1.
State Emblem of India
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The State Emblem of India, as the national emblem of India is called, is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath, preserved in the Varanasi Sarnath Museum in India. It was adopted on 26 January 1950, the day that India became a republic, the emblem forms a part of the official letterhead of the Government of India and appears on all Indian currency as well. It also functions as the emblem of India in many places. The Ashoka Chakra on its features in the centre of the national flag of India. The usage of the emblem is regulated and restricted under State Emblem of India Act,2005, no individual or private organisation is permitted to use the emblem for official correspondence. The actual Sarnath capital features four Asiatic lions standing back to back, symbolizing power, courage, confidence, at the bottom is a horse and a bull, and at its centre is a beautiful wheel. Carved from a block of sandstone, the polished capital is crowned by the Wheel of the Law. In the emblem adopted by Madhav Sawhney in 1950, only three lions are visible, the fourth being hidden from view. The wheel appears in relief in the centre of the abacus, with a bull on the right and a horse on the left. The bell-shaped lotus beneath the abacus has been omitted, forming an integral part of the emblem is the motto inscribed below the abacus in Devanagari script, Satyameva Jayate सत्यमेव जयते. This is a quote from Mundaka Upanishad, the part of the sacred Hindu Vedas. Dinanath Bhargava was the man handpicked by legendary painter Nandalal Bose to design the National Emblem as a 21-year-old and he died at his home in Anand Nagar, Indore, on Saturday evening, the 24th December 2016. Symbols of Indian states and territories
2.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
3.
New Delhi
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New Delhi is the capital of India and one of Delhi citys 11 districts. The National Capital Region is a larger entity comprising the entire National Capital Territory along with adjoining districts. The foundation stone of the city was laid by George V and it was designed by British architects, Sir Edwin Lutyens and Sir Herbert Baker. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931, by Viceroy, New Delhi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Prime Minister of India Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. Calcutta was the capital of India during the British Raj until December 1911, Delhi had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of ancient India and the Delhi Sultanate, most notably of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi. The Government of British India felt that it would be easier to administer India from Delhi in the centre of northern India. The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the Land Acquisition Act 1894. The foundation stone of New Delhi was laid by King George V and Queen Mary at the site of Delhi Durbar of 1911 at Kingsway Camp on 15 December 1911, during their imperial visit. Large parts of New Delhi were planned by Edwin Lutyens, who first visited Delhi in 1912, the contract was given to Sobha Singh. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the Tughlaqabad fort, construction really began after World War I and was completed by 1931. The city that was later dubbed Lutyens Delhi was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Lord Irwin, Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britains imperial aspirations. Soon Lutyens started considering other places, however, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which faces east at India Gate, was previously meant to be a north-south axis linking the Viceroys House at one end with Paharganj at the other. During the projects early years, many believed it was a gate from Earth to Heaven itself. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a number of heritage sites in the North side. A site atop the Raisina Hill, formerly Raisina Village, a Meo village, was chosen for the Rashtrapati Bhawan, then known as the Viceroys House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the Dinapanah citadel, which was considered the site of Indraprastha
4.
Narendra Singh Tomar
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Narendra Singh Tomar is a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party and a member of 16th Lok Sabha from Gwalior. Tomar was born in the village Rajodha in Morena District, on 12 June 1957 in a Tomar Rajput family to Munshi Singh Tomar and Sharda Devi Tomar, the couple have two sons and a daughter. He was nicknamed as Munna Bhaiya by Babulal Gaur and he has taken over as Union Minister of Steel, Mines, Labour and Employment on 27 May 2014 in the cabinet headed by Narendra Modi, Prime Minister. He was administered the oath of office and sworn in as Union Minister on 26 May 2014 by Pranab Mukherjee, piyush Goyal replaced Narendra Singh Tomar as the Minister of Mines
5.
Parsottambhai Rupala
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Parsottambhai Rupala is a member of Rajya Sabha representing the Indian state of Gujarat and a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party. He was a member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly from Amreli and a minister in Government of Gujarat and he was the state president of the party. Rupala was born to Hariben Khodabhai and Khodabhai Madhabhai, on 1 October 1954, Rupala earned his B. Sc. and B. Ed. He studied at Saurashtra University and Gujarat University in 1976–1977, before entering politics, he served as School Principal at Hamapur in Medium School from 1977 to 1983. He was the officer of the Amreli municipality from November 1983 to March 1987. Rupala was the president of the Amreli district Bhartiya Janta Party from 1988 to 1991 and this led to his service as Secretary of the Bhartiya Janta Party in 1992. He was Chairman of a hostel from February 2002 to 2004. He served as trustee of Kadva Patidar trust, in Amreli, Chairman of Madad Trust and he served 3 consecutive terms as a member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly ending in 2002. He chaired the Public Accounts Committee of Gujarat Legislative Assembly from March 1997 to December 1997 and he was the Chairman of Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation from June 1998 to October 2001. He was again elected to Rajya Sabha in June 2016 in by-poll which was necessitated due to the death of sitting Congress MP Praveen Rashtrapal and his term will end on 2 April 2018. They have a daughter and one son, three Gujarat BJP members file papers for Rajya Sabha
6.
Politics of India
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India follows the dual polity system, i. e. a double government which consists of the central authority at the center and states at the periphery. The Indian constitution provides for an independent Judiciary which is headed by the Supreme Court, the governments, are formed through elections held every five years, by parties that claim a majority of members in their respective lower houses. The 1990s saw the end of single party domination and rise of coalition governments, in recent decades, Indian politics has become a dynastic affair. Possible reasons for this could be the absence of party organizations, independent civil society associations that support for the parties. Compared to other countries, India has a large number of political parties. It has been estimated that over 200 parties were formed after India became independent in 1947, the two main parties in India are the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress, Indian National Congress dominates Indian Politics. On the left-right political spectrum, the Indian National Congress is the typical welfare heavy, centre-left party, whereas the BJP is a fiscally conservative, there are many types of political parties in India - National Party and Regional/State party. Every political party must bear a symbol and must be registered with the Election Commission of India, symbols are used in Indian political system as an identity of political parties and that illiterate people can also vote by recognizing symbols of party. For a National party, it must be the presence in the Lok Sabha and for a State party. In any election, a party can set up a candidate only from amongst its own members. A party, that loses its recognition, shall not lose its symbol immediately, recognition should be given to a party only on the basis of its own performance in elections and not because it is a splinter group of some other recognized party. OR it wins at least two percent seats in the House of the People, and these members are elected from at least three different States. OR it wins at least three percent of the number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of the State, or at least three seats in the Assembly, whichever is more. At present there are 5 national parties and many state parties. India has a history of alliances and breakdown of alliances, however, there are three alliances on a national level in India, competing with each other for the position of Government. The coalition government went on to complete the five years term. In the 2014 General Elections NDA once again returned to power for the second time, BJP itself won 282 seats thereby electing Narendra Modi as the head of the government. United Progressive Alliance - Centre-Left coalition led by Indian National Congress, the alliance even after losing some of its members, was reelected in 2009 General Elections with Manmohan Singh as head of the government
7.
Constitution of India
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The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It is the longest written constitution of any country in the world. The nation is governed by it, B. R. Ambedkar is regarded as its chief architect. It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, with its adoption, the Union of India became the modern and contemporary Republic of India replacing the Government of India Act,1935 as the countrys fundamental governing document. To ensure constitutional autochthony, the framers of the repealed the prior Acts of the British Parliament via Article 395 of the constitution. India celebrates its coming into force on 26 January each year and it declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens of justice, equality, and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity among them. The major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947, when the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, it repealed the Indian Independence Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a democratic republic. The date of 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence of 1930. Articles 5,6,7,8,9,60,324,366,367,379,380,388,391,392,393 and 394 of the Constitution came into force on 26 November 1949 and it is drawn from many sources. Keeping in mind the needs and conditions of India its framers borrowed different features freely from previous legislation viz and it was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by elected members of the provincial assemblies. The 389 member Constituent Assembly took almost three years to complete its task of drafting the Constitution for independent India, during which. Of these,114 days were spent on the consideration of the draft Constitution, on 29 August 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up a Drafting Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar to prepare a draft Constitution for India, while deliberating upon the draft Constitution, the assembly moved, discussed and disposed of as many as 2,473 amendments out of a total of 7,635 tabled. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C, there were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community, and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi, the Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha Community, prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau and K. M. Munshi, Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly. Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, the first temporary 2-day president of the Constituent Assembly was Dr Sachchidananda Sinha
8.
Law of India
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Law of India refers to the system of law in modern India. India maintains a common law system inherited from the colonial era. During the drafting of the Indian Constitution, Indian laws also adhere to the United Nations guidelines on human rights law, certain international trade laws, such as those on intellectual property, are also enforced in India. Indian personal law is complex, with each religion adhering to its own specific laws. In most states, registering of marriages and divorces is not compulsory, separate laws govern Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and followers of other religions. The exception to rule is in the state of Goa, where a uniform civil code is in place, in which all religions have a common law regarding marriages, divorces. As of January 2017, there were about 1,248 laws, ancient India represented a distinct tradition of law, and had a historically independent school of legal theory and practice. The Arthashastra, dating from 400 BC and the Manusmriti, from 100 AD, were influential treatises in India, manus central philosophy was tolerance and pluralism, and was cited across Southeast Asia. Early in this period, which culminated in the creation of the Gupta Empire, relations with ancient Greece, the appearance of similar fundamental institutions of international law in various parts of the world show that they are inherent in international society, irrespective of culture and tradition. With the advent of the British Raj, there was a break in tradition, as a result, the present judicial system of the country derives largely from the British system and has few, if any, connections to Indian legal institutions of the pre-British era. The Constitution of India, which came into effect on 26 January 1950 is the lengthiest written constitution in the world and it provides details of the administration of both the Union and the States, and codifies the relations between the Federal Government and the State Governments. Also incorporated into the text are a chapter on the rights of citizens. The constitution prescribes a federal structure of government, with a defined separation of legislative and executive powers between the Federation and the States. Each State Government has the freedom to draft its own laws on subjects classified as state subjects, laws passed by the Parliament of India and other pre-existing central laws on subjects classified as central subjects are binding on all citizens. The Indian Penal Code formulated by the British during the British Raj in 1860, the Code of Criminal Procedure,1973 governs the procedural aspects of the criminal law. Jury trials were abolished by the government in 1960 on the grounds they would be susceptible to media and this decision was based on an 8-1 acquittal of Kawas Nanavati in K. M. Nanavati vs. State of Maharashtra, which was overturned by higher courts, in February 2011, the Supreme Court of India ruled that criminal defendants have a constitutional right to counsel. Capital punishment in India is legal, the last execution was conducted on July 30,2015, when the mastermind of 1993 Bombay serial blast, the terrorist Yakub Memon, was hanged in Nagpur
9.
Amendment of the Constitution of India
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Amending the Constitution of India is the process of making changes to the nations fundamental law or supreme law. The procedure of amendment in the constitution is laid down in Part XX of the Constitution of India and this procedure ensures the sanctity of the Constitution of India and keeps a check on arbitrary power of the Parliament of India. They also never wanted to have a British-style system where Parliament is supreme, the Constitution of India vests constituent power upon the Parliament subject to the special procedure laid down therein. During the discussion in the Constituent Assembly on this aspect, some members were in favour of adopting an easier mode of amending procedure for the five to ten years. There should be a certain flexibility, if you make anything rigid and permanent, you stop a nation’s growth, the growth of a living, vital, organic people. Therefore, it has to be flexible and it is right that House elected so - under this Constitution of course it will have the right to do anything - should have an easy opportunity to make such changes as it wants to. But in any event, we should not make a Constitution, such as other great countries have. Today especially, when the world is in turmoil and we are passing through a very swift period of transition, therefore, while we make a Constitution which is sound and as basic as we can, it should also be flexible. Brajeshwar Prasad also favoured a flexible Constitution so as to make it survive the test of time and he was of the opinion that rigidity tends to check progressive legislation or gradual innovation. Kamath favoured ensuring procedural safeguards to avoid the possibility of hasty amendment to the Constitution, the Constitution of India provides for a distinctive amending process when compared to the Constitutions of other nations. It can be described as flexible and partly rigid. The Constitution provides for a variety in the amending process, an amendment of the Constitution can be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill in either House of Parliament. The Bill must then be passed in each House by a majority of the membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present. There is no provision for a joint sitting in case of disagreement between the two Houses, the Bill, passed by the required majority, is then presented to the President who shall give his assent to the Bill. If the amendment seeks to make any change in any of the mentioned in the proviso to article 368. Although, there is no prescribed time limit for ratification, it must be completed before the amending Bill is presented to the President for his assent, every constitutional amendment is formulated as a statute. The first amendment is called the Constitution Act, the second, the Constitution Act, each usually has the long title An Act further to amend the Constitution of India. The original constitution provided for three categories of amendments
Republic of India
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