1.
National Emblem of the People's Republic of China
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Above this representation are the five stars found on the national flag. The largest star represents the Communist Party of China, while the four stars represent the four social classes as defined in Maoism. At the center of the portion of the border is a cog-wheel that represents industrial workers. On July 10,1949 the government held a competition for the design of the national emblem. The symbolism of their first design was, The red star symbolizes Communism, the cog and wheat/rice symbolizes unification of industrial workers and peasants. The rising earth with China in red symbolizes the socialist revolution in China,31 rays behind the earth symbolizes the 31 provincial administrative divisions at that time. The name of the Peoples Republic of China is written on the red ribbon below, the design was based on their design of the emblem of Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference, and was influenced by the Socialist heraldry in Eastern Bloc. According to their proposal, the design was a mixture of traditional Chinese culture, the design imitated the style of mirrors in Han dynasty, symbolizing brightness. The disc was made of jade, a symbol of peace, decorative carvings on the disc was in Tang dynasty style. The stars from national flag and a cog were placed in the center of the disc, surrounded by wheats, symbolizing unity of working class, the red ribbon tied a smaller jade ring, symbolising the unification of Chinese people. The other proposal by Zhang Ding, Zhang Guangyu, Zhou Lingzhao, was a depiction of Tiananmen gate. First round proposals of the national emblem Members of the first CPPCC committee discussed these three proposals on June 10,1950, two groups then worked on a second round proposals. The second proposal from Tsinghua University standardized the design of the Tiananmen Gate on the emblem and selected red and their proposal was selected and the design was standardized and simplified by Gao Zhuang. This design was made the national emblem on 20 September 1950 by the Central Peoples Government. Second round proposals of the national emblem National standard of China, GB 15093-2008 specifies the construction, material, in April 15,1985, Taiyuan City officially announced its emblem, becoming the first city in the Peoples Republic of China to have a city emblem. Hong Kong and Macao have each its own emblem, the National Peoples Congress have passed the standardized use of the two special administrative regions emblems. Twelve Symbols national emblem Flag of the Peoples Republic of China March of the Volunteers Tiananmen Socialist heraldry
2.
Beijing
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Beijing is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China and the worlds third most populous city proper. It is also one of the worlds most populous capital cities, the city, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts. Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by population after Shanghai and is the nations political, cultural. It is home to the headquarters of most of Chinas largest state-owned companies, and is a hub for the national highway, expressway, railway. The citys history dates back three millennia, as the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, Beijing has been the political centre of the country for much of the past eight centuries. Beijing was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium A. D, the city is renowned for its opulent palaces, temples, parks, gardens, tombs, walls and gates. Its art treasures and universities have made it centre of culture, encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China. Siheyuans, the traditional housing style, and hutongs, the narrow alleys between siheyuans, are major tourist attractions and are common in urban Beijing. The city hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics and was chosen to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, many of Beijings 91 universities consistently rank among the best in China, of which Peking University and Tsinghua University are ranked in the top 60 universities in the world. Beijings Zhongguancun area is known as Chinas Silicon Valley and Chinas center of innovation. According to the 2016 InterNations Expat Insider Survey, Beijing ranked first in Asia in the subcategory Personal Finance Index, expats live primarily in urban districts such as Dongcheng and Chaoyang in the east, or in suburban districts such as Shunyi. Over the past 3,000 years, the city of Beijing has had other names. The name Beijing, which means Northern Capital, was applied to the city in 1403 during the Ming Dynasty to distinguish the city from Nanjing, the English spelling is based on the pinyin romanisation of the two characters as they are pronounced in Standard Mandarin. Those dialects preserve the Middle Chinese pronunciation of 京 as kjaeng, the single Chinese character abbreviation for Beijing is 京, which appears on automobile license plates in the city. The official Latin alphabet abbreviation for Beijing is BJ, the earliest traces of human habitation in the Beijing municipality were found in the caves of Dragon Bone Hill near the village of Zhoukoudian in Fangshan District, where Peking Man lived. Homo erectus fossils from the date to 230,000 to 250,000 years ago. Paleolithic Homo sapiens also lived more recently, about 27,000 years ago. Archaeologists have found neolithic settlements throughout the municipality, including in Wangfujing, the first walled city in Beijing was Ji, a city from the 11th to 7th century BC
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State Council of the People's Republic of China
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The State Council, constitutionally synonymous with the Central Peoples Government since 1954, is the chief administrative authority of the Peoples Republic of China. It is chaired by the Premier and includes the heads of each governmental department, currently, the council has 35 members, the premier, one executive vice premier, three other vice premiers, five state councilors, and 25 additional ministers and chairs of major agencies. The State Council directly oversees the various subordinate Peoples Governments in the provinces, the State Council meets once every six months. Between meetings it is guided by a Standing Committee that meets weekly, the standing committee includes the premier, one executive vice premier, three vice premiers, and five other state councilors. The vice-premiers and state councilors are nominated by the premier, incumbents may serve two successive five-year terms. Each vice premier oversees certain areas of administration, each State Councilor performs duties as designated by the Premier. The secretary-general heads the General Office which handles the work of the State Council. The secretary-general has relatively little power and should not be confused with the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, commissions outrank ministries and set policies for and coordinate the related activities of different administrative organs. Offices deal with matters of ongoing concern, bureaus and administrations rank below ministries. In addition to the 25 ministries, there are 38 centrally administered government organizations that directly to the state council. The heads of these organizations attend full meetings of the committee on an irregular basis. The State Council and the Communist Party of China are also tightly interlocked, with rare exceptions, State Councilors are high-ranking members of the CPC. Although, as Party members, they are supposed to follow Party instructions and this results in a system which is unlike the Soviet practice in which the Party effectively controlled the State. Rather, the Party and State are fused at this level of government, the State Council is the functional center of state power and clearinghouse for government initiatives at all levels. With the governments emphasis on modernization, the State Council clearly acquired additional importance and influence. The State Council controls the Ministry for National Defense but does not control the Peoples Liberation Army, which is instead controlled by the Central Military Commission. e
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Government of China
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The Government of the Peoples Republic of China is divided among several bodies, the legislative branch, the National Peoples Congress. The primary organs of power are the National Peoples Congress, the President. Members of the State Council include the Premier, a number of Vice Premiers, five State Councilors. During the 1980s there was a made to separate party and state functions, with the party deciding general policy. The attempt was abandoned in the 1990s with the result that the leadership within the state are also the leaders of the party. This dual structure thereby creates a single centralized focus of power, at the same time there has been a move to separate party and state offices at levels other than the central government. It is not unheard of for an executive to also be party secretary. This frequently causes conflict between the executive and the party secretary, and this conflict is widely seen as intentional to prevent either from becoming too powerful. Under the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China, the NPC is the highest organ of power in China. It meets annually for two weeks to review and approve major new policy directions, laws, the budget. Most national legislation in the PRC is adopted by the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress, most initiatives are presented to the NPCSC for consideration by the State Council after previous endorsement by the Communist Partys Politburo Standing Committee. For example, the State Council and the Party have been unable to secure passage of a tax to finance the construction of expressways. This article is about the administrative structure of the state, its branches, departments. As the role of the military is to enforce these decisions, recently, experts have observed growing limitations to the Paramount leaders de facto control over the government. The Constitution was first created on September 20,1954, before that an interim constitution-like document created by the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference was in force. The second promulgation in 1975 shortened the Constitution to just about 30 articles, the role of courts was slashed, and the Presidency was gone. The 3rd promulgation in 1978 expanded the number of articles, but was still under the influence of the just-gone-by Cultural Revolution, the current constitution is the PRCs fourth promulgation. On December 4,1982, it was promulgated and has served as a constitution for 30 years
5.
Wan Gang
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Wan Gang is a Chinese expert on automobiles, former president of Tongji University and the Minister of Science and Technology. Wan graduated from Northeast Forestry University, in 1979, he did his postgraduate study on experimental mechanics in Structural Theories Research Institute of Tongji University and received his master degree in 1981. During the same year, he stayed on campus and taught mathematics and mechanics, in 1991, Dr. Wan began to work in German Audi Corporation, in charge of computer virtualization of automobile in the R&D Department. Soon he originated a distinctive auto-developing system for the company, in 1996, he was promoted to technical manager in production and technology division, and took charge of informational manufacturing technology as well as management. His leadership and contribution in many technological innovations facilitated the production of Audi A4, car of a new generation, in 1994 and 1995, he was consecutively invited as guest professor and doctoral supervisor at Clausthal University of Technology and of Tongji University. Under his instruction, his German doctoral candidates successfully carried out a project on fuel cell and they filled the blank of this field then. His proposal received the attention and support from the Ministry of Science and Technology and this project was nominated as one of the “Ten Greatest Scientific and Technological Progresses of Chinese Higher Schools in 2005”. In 2002, Dr. Wan worked as Assistant President of Tongji, in 2003, Vice President of Tongji, in July 2004 and he was also the founding dean of New Energy Automobile Engineering Center, Tongji University. Dr. Wan is a member of the committee of the 10th Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference. He has been chairman of the China Zhi Gong Party since December 2007, Dr. Wan was appointed the Minister of Science and Technology of the Peoples Republic of China on April 27,2007. He is the first cabinet minister from a non-Communist party since the late 1970s when China launched its economic reform and opening-up drive
6.
Nie Rongzhen
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Nie Rongzhen was a prominent Chinese Communist military leader, and one of ten Marshals in the Peoples Liberation Army of China. He was the last surviving PLA officer with the rank of Marshal, Nie was born in Jiangjin County in Sichuan, the cosmopolitan and well-educated son of a wealthy family. In his 20s, Nie applied to the Université du Travail in Charleroi, Belgium, with a scholarship from the Socialist Party, Zhou Enlai spent a night in Charleroi and met with Nie. Nie agreed to join the group of Chinese students in France on a work-study program and he joined the Communist Party of China in 1923. In the Chinese Civil War he commanded the Northern China Military Region, during the Korean War, Nie took part in high level command decision making, military operations planning, and shared responsibility for war mobilization. Nie was made a Marshal of the PLA in 1955 and later ran the Chinese nuclear weapons program and he retired in 1987 and died in Beijing. Nie had a daughter with Zhang Ruihua in 1930, who was named Nie Li and she was imprisoned with her mother by the Kuomintang in 1934 and did not see her father again until 1945. Nie Li is a Middle General of the Peoples Liberation Army, list of officers of the Peoples Liberation Army Peoples Daily article Long March leaders US Naval War College
7.
Science and Technology Daily
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Science and Technology Daily is the official newspaper of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Peoples Republic of China. It is published in Chinese and based in Beijing, historically, it was one of the few Chinese newspapers to cover the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. More importantly, by nature, it is regarded as the authority for science and technology issues with objective and scientific perspectives
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China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
9.
Li Keqiang
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Li Keqiang is the current Premier of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China. An economist by training, Li is Chinas head of government as well as one of the figures behind Chinese economic policy. He is also the member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China. Li is a part of the fifth generation of Chinese leadership. Li was named the Worlds 12th Most Powerful Person by the Forbes list of The Worlds Most Powerful People in 2015 and 2016, Li rose through the ranks through his involvement in the Communist Youth League. From 1998 to 2004, Li served as the Governor of Henan, from 2004 to 2007 he served as the Party Secretary of Liaoning, the top political office in the province. Given his Youth League experience, Li has generally been considered an ally of former leader Hu Jintao. Li assumed the post of Premier in 2013, and has facilitated the Chinese governments shifting of priorities from export-led growth to a focus on internal consumption. Li has also been a force behind the implementation of the comprehensively deepening reforms announced in the fall of 2013. Li was born on 1 July 1955 in Hefei, the capital and his father was a local official in Anhui. He was awarded the honour of Outstanding Individual in the Study of Mao Zedong Thought during this time and he earned a PhD in economics in 1995, and the prominent economist Li Yining was his doctoral advisor. His doctoral dissertation was awarded the Sun Yefang Prize, Chinas highest prize in economics, in 1980, Li became the Communist Youth League secretary at Peking University. Li became the organizations First Secretary in 1993 and served until 1998 and he is a representative member of the first generation to have risen from the CYL leadership. Li became the youngest Chinese provincial governor in June 1998 when he was appointed governor of Henan at the age of 43, according to provincial officials working with him at the time, Li refused to participate in any banquets or large fancy events not related to government activities. During his time as governor, a sense of his bad luck grew due to the occurrence of three major fires in the province. Li is known to be outspoken and led development in Henan. Li did not spend time pursuing superficial projects and he trekked through all regions of the province trying to search for a comprehensive solution to its growing problems. Henan jumped in national GDP rankings from 28th in the early 1990s to 18th in 2004, however, his government was relatively ineffective at curbing the HIV/AIDS epidemic that was affecting the rural areas of the province
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Li Keqiang Government
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The Li Keqiang Government is the incumbent State Council of the Peoples Republic of China. Premier Li Keqiang took office on 15 March 2013 and it succeeded the Wen Jiabao government. It was appointed by the National Peoples Congress, in the 12th National Peoples Congress 1st meeting, Li Keqiang was appointed to replace Wen Jiabao as Premier of the Peoples Republic of China, Chinas head of government. According to the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China, the Premier nominates the Vice Premiers, the nominations was confirmed by the 2013 National Peoples Congress. Ministry-level Ministry-level Sub-ministry-level Ministry-level Ministry-level Ministry-level Sub-ministry-level Sub-ministry-level Xi–Li Administration Wen Jiabao Government
11.
Cabinet (government)
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A cabinet is a body of high-ranking state officials, typically consisting of the top leaders of the executive branch. They are usually called ministers, but in some jurisdictions are sometimes called secretaries, in some countries, the cabinet is called Council of Ministers or Government Council or lesser known names such as Federal Council, Inner Council or High Council. These countries may differ in the way that the cabinet is used or established, in some countries, particularly those that use a parliamentary system, the Cabinet collectively decides the governments direction, especially in regard to legislation passed by the parliament. In this way, the President gets opinions and advice in upcoming decisions, instead, it is usually the Head of Government who holds all means of power in his hands and the Cabinet reports to him. In most governments, members of the Cabinet are given the title of minister, in a few governments, as in the case of Mexico, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, and United States, the title of secretary is also used for some Cabinet members. In many countries, a Secretary is a member with an inferior rank to a minister. In some countries attorneys general also sit in the cabinet, while in others this is strictly prohibited as the attorneys general are considered to be part of the judicial branch of government. The size of cabinets varies, although most contain around ten to twenty ministers, researchers have found an inverse correlation between a countrys level of development and cabinet size, on average, the more developed a country is, the smaller is its cabinet. In the United Kingdom and its colonies, cabinets began as smaller sub-groups of the English Privy Council, the term comes from the name for a relatively small and private room used as a study or retreat. The process has repeated itself in recent times, as leaders have felt the need to have a Kitchen Cabinet or sofa government, under the Westminster system, members of the cabinet are Ministers of the Crown who are collectively responsible for all government policy. All ministers, whether senior and in the cabinet or junior ministers, must publicly support the policy of the government, the cabinet may also provide ideas on/if new laws were established, and what they include. Cabinet deliberations are secret and documents dealt with in cabinet are confidential, in theory the prime minister or premier is first among equals. In some countries, the ministers are referred to as spokespersons. A prime ministerial government is a government where the minister is dominant in terms of the executive. As the prime minister is, by definition, a member of a cabinet – this form of government is often a development from cabinet government, in true cabinet government the prime minister is primus inter pares, where prime ministerial government necessitates the crossing of this boundary. An often cited example of ministerial government is the United Kingdom. Thatcher began using bilateral meetings with ministers to determine policy areas using cabinet to simply announce these decisions. Due to the extent of her success, and her control over cabinet positions, despite John Major moving back towards cabinet government, Tony Blair carried on Thatchers approach
12.
Premier of the People's Republic of China
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This position was originally known as Premier of the Government Administration Council of the Central Peoples Government and changed to its current name in 1954. The Premier is formally approved by the National Peoples Congress upon the nomination of the President, in practice, the candidate is chosen through an informal process within the Communist Party of China. Both the President and the Premier are selected once every five years, the Premier has always been a member of the powerful Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China. The current Premier is Li Keqiang, who took office on 15 March 2013, the Premier is the highest administrative position in the Government of the Peoples Republic of China. The Premier is responsible for organizing and administering the Chinese civil bureaucracy, for example, the Premier is tasked with planning and implementing national economic, social development and the state budget. The Premiers powers and responsibilities are codified into the constitution unlike the Prime Minister from the Westminster system as by convention or traditions, the Premier has been supported by four Vice-Premiers since Deng Xiaopings reform in 1983. The First-ranked Vice Premier will act in the capacity in their absence. As of April 2017, there are three living former premiers, Since the first premier, seven had a spouse during term of office
13.
Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China
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The Vice Premier of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China is a high-ranking executive assistant to the Premier. Generally, the title is held by individuals at one time. The highest-ranked office holder is called the First-ranked Vice Premier. The 1st-ranked VP takes over duties of the Premier at the time of the latters incapacity, current Vice Premiers, in order of rank, are Zhang Gaoli, Liu Yandong, Wang Yang and Ma Kai. The most prominent case of this is Deng Xiaoping between 1978 and 1980
14.
State councillor (China)
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The state councillor is a powerful position within the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China, i. e. the executive organ of Chinas central government. It ranks immediately below the Vice-Premiers and above the Ministers of various departments, the position was created during the May 1982 restructuring of the State Council, when eleven state councillors were appointed, ten of whom were vice premiers until then. In theory, state councillors are to assist the Premier and Vice-Premiers to oversee various government portfolios and they can also represent the State Council on foreign visits. State councillors are part of a Standing Committee of the State Council, alongside the Premier, Vice-Premiers, in practice, a state councillors portfolios can be very wide-ranging. State councillors often accompany Chinas higher dignitaries on trips abroad - as was the case with State Councillor Tang Jiaxuan from 2003–08, and Dai Bingguo from 2008–present. Dai also became Chinas representative at the 2009 G8 Summit in Italy when President Hu Jintao decided to cut short his attendance to return to China in order to deal with the July 2009 Urumqi riots, the position was created during the May 1982 restructuring of the State Council. Eleven state councillors were appointed, ten of whom were vice premiers until then, the only exception being Zhang Jingfu
15.
Central Military Commission (China)
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The State CMC is nominally considered the supreme military policy-making body and its chairman, elected by the National Peoples Congress, is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In reality, command and control of the PLA, however, both commissions are identical in membership, thus actually forming one identical institution under two different names, in order to fit in both state government and party systems. Both commissions are currently chaired by Xi Jinping, who is the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China as well as Paramount leader, the 11-man commission issues directives relating to the PLA, including senior appointments, troop deployments and arms spending. CMC has control over 6.8 million personnel The CMC is housed in the Ministry of National Defense compound in western Beijing. The party military committee dates back to October 1925, and while operating under various degrees of authority and responsibility, was named the Central Military Affairs Commission. Among Western commentators, “Affairs” is frequently dropped from the title, as a commission, it ranks higher in the party hierarchy than departments such as the Organization or United Front Departments. In this period, the Committee was always chaired by Mao Zedong, in the September 1949 reorganization, military leadership was transferred to a government body, the Peoples Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central Peoples Government. As a consequence of the Cultural Revolution, the Party CMC became the sole military overseeing body, both the National Defense Commission and State CMC have been described as consultative bodies. Contrarily to the National Defense Commission, however, the Party and state CMCs are almost identical in leadership, composition, the Commission included the post of secretary-general until 1992. This post was held by Yang Shangkun, Huang Kecheng, Luo Ruiqing, Ye Jianying, Luo Ruiqing, Geng Biao, Yang Shangkun, Yang Baibing. In 2016, the 5 traditional departments were dissolved by order of Chairman Xi Jinping, unlike in most countries, the Central Military Commission is not considered as just another ministry. Although China does have a Ministry of National Defense, headed by a Minister of National Defense, the most important chain of command runs from the CMC to the four General Headquarters and, in turn, to each of the service branches. In addition, the CMC also has control over the Rocket Force, the National Defense University. The CMC shares command authority with the Ministry of Public Security of the State Council. The CMC is usually chaired by the General Secretary of the Communist Party, members of the CMC normally includes the Directors of the PLA’s Four Department and the Commander of the Ground Force, Air Force, Navy, and Rocket Force. The Chairman of the CMC was twice in its history held by an official who had given up his other posts, by Deng in the late 1980s. In the case of Deng Xiaoping, because of his prestige, he was able to exercise considerable power after his retirement, one major factor is that, in contrast to Deng Xiaoping, who always had close relations with the Peoples Liberation Army, Jiang had no military background. In addition, with the promotion of the generation of Chinese leaders to lead the civilian party
16.
National Development and Reform Commission
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The candidate for the chairperson of the NDRC is nominated by the Premier of the Peoples Republic of China and approved by the National Peoples Congress. Since February 2017 the Commission has been headed by He Lifeng, the NDRCs functions are to study and formulate policies for economic and social development, maintain the balance of economic development, and to guide restructuring of Chinas economic system. The NDRC has twenty-six functional departments/bureaus/offices with an authorized staff size of 890 civil servants, the NDRC is a successor to the State Planning Commission, which had managed Chinas centrally planned economy since 1952. Since then the organization further shifted its policy from an economy to a socialist market economy. The restructured organization was merged into a newly created NDRC. Also, recently the NDRC has been placed in charge of Chinas strategic petroleum reserves, ma Kai, the Chairman of the NDRC served as the first chair of the committee. The committee is the arm of the Leading Group on Climate Change. The NDRC oversees the National Energy Administration ensures the states energy needs, NEA was established in August 2008, replacing the National Energy Bureau which attempted to reform China’s highly dispersed energy management
17.
Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
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The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is not responsible for the regulation of content for the media industry. This is administered by the State Administration of Radio, Film, the responsibility for regulating the non electronic communications industry in China falls on the General Administration of Press and Publication. The state council announced during the 2008 National Peoples Congress that the Ministry of Industry, the new ministry will also include the former Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, the State Council Informatization Office and the State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau. In 2013, the ministrys Made in China 2025 plan was approved by the State Council and it took over two years to complete by one hundred and fifty people. The plans aim is to improve efficiency and quality. Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Official Website China Information Industry website
18.
United Front Work Department
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The United Front Work Department is an agency under the command of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In so doing, the UFWD seeks to ensure that groups are supportive of. The United Front Work Department was created during the Chinese civil war, the simplest formulation of UF work in the period was to rally as many allies as possible in order to. The Partys united front strategies were effective against the Nationalists, when combined with military force, ideological work, and alliance building, which eventually isolated the enemy. The Party communist agitators were able to persuade minor parties and groups in China that the Nationalists were illegitimate and repressive while the CCP embodied progress, unity, and democracy. This involved violent elimination of what were termed bourgeois and idealistic political beliefs, to faith in class struggle. The CCP required the intellectuals to have faith in class struggle, in the late 1970s the policy was used for the common cause of economic reform. From there the Party expanded the scope of its work internationally during the reform era, the department includes a bureau tasked with handling Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and overseas affairs, and articulates the importance of using overseas Chinese populations to promote reunification. It played an important role in building support for One country, the UFWD has been critically described as serving to co-opt non-Communist community leaders outside China, and using them to neutralize Party critics, sometimes coercively. Scholar of Chinese political history John P. Burns presents in his book The Chinese Communist Partys Nomenklatura System excerpts from internal party documents demonstrating the role of the UFWD. The UFWD is to implement better the partys united front policy and to assess, the United Front Department was used in the early years of communist rule to guarantee CCP oversight over groups that were not directly associated with the Party and government. When the CCP shifted its focus from the “mass line” to “class struggle, the United Front Work Department of the Party Central Committee and the State Council is the most direct link between the Communist Party leadership and minority groups in China. The UFWD uses the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference to carry out its united front activities, the United Front consists of eight minor political parties and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce. Some national intelligence agencies have expressed concern that the mandate and operations of the UFWD can constitute undue interference in other internal affairs. These include propaganda, the control of Chinese students abroad, the recruiting of agents among the Chinese diaspora, and long-term clandestine operations. ”In 2007, the Communist Party increased the United Front Work Department’s budget by $3 million to further bolster China’s “soft power” abroad. United Front Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference List of political parties in the Peoples Republic of China State Ethnic Affairs Commission State Administration for Religious Affairs
19.
Ministry of Public Security (China)
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It currently has 1.9 million officers. It is headed by the Minister of Public Security, prior to 1954, it was known as the Ministry of Public Security of the Central Peoples Government. The Ministry operates the system of Public Security Bureaus, which are broadly the equivalent of police forces or police stations in other countries, the candidate for the minister of the MPS is nominated by the Premier of the Peoples Republic of China and approved by the National Peoples Congress. As the main security agency in the Peoples Republic of China. Hong Kong and Macau have their own security bureaus/agencies and police forces, as of 2012, the Minister of Public Security is Guo Shengkun. The Ministry of Public Security was among the very first government organs of the PRC, the ministry began operations on 1 November 1949, at the end of a two-week-long National Conference of Senior Public Security Cadres. Most of its staff of less than 500 cadres came from the regional CCP North China Department of Social Affairs. At the national level, its creation signaled the formal abolition of the CDSA, the ministry moved to its present location, in the heart of the one-time foreign legation quarters in Beijing, in the spring of 1950. The MPS is organized into functional departments, subordinate to the MPS are the provincial- and municipal-level PSB and sub-bureaus at the county and urban district levels. At the grassroots level, finally, there are stations which serve as the direct point of contact between police and ordinary citizens. The organization of public security stations may be inferred from the tasks with which the police are charged. Generally, each station has sections assigned to cover census and household registration matters, pretrial investigations, welfare, traffic control. Each also has a detention center, railway, navigation, civil aviation, forestry and anti-smuggling public security departments are under the dual leadership of their superior administration and the MPS. In the 1980s the public security station—the police element in closest contact with the people—was supervised by the public security subbureau as well as by local governments and procuratorates. A great deal of coordination occurred among the security organs, the procuratorates. The public security station generally had considerably broader responsibilities than a station in the West. In a rural area a station typically has a chief, a deputy chief, an administrative staff. In an urban area it usually has a number of administrative staff members
20.
Ministry of State Security (China)
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The Ministry of State Security is the intelligence agency and security agency of the Peoples Republic of China, responsible for counter-intelligence, foreign intelligence and political security. It is headquartered near the Ministry of Public Security of the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing, the two systems are administratively separate, although at local levels they co-operate to a large extent and often share resources. The precursor of the modern MSS was the Central Department of Social Affairs, the CDSA operated from the communist base area of Yanan in Shaanxi Province in northern China during the 1937–45 Second Sino-Japanese War. The CDSA was thoroughly reorganized in the summer of 1949, the MSS was established in 1983 as the result of the merger of the CID and the counter-intelligence elements of the Ministry of Public Security of the Peoples Republic of China. One of its longest-serving chiefs was Jia Chunwang, a native of Beijing and a 1964 graduate of Tsinghua University and he served as Minister of State Security from 1985 until March 1998, when the MSS underwent an overhaul and Xu Yongyue was appointed the new head of the organization. Jia was then appointed to the Minister of Public Security post, Chinese intelligence agents, probably under the control of the MSS, have achieved success in penetrating the U. S. In the 1980s, Larry Wu-Tai Chin, a translator for the CIAs Foreign Broadcast Information Service, was arrested and charged with espionage in the service of the PRC. He had been recruited in 1944 while stationed in China as a U. S. Army officer, li emphasized that MSSs most important mission is, to control the Chinese people to maintain the rule of the Communist Party. One of the missions of the MSS is reportedly to gather foreign intelligence from targets in various countries overseas. Many MSS agents are said to have operated in the Greater China region, agency heads are known as Minister of State Security, reporting directly to the State Council. The MSS is divided into bureaus, which at one point were, Domestic Affairs Foreign Affairs Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan Technology Local Intelligence No. org
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Ministry of Civil Affairs
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The Ministry of Civil Affairs of the Peoples Republic of China is a ministry in the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China, responsible for social and administrative affairs. It was founded in May 1978, and the current Minister is Li Liguo and its precedent was the Ministry of Internal Affairs. November 1949, Ministry of Internal Affairs of Central Peoples Government established, september 1954, renamed Ministry of Internal Affairs of PR China. May 1978, Ministry of Civil Affairs of PR China founded
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Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security
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This includes labor force management, labor relationship readjustment, social insurance management and legal construction of labor. The State Bureau of Civil Servants reports to the new ministry, the ministry is created from the former Ministry of Personnel and Ministry of Labour and Social Security. This was announced at the 2008 National Peoples Congress, since March 17,2008, the ministry is headed by Yin Weimin. The MOHRSS has responsibility for managing the employment market in mainland China, due to the financial crisis of 2008/Late 2000s recession, the department has recommended companies to prevent and control large staff reduction. The agency also other government agencies to provide assistance to industries and enterprises to create more employment. MOHRSS stressed that priority be given to migrant workers, laid-off workers, poor people and graduates from universities and colleges in offering works
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