Mishnah
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The Mishnah is the first written collection of the Jewish oral traditions. These oral traditions are known as the "Oral Torah", to differentiate them from the Torah, and both are believed in rabbinic
Mishna study, Pinsk 1924
11th century mishnah codex, Biblioteca Palatina, Parma
Gemara students using the Mishnah Sdura to note their summary of each sugya alongside its Mishnah
Set of Mishna Kehati: modern print on top row; old format beneath
Gemara
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The Gemara comprises a collection of rabbinical analyses and commentaries on the Mishnah presented in 63 books. The term is derived from the Aramaic word גמרא and rooted in the Semitic word ג-מ-ר, wh
The first text page of tractate Rosh Hashanah. The center column contains the Talmud text, beginning with a section of Mishnah. The Gemara begins 8 lines down with the abbreviation 'גמ (gimmel-mem). Mishnah and Gemara sections alternate throughout the Talmud text. The large blocks of text on either side are the Tosafot and Rashi commentaries. Other notes and cross references are in the margins.
Members of Kvutzat Rodges studying the Gemara (June 1, 1935)
"Theologisch debat" (Eduard Frankfort, c. 1900), depicting a chavrusa debating a sugya