1.
Minnesota
–
Minnesota is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U. S. state on May 11,1858, the state has a large number of lakes, and is known by the slogan Land of 10,000 Lakes. Its official motto is LÉtoile du Nord, Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U. S. Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout. Until European settlement, Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe, in recent decades, immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition. Minnesotas standard of living index is among the highest in the United States, Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mnisota. Many places in the state have similar names, such as Minnehaha Falls, Minneiska, Minneota, Minnetonka, Minnetrista, and Minneapolis, a combination of mni and polis, Minnesota is the second northernmost U. S. state. Its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods county is the part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U. S. region known as the Upper Midwest and it shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, with 86,943 square miles, or approximately 2.25 percent of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th-largest state. Minnesota has some of the Earths oldest rocks, gneisses that are about 3.6 billion years old. About 2.7 billion years ago, basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean, the roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Following a period of volcanism 1, in more recent times, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the landscape of the state and sculpted its terrain. The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago and these glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift, much of the remainder of the state outside the northeast has 50 feet or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago and its bed created the fertile Red River valley, and its outflow, glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling. Minnesota is geologically quiet today, it experiences earthquakes infrequently, the states high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet, which is only 13 miles away from the low of 601 feet at the shore of Lake Superior. Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a rolling peneplain. Two major drainage divides meet in Minnesotas northeast in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed, precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean
2.
Minnesota Legislature
–
The Minnesota Legislature is the bicameral legislature of the U. S. state of Minnesota consisting of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Senators are elected from 67 single-member districts, in order to account for decennial redistricting, members run for one two-year term and two four-year terms each decade. They are elected for terms in years ending in 2 and 6. Representatives are elected for two-year terms from 134 single-member districts formed by dividing the 67 senate districts in half, both houses of the Legislature meet between January and the first Monday following the third Saturday in May each year, not to exceed 120 days per biennium. Floor sessions are held in the Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul, early on in the Minnesotas history, the Legislature had direct control over the city charters that set the groundwork for governments in municipalities across the state. In the early period, many laws were written for specific cities, the practice was outlawed in 1881, though attempts were still made. For instance, the long-standing Minneapolis Park and Recreation Board and the now defunct Library Board were both created by the Legislature in the next several years. The Minnesota Constitution was amended in 1896 to give direct control over their own charters. In 1913, Minnesota legislators began to be elected on nonpartisan ballots, in 1974, House members again ran with party designation. In 1976, Senate members again ran with party designation, following the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920, women began to be elected to the Minnesota Legislature. In 1922, Mabeth Hurd Paige, Hannah Kempfer, Sue Metzger Dickey Hough, in 1984, the Legislature ordered that all gender-specific pronouns be removed from the state laws. After two years of work, the laws were adopted. Only 301 of 20,000 pronouns were feminine and his was changed 10,000 times and he was changed 6,000 times. Governor Jesse Ventura advocated the idea of changing the Legislature to be unicameral while he was in office, a proper budget failed to pass, and major anticipated projects such as the Northstar Corridor commuter rail line were not approved. Governor Tim Pawlenty, an advocate of the line, was expected to request a special session, the lack of action in the 2004 session is said to be one reason why a number of Republican House members lost their seats in the November election. The Democratic–Farmer–Labor minority grew from 53 to 66 and the Republican majority was reduced from 81 to 68, the Senate was not up for election in 2004 so the DFL was able to maintain its five-seat majority in the upper house. One state senator, Sheila Kiscaden of Rochester, was an Independence Party member until December 2005 when she began caucusing with the DFL, although she had been an elected Republican in the past. The DFL majority increased to six senators when Kiscaden announced her re-affiliation with the DFL in preparation to run for lieutenant governor on a ticket with DFLer Kelly Doran, after the 2016 election, Republicans hold majorities in both chambers
3.
History of Minnesota
–
Minnesota achieved prominence through fur trading, logging, and farming, and later through railroads, and iron mining. While those industries remain important, the economy is now driven by banking, computers. The earliest known settlers followed herds of game to the region during the last glacial period. They preceded the Anishinaabe, the Dakota, and other Native American inhabitants, fur traders from France arrived during the 17th century. Europeans moving west during the 19th century, drove out most of the Native Americans, Fort Snelling, built to protect United States territorial interests, brought early settlers to the area. Early settlers used Saint Anthony Falls for powering sawmills in the area that became Minneapolis, Minnesota gained legal existence as the Minnesota Territory in 1849, and became the 32nd U. S. state on May 11,1858. After the upheaval of the American Civil War and the Dakota War of 1862, railroads attracted immigrants, established the farm economy, and brought goods to market. The power provided by St. Anthony Falls spurred the growth of Minneapolis, New industry came from iron ore, discovered in the north, mined relatively easily from open pits, and shipped to Great Lakes steel mills from the ports at Duluth and Two Harbors. Economic development and social changes led to a role for state government. The Great Depression brought layoffs in mining and tension in labor relations, after World War II, Minnesota became known for technology, fueled by early computer companies Sperry Rand, Control Data and Cray. The Twin Cities also became a center for the arts with cultural institutions such as the Guthrie Theater, Minnesota Orchestra. The oldest known human remains in Minnesota, dating back about 9000 years ago, were discovered near Browns Valley in 1933, Browns Valley Man was found with tools of the Clovis and Folsom types. Some of the earliest evidence of a presence in the area comes from a site known as Bradbury Brook near Mille Lacs Lake which was used around 7500 BC. Subsequently, extensive trading networks developed in the region, the body of an early resident known as Minnesota Woman was discovered in 1931 in Otter Tail County. Radiocarbon dating places the age of the bones approximately 8,000 years ago and she had a conch shell from a snail species known as Busycon perversa, which had previously only been known to exist in Florida. Several hundred years later, the climate of Minnesota warmed significantly, as large animals such as mammoths became extinct, native people changed their diet. They gathered nuts, berries, and vegetables, and they hunted animals such as deer, bison. The stone tools found from this era became smaller and more specialized to use these new food sources and they also devised new techniques for catching fish, such as fish hooks, nets, and harpoons
4.
Minnesota Constitution
–
It is believed that the constitution was even amended twice prior to ratification. The convention was held in Saint Paul from July 13 to August 29, still, the tension was so extreme that delegates would not sign anything that had previously been signed by a member of the complementary convention. In the end, each convention signed their own copies of the document, the two were essentially identical, but had about 300 differences in punctuation, grammar, and wording because of errors in transcription produced as copyists worked late into the night on August 28. The Republican version, written on paper, ran 39 pages and was signed by 53 delegates, while the Democratic version. On October 13, an election to approve the constitution was held, ballots only provided for an affirmative answer, which probably reduced the number of negative votes since doing so required altering the ballot. The tally was 30,055 for acceptance and 571 for rejection, the territorial secretary, a Democrat, sent a certified copy of the Democratic version to Washington, D. C. to be ratified by the Senate. A copy of the Republican version was sent by an unknown party. Additionally, the Republican version was sent with the returned to Minnesota. The first two acts created by the legislature were amendments to the constitution, and they were approved by voters on April 15,1858, one authorized a loan to railroads of US$5 million, and the other related to the term of office of the first state officers. Amended constitutions were apparently the ones viewed by Congress during the ratification process, the validity of the early laws passed by the Legislature is somewhat in doubt, although they have never been challenged in court. A bill of rights is featured prominently in the constitution as Article I, there are currently seventeen sections, including many that echo the amendments to the United States Constitution by subject matter, but not necessarily by language. The First Amendment to the United States Constitution, by contrast, abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press. Pruneyard Shopping Center, and stubbornly refused to interpret such language any differently from the First Amendment, by contrast, Section 16 addresses the freedom of conscience, or more generally freedom of religion. In the 1990 case of State v, some of the other provisions in the Minnesota Bill of Rights are for trial by jury and due process of law. Amongst other rules, the legislature may not meet in regular session after the first Monday following the third Saturday in May of any year. Similar to the Tennessee State Constitution, bills brought before the legislature may deal with one subject. Article XIV of the constitution is dedicated to discussing the public system of the state. It authorizes a trunk highway system overseen by the state and methods of funding roadways overseen by smaller divisions within Minnesota
5.
Minnesota History Center
–
The Minnesota History Center is a museum and library that serves as the headquarters of the Minnesota Historical Society. It is near downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota, and is considered one of Minnesotas finest public buildings, the History Center is on Kellogg Boulevard, between the Mississippi River and the Minnesota State Capitol. Before this building was built in 1992, the Minnesota Historical Society occupied what is now the Minnesota Judicial Center, before that, MNHS was housed in the basement of the State Capitol. The Minneapolis architectural firm of Hammel Green and Abrahamson designed the History Centers floor plan, HGA looked to Fort Snelling, the St. Pauls Cathedral and the Minnesota State Capitol for inspiration. One member of the History Center Planning Committee said, We have envisioned a place that draws the public in, fires the imagination and we have envisioned a building alive with people from morning until far into the evening. a vital cultural and educational center. After ten years of planning and nearly three years of construction, The History Center opened in October 1992, the building features a central dome with two bordering wings, creating an L-shaped design. The north facade faces the Capitol, and the southeast facade overlooks a large lawn, bronze doors admit visitors into the Centers main entrance, on the west wall. Charm Bracelet lies on the floor of the first-story rotunda, the museum showcases interactive in-house-developed and traveling exhibits, as well as historical programming and lectures. The Center also contains rooms, the 3M Auditorium, Café Minnesota. More than half of the 427,000 square feet building is underground, such artifacts are stored in the 100,000 square feet of storage space available in the Center. In this storage space, the shelves reach heights over 25 feet, the Center also has a conservation laboratory, where conservators repair, stabilize, and maintain the Societys thousands of valuable objects. The Gale Family Library on the floor of the History Center, offers resources for MNHS members. Two rooms, the Weyerhaeuser Reference Room and the Ronald M. Hubbs Microfilm Reading Room, the library often hosts classes on historical and genealogical research. Minnesota History Center - official site Hubert Humphrey, Presidential Contender from C-SPANs The Contenders, broadcast from the Minnesota History Center
6.
North American fur trade
–
The North American fur trade was the industry and activities related to the acquisition, trade, exchange, and sale of animal furs in North America. The 19th-century North American fur trade, when the industry was at its peak of importance, involved the development of elaborate trade networks. The fur trade became one of the economic ventures in North America attracting competition among the French, British, Dutch, Spanish. Indeed, in the history of the United States, capitalizing on this trade. Many Native American societies across the continent came to depend on the fur trade as their source of income. By the mid-1800s, however, changing fashions in Europe brought about a collapse in fur prices, the American Fur Company and some other companies failed. Many Native communities were plunged into poverty and consequently lost much of the political influence they once had. Cartier attempted limited fur trading with the First Nations in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and he concentrated on trading for furs used as trimming and adornment. He overlooked the fur that would become the driving force of the fur trade in the north, the beaver pelt, the earliest European trading for beaver pelts dated to the growing cod fishing industry that spread to the Grand Banks of the North Atlantic in the 16th century. The new preservation technique of drying fish allowed the mainly Basque fishermen to fish near the Newfoundland coast, drying fish enabled gathering greater yields, which justified the economic cost and time of long voyages across the Atlantic. The fisherman sought suitable harbors with ample lumber to dry large quantities of cod and this generated their earliest contact with local Aboriginal peoples, with whom the fisherman began simple trading. The fishermen traded metal items for beaver robes made of sewn-together, native-tanned and they used the robes to keep warm on the long, cold return voyages across the Atlantic. These castor gras in French became prized by European hat makers in the half of the 16th century. The transition from a coastal trade into a permanent interior fur trade was formally marked with the foundation of Quebec on the St. Lawrence River in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain. What followed in the first half of the 17th century were strategic moves by both the French and the groups to further their own economic and geopolitical ambitions. Samuel de Champlain led the expansion while centralizing the French efforts, as native peoples had the primary role of suppliers in the fur trade, Champlain quickly created alliances with the Algonquin, Montagnais, and most importantly, the Huron to the west. The latter, an Iroquoian-speaking people, served as middlemen between the French on the St. Lawrence and nations in the pays den haut, Champlain supported the northern groups in their preexisting military struggle with the Iroquois Confederacy to the south. He secured the Ottawa River route to Georgian Bay, greatly expanding the trade, Champlain also sent young French men to live and work among the natives, most notably Étienne Brûlé, to learn the land, language, and customs, as well as to promote trade
7.
MNopedia
–
MNopedia is a free English-language encyclopedia project from the Minnesota Historical Society. Funded through a Legacy Amendment Arts and Cultural Heritage Fund grant, the site came online on August 15,2011 with initial funding of $215,000 for 2010 and 2011. Many of the produced by the encyclopedia are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License as are some of its multimedia files. The Minnesota Historical Society had previously planned to produce a print encyclopedia, MNHS paid history scholars including Rhoda Gilman and Annette Atkins to compose essays for the site and the historical society also awards grants for the creation of entries on select topics. Online newspaper MinnPost publishes entries from MNopedia on a basis as well as publishing bimonthly news articles that are later developed into entries for MNopedia
8.
National Historic Landmark
–
A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
9.
National Register of Historic Places
–
The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
10.
Mississippi National River and Recreation Area
–
This includes the stretch of Mississippi River which flows through Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota. This stretch of the upper Mississippi River includes natural, historical, recreational, cultural, scenic, scientific and this is the only national park dedicated exclusively to the Mississippi River. It is located in parts of Anoka, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area is a long name and therefore is frequently referred to as MNRRA or MISS. The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area was established in 1988 as a new type of National Park known as a partnership park. Unlike traditional national parks, MISS is not a land owner. Some of the most prominent attractions within the park include the St. Anthony Falls Historic District, the Historic Fort Snelling and the adjacent Fort Snelling State Park, there are many additional attractions, trails, and programs all within the Minneapolis–St. The Minneapolis visitor center offers three free tours daily of the Upper St. Anthony Lock and surrounding area. Each year, the rangers manage community activities, including interpretive sessions, bike rides, and movies, the parks website lists the following locations or features as partner sites. Mississippi National River and Recreation Area Mississippi River Fund The Mississippi River Fund supports stewardship and community engagement programs that support the park and its mission
11.
Alexander Ramsey House
–
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. It is also a property to the Irvine Park Historic District. It is located at 265 Exchange St. S. in the Irvine Park area, to furnish the house, Ramseys wife Anna filled two boxcars with fashionable and expensive Renaissance-revival furniture from the A. T. Stewart Company Store in New York to bring home to Minnesota, the Ramseys daughter Marion married Charles Furness in a lavish wedding in the parlor in 1875. The 15-room house remained in the Ramsey family until the death of Alexander Ramseys last surviving granddaughter Anita in 1964, the house and its contents were left to the Minnesota Historical Society, which now operates it as a museum with tours offered year-round. Tours show the dining table set with the china and crystal. Minnesota Historical Society, Alexander Ramsey House
12.
Saint Paul, Minnesota
–
Saint Paul is the capital and second-most populous city of the U. S. state of Minnesota. As of 2015, the estimated population was 300,851. Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County, the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota. The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Minneapolis, the states largest city. Known as the Twin Cities, the two form the core of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with about 3.52 million residents. Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center, the Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska. Though Minneapolis is better-known nationally, Saint Paul contains the state government, regionally, the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center, home of the Minnesota Wild, and for the Science Museum of Minnesota. As a business hub of the Upper Midwest, it is the headquarters of such as Ecolab. Saint Paul, along with its Twin City, Minneapolis, is known for its literacy rate. It was the city in the United States with a population of 250,000 or more to see an increase in circulation of Sunday newspapers in 2007. The settlement originally began at present-day Lamberts Landing, but was known as Pigs Eye after Pierre Pigs Eye Parrant established a tavern there. Burial mounds in present-day Indian Mounds Park suggest that the area was inhabited by the Hopewell Native Americans about two thousand years ago. From the early 17th century until 1837, the Mdewakanton Dakota and they called the area I-mni-za ska dan for its exposed white sandstone cliffs. Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, a U. S. Army officer named Zebulon Pike negotiated approximately 100,000 acres of land from the local Dakota tribes in 1805 in order to establish a fort. The negotiated territory was located on banks of the Mississippi River, starting from Saint Anthony Falls in present-day Minneapolis, to its confluence with the Saint Croix River. Fort Snelling was built on the territory in 1819 at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, the 1837 Treaty with the Sioux ceded all local tribal land east of the Mississippi to the U. S. Government. Taoyateduta moved his band at Kaposia across the river to the south, fur traders, explorers, and missionaries came to the area for the forts protection. Many of the settlers were French-Canadians who lived nearby, however, as a whiskey trade flourished, military officers banned settlers from the fort-controlled lands
13.
Alexander Ramsey
–
Alexander Ramsey was an American politician. He served as a Whig and Republican over a variety of offices between the 1840s and the 1880s, born in Hummelstown, Pennsylvania on September 8,1815, Alexander was the eldest of five children of Thomas Ramsey and Elizabeth Kelker. His father was a blacksmith who committed suicide at age 42 when he went bankrupt in 1826, Alexander lived with his uncle in Harrisburg, after his family split up to live with relatives. His brother was Justus Cornelius Ramsey, who served in the Minnesota Territorial Legislature, Ramsey first studied carpentry at Lafayette College but left during his third year. He read law with Hamilton Alricks, and attended Reeds law School in Carlisle in 1839 and he was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1839. In 1844 Ramsey married Anna Earl Jenks, daughter of Michael Hutchinson Jenks, only one daughter, Marion, survived past childhood. Alexander Ramsey was elected from Pennsylvania as a Whig to the U. S. House of Representatives and he served as the first Territorial Governor of Minnesota from June 1,1849 to May 15,1853 as a member of the Whig Party. Ramsey was of Scottish and German ancestry, in 1855, he became the mayor of St. Paul, Minnesota. Ramsey was elected the second Governor of Minnesota after statehood and served from January 2,1860 to July 10,1863, Ramsey is credited with being the first Union governor to commit troops during the American Civil War. He resigned the governorship to become a U. S. Senator and he was re-elected in 1869 and held the office until March 3,1875, serving in the 38th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 42nd, and 43rd congresses. Ramsey is also noted for his racist statements calling for the killing or removal of specific Native Americans, Ramsey declared on September 9,1862, The Sioux Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever beyond the borders of the state. He went as far as offering money for scalps of Dakotas, Ramsey served as Secretary of War from 1879 to 1881, under President Rutherford B. The Minnesota Historical Society preserves his home, the Alexander Ramsey House as a museum and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. Alexander Ramsey Park, located in Redwood Falls, Minnesota, is the largest municipal park in Minnesota, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
14.
Birch Coulee Battlefield
–
Birch Coulee Battlefield in Renville County, Minnesota, United States, was the site of the Battle of Birch Coulee, the costliest military engagement for U. S. forces during the Dakota War of 1862. It is now a site with self-guided trails and markers interpreting the battle from both sides. Birch Coulee was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places for having state-level significance in military history, Birch Coulee Battlefield lies on what, in 1862, was open prairie stretching on to the north and west, with woods to the south. Defining the east edge is a wooded ravine, a landform known locally by the French term coulee. Birch Coulee, known to the Dakota as Tanpa Yukan, is 60 feet deep, a few hundred yards to the west of the coulee, the prairie rises slightly onto a gentle knoll. On September 1,1862, a detail of about 170 Union Army volunteers. The site was selected by Captain Hiram Grant earlier that day while Brown was ahead scouting, a group of Dakota soldiers under Zitkahtahhota, on their way to attack New Ulm, chanced upon the U. S. soldiers camping in a tactically weak position. Hidden by the ravine and the prairie grass, the Dakota surrounded the camp and attacked at dawn, inflicting heavy casualties. With the Union party cut off from water and dug in behind their dead mounts, the Dakota maintained a daylong siege, letting occasional gunfire. 16 miles away at Fort Ridgely, a guard reported distant gunfire and they came within sight of their besieged comrades, but Dakota soldiers hidden in the coulee under the leadership of Mankato began whooping and shouting. Frightened into thinking there were hundreds of Dakota lying in ambush, a larger relief party marched through the night under Colonel Henry Hastings Sibley. Seeing them, the Dakota slipped away, ending the 30-hour siege, the U. S. casualties in the battle were thirteen dead, almost fifty wounded, and ninety horses killed. Dakota leader Wamditanka later recorded only two men killed on his side, inexplicably the commission chose instead to acquire a 1. 75-acre property two miles south of the battlefield, where they raised a 46-foot granite monument. At the dedication ceremony on September 3,1894, former governor William Rainey Marshall lambasted the commission in his speech, the state legislature provided additional money in 1895, along with clear instructions to secure acreage on the actual battlefield, but no action was taken. It wasnt until 1929, following a resurgence of community advocacy, in 1937 a Works Progress Administration crew helped develop the park, reseeding the land and building amenities like trails, roads, picnic area, and a parking lot. In 1976 legislative action redesignated the property a state historic site, the Historical Society redeveloped the battlefield beginning in 1998 and it reopened to the public in 2000. Self-guided interpretive signs describe the battle from the perspectives of Captain Joseph Anderson and Wamditanka, guideposts mark the U. S. camp and the positions of the surrounding Dakota. Management has since transferred to the Renville County Parks Department
15.
Morton, Minnesota
–
Morton is a city in Renville County, Minnesota, United States. This city is ninety-five miles southwest of Minneapolis and it is the administrative headquarters of the Lower Sioux Indian Reservation. The population was 411 at the 2010 census, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.22 square miles,1.21 square miles is land and 0.01 square miles is water. U. S. Route 71 and Minnesota State Highway 19 are two of the routes in the community. As of the census of 2010, there were 411 people,190 households, the population density was 339.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 211 housing units at a density of 174.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 86. 4% White,8. 0% Native American,1. 0% Asian,1. 0% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 9% of the population. 34. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.72. The median age in the city was 44.3 years. 22. 4% of residents were under the age of 18,4. 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24,25. 1% were from 25 to 44,31. 1% were from 45 to 64, and 17% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 53. 3% male and 46. 7% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 442 people,199 households, and 118 families residing in the city. The population density was 364.0 people per square mile, there were 216 housing units at an average density of 177.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 90. 05% White,8. 14% Native American,0. 90% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 11% of the population. 34. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 18. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.88. In the city, the population was out with 23. 3% under the age of 18,8. 8% from 18 to 24,25. 1% from 25 to 44,21. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 103.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.8 males, the median income for a household in the city was $35,298, and the median income for a family was $37,396. Males had an income of $30,938 versus $21,397 for females
16.
Battle of Birch Coulee
–
The Battle of Birch Coulee occurred September 2,1862 during the Dakota War of 1862. While Sibley was training soldiers and attempting to organize supplies, he was reminded that the bodies of settlers killed by the Indians still remained unburied on the battlefields. Sibley sent out a party of about 170 men from Fort Ridgely on August 31,1862. The troops, commanded by Captain Hiram P. Grant, left Fort Ridgely and continued to Redwood Ferry, stopping to bury about sixteen settlers bodies along the way. Although some argue that Major Joseph Brown was in charge of the party, the following morning, Anderson and a group of cavalry crossed to the south side of the river, while Grant and his infantry stayed on the north side. At the end of the day, Andersons and Grants soldiers met up again at a campsite near Birch Coulee, the two detachments had buried 54 bodies, and since neither group had seen any Indians, they figured they were safe. Gray Birds party and Browns troops missed encountering each other during the day, the Sioux planned to ambush Browns troops in the morning, thinking that only the cavalry was present and that they could be easily destroyed. The Birch Coulee campsite was not easily defensible, since the Indians could approach from all sides, also, since the burial detail felt themselves safe, they did not take precautions against attack such as digging entrenchments and posting sentries far enough from camp to give ample warning. During the night, Gray Bird, along with chiefs Red Legs, Big Eagle, in the morning, the Indians commenced their ambush, wounding at least thirty United States soldiers and killing most of the cavalrys horses within the first few minutes. The heaviest part of the fight lasted about an hour, Colonel Sibley could hear the sounds of the battle from Fort Ridgely, about sixteen miles away, so he sent out a relief party of 240 men. Colonel McPhail, heading up the party, thought he was almost completely surrounded by the Sioux. Sibley returned with reinforcements and an artillery brigade. The shelling forced the Sioux to disperse, and Sibley entered Browns camp around 11 am on September 3 and he encountered a sickening sight, with twenty-two men and ninety horses dead, forty-seven men severely wounded, and others less severely hurt. The survivors were exhausted from a thirty-one hour siege without water or food, the battle of Birch Coulee was the most deadly for the United States forces in the Dakota War of 1862. Colonel Sibley decided against taking responsibility for the disaster, in his military reports and in press dispatches he started to refer to the encounter as the attack on J. R. Browns party. The monument at Birch Coulee Battlefield correctly states that Captain Hiram P. Grant was in command, many historians mistakenly acknowledge that Brown was in command based on inaccurate reports written by Colonel Sibley. Captain Joseph Anderson Company of Mounted Men The Cullen Guard went to the relief of New Ulm and was at the Battle of Birch Coulee, the Birch Coulee battlefield is listed on the U. S. National Register of Historic Places. Minnesota Historic Sites, Birch Coulee Explore Minnesota, Birch Coulee Battlefield Minnesota Encyclopedia article on the Battle of Birch Coulee
17.
Dakota War of 1862
–
It began on August 17,1862, along the Minnesota River in southwest Minnesota. It ended with an execution of 38 Dakota men on December 26,1862, in Mankato. Throughout the late 1850s, treaty violations by the United States and late or unfair annuity payments by Indian agents caused increasing hunger, traders with the Dakota previously had demanded that the government give the annuity payments directly to them. In mid-1862, the Dakota demanded the annuities directly from their agent, the traders refused to provide any more supplies on credit under those conditions, and negotiations reached an impasse. On August 17,1862, one young Dakota with a party of three others killed five settlers while on a hunting expedition. That night a council of Dakota decided to attack throughout the Minnesota River valley to try to drive whites out of the area. There has never been a report on the number of settlers killed, although in Abraham Lincolns second annual address, he noted that not less than 800 men, women. Over the next months, continued battles pitting the Dakota against settlers and later. By late December 1862, soldiers had taken more than a thousand Dakota. After trials and sentencing,38 Dakota were hanged on December 26,1862, in April 1863, the rest of the Dakota were expelled from Minnesota to Nebraska and South Dakota. The United States Congress abolished their reservations. S, in exchange for promises of money and goods. From that time on, the Dakota were to live on a 20-mile wide Indian reservation centered on a 150 mile stretch of the upper Minnesota River, however, the United States Senate deleted Article 3 of each treaty, which set out reservations, during the ratification process. Much of the promised compensation never arrived, was lost, or was effectively stolen due to corruption in the Bureau of Indian Affairs, also, annuity payments guaranteed to the Dakota often were provided directly to traders instead. When Minnesota became a state on May 11,1858, representatives of several Dakota bands led by Little Crow traveled to Washington, D. C. to negotiate about enforcing existing treaties. The northern half of the reservation along the Minnesota River was lost and this was a major blow to the standing of Little Crow in the Dakota community. The land was divided into townships and plots for settlement, logging and agriculture on these plots eliminated surrounding forests and prairies, which interrupted the Dakotas annual cycle of farming, hunting, fishing and gathering wild rice. Hunting by settlers dramatically reduced wild game, such as bison, elk, whitetail deer, not only did this decrease the meat available for the Dakota in southern and western Minnesota, but it directly reduced their ability to sell furs to traders for additional supplies. Although payments were guaranteed, the US government was often behind or failed to pay because of Federal preoccupation with the American Civil War, most land in the river valley was not arable, and hunting could no longer support the Dakota community
18.
Charles A. Lindbergh State Park
–
Charles A. Lindbergh State Park is a 569-acre Minnesota state park on the outskirts of Little Falls. The park was once the farm of Congressman Charles August Lindbergh and his son Charles Lindbergh and their restored 1906 house and two other farm buildings are within the park boundaries. The house, a National Historic Landmark, and an adjacent museum are operated by the Minnesota Historical Society, three buildings and three structures built by the Works Progress Administration in the 1930s were named to the National Register of Historic Places. These buildings include a shelter and a water tower, built in the Rustic Style from local stone and logs. Charles August Lindbergh, known as C. A. was a prominent lawyer, in March 1901 he married Evangeline Lodge Land, the college-educated descendant of two notable Detroit medical families, who had come to Little Falls the previous autumn as a teacher. She, C. A. and his two daughters from a previous marriage moved to a property, which C. A. had purchased for a farm three years earlier. They had a house built on the bluff overlooking the Mississippi River. A tenants house was built across the road for the farm workers, Charles Augustus Lindbergh was born in 1902, and would be the couples only child. A barn was later that year, and the farm was populated with cattle, goats, hogs, sheep, chickens. On August 5,1905 a fire started for unknown reasons on the third floor, the house burned down to its stone foundation, but the Lindberghs and their servants escaped injury and managed to save many of the household items. The Lindberghs had a new house built on the foundation of the first, however it was much smaller, due to C. A. s overextended finances and a growing strain in the marriage. The new house fit awkwardly onto the footprint of the old, the basement, intended as a library for C. A. and the upper floor was never finished. Instead, C. A. entered politics and in 1907 began serving the first of five terms in the U. S. House of Representatives. For the next decade the younger Charles spent much of each year in Detroit and Washington, however, Charles would credit his time spent on the farm and playing along the Mississippi for his strength and self-reliance. The unfinished upper floor became Charles exclusive play area, and upon hearing an unusually loud engine one day in 1911 he climbed out onto the roof and saw his first airplane. Evangelines relationship with C. A. and his daughters worsened, Charles continued sleeping in his bedroom, which was really a screened-in porch, on all but the very coldest winter nights. He began overseeing the farm and was an early adopter of mechanization technology, Charles left in 1920 to attend college and returned only once, in 1923, arriving in his Curtiss JN-4 plane and landing in a field on the west side of the property. In the next two years the barn burned down and C. A. died, and the farm was largely neglected, after Charles Lindbergh became famous in 1927, souvenir seekers frequently broke into the empty house and caused extensive damage
19.
Charles August Lindbergh
–
This article is about the politician from Minnesota. For his son, the aviator, see Charles Lindbergh, Charles August Lindbergh was a United States Congressman from Minnesotas 6th congressional district from 1907 to 1917. He opposed American entry into World War I as well as the 1913 Federal Reserve Act, Lindbergh is best known as the father of famous aviator Charles Lindbergh. Lindbergh was born Carl Månsson, in Stockholm, Sweden, to Lovisa Carlén, the 19-year-old mistress of Ola Månsson, a peasant member of the Riksdag of the Estates, Lovisa became Louisa and young Carl became Charles August Lindbergh. They settled in Melrose, Minnesota, and had six more children, August worked as a farmer and a blacksmith for 26 years before marrying Louisa in 1885, he had become a widower in 1864 with the death of his first wife in Sweden. Charles August Lindbergh studied law at the University of Michigan Law School, graduating in 1883, in 1887, Lindbergh married Mary LaFond, with whom he had two daughters, Lillian and Eva. In 1901, Charles married Evangeline Lodge Land and they separated in 1918, their only child being the famous aviator Charles Lindbergh, who also became an antiwar leader. Lindbergh served as prosecuting attorney for Morrison County, Minnesota in 1891-1893 and he was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1906 as a Republican, serving in the 60th, 61st, 62nd, 63rd, and 64th congresses. In 1916 he unsuccessfully campaigned for a seat in the United States Senate, at the time of his death, Lindbergh was a candidate for governor on the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party ticket, and would have been the first Minnesota governor from the party if he had been elected. In 1913 he published Banking, Currency, and the Money Trust, by 1917, third year of the Great War, Lindberghs son was age 16, which meant some possibility of conscription. He wrote a polite, anti-war polemic entitled Why is Your Country at War, hot off the press, a copy was rushed to President Woodrow Wilson. After examination, Wilson ordered the confiscation of all possible copies, agents carrying out this order found pallets of the lead plates for printing, which were melted in a refiners fire. This insult to the Lindbergh family is one basis for the opposition of his son to U. S. participation in World War II. Eustace Mullins documents that plates of this book were confiscated and destroyed, Charles August Lindbergh died in 1924 in Crookston, Minnesota of brain cancer. He has a plaque in the columbarium at Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis. According to his wishes, son Charles scattered his ashes over the place near Sauk River where the first Lindbergh home once stood and this establishes the most gigantic trust on earth. Also quoted as, This Act establishes the most gigantic trust on Earth, when the President signs this bill, the invisible government by the Monetary Power will be legalized, the people may not know it immediately but the day of reckoning is only a few years removed. The worst legislative crime of the ages is perpetrated by this banking bill, a radical is one who speaks the truth
20.
Charles Lindbergh
–
Charles Augustus Lindbergh, nicknamed Slim, Lucky Lindy, and The Lone Eagle, was an American aviator, military officer, author, inventor, explorer, and environmental activist. At age 25 in 1927, he went from obscurity as a U. S. Air Mail pilot to instantaneous world fame by making his Orteig Prize–winning nonstop flight from Long Island, New York, to Paris. He covered the 33 1⁄2-hour,3,600 statute miles alone in a single-engine purpose-built Ryan monoplane and this was the first solo transatlantic flight, and the first non-stop flight between North America and mainland Europe. Lindbergh was an officer in the U. S. Army Air Corps Reserve, and he received the United States highest military decoration and his achievement spurred interest in both commercial aviation and air mail, and Lindbergh himself devoted much time and effort to promoting such activity. Lindberghs historic flight and instantaneous world fame led to tragedy, in March 1932, his infant son, Charles Jr. was kidnapped and murdered in what was widely called the Crime of the Century and described by H. L. Mencken as the biggest story since the resurrection. The case prompted the United States Congress to upgrade kidnapping from a crime to a federal crime once the kidnapper had crossed state lines with his victim. By late 1935 the hysteria surrounding the case had driven the Lindbergh family into exile in Europe. Before the United States formally entered World War II, some people accused Lindbergh of being a fascist sympathizer, in his later years, Lindbergh became a prolific prize-winning author, international explorer, inventor, and environmentalist. Lindbergh had six children with his wife Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Lindbergh was born in Detroit, Michigan, on February 4,1902, and spent most of his childhood in Little Falls, Minnesota, and Washington, D. C. Charles parents separated in 1909 when he was seven, congressman from 1907 to 1917, was one of the relatively few Congressmen to oppose the entry of the U. S. into World War I. Lindberghs mother was a teacher at Cass Technical High School in Detroit. Lindbergh also attended over a dozen schools from Washington, D. C. From an early age, Lindbergh had exhibited an interest in the mechanics of motorized transportation, including his familys Saxon Six automobile, and later his Excelsior motorbike. By the time he started college as an engineering student, he had also become fascinated with flying. A few days later Lindbergh took his first formal flying lesson in that same machine and he also briefly worked as an airplane mechanic at the Billings, Montana municipal airport. With the onset of winter, however, Lindbergh left flying, though Lindbergh had not touched an airplane in more than six months, he had already secretly decided he was ready to take to the air by himself. After a half-hour of dual time with a pilot who was visiting the field to pick up another surplus JN-4, Lindbergh flew solo for the first time in the Jenny he had just purchased for $500. After spending another week or so at the field to practice, Lindbergh took off from Americus for Montgomery, Alabama, some 140 miles to the west and he went on to spend much of the rest of 1923 engaged in almost nonstop barnstorming under the name of Daredevil Lindbergh
21.
Comstock House
–
The Comstock House is a historic house museum in Moorhead, Minnesota, United States. It is the home of U. S. The house has two stories and eleven rooms and was designed by architecture firm Kees and Fisk, construction was completed between 1882 and 1883, and the architecture is a combination of Queen Anne style and that of English designer Charles Eastlake. In 1965 George and Frances Comstock gave the house to the Minnesota Historical Society, and starting in 1976, the house was restored to its original late 19th-century style
22.
Moorhead, Minnesota
–
Moorhead is a city in Clay County, Minnesota, United States, and the largest city in northwest Minnesota. The population was 42,005 according to the 2015 United States Census estimates and it is the county seat of Clay County. The city was named for William Garroway Moorhead, an official of the Northern Pacific railroad, Moorhead is bordered on the west by the Red River of the North and the city of Fargo, North Dakota. On the east, Moorhead is bordered by Dilworth, Minnesota, Moorhead is located next to the Red River in the Red River Valley. The land around the Fargo–Moorhead area is some of the flattest and richest in the world and this is because it lies on the lake bed of glacial Lake Agassiz, which drained between 9,900 and 11,000 years ago. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 19.80 square miles. Highways 10 and 75 are three of the routes in the city. Other nearby routes in the Fargo–Moorhead area include Interstate 29 and Minnesota State Highway 336, the population density was 1,922.5 inhabitants per square mile. There were 15,274 housing units at a density of 771.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 90. 7% White,2. 0% African American,1. 5% Native American,2. 0% Asian,1. 1% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 1% of the population. 29. 2% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.97. The median age in the city was 28.3 years. 20. 9% of residents were under the age of 18,23. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,23. 4% were from 25 to 44,20. 5% were from 45 to 64, and 11. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 4% male and 51. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 32,177 people,11,660 households, and 7,030 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,394.3 people per square mile, there were 12,180 housing units at an average density of 906.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 92. 08% White,0. 77% African American,1. 94% Native American,1. 27% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,2. 10% from other races, and 1. 79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 47% of the population,29. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the family size was 3.04
23.
Folsom House
–
The Folsom House is a historic house museum in Taylors Falls, Minnesota, United States. It is the former home of lumber magnate W. H. C. Folsom, who moved his family to the area in 1850, Folsom served as state representative for one term and state senator for six terms. The house is run by a partnership between the Taylors Falls Historical Society and the Minnesota Historical Society and it is located in the Angel Hill District of Taylors Falls, a New England-style village. The home is furnished with the familys belongings, including a Hews rectangular grand piano, Folsoms library. Media related to Folsom House at Wikimedia Commons Folsom House - Taylors Falls Historical Society Folsom House - Minnesota Historical Society
24.
Taylors Falls, Minnesota
–
Taylors Falls is a city in Chisago County, Minnesota, United States, located at the junction of U. S. Highway 8 and Minnesota State Highway 95. The population was 976 at the 2010 census, Taylors Falls was platted in 1850 or 1851, and incorporated in 1858. The city was named for Jesse Taylor, a territorial politician, a post office has been in operation in Taylors Falls since 1851. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.39 square miles. Taylors Falls is located adjacent to St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin, at the Dalles of the St. Croix River, as of the census of 2010, there were 976 people,413 households, and 261 families residing in the city. The population density was 238.0 inhabitants per square mile, there were 457 housing units at an average density of 111.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 4% White,0. 6% African American,0. 7% Native American,2. 5% Asian,0. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 5% of the population. 29. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.89. The median age in the city was 41.7 years. 23. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,6. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,23. 5% were from 25 to 44, 30% were from 45 to 64, and 16. 1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 6% male and 51. 4% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 951 people,369 households, and 247 families residing in the city. The population density was 255.6 people per square mile, there were 386 housing units at an average density of 103.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 91. 48% White,0. 32% Native American,7. 05% Asian,0. 21% Pacific Islander,0. 21% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 74% of the population. 26. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.11. In the city, the population was out with 29. 8% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,29. 5% from 25 to 44,19. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males, the median income for a household in the city was $35,250, and the median income for a family was $39,886. Males had an income of $40,357 versus $24,250 for females
25.
W.H.C. Folsom
–
William Henry Carman Folsom was a businessman and politician in Minnesota. Born in New Brunswick, Canada, he emigrated to the United States. He moved west to Minnesota in the 1840s and settled near Taylors Falls, Folsom became involved in the lumber business in what would become the Minnesota Territory and began investing in businesses and real estate in Minnesota and Wisconsin. He was also an historian and writer, publishing several articles and a book, Fifty Years in the Northwest. He was credited as helping organize the first district court in the state and was part of the committee which developed the first official Seal of Minnesota in 1858. His home, Folsom House, is maintained as a site by a local chapter of the Minnesota Historical Society. Fifty Years in the Northwest Works by W. H. C, Folsom at Project Gutenberg Works by or about W. H. C
26.
Contributing property
–
Government agencies, at the state, national, and local level in the United States, have differing definitions of what constitutes a contributing property but there are common characteristics. Local laws often regulate the changes that can be made to contributing structures within designated historic districts, the first local ordinances dealing with the alteration of buildings within historic districts was in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931. Properties within a district fall into one of two types of property, contributing and non-contributing. A contributing property, such as a 19th Century mansion, helps make a historic district historic, while a non-contributing property, such as a medical clinic. The contributing properties are key to a districts historic associations, historic architectural qualities. A property can change from contributing to non-contributing and vice versa if significant alterations take place, the ordinance declared that buildings in the district could not have changes made to their architectural features visible from the street. By the mid-1930s, other U. S. cities followed Charlestons lead, an amendment to the Louisiana Constitution led to the 1937 creation of the Vieux Carre Commission, which was charged with protecting and preserving the French Quarter in the city of New Orleans. The city then passed an ordinance that set standards regulating changes within the quarter. Other sources, such as the Columbia Law Review in 1963, the Columbia Law Review gave dates of 1925 for the New Orleans laws and 1924 for Charleston. The same publication claimed that two cities were the only cities with historic district zoning until Alexandria, Virginia adopted an ordinance in 1946. The National Park Service appears to refute this, in 1939, the city of San Antonio, Texas, enacted an ordinance that protected the area of La Villita, which was the citys original Mexican village marketplace. In 1941 the authority of local controls on buildings within historic districts was being challenged in court. In City of New Orleans vs Pergament Louisiana state appellate courts ruled that the design, beginning in the mid-1950s, controls that once applied to only historic districts were extended to individual landmark structures. The United States Congress adopted legislation that declared the Georgetown neighborhood in Washington, by 1965,51 American communities had adopted preservation ordinances. By 1998, more than 2,300 U. S. towns, contributing properties are defined through historic district or historic preservation zoning laws, usually at the local level. Zoning ordinances pertaining to historic districts are designed to maintain a historic character by controlling demolition and alteration to existing properties. It can be any property, structure or object that adds to the integrity or architectural qualities that make the historic district, either local or federal. Definitions vary but, in general, they maintain the same characteristics, another key aspect of a contributing property is historic integrity
27.
Forest History Center
–
The Forest History Center is one of 26 sites run by the Minnesota Historical Society. Located in Grand Rapids, Minnesota, the focuses on displaying the historical and cultural impact that Minnesotas forests have had on people. Historically, logging was an economic driver, presently there is a large use of Minnesota forests for recreational purposes. The center allows visitors to see this relationship through exhibits, films, tours, historical reenactments. The Interpretive Center houses exhibits and historical artifacts that relate to Minnesota Forests, the Center is divided up into sections representing different themes and time periods. Costumed interpreters reenact logging camp processes as well as interact with visitors, Forest Lookout Tower 1930s Era Minnesota Forest Service Cabin A floating cookshack Minnesota Historical Society, Forest History Center
28.
Grand Rapids, Minnesota
–
Grand Rapids is a city in Itasca County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 10,869 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Itasca County. The city of Grand Rapids is named for the 3. 5-mile long local rapids in the Mississippi River, today, those rapids are hidden underneath the dam of the Blandin Paper Mill. Grand Rapids was founded as a town, as the Mississippi River provided an optimal method of log shipment to population centers. The predecessor of the Blandin paper mill opened in 1902, the town was also the childhood home of Judy Garland, born Frances Ethel Gumm. The Forest History Center is a State Historic Site and a history museum that recreates life as it was in a turn of the 20th century logging camp. Costumed interpreters guide visitors through a recreated circa 1890s logging camp to educate the public on the history of pine logging. Miles of nature trails, educational naturalist programming, and a museum are also located on the site. Old Central School, located in downtown Grand Rapids, was built in 1895 in the Richardsonian Romanesque style of architecture, the three story building served as an elementary school from 1895 to 1972. A community effort restored the building in 1984 and it now serves as a location for commerce and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 24.44 square miles. Grand Rapids is the county seat of Itasca County, a county that contains over 1000 lakes, the city of Grand Rapids sits at the junction of U. S. U. S. Highway 2 runs west towards Bemidji and east towards Duluth, U. S. Highway 169 heads south to Hill City, and ultimately towards the city of Minneapolis. In the other direction, U. S. Highway 169 heads up the Mesabi Range until it reaches the city of Virginia, passing through Hibbing and several other smaller towns along the way. Grand Rapids is also the point of State Highway 38. State Highway 38 has been designated a National Scenic Byway by the United States Department of Transportation, the following routes are located within the city of Grand Rapids. As of the census of 2010, there were 10,869 people,4,615 households, the population density was 481.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 4,910 housing units at a density of 217.6 per square mile
29.
Lac qui Parle State Park
–
Lac qui Parle State Park is a state park of Minnesota, United States, near Watson. Lac qui Parle is a French translation of the native Dakota name, the state park was built as part of the Lac qui Parle Flood Control Project. Lac qui Parle itself is a widening of the Minnesota River, the dam was constructed by the Works Progress Administration, and other projects were built along the lake. Besides the dam and the park, other projects included the Watson Wayside, Lac qui Parle Parkway. Rustic Style Resources in Minnesota State Parks, Lac qui Parle State Park Lac qui Parle State Park
30.
Fort Ridgely
–
Fort Ridgely was a United States Army outpost near the Dakota reservation in southwestern Minnesota. Built between 1853–1854, it was named for three officers named Ridgely who were killed in the Mexican–American War, the fort played an important role in the Dakota War of 1862. The Battle of Fort Ridgely was fought there in two engagements over August 20–22,1862 between Army volunteers and refugees from the Minnesota River valley, and Dakota forces, the Army abandoned the fort in 1867 and moved westward. Civilians occupied the buildings and later dismantled the structures for their own use. Today the building foundations are preserved by the Nicollet County Historical Society, the old commissary building now houses the museum. The fort was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, forts of the Northern Plains, Guide to Historic Military Posts of the Plains Indian Wars
31.
Fort Ridgely State Park
–
Fort Ridgely State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, on the Minnesota River south of Fairfax. It preserves Fort Ridgely, site of the Battle of Fort Ridgely during the Dakota War of 1862 and it is the only Minnesota state park with a 9-hole golf course, which overlooks the Minnesota River and goes along Fort Ridgely Creek. The Civilian Conservation Corps Rustic Style buildings within the state park, Rustic Style Architecture in Minnesota State Parks, Fort Ridgely State Park Media related to Fort Ridgely State Park at Wikimedia Commons Fort Ridgely State Park
32.
Grand Mound (Minnesota)
–
Grand Mound is a prehistoric burial site in Koochiching County, Minnesota, United States. It is the largest surviving structure in the upper Midwest. The site was listed as a National Historic Landmark on June 23,2011, the main burial mound measures 140 feet in length and 100 feet in width, about 25 feet high, plus a 200 feet tail measuring 12 feet in width and 3 feet in height. There are four other smaller earthworks at the site, closer in size to typical burial mounds around the Midwest, besides the mound, the site contains a number of stratified deposits from villages dating to the Middle Woodland and Late Woodland periods. The mound is part of a series of interconnected archaeological sites that include seasonal camp locations. The site once had a visitor center operated by the Minnesota Historical Society, the visitor center was closed in 2003 and the site was closed to the public in 2007, amid concerns that having tourists viewing burial sites was inappropriate. List of National Historic Landmarks in Minnesota National Register of Historic Places listings in Koochiching County, Minnesota
33.
International Falls, Minnesota
–
International Falls is a city in and the county seat of Koochiching County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 6,424 at the 2010 census, International Falls is located on the Rainy River directly across from Fort Frances, Ontario, Canada. The two cities are connected by the Fort Frances – International Falls International Bridge, voyageurs National Park is located 11 miles east of International Falls. There is a major U. S. Customs and Border Protection Port of Entry on the International Falls side of the bridge. International Falls is nicknamed Icebox of the Nation, a. Ogaard for the Koochiching Company and named the community Koochiching. The word Koochiching comes from either Ojibwe word Gojijiing or Cree Kocicīhk, the European inhabitants gave the names Rainy Lake and Rainy River to the nearby bodies of water because of the mist-like rain present at the falls where the lake flowed into the river. On August 10,1901, the village was incorporated and two years later its name was changed to International Falls in recognition of the role as a border between the United States and Canada. It was incorporated as a city in 1909, purchased by Boise Cascade Corporation in 1965, and sold to an investment group in 2003, the company remains the largest business and employer in the area. In 2013 Boise laid off 265 employees and closed down a paper machine and it then sold to Packaging Corporation of America. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.53 square miles. International Falls, with its central position in the North American continent, has a humid continental climate, with long, bitterly cold winters. January averages 2.7 °F, and lows reach 0 °F on average of 58 nights annually, spring, and more especially autumn, are short but mild transition seasons. July averages 65.2 °F, with highs reaching 90 °F an average of only 3.2 days annually, and in close to 40% of years, precipitation averages about 24.1 inches per year, and is concentrated in the warmer months. The average window for sub freezing temperatures is September 15 thru May 26, the all-time record high temperature is 103 °F, while the all-time record low is −55 °F, a range of 158 °F. International Falls has long promoted itself as the Icebox of the Nation, however, officials from Fraser claimed usage since 1956, International Falls since 1948. The two towns came to an agreement in 1986, when International Falls paid Fraser $2,000 to relinquish its official claim, however, in 1996, International Falls inadvertently failed to renew its federal trademark, although it had kept its state trademark up to date. Fraser then filed to gain the federal trademark, International Falls submitted photographic proof that its 1955 Pee Wee hockey team traveled to Boston, Massachusetts with the slogan. After several years of battles, the United States Patent and Trademark Office officially registered the slogan with International Falls on January 29,2008
34.
Common Era
–
Common Era or Current Era is a year-numbering system for the Julian and Gregorian calendars that refers to the years since the start of this era, i. e. since AD1. The preceding era is referred to as before the Common or Current Era, the Current Era notation system can be used as a secular alternative to the Dionysian era system, which distinguishes eras as AD and BC. The two notation systems are equivalent, thus 2017 CE corresponds to AD2017 and 400 BCE corresponds to 400 BC. The year-numbering system for the Gregorian calendar is the most widespread civil calendar used in the world today. For decades, it has been the standard, recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations. The expression has been traced back to Latin usage to 1615, as vulgaris aerae, the term Common Era can be found in English as early as 1708, and became more widely used in the mid-19th century by Jewish academics. He attempted to number years from a reference date, an event he referred to as the Incarnation of Jesus. Dionysius labeled the column of the table in which he introduced the new era as Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi, numbering years in this manner became more widespread in Europe with its usage by Bede in England in 731. Bede also introduced the practice of dating years before what he supposed was the year of birth of Jesus, in 1422, Portugal became the last Western European country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius. The first use of the Latin term vulgaris aerae discovered so far was in a 1615 book by Johannes Kepler, Kepler uses it again in a 1616 table of ephemerides, and again in 1617. A1635 English edition of that book has the title page in English – so far, a 1701 book edited by John LeClerc includes Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra,6. A1716 book in English by Dean Humphrey Prideaux says, before the beginning of the vulgar æra, a 1796 book uses the term vulgar era of the nativity. The first so-far-discovered usage of Christian Era is as the Latin phrase aerae christianae on the page of a 1584 theology book. In 1649, the Latin phrase æræ Christianæ appeared in the title of an English almanac, a 1652 ephemeris is the first instance so-far-found for English usage of Christian Era. The English phrase common Era appears at least as early as 1708, a 1759 history book uses common æra in a generic sense, to refer to the common era of the Jews. The first-so-far found usage of the phrase before the era is in a 1770 work that also uses common era and vulgar era as synonyms. The 1797 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica uses the terms vulgar era, the Catholic Encyclopedia in at least one article reports all three terms being commonly understood by the early 20th century. Thus, the era of the Jews, the common era of the Mahometans, common era of the world
35.
Tumulus
–
A tumulus is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds or kurgans, a cairn, which is a mound of stones built for various purposes, may also originally have been a tumulus. Tumuli are often categorised according to their external apparent shape, in this respect, a long barrow is a long tumulus, usually constructed on top of several burials, such as passage graves. A round barrow is a tumulus, also commonly constructed on top of burials. The internal structure and architecture of both long and round barrows has a range, the categorization only refers to the external apparent shape. The method of inhumation may involve a dolmen, a cist, a mortuary enclosure, examples of barrows include Duggleby Howe and Maeshowe. The funeral of Patroclus is described in book 23 of the Iliad, Patroclus is burned on a pyre, and his bones are collected into a golden urn in two layers of fat. The barrow is built on the location of the pyre, achilles then sponsors funeral games, consisting of a chariot race, boxing, wrestling, running, a duel between two champions to the first blood, discus throwing, archery and spear throwing. Beowulfs body is taken to Hronesness, where it is burned on a funeral pyre, during cremation, the Geats lament the death of their lord, a widows lament being mentioned in particular, singing dirges as they circumambulate the barrow. Afterwards, a mound is built on top of a hill, overlooking the sea, a band of twelve of the best warriors ride around the barrow, singing dirges in praise of their lord. Parallels have also drawn to the account of Attilas burial in Jordanes Getica. Jordanes tells that as Attilas body was lying in state, the best horsemen of the Huns circled it, as in circus games. An Old Irish Life of Columcille reports that every funeral procession halted at a mound called Eala, whereupon the corpse was laid, archaeologists often classify tumuli according to their location, form, and date of construction. Some British types are listed below, Bank barrow Bell barrow Bowl barrow D-shaped barrow - round barrow with a flat edge at one side often defined by stone slabs. Disc barrow Fancy barrow - generic term for any Bronze Age barrows more elaborate than a hemispherical shape. Long barrow Oval barrow - a Neolithic long barrow consisting of an elliptical, platform barrow - The least common of the recognised types of round barrow, consisting of a flat, wide circular mound that may be surrounded by a ditch. They occur widely across southern England with a concentration in East and West Sussex. Pond barrow - a barrow consisting of a circular depression, surrounded by a bank running around the rim of the depression
36.
Harkin's General Store
–
Harkins General Store is all that remains of West Newton, in Nicollet County, Minnesota, United States. Alexander Harkin opened the store as combination general store and post office in 1867 in the town of West Newton. The town fell into decline after four years of locust in southern Minnesota, the store finally closed its doors in 1901. Minnesota Historical Society, Harkin Store Nicollet Historical Society, Harkin Store Harkins Historic Store
37.
New Ulm, Minnesota
–
New Ulm is a city in Brown County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 13,522 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Brown County. New Ulm is the see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of New Ulm. U. S. Highway 14 and Minnesota State Highways 15 and 68 are three of the routes in the city. The city was founded in 1854 by the German Land Company of Chicago, the city was named after the city of Neu-Ulm in the state of Bavaria in southern Germany. Ulm and Neu-Ulm are sister cities, with Ulm being situated on the Baden-Württemberg side, in part due to the citys German heritage, it is a center for brewing in the Upper Midwest, home to the August Schell Brewing Company. In 1856, the Settlement Association of the Socialist Turner Society helped to secure the citys future. The Turners originated in Germany in the first half of the century, promoted with the slogan. Following the Revolutions of 1848, substantial numbers of Germans emigrated to the United States, following a series of attacks by nativist mobs in major cities such as Chicago, Cincinnati, and Louisville, a national convention of Turners authorized the formation of a colony on the frontier. Intending to begin a community that expressed Turner ideals, the Settlement Association joined the Chicago Germans who had struggled here due to a lack of capital, the Turners supplied that, as well as hundreds of colonizers from the east who arrived in 1856. As a representation of Turner ideals, the city plan reflected those values, the German Land Company hired Christian Prignitz to complete a new plan for New Ulm, filed in April 1858. This master plan for New Ulm expressed a vision of the city’s future. At the heart of the community stood blocks reserved for Turner Hall, the county courthouse, and a school, representing the political, social. The westernmost avenues were named after American heroes George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, members obtained the means to support themselves — in harmony with nature — through the distribution of four-acre garden lots located outside of the residential area. Historian Dennis Gimmestad wrote, “The founders’ goals created a community persona that sets New Ulm apart from the Minnesota towns founded by speculators or railroad companies. The New Ulm founders aspired to establish a town with a philosophical, economic, and social character. ”In the Dakota War of 1862. Retreating behind barricades that protected the city center, local citizens fought back, much of the town outside the barricades was burned. On July 15,1881, New Ulm was struck by a tornado that killed 6
38.
General store
–
A general store is a rural or small town store that carries a general line of merchandise. It carries a selection of merchandise, sometimes in a small space. The store carries routine stock and obtains special orders from warehouses and it differs from a convenience store or corner shop in that it will be the main shop for the community rather than a convenient supplement. General stores often sell staple food items such as milk and bread, the term general merchandise store is also used to describe a hybrid of a department store, with a wide selection of goods, and a discount store, with low prices. Examples include J. C. Penney and Sears, General dealers were established in the 18th and 19th century in many remote populated places where mobility was limited and a single shop was sufficient to service the entire community. Due to its connection and confinement to its customers, general dealers often adjusted their sales offerings to the specific preferences of their community. General dealers existed—apart from mainland England and North America—in all colonies, in the colonies trade in local produce had existed long before official shops were opened. While a large number of stores still exist in Australia. The oldest continually run general store in Canada is Trousdales, located in Sydenham, Ontario, socialbility has always been a feature, as locals come to chat as well as buy. In the Dominican Republic, a colmado is the equivalent to a general store. Colmado literal translation is full to the brim implying its great density of goods in a small space, the colmado is much more than just a general store, for it offers a social gathering point for the residents of the town or neighborhood. The colmado is an important institution in the Dominican Republic serving as an economic and it is common for colmados to have loud Dominican music such as merengue, bachata, or salsa playing. A common pastime for Dominican men is to play dominoes and drink a beer at their local colmado on Sundays, another particularity of the colmado is that they provide delivery services of their products straight to your house door. Products go from beers, snacks, toilet paper to a light or canned food. The Greek merchants in Egypt were called bakal, in India, a tapri is a regional version of a general store. It stores all home, personal, medical, and hygienic daily used products, many Kirana shops sell products other from food, such as clothing or household items, stationery, toys, tools, and medicines. Small Kirna stores, which are located on the corner of streets and generally known as katta or tapri, sell cigarettes, tobacco. In Puerto Rico, a U. S. territory, several stores have proliferated since the 1970s
39.
Forestville, Minnesota
–
Forestville is a ghost town in section 13 of Forestville Township in Fillmore County, Minnesota, United States. The nearest communities are Wykoff, to the northwest, and Preston, the town of Forestville was settled in 1852 and organized in 1855, receiving this name in honor of Forest Henry, the first probate judge of Fillmore County. Henry settled in Forestville in 1854, the town was incorporated in 1891 and had a post office from 1855 until 1902. Brothers-in-law William and Felix Meighen were some of the first settlers, Felix saw the need for a general store and stocked it with $700 worth of goods from Galena in October 1853. As more people arrived in Minnesota territory, the town gained a blacksmith shop, the towns population began to drop after the railroad bypassed Forestville in 1868, many families began leaving for more prosperous areas. By 1880, the population was only 55 and most businesses had closed. As families left town, the Meighen family began buying up cheap property, by the early 1900s, even the Meighen family had left Forestville, and their general stores doors were closed in 1910, marking the end of the towns life. In 1949 the Minnesota State Legislature authorized the creation of Forestville State Park, mystery Cave was added to the state park in 1987. Today Historic Forestville is operated as a site of the Minnesota Historical Society
40.
Forestville Mystery Cave State Park
–
Forestville Mystery Cave State Park is a state park in Minnesota. It contains the village of Forestville, which has restored to a 19th-century appearance. The Minnesota Historical Society operates it as a historic site, below ground the park contains Mystery Cave, the states longest cave, which is open to the public. The park is between Spring Valley and Preston, Minnesota, the park is in the Driftless Area, noted for its karst topography, which includes sinkholes and caves. The cave includes stalactites, stalagmites, and underground pools, and is a constant 48 °F and it has over 13 miles of passages in two rock layers and is being resurveyed and remapped by volunteers. About 450 million years ago sedimentary rocks were deposited as the land was covered by shallow seas that transgressed and regressed. Over the eons the alternating deposits of mud and oceanic debris were compressed to form limestone, shale, today these layers are 1,300 feet above sea level. Within the last 500,000 to 1,000,000 years, acidic rainwater also sculpted the land above and around the cave, creating thousands of sinkholes and other karst features in the surrounding county. Numerous reptiles and amphibians are present, at least 175 species of birds have also been recorded. The South Branch of the Root River contains brown trout, brook trout, the Minnesota Historical Society operates Historic Forestville as a living museum set in 1899. Costumed interpreters portray Forestville residents and go about daily activities in the store, house, kitchen, farm. Forestville was a trade center in the 1800s that declined after the railroad was built elsewhere in 1868. Thomas Meighen, son of one of the founders, owned the entire village by 1890, including the general store. Admission to Historic Forestville is separate from the caves, Historic Forestville is open from May through October. Forestville/Mystery Cave State Park Minnesota Historical Society, Historic Forestville
41.
Fort Snelling
–
Fort Snelling, originally known as Fort Saint Anthony, was a military fortification located at the confluence of Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers in Hennepin County, Minnesota. Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, a National Park Service unit, Fort Snelling also refers to an unorganized territory in Hennepin County, Minnesota, containing the former fortification. The Census in 2000 enumerated a population of 442. The Minnesota Historical Society now runs the fort, located atop a bluff along the river, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources runs Fort Snelling State Park, protecting the land at the bottom of the bluff. Fort Snelling once encompassed both parcels, the fort is a National Historic Landmark and has been named a national treasure by the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Lieutenant Zebulon Pike in 1805 acquired Pikes Purchase for the United States, significant settlement began in the late 1810s. Following the War of 1812, the United States Department of War built a chain of forts and these forts primarily protected the northwestern territories from Canadian and British encroachment. The Army founded Fort Saint Anthony in 1819, colonel Josiah Snelling commanded the 5th Infantry Regiment. Its soldiers constructed the original Fort Saint Anthony from 1820 to 1824, during construction, most soldiers lived at Camp Coldwater, which provided drinking water to the fort throughout the 19th century. The post surgeon began recording meteorological observations at Fort Saint Anthony in January 1820, upon its completion in 1825, the Army renamed the fort as Fort Snelling in honor of its commander and architect. At Fort Snelling, the garrison attempted to keep the peace between the Dakota people. Colonel Snelling suffered from dysentery, and bouts of the illness made him susceptible to anger. Recalled to Washington, he left Fort Snelling in September 1827, colonel Snelling died in summer 1828 from complications due to dysentery and a brain fever. John Marsh, a native of Danvers, Massachusetts, came to the fort during the early 1820s, at the fort, he set up the first school for children of the officers. He also developed a relationship with the local Sioux tribe. He had been studying medicine at Harvard for two years before deciding to leave school without earning a degree and he used this opportunity to read medicine under the tutelage of the post physician, Dr. Purcell. The physician died before Marsh completed the course, so he still had no medical degree. In 1830 Fort Snelling was the birthplace of John Taylor Wood, John Emerson purchased the slave Dred Scott in Saint Louis, Missouri, but he later worked and lived at Fort Snelling during much of the 1830s, having brought Dred and his wife Harriet Scott with him
42.
Fort Snelling State Park
–
Fort Snelling State Park is a state park of Minnesota, USA, at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers. Its most notable feature is the historic Fort Snelling, which dates from 1820, the fort itself is operated by the Minnesota Historical Society and requires a separate entrance fee. The bulk of the park preserves the bottomland forest, rivers. The park was opened in 1962, both the State Park and Historic Fort are part of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, a National Park Service site. These trails connect the park to the Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge, Minnehaha Park, and regional trail systems like the Grand Rounds Scenic Byway and the Big Rivers Regional Trail. Minnesota State Highway 55 crosses over the park on the Mendota Bridge, today the bottomlands of the river confluence boast a floodplain forest of cottonwood, silver maple, green ash, wood nettle, jewelweed, and willow. There are also marshes, backwater lakes, and wet meadows, abundant wildlife includes white-tailed deer, fox, woodchuck, badger, skunk, turkey, and coyote. Reptiles include the turtle, painted turtle, soft-shelled turtle. In 1864 a railroad was built through the area, connecting St. Paul with the riverboat landing, at the beginning of historical times, Mdewakanton Dakota lived in this area. The confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers was to them the center of the world, in 1805 Lieutenant Zebulon Pike met with the Mdewakanton on the island between the two rivers and negotiated the purchase of land along the blufftops. The treaty site is now known as Pike Island, details of Fort Snelling, which was built between 1820 and 1825 on the land Pike acquired, are contained in its own entry. The soldiers from Fort Snelling had gardens, livestock, bakery, after the Dakota War of 1862, over 1600 Dakota men, women, and children were forcibly confined in a camp in this area through the winter of 1862–1863, before being expelled to Nebraska. Over the winter, approximately 300 died due to malnutrition, disease, eventually, the state agreed to build a tunnel underneath the fort, thus preserving the old structures. Nichols, an architect, submitted plans for a 2. Based on an earlier plan, this design would become the basis for the final form of the park. This caught the interest of Thomas C. Savage who wrote State Parks director U. W, in response, the Park Association began to raise funds privately to buy out at least some of the owners. A second consideration was whether or not the government would grant the actual fort property to the state as surplus land. On the last day of the 1961 legislative session, a $65,000 appropriation was made, on October 29, the federal government donated 320 acres of land, including portions of the fort, to the State of Minnesota under the 1944 Surplus Property Act
43.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
