venue of the bloodless People Power Revolution that overthrew Marcos, on February 23,1998, Republic Act
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Metro Manila
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These 5 provinces, plus Metro Manila and Pampanga, sum to 30.7 million residents as of the newly counted census of 2015. The region is the center of culture, economy, education, NCR is one of the 12 defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines according to the National Economic and Development Authority. Designated as a global city, NCR exerts a significant impact on commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education. It is the home to all the consulates and embassies in the Philippines and its economic power makes the region the countrys premier center for finance and commerce. NCR accounts for 37. 2% of the domestic product of the Philippines. The Province of Manila, the progenitor to the present-day Metro Manila, is one of the eight provinces that revolted against the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. The province was honored as one of the sun rays in the Flag of the Philippines, a historical province known as Manila encompasses the former pre-Hispanic kingdoms of Tondo and Maynila. It became the capital of the colonial Philippines, with Manila serving as the center of colonial power, in 1898, it included the City of Manila and 23 other municipalities. Mariquina also served as the capital from 1898-1899, just as when the sovereignty of the Philippines was transferred to the United States, the province was dissolved and most of it was incorporated to the newly created province of Rizal in 1901. Since the Spanish colonial period, Manila was considered as one of the global cities. Pasig serves as its provincial capital, in 1939, President Quezon established Quezon City with a goal to replace Manila as the capital city of the country. A masterplan for Quezon City was completed, the establishment of Quezon City meant demise of the grand Burnham Plan of Manila, with funds being diverted for the establishment of the new capital. World War II further resulted in the loss most of the developments in the Burnham Plan, but more importantly, later on, Quezon City eventually declared as the national capital from 1948-1976. The tile was re-designated back to Manila through Presidential Decree No.940 owing to its significance as the seat of government of the Philippines since the Spanish colonial period. During the war, President Manuel L. Jorge Vargas was appointed as its mayor, Mayors in the cities and municipalities included in the City of Greater Manila served as vice mayors in their town. This was in order to ensure Vargas, who was Quezons principal lieutenant for administrative matters, the City of Greater Manila was abolished by the Japanese with the formation of the Philippine Executive Commission to govern the occupied regions of the country. The City of Greater Manila served as a model for the present-day Metro Manila, on November 7,1975, Metro Manila was formally established through Presidential Decree No.824. The Metropolitan Manila Commission was also created to manage the region, on June 2,1978, through Presidential Decree No
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Calabarzon
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CALABARZON, formally known as Southern Tagalog Mainland and designated as Region IV-A, is an administrative region in the Philippines. The region comprises five provinces, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and its regional center is Calamba City in Laguna. Prior to its creation as a region, Calabarzon, together with Mimaropa, formed the region known as Southern Tagalog. The region is home to some of the most important Philippine historical figures, most notable of which is the Philippines national hero, Jose Rizal, who was born in Calamba. On June 5,1901, a convention was called on whether or not the province of Manila should annex the province of Morong, the new province comprised 29 municipalities,17 from Manila and 12 from Morong. In 1902, Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member, established the Tagalog Republic in the mountains of Rizal. Ultimately, Sakays Tagalog Republic ended in 1906 when he and his men were betrayed under the guise of holding an assembly aimed at the self-determination of the Filipino people. On September 7,1946, the Third Philippine Republic enacted Republic Act No,14, which renamed the province of Tayabas to Quezon, in honor of Manuel Quezon. Quezon was the second President of the Philippines and a native of Baler, in 1951, the northern part of Quezon became the sub-province Aurora, named after Quezons wife. On September 24,1972, President Ferdinand Marcos enacted Presidential Decree No,1, which organized the provinces into 11 regions as part of Marcos Integrated Reorganization Plan. The IRP created Region IV, known as the Southern Tagalog region, at this time, Region IV consisted of Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Marinduque, Oriental Mindoro, Occidental Mindoro, Quezon, Rizal, Romblon, and Palawan. In 1979, Aurora formally became an independent of Quezon and was also included in Region IV. 103, dated May 17,2002, made changes to the Southern Tagalog region. Due to its size, Region IV was split into two regions, Region IV-A and Region IV-B. Aurora was transferred to Region III, Central Luzon,246, dated October 28,2003, then President Gloria Arroyo declared Calamba as the regional center of the region. Calabarzon comprises five provinces,1 highly urbanized city,18 component cities and 4,011 barangays. Antipolo is the most populous city in CALABARZON Region and is the seventh most populous city in the Philippines while San Pedro City is the most densely populated city in the whole region. A large section of Calabarzon is considered part of the Greater Manila Area, Calabarzon has a gross regional product of ₱1.65 trillion, which accounts for 17% of the national GDP
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Partition (politics)
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In politics, a partition is a change of political borders cutting through at least one territory considered a homeland by some community. Partition, multiple times, of the Roman Empire into the Eastern Roman Empire, in the 1757 Second Treaty of Versailles, France agreed upon the partition of Prussia Partition of the United States during the American Civil War. Partitions of Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth in the 18th century
