The Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance's functions are:Manage the Iranian treasury department, Lending by the government to banks in Iran, Regulation of Iran's economy and its financial policy, implementing & enforcing tax policies in Iran, in charge of foreign direct investment (F.D.I.), directing the banking and commercial insurance sector of Iran, regulating the financial markets of Iran, see also: Securities and Exchange Organization (SEO) & Central Bank of Iran.

The Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) is Iran's largest stock exchange, which first opened in 1967. The TSE is based in Tehran. As of May 2023, 666 companies with a combined market capitalization of US$1.45 trillion were listed on TSE. TSE, which is a founding member of the Federation of Euro-Asian Stock Exchanges, has been one of the world's best performing stock exchanges in the years 2002 through 2013. TSE is an emerging or "frontier" market.