1.
New York Transit Museum
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The main Museum is located in the decommissioned Court Street subway station in Downtown Brooklyn and Brooklyn Heights in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. There is a smaller satellite Museum Annex in Grand Central Terminal in the area of Manhattan. The museum is located in a subway station, which was originally called Court Street. The station has one island platform with two tracks. The tracks end at bumper blocks just beyond the west end of the platform, the station walls feature a tile band set in a course two tiles high, colored aquamarine with a cerulean blue border. Court Street was to be the terminal of the HH Fulton Street Local. Due to the proximity of other stations in the Downtown Brooklyn area, as well as the need to transfer to reach it, following the stations closure, most of the entrances to the street were sealed. While the station was closed to the public, non-revenue trains would run to and from the station. On March 15,1960, the New York City Transit Authority tested a new cleaning process on the walls of the Court Street station, meanwhile, the sealed but still-present station entrances became dumping grounds for garbage. The station was used a set for movies, three years after its closing in 1949, the station was used for the filming of the film Guilty Bystander. On November 26,1956, the station was used to film a scene of The FBI Story, to this day, the station and its connecting tunnels are still used for movie shoots. The 2009 The Taking of Pelham One Two Three, a remake of the 1974 movie, was filmed there. More recently, the Museum appeared in the Life on Mars episode The Simple Secret of the Note In Us All, the Museum remains open to requests to use the station for filming, as well as to host private events during hours the Museum is not normally open. The station was a two-track, one-island platformed station while in service, an ADA-accessible chair lift and elevator were added after the station was converted into a museum. On July 4,1976, the New York City Transit Exhibit was opened in the underground station as part of the United States Bicentennial celebration. Old subway cars which had preserved, as well as models. Plans were to keep the open until September 7 of that year. On weekends during its opening, museum nostalgia trains would run between 57th Street − Sixth Avenue and Rockaway Park, making an intermittent hour-long stop at the exhibit
2.
New York City Subway
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Opened in 1904, the New York City Subway is one of the worlds oldest public transit systems, one of the worlds most used metro systems, and the metro system with the most stations. It offers service 24 hours per day, every day of the year, the New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world by number of stations, with 472 stations in operation. Stations are located throughout the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Port Authority Trans-Hudson and the AirTrain JFK, in Manhattan and Queens respectively, accept the subways MetroCard but are not operated by the MTA and do not allow free transfers. Another mass transit service that is not operated by the MTA, the system is also one of the worlds longest. Overall, the system contains 236 miles of routes, translating into 665 miles of track. In 2015, the subway delivered over 1.76 billion rides, averaging approximately 5.7 million daily rides on weekdays and a combined 5.9 million rides each weekend. Of the systems 25 services,22 of them pass through Manhattan, the exceptions being the G train, the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, and the Rockaway Park Shuttle. Large portions of the subway outside Manhattan are elevated, on embankments, or in open cuts, in total, 40% of track is not underground despite the subway moniker. Many lines and stations have both express and local services and these lines have three or four tracks. Normally, the two are used for local trains, while the inner one or two are used for express trains. Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations, alfred Ely Beach built the first demonstration for an underground transit system in New York City in 1869 and opened it in February 1870. The tunnel was never extended for political and financial reasons, although extensions had been planned to take the tunnel southward to The Battery, the Great Blizzard of 1888 helped demonstrate the benefits of an underground transportation system. A plan for the construction of the subway was approved in 1894, the first underground line of the subway opened on October 27,1904, almost 36 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line. The fare was $0.05 and on the first day the trains carried over 150,000 passengers, the oldest structure still in use opened in 1885 as part of the BMT Lexington Avenue Line in Brooklyn and is now part of the BMT Jamaica Line. The oldest right-of-way, which is part of the BMT West End Line near Coney Island Creek, was in use in 1864 as a railroad called the Brooklyn, Bath. By the time the first subway opened, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, the city built most of the lines and leased them to the companies. This required it to be run at cost, necessitating fares up to double the five-cent fare popular at the time, in 1940, the city bought the two private systems. Some elevated lines ceased service immediately while others closed soon after, integration was slow, but several connections were built between the IND and BMT, these now operate as one division called the B Division
3.
Mona Freeman
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Monica Elizabeth Mona Freeman was an American actress and painter. Her daughter, Monie Ellis, became an actress as well, Freeman was a model while in high school, and after becoming the first Miss Subways of the New York City transit system, eventually signed a movie contract with Howard Hughes. Her contract was sold to Paramount Pictures. Her first film appearance was in the 1944 film Till We Meet Again and she became a popular teenage movie star. After a series of roles as a pretty, naive teenager she complained of being typecast, as an adult, Freemans career slowed and she appeared in mostly B-movies, though an exception was her role in the film noir Angel Face. She also co-starred in the hit film Jumping Jacks with the team of Dean Martin. In 1952, she was called a vest pocket Venus by sculptor Yucca Salamunich because her proportions were the same as those of the Venus de Milo, Freemans appearances in films ended in the 1950s but she continued to work in television. Freeman was also a painter and after 1961, she concentrated on painting. Her best-known portrait is that of businesswoman Mary See, founder of Sees Candies, Freeman was born in Baltimore, Maryland and grew up in Pelham, New York. She married Pat Nerney, a car dealer, in Los Angeles in 1945, the couple had one daughter, Mona. In 1961 she married H. Jack Ellis, Mona Freeman died on May 23,2014 at the age of 87 after a long illness at her Beverly Hills home. Mona Freeman, Aveleyman. com Mona Freeman at Find a Grave
4.
Cliff Robertson
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Clifford Parker Cliff Robertson III was an American actor with a film and television career that spanned half a century. Robertson portrayed a young John F. Kennedy in the 1963 film PT109 and his last well-known film appearances were in 2002 through 2007 as Uncle Ben in the Spider-Man film trilogy. Robertson was born in La Jolla, California, the son of Clifford Parker Robertson, Jr. and his first wife and his Texas-born father was described as the idle heir to a tidy sum of ranching money. Robertson once said, was a romantic figure – tall. He married four or five times, and between marriages hed pop in to see me and he was a great raconteur, and he was always surrounded by sycophants who let him pick up the tab. During the Depression, he tapped the trust for $500,000, Robertsons parents divorced when he was one, and his mother died of peritonitis a year later in El Paso, Texas, at the age of 21. He was raised by his grandmother, Mary Eleanor Eleanora Willingham, in California. He graduated in 1941 from La Jolla High School, where he was known as The Walking Phoenix, merchant Marine in World War II, before attending Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio and dropping out to work as a journalist for a short time. Robertson was President John F. Kennedys personal choice to him in 1963s PT109. The next year, Robertson played a presidential candidate in The Best Man, Late in his life Robertsons career had a resurgence. He appeared as Uncle Ben Parker in Sam Raimis Spider-Man, as well as in the sequels Spider-Man 2 and he commented on his website, Since Spider-Man 1 and 2, I seem to have a whole new generation of fans. That in itself is a fine residual and he was also in the horror film Riding the Bullet. In 1989, he was a member of the jury at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival, Robertson also appeared as a special guest star on Wagon Train for one episode, portraying an Irish immigrant. In 1958, Robertson portrayed Joe Clay in the first broadcast of Playhouse 90s Days of Wine, in 1960, he was cast as Martinus Van Der Brig, a con man, in the episode End of a Dream of Riverboat. Other appearances included The Twilight Zone episodes A Hundred Yards Over the Rim and The Dummy, followed by the The Eleventh Hour in the 1963 episode and he guest-starred on such television series as The Greatest Show on Earth, Breaking Point and ABC Stage 67. He had starring roles in episodes of both the 1960s and 1990s versions of The Outer Limits and he was awarded an Emmy for his leading role in a 1965 episode, The Game of Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre. He appeared twice as a guest-villain on ABCs Batman as the gunfighter Shame, in 1976, he portrayed a retired Buzz Aldrin in an adaptation of Aldrins autobiography Return to Earth. In 1987, he portrayed Henry Ford in Ford, The Man, from 1983-84, he played Dr. Michael Ranson in Falcon Crest
5.
Beauty pageant
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The organizers of each pageant may determine the rules of the competition, including the age range of contestants. The rules may require the contestants to be unmarried, and be virtuous, amateur. It may also set the standards in which contestants will be judged. Beauty pageants are generally multi-tiered, with local competitions feeding into the larger competitions, for example, the international pageants have hundreds or thousands of local competitions. Child beauty pageants mainly focus on beauty, gowns, sportswear modelling, talent, adult and teen pageants focus on makeup, hair and gowns, swimsuit modelling, and personal interviews. A winner of a beauty contest is called a beauty queen. The pejorative term often refers to losing candidates while its rankings are referred to as placements. Possible awards include titles, tiaras or crowns, sashes, scepters, savings bonds, scholarships, however, adult and teen pageants have been moving more towards judging speaking, and many no longer contain swimsuit or talent sections. Some pageants award college scholarships, to the winner or multiple runners-up, european festivals dating to the medieval era provide the most direct lineage for beauty pageants. For example, English May Day celebrations always involved the selection of a May Queen, in the United States, the May Day tradition of selecting a woman to serve as a symbol of bounty and community ideals continued, as young beautiful women participated in public celebrations. A beauty pageant was held during the Eglinton Tournament of 1839, organized by Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton, as part of a re-enactment of a medieval joust that was held in Scotland. The pageant was won by Georgiana Seymour, Duchess of Somerset, the wife of Edward Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset, and sister of Caroline Norton, and she was proclaimed as the Queen of Beauty. Entrepreneur Phineas Taylor Barnum staged the first modern American pageant in 1854, Beauty contests became more popular in the 1880s. In 1888, the title of beauty queen was awarded to an 18-year-old Creole contestant at a pageant in Spa, all participants had to supply a photograph and a short description of themselves to be eligible to enter and a final selection of 21 was judged by a formal panel. Such events were not regarded as respectable, Beauty contests came to be considered more respectable with the first modern Miss America contest held in 1921. The oldest pageant still in operation today is the Miss America pageant, the pageant hosted the winners of local newspaper beauty contests in the Inter-City Beauty Contest, which was attended by over one hundred thousand people. Sixteen-year-old Margaret Gorman of Washington, D. C. was crowned Miss America 1921, in May 1920, promoter C. E. Barfield of Galveston, Texas organized a new event known as Splash Day on the island. The event featured a Bathing Girl Revue competition as the centerpiece of its attractions, the event was the kick-off of the summer tourist season in the city and was carried forward annually
6.
Metropolitan Transportation Authority
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The Metropolitan Transportation Authority is a public benefit corporation responsible for public transportation in the U. S. MTA is the largest public transit authority in the United States. The construction of two bridges over the Long Island Sound was put under the jurisdiction of the MTA, the MTA took over full operations in 1983, as the Metro-North Commuter Railroad. Governor Rockefeller appointed his top aide, Dr. William J. Ronan, as chairman, Dr. Ronan served in this post until 1974. Veronique Hakim is currently the executive director of the MTA. The MTA is the largest regional public transportation provider in the Western Hemisphere and its agencies serve a region of approximately 14.6 million people spread over 5,000 square miles in 12 counties in New York and two in Connecticut. MTA agencies now move more than 8.5 million customers per day, the MTAs systems carry over 11 million passengers on an average weekday systemwide, and over 800,000 vehicles on its seven toll bridges and two tunnels per weekday. The Related Entities represent a number of existing agencies which have come under the MTA umbrella. In turn, these previously existing agencies were successors to the property of companies that provided substantially the same services. Each of these Related Entities has a name and in some cases. The popular names were part of an overall corporate identification effort in 1994 to eliminate the confusion over the affiliations of the authorities that were part of the MTA. Each of these members has one vote, the county executives of Dutchess, Orange, Rockland, and Putnam counties also nominate one member each, but these members cast one collective vote. All board members are confirmed by the New York State Senate, the budget deficit of the MTA is a growing crisis for the organization as well as New York City and State residents and legislature. The MTA held $31 billion in debt in 2010 and it suffered from a $900 million gap in its operating budget for 2011. The capital budget, which covers repairs, technological upgrades, new trains, If this is not funded, the MTA will fund the repairs with debt and raise fares to cover repayments. The MTA has consistently run on a deficit, but increased spending in 2000–04 coupled with the economic downturn led to a increase in the financial burden that the MTA bore. The budget problems stem from multiple sources, the MTA cannot be supported solely by rider fares and road tolls. In the preliminary 2011 budget, MTA forecasted operating revenue totaled at $6.5 billion, therefore, the MTA must rely on other sources of funding to remain operational. Revenue collected from real estate taxes for transportation purposes helped to contain the deficit, however, due to the weak economy and unstable real estate market, money from these taxes severely decreased, in 2010, tax revenue fell at least 20% short of the projected value
7.
New York Post
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New York Post is an American daily newspaper, primarily distributed in New York City and its surrounding area. It is the 13th-oldest and seventh-most-widely circulated newspaper in the United States, established in 1801 by federalist and Founding Father Alexander Hamilton, it became a respected broadsheet in the 19th century, under the name New York Evening Post. The modern version of the paper is published in tabloid format, in 1976, Rupert Murdoch bought Post for US$30.5 million. Since 1993, Post has been owned by News Corporation and its successor, News Corp and its editorial offices are located at 1211 Avenue of the Americas. New York Post, established on November 16,1801 as New-York Evening Post, the Hartford Courant, believed to be the oldest continuously published newspaper, was founded in 1764 as a semi-weekly paper, it did not begin publishing daily until 1836. The New Hampshire Gazette, which has trademarked its claim of being The Nations Oldest Newspaper, was founded in 1756, moreover, since the 1890s it has been published only for weekends. Post was founded by Alexander Hamilton with about US$10,000 from a group of investors in the autumn of 1801 as New-York Evening Post, the meeting at which Hamilton first recruited investors for the new paper took place in the then-country weekend villa that is now Gracie Mansion. Hamilton chose William Coleman as his first editor, the most famous 19th-century New-York Evening Post editor was the poet and abolitionist William Cullen Bryant. So well respected was New-York Evening Post under Bryants editorship, it received praise from the English philosopher John Stuart Mill, in the summer of 1829, Bryant invited William Leggett, the Locofoco Democrat, to write for the paper. There, in addition to literary and drama reviews, Leggett began to write political editorials, leggetts classical liberal philosophy entailed a fierce opposition to central banking, a support for voluntary labor unions, and a dedication to laissez-faire economics. He was a member of the Equal Rights Party, Leggett became a co-owner and editor at Post in 1831, eventually working as sole editor of the newspaper while Bryant traveled in Europe in 1834 through 1835. Another co-owner of the paper was John Bigelow, from 1849 to 1861, he was one of the editors and co-owners of New York Evening Post. In 1881 Henry Villard took control of New-York Evening Post, as well as The Nation, with this acquisition, the paper was managed by the triumvirate of Carl Schurz, Horace White, and Edwin L. Godkin. When Schurz left the paper in 1883, Godkin became editor-in-chief, White became editor-in-chief in 1899, and remained in that role until his retirement in 1903. Villard sold the paper in 1918, after allegations of pro-German sympathies during World War I hurt its circulation. The new owner was Thomas Lamont, a partner in the Wall Street firm of J. P. Morgan & Co. Conservative Cyrus H. K. Curtis—publisher of the Ladies Home Journal—purchased New-York Evening Post in 1924, in 1934, J. David Stern purchased the paper, changed its name to New York Post, and restored its broadsheet size and liberal perspective. In 1939, Dorothy Schiff purchased the paper and her husband, George Backer, was named editor and publisher
8.
John Robert Powers
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John Robert Powers was an American actor and founder of a prominent New York City-based modeling agency. In 1923, John Robert Powers founded a modeling school, the John Robert Powers Agency represented many models who went on to success in the Hollywood film industry. While Powers clientele was overwhelmingly female, and to be a Powers Girl was a much sought-after position, the agency was the subject of a 1943 musical comedy, The Powers Girl, in which Alan Mowbray portrays Powers and features Anne Shirley and Carole Landis as aspiring models. John Robert Powers married Alice Burton and they are buried together in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. The John Robert Powers system is a system and its franchises in the USA have been involved in a controversy over their status as a school vs a talent agency. Critics in the USA describe John Robert Powers franchises in America as using high-pressure sales tactics, John Robert Powers USA asserts that is not an agency and does not make any percentage of the talents earnings. The Los Angeles Better Business Bureau believes that Powers fits the definitions of a talent agency, nevertheless, the BBB notes that Powers would undoubtedly deny that they are either and that Powers contracts do not use such terms. The Los Angeles BBB further notes, JRP websites include photos of famous personalities, pictures of well-known stars such as Lucille Ball, Marilyn Monroe and John Wayne hang in the lobby of franchises. According to the National First Ladies Library biography, Betty Ford worked as a model for the JRP Agency, a Vanity Fair article says Grace Kelly was a model at the JRP agency. The agency was featured in a novel, Polly the Powers Model, the heroine was a fictitious teenager at the agency. JohnRobertPowers. net - Official company site USA John Robert Powers at Find a Grave
9.
On the Town (musical)
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The musical introduced several popular and classic songs, among them New York, New York, Lonely Town, I Can Cook, Too, and Some Other Time. The story concerns three American sailors on a 24-hour shore leave in New York City during wartime 1944, each of the three sailors meets and quickly connects with a woman. On the Town was first produced on Broadway in 1944 and was made into a film in 1949, although the film replaced all, the show has enjoyed a number of major revivals. The musical integrates dance into its storytelling, Robbins made a number of ballets and extended dance sequences for the show and they convinced Robbins and Bernstein, who in turn wanted their friends Comden and Green to write the book and lyrics. When the director George Abbott was added to the project, funding was secured, Broadway On the Town premiered on Broadway at the Adelphi Theater on December 28,1944, directed by George Abbott and with choreography by Jerome Robbins. It closed on February 2,1946, after 462 performances, the production starred John Battles, Cris Alexander, Nancy Walker, Sono Osato, Betty Comden, and Adolph Green. The musical director was Max Goberman, the original production of On the Town was notable for its racially diverse cast and intentional avoidance of racial stereotypes. The first Broadway revival opened at the Imperial Theatre on October 31,1971, donna McKechnie, Phyllis Newman, and Bernadette Peters co-starred as Ivy, Claire, and Hildy. The director and choreographer was Ron Field, Peters received a nomination for the 1972 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. Best of all is Bernadette Peters as the Bronxly nasal taxi driver. Phyllis Newman as Claire also danced and sang with just the right style, donna McKechnie made a sweet and talented Ivy Smith. The second Broadway revival opened on November 19,1998, deLaria makes an obliging captive of anyone watching her. A Broadway revival opened at the Lyric Theatre on September 20,2014 in previews, a cast album was recorded at Audio Paint Studios in New York City in 2014. The production closed, after 28 previews and 368 regular performances, Other US A production of On The Town opened in June 2013 at Barrington Stage Company in Massachusetts. John Rando directed the production and Joshua Bergasse choreographed, the production starred Tony Yazbeck, Clyde Alves, Jay Armstrong Johnson, Alysha Umphress, Deanna Doyle, Elizabeth Stanley, Michael Rupert and Nancy Opel. The joy of Mr. Randos production is in its air of erotic effortlessness, staged concert was presented at New York City Center from November 19,2008 through November 23,2008, as part of a citywide celebration of Leonard Bernsteins 90th birthday. In reviewing this production, Charles Isherwood wrote, The production is rich in dance, and winning performances, but its richest of all in music. There are several sequences, instant reprises, jazzy pop songs, classical spoofs. London The first London production of On the Town opened at the Prince of Wales Theatre on May 30,1963 and it was directed and choreographed by Joe Layton and starred Elliott Gould and Don McKay
10.
Life (magazine)
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Life was an American magazine that ran weekly from 1883 to 1936 as a humor magazine with limited circulation. Time owner Henry Luce bought the magazine in 1936, solely so that he could acquire the rights to its name, Life was published weekly until 1972, as an intermittent special until 1978, and as a monthly from 1978 to 2000. After 2000 Time Inc. continued to use the Life brand for special, Life returned to regularly scheduled issues when it became a weekly newspaper supplement from 2004 to 2007. The website life. com, originally one of the channels on Time Inc. s Pathfinder service, was for a time in the late 2000s managed as a joint venture with Getty Images under the name See Your World, LLC. On January 30,2012 the LIFE. com URL became a channel on Time. com. When Life was founded in 1883, it was developed as similar to the British magazine and it was published for 53 years as a general-interest light entertainment magazine, heavy on illustrations, jokes and social commentary. The Luce Life was the first all-photographic American news magazine, the magazines role in the history of photojournalism is considered its most important contribution to publishing. Life was wildly successful for two generations before its prestige was diminished by economics and changing tastes, Life was founded January 4,1883, in a New York City artists studio at 1155 Broadway, as a partnership between John Ames Mitchell and Andrew Miller. Mitchell held a 75 per cent interest in the magazine with the remainder by Miller, both men retained their holdings until their deaths. Miller served as secretary-treasurer of the magazine and was very successful managing the side of the operation. Mitchell, a 37-year-old illustrator who used a $10,000 inheritance to invest in the weekly magazine, Mitchell created the first Life name-plate with cupids as mascots, he later drew its masthead of a knight leveling his lance at the posterior of a fleeing devil. Mitchell took advantage of a new printing process using zinc-coated plates. This edge helped because Life faced stiff competition from the humor magazines Judge and Puck. Edward Sandford Martin was brought on as Lifes first literary editor, the motto of the first issue of Life was, While theres Life, theres hope. The new magazine set forth its principles and policies to its readers and we shall try to domesticate as much as possible of the casual cheerfulness that is drifting about in an unfriendly world. The magazine was a success and soon attracted the leading contributors. Among the most important was Charles Dana Gibson, three years after the magazine was founded, the Massachusetts native first sold Life a drawing for $4, a dog outside his kennel howling at the moon. Encouraged by a publisher who was also an artist, Gibson was joined in Life early days by such illustrators as Palmer Cox
11.
Brooklyn College
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Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, located in the Midwood neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. Brooklyn Colleges origin began in 1910 with the establishment of a division of the City College for Teachers. The school then began offering evening classes for male college students in 1917. With the merger of these branches, Brooklyn College became the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City, the colleges 26-acre campus is known for its beauty, and is often regarded as the poor mans Harvard because of its low tuition and reputation for respectable academics. In 1932, the architect Randolph Evans drafted a plan for the campus on a large plot of land his employer owned in the Midwood section of Brooklyn. He sketched out a Georgian-style campus facing a central quadrangle, Evans presented the sketches to the president of the college at the time, Dr. William A. Boylan. Boylan was pleased with the plans, and the lot of land was purchased for $1.6 million, construction of the new campus began in 1935, with a groundbreaking ceremony attended by then Mayor Fiorello La Guardia and Brooklyn Borough President Raymond Ingersoll. In 1936, then-President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt went to Brooklyn College to lay the cornerstone of the Brooklyn College Gymnasium, President Boylan, Borough President Ingersoll, and President Roosevelt all had buildings on Brooklyn Colleges campus named after them. The campus located in Midwood became the only Brooklyn College campus after the schools Downtown Brooklyn campus was shut down during the 1975 budget emergency, Brooklyn Colleges campus East Quad today looks much as it did when it was originally constructed. The campus also serves as home to the Brooklyn Center for the Performing Arts complex and its four theaters, the demolition of Gershwin Hall, replaced by The Leonard & Claire Tow Center for the Performing Arts, is the most recent construction on an evolving campus. Other changes to the design include the demolition of Plaza Building, due to its inefficient use of space, poor ventilation. To replace Plaza Building the college constructed West Quad Center, designed by the notable Uruguayan architect Rafael Viñoly, the new building contains classroom space, offices, gymnasiums and a swimming pool. It houses the offices of Registration, Admissions, Financial Aid, the grounds contain a quadrangle with grassy areas and trees. New façades are being constructed on Roosevelt and James halls where they connected with Plaza Building. The 2009–10 CUNYAC championship mens team now plays its home games in the West Quad Center. This follows a major renovation that saw the library moved to a temporary home while construction took place. The Brooklyn College library is now located in its location in a completely renovated and expanded LaGuardia Hall. Noted as one of the most beautiful in the United States, in 2006, the Core Curriculum was revamped, and the 13 required courses were replaced with 15 courses in 3 disciplines, from which students were required to take 11
12.
Walter O'Malley
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Walter Francis OMalley was an American sports executive who owned the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers team in Major League Baseball from 1950 to 1979. For this, he was vilified by Brooklyn Dodgers fans. However, Pro-OMalley parties describe him as a visionary for the same business action and he was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame for his contributions to and influence on the game of baseball amidst allegations that his family donated money to get him into the Hall of Fame. OMalleys Irish father, Edwin Joseph OMalley, was politically connected, first, he became an entrepreneur involved in public works contracting, and then he became an executive with the Dodgers. He progressed from being a lawyer to being both the Dodgers owner and president, and he eventually made the business decision to relocate the Dodgers franchise. Although he moved the franchise, OMalley is known as a businessman whose major philosophy was stability through loyalty to, OMalley ceded the team presidency to his son, Peter, in 1970 but retained the titles of owner and chairman of the Dodgers until his death in 1979. He bequeathed the team to his children Peter OMalley and Therese OMalley Seidler upon his death in 1979, Walter OMalley was the only child of Edwin Joseph OMalley, who worked as a cotton goods salesman in the Bronx in 1903. Edwin OMalley later became the Commissioner of Public Markets for New York City, OMalley grew up as a Bronx-born New York Giants fan. He frequently attended Giants games at the Polo Grounds with his uncle Clarence, OMalley was a Boy Scout who rose to the rank of Star. OMalley attended Jamaica High School in Queens from 1918 to 1920, at Culver, his baseball career was ended with a baseball that hit him on the nose. Later, he attended the University of Pennsylvania and graduated in 1926 as the senior class Salutatorian, at Penn, he was initiated into Theta Delta Chi, and he also served as president of the Phi Deuteron Charge. Upon his graduation from the University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and he was also Junior and Senior class president. Edwin OMalleys dry goods business was failing and Walter had to run the business. On September 5,1931, he married Katherine Elizabeth Kay Hanson and they had two children, Therese OMalley Seidler and Peter OMalley. Kay had been diagnosed with cancer in 1927 before the engagement and had to have her larynx removed. She was unable to speak above a whisper the rest of her life, Edwin OMalley encouraged Walter to break off his engagement, and after Walter refused his parents did not attend the wedding. OMalley was a smoker, who golfed occasionally, but more commonly gardened for recreation, in 1944, he remodelled his parents summer house in Amityville, New York and relocated his family there from Brooklyn. The house was next door to the house Kay had grown up, as a family man, he attended church regularly, attended Peters football games at LaSalle Academy, chaperoned his daughters dances
13.
History of the Brooklyn Dodgers
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The teams name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the citys trolley streetcar network. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the major leagues. Brooklyn was home to numerous clubs in the mid-1850s. Eight of 16 participants in the first convention were from Brooklyn, including the Atlantic, Eckford, Brooklyn helped make baseball commercial, as the locale of the first paid admission games, a series of three all star contests matching New York and Brooklyn in 1858. The Excelsiors no longer challenged for the championship after the Civil War. The Eckfords and Atlantics declined to join until 1872 and thereby lost their best players, the Eckfords survived only one season and the Atlantics four, with losing teams. When the Mutuals were expelled by the league, the Hartford Dark Blues club moved in, changed its name to The Brooklyn Hartfords and played its home games at Union Grounds in 1877 before disbanding. Byrne arranged to build a grandstand on a lot bounded by Third Street, Fourth Avenue, Fifth Street, and Fifth Avenue, the Grays played in the minor Inter-State Association of Professional Baseball Clubs that first season. Doyle became the first team manager, and they drew 6,431 fans to their first home game on May 12,1883 against the Trenton team. The Grays won the title after the Camden Merritt club disbanded on July 20. The Grays were invited to join the American Association for the 1884 season and they lost the 1889 World Series to the New York Giants and tied the 1890 World Series with the Louisville Colonels. Their success during this period was partly attributed to their having absorbed skilled players from the defunct New York Metropolitans, in 1899, the Grays merged with the Baltimore Orioles, as Baltimore manager Ned Hanlon became the clubs new manager and Charles Ebbets became the primary team owner. The team name, Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers, was coined in 1895, the nickname was still new enough in September 1895 that a newspaper could report that Trolley Dodgers is the new name which eastern baseball cranks have given the Brooklyn club. Some sources erroneously report that the name Trolley Dodgers referred to pedestrians avoiding fast cars on street car tracks that bordered Eastern Park on two sides, however, Eastern Park was not bordered by street-level trolley lines that had to be dodged by pedestrians. The name was shortened to Brooklyn Dodgers. Other team names used by the franchise that finally came to be called the Dodgers were the Grooms, the Bridegrooms, Wards Wonders, the Superbas, and the Robins. All of these nicknames were used by fans and newspaper sports writers to describe the team, the teams legal name was the Brooklyn Base Ball Club. However, the Trolley Dodgers nickname was used throughout this period, along with nicknames, by fans
14.
Ed Koch
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Edward Irving Ed Koch was an American lawyer, politician, political commentator, movie critic and reality television arbitrator. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1969 to 1977, Koch was a lifelong Democrat who described himself as a liberal with sanity. The author of a public housing renewal program in his later years as mayor, he began by cutting spending and taxes. As a congressman and after his terms as mayor he was a fervent supporter of the State of Israel and he crossed party lines to endorse Rudy Giuliani for mayor in 1993, Michael Bloomberg in 2001, and President George W. Bush in 2004. A popular figure, he rode the New York City Subway and he won re-election in 1981 with 75 percent, the first New York City mayor to win endorsement on both the Democratic and Republican party tickets. He won his second re-election with 78 percent of the vote, Koch was born in Crotona Park East section of The Bronx borough of New York City, the son of Yetta and Louis Koch, immigrants from Uscieczko in Eastern Galicia. He came from a family of Conservative Jews who resided in Newark, New Jersey, as a child, he worked as a hatcheck boy in a Newark dance hall. He graduated from South Side High School in Newark in 1941 and he was drafted into the United States Army in 1943, where he served as an infantryman with the 104th Infantry Division, landing in Cherbourg, France, in September 1944. He earned a European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with two stars, a World War II Victory Medal, and the Combat Infantryman Badge for service in the European Theater of Operations. After V-E Day, because he could speak German, Koch was sent to Bavaria to help remove Nazi public officials from their jobs and he was honorably discharged with the rank of Sergeant in 1946. Koch returned to New York City to attend City College of New York, graduating in 1945, Koch was a sole practitioner from 1949 to 1964, and a partner with Koch, Lankenau, Schwartz & Kovner from 1965 to 1968. A Democrat, he became active in New York City politics as a reformer and opponent of Carmine DeSapio, in 1962 Koch ran for office for the first time, unsuccessfully opposing incumbent William Passannante, a DeSapio ally, for the Democratic nomination for the State Assembly. In 1963, Koch defeated DeSapio for the position of Democratic Party leader for the district which included Greenwich Village, Koch served on the New York City Council from 1967 to 1969. Koch was the Democratic U. S. Koch said he began his career as just a plain liberal, with positions including opposing the Vietnam War. In April 1973, Koch coined the term Watergate Seven when, congressman Koch met with residents of the community, most of whom were against the proposal. He was convinced by their arguments, and spoke out against the plan, Koch was active in advocating for a greater U. S. role in advancing human rights, within the context of fighting a perceived threat of communism. He had particular influence in the aid budget, as he sat on the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Foreign Operations. In 1976, Koch proposed that the U. S. cut off military aid, after this assassination, Director of Central Intelligence George H. W. Bush informed Koch by phone of the threat
15.
Betty Friedan
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Betty Friedan was an American writer, activist, and feminist. A leading figure in the movement in the United States. The national strike was successful beyond expectations in broadening the feminist movement, in 1971, Friedan joined other leading feminists to establish the National Womens Political Caucus. Regarded as an author and intellectual in the United States, Friedan remained active in politics and advocacy for the rest of her life. As early as the 1960s Friedan was critical of polarized and extreme factions of feminism that attacked groups such as men, one of her later books, The Second Stage, critiqued what Friedan saw as the extremist excesses of some feminists. Friedan was born Bettye Naomi Goldstein on February 4,1921 in Peoria, Illinois, to Harry and Miriam Goldstein, whose Jewish families were from Russia and Hungary. Harry owned a store in Peoria, and Miriam wrote for the society page of a newspaper when Friedans father fell ill. Her mothers new life outside the home seemed much more gratifying and she attended Peoria High School, and became involved in the school newspaper. When her application to write a column was turned down, she and six other friends launched a magazine called Tide. She attended all-female Smith College in 1938 and she won a scholarship prize in her first year for outstanding academic performance. In her second year she became interested in poetry, and had poems published in campus publications. In 1941, she became editor-in-chief of the college newspaper, the editorials became more political under her leadership, taking a strong antiwar stance and occasionally causing controversy. She graduated summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa in 1942 with a major in psychology, in 1943 she spent a year at the University of California, Berkeley on a fellowship for graduate work in psychology with Erik Erikson. She became more active, continuing to mix with Marxists. In her memoirs, she claimed that her boyfriend at the time had pressured her into turning down a Ph. D. fellowship for further study, after leaving Berkeley, Friedan became a journalist for leftist and labor union publications. Between 1943 and 1946 she wrote for The Federated Press and between 1946 and 1952 she worked for the United Electrical Workers UE News, one of her assignments was to report on the House Un-American Activities Committee. Friedan was dismissed from the union newspaper UE News in 1952 because she was pregnant with her second child, after leaving UE News she became a freelance writer for various magazines, including Cosmopolitan. For her 15th college reunion in 1957 Friedan conducted a survey of graduates, focusing on their education, subsequent experiences
16.
Ellen's Stardust Diner
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Ellens Stardust Diner is a retro 1950s theme restaurant located at 1650 Broadway on the southeast corner of 51st Street in Theater District, Manhattan, New York City. The Diner is regarded as one of the best theme restaurants in New York owing to its singing waitstaff and it is popular among children and adults. Ellens Stardust Diner was opened in 1987 after Ellens Cafe was closed down and it was the first 1950s theme restaurant in New York City and had waitresses in poodle skirts. In the late 1990s, a restaurant operated near Times Square under the name Stardust Dine-O-Mat. In August 2016, servers at Ellens Stardust Diner formed a union called Stardust Family United, since last updated, Ken Sturm, son of Ellen Hart Sturm and owner of Ellens Stardust Diner has fired 15 more union-affiliated Stardusters under the false accusation of misconduct. These firings include members who have worked at the diner for ten years or longer and this action brings the number of illegally terminated union members to 33 as of 1/25/2017. Ellens Stardust Diner was the site in the movie New Years Eve where Sarah Jessica Parker’s character and her 15-year-old daughter’s friends stopped for a bite after the ball dropped and it was also featured in American Idol when a former employee, Devyn Rush became a contestant on the show. Reports subsequently followed regarding Devyns employment status at Ellens Stardust Diner, Ellens Diner was also featured on a Today Show episode. Several alums of Ellens Stardust Diner singing waitstaff have gone on to have successful careers on Broadway theatre, many current staffers have received critical acclaim with original musicals at NY Musical Theater Festival. Brandon Ellis, Eric Michael Krop, Stephen Tyler Davis, Ellens Stardust Diner is considered a breeding ground for singers
17.
Musical theatre
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Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting, and dance. The story and emotional content of a musical – humor, pathos, love, anger – are communicated through the words, music, movement, since the early 20th century, musical theatre stage works have generally been called, simply, musicals. These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan. Musicals are performed around the world and they may be presented in large venues, such as big-budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London. Alternatively, musicals may be staged in smaller fringe theatre, Off-Broadway or regional theatre productions, musicals are often presented by amateur and school groups in churches, schools and other performance spaces. In addition to the United States and Britain, there are vibrant musical theatre scenes in continental Europe, Asia, Australasia, Canada, the three main components of a book musical are its music, lyrics and book. The interpretation of a musical is the responsibility of its team, which includes a director. A musicals production is also characterized by technical aspects, such as set design, costumes, stage properties, lighting. The creative team, designs and interpretations generally change from the production to succeeding productions. Some production elements, however, may be retained from the production, for example. There is no fixed length for a musical, while it can range from a short one-act entertainment to several acts and several hours in length, most musicals range from one and a half to three hours. Musicals are usually presented in two acts, with one intermission, and the first act is frequently longer than the second. A book musical is usually built four to six main theme tunes that are reprised later in the show. Several shorter musicals on Broadway and in the West End have been presented in one act in recent decades, moments of greatest dramatic intensity in a book musical are often performed in song. Proverbially, when the emotion becomes too strong for speech, you sing, typically, many fewer words are sung in a five-minute song than are spoken in a five-minute block of dialogue. Therefore, there is time to develop drama in a musical than in a straight play of equivalent length. Within the compressed nature of a musical, the writers must develop the characters, the material presented in a musical may be original, or it may be adapted from novels, plays, classic legends, historical events or films. On the other hand, many musical theatre works have been adapted for musical films, such as West Side Story, My Fair Lady, The Sound of Music, Oliver
18.
Betty Comden
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Betty Comden was born Basya Cohen in Brooklyn, New York, to Leo Cohen, a lawyer, and her mother, Rebecca, an English teacher, were both Russian immigrants, both observant Jews. Basya attended Erasmus Hall High School and studied drama at New York University, according to the New York Times. In 1938, mutual friends introduced her to Adolph Green, an aspiring actor, along with the young Judy Holliday and Leonard Bernstein, Comden and Green formed a troupe called the Revuers, which performed at the Village Vanguard, a club in Greenwich Village. Due to the success, the Revuers appeared in the 1944 film Greenwich Village, but their roles were so small they were barely noticed. Comden and Green wrote the book and lyrics, which included parts for themselves. Their next musical, Billion Dollar Baby in 1945, with music by Morton Gould was not a success, Comden and Green headed to California and soon found work at MGM. The duo reunited with Gene Kelly for their most successful project, Comden and Green provided the story and screenplay, the songs were hits from the late 1920s and early 1930s by Arthur Freed and Nacio Herb Brown. They followed this with another hit, The Band Wagon, in which the characters of Lester and Lily and they were Oscar-nominated twice, for their screenplays for The Band Wagon and Its Always Fair Weather. They earned three Screen Writers Guild Awards, for the two aforementioned movies as well as On the Town, the score, including the standards Just in Time, Long Before I Knew You, and The Partys Over, proved to be one of their richest. In 1958, they appeared on Broadway in A Party with Betty Comden and Adolph Green and it was a critical and commercial success, and they brought an updated version back to Broadway in 1977. Comden and Greens Broadway work in the 1960s included four collaborations with Jule Styne and they wrote the lyrics for Do Re Mi, and the book and lyrics for Subways Are For Sleeping, Fade Out – Fade In, and Hallelujah, Baby. Comden and Green wrote the libretto for the 1970 musical Applause, an adaptation of the film All About Eve, Comden also played Letitia Primrose in that musical when original star Imogene Coca left the show. Comden and Greens final musical hit was 1991s The Will Rogers Follies, in 1980, Comden was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. And, in 1981, she was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame, in the early 1980s, Comden acted in Wendy Wassersteins play Isnt It Romantic, portraying the lead characters mother. In 1984, filmmaker Sidney Lumet directed a film about Greta Garbo, Garbo Talks, starring Anne Bancroft, the producers of the film were sure that the real Garbo either could not be located or would flatly turn them down, to appear in a cameo. They did try however, with an associate of Garbo. The associate never responded, so Comden was asked to appear in the film for the brief, Comden and Green received Kennedy Center Honors in 1991. Comden and Green were a partnership, not a romantic couple
19.
Japanese people
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Japanese people are an ethnic group native to Japan. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of the population of their country. Worldwide, approximately 129 million people are of Japanese descent, of these, people of Japanese ancestry who live in other countries are referred to as the Japanese diaspora. The term ethnic Japanese may also be used in some contexts to refer to ethnic groups, including the Yamato, Ainu. The Japanese language is a Japonic language that in the past was treated as a language isolate, the Japanese language has a tripartite writing system using Hiragana, Katakana, and Kanji. Domestic Japanese people use primarily Japanese for daily interaction, the adult literacy rate in Japan exceeds 99%. Japanese religion has traditionally been syncretic in nature, combining elements of Buddhism, Shinto, a polytheistic religion with no book of religious canon, is Japans native religion. Mahayana Buddhism came to Japan in the century and evolved into many different sects. Today, the largest form of Buddhism among Japanese people is the Jōdo Shinshū sect founded by Shinran, most Japanese people profess to believe in both Shinto and Buddhism. Japanese peoples religion functions mostly as a foundation for mythology, traditions, Christianity in Japan is among the nations minority religions. Just under 2%, or about 2.5 million, of Japans population are Christians, many Japanese practice Christianity in the diaspora in Brazil, which is home to the largest Japanese population outside Japan. About 60% of Japanese Brazilians are Roman Catholics, while 90% of Japanese Mexicans are Roman Catholic, certain genres of writing originated in and are often associated with Japanese society. These include the haiku, tanka, and I Novel, although modern writers generally avoid these writing styles, historically, many works have sought to capture or codify traditional Japanese cultural values and aesthetics. Twentieth-century Japanese writers recorded changes in Japanese society through their works, some of the most notable authors included Natsume Sōseki, Junichirō Tanizaki, Osamu Dazai, Yasunari Kawabata, Fumiko Enchi, Yukio Mishima, and Ryōtarō Shiba. In contemporary Japan, popular authors such as Ryū Murakami, Haruki Murakami, decorative arts in Japan date back to prehistoric times. Jōmon pottery includes examples with elaborate ornamentation, in the Yayoi period, artisans produced mirrors, spears, and ceremonial bells known as dōtaku. Later burial mounds, or kofun, preserve characteristic clay haniwa, beginning in the Nara period, painting, calligraphy, and sculpture flourished under strong Confucian and Buddhist influences from China. Among the architectural achievements of this period are the Hōryū-ji and the Yakushi-ji, after the cessation of official relations with the Tang dynasty in the ninth century, Japanese art and architecture gradually became less influenced by China
20.
Sono Osato
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Sono Osato is an American dancer and actress of Japanese and European descent. Sono Osato was the oldest of three siblings, her name is Japanese for garden. Teru, her sister, married a U. S. naval officer and started a family in Norfolk. Timothy, her brother, upon turning eighteen years-old in 1943. Osato began her career at the age of fourteen with the Ballets Russe de Monte-Carlo, while at ABT, she danced roles in such ballets as Kenneth MacMillans Sleeping Beauty, Antony Tudors Pillar of Fire, and Bronislava Nijinskas The Beloved. As a musical performer, her Broadway credits included principal dancer in One Touch of Venus, Ivy Smith in the original On the Town. She founded the Sono Osato Scholarship Program in Graduate Studies at Career Transition For Dancers to help former dancers finance graduate work in both the professions and the liberal arts, Osato married the real estate developer Victor Elmaleh in 1943. She is the aunt of installation artist Sono Osato
21.
Lawrence Ferlinghetti
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Lawrence Monsanto Ferlinghetti is an American poet, painter, liberal activist, and the co-founder of City Lights Booksellers & Publishers. Lawrence Ferlinghetti was born on March 24,1919 in Bronxville and his mother, Albertine Mendes-Monsanto was of French/Portuguese Sephardic heritage. The Mendes-Monsanto family is the family which the Monsanto Chemical company is named for and his father, Carlo Ferlinghetti, was born in Chiari, a small town in the province of Brescia, Italy on March 14,1872. He immigrated to the United States in 1894, was naturalized in 1896, although he used Ferling for his earliest published work, Ferlinghetti reverted to the original Italian Ferlinghetti in 1955, when publishing his first book of poems, Pictures of the Gone World. Ferlinghettis father died six months before he was born, and his mother was committed to an asylum shortly after his birth. He was raised by his French aunt Emily, the wife of Ludovico Monsanto, an uncle of his mother from the Virgin Islands. Emily took Ferlinghetti to Strasbourg, France, where they lived during his first five years of his life, after their return to the U. S. Ferlinghetti was placed in an orphanage in Chappaqua, New York while Emily looked for employment. They resided at the Plashbourne Estate, in 1926, Ferlinghetti was left in the care of the Bislands. He later attended schools including Riverdale Country School, Bronxville Public School. During these years, Ferlinghetti became an Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America and he attended the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, where he earned a B. A. in journalism in 1941. His entry to the world of journalism was writing sports for The Daily Tar Heel and this experience gave him a love of the sea, a theme that runs through much of his poetry. Next, Ferlinghetti was assigned to the Ambrose Lightship outside New York harbor, in 1943 and 1944, he served as an officer on three U. S. Navy subchasers used as convoy escorts. As commander of the submarine chaser USS SC1308, he was at the Normandy invasion as part of the screen around the beaches. After VE Day, the Navy transferred him to the Pacific Theater, Six weeks after the atomic bomb fell on Nagasaki, he visited the ruins of the city, an experience that turned him into a lifelong pacifist. After the war, he worked briefly in the mailroom at Time magazine, bill then enabled him to enroll in the graduate school of Columbia University. Among his professors there were Babette Deutsch, Lionel Trilling, Jacques Barzun, S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Carl Sandburg, Vachel Lindsay, Marianne Moore, E. E. Cummings, and American novelists Thomas Wolfe, Ernest Hemingway, and John Dos Passos. He earned a degree in English literature in 1947 with a thesis on John Ruskin. From Columbia, he went to Paris to continue his studies and his two theses were on the city as a symbol in modern poetry and on the nature of Gothic
22.
Cher
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Cher is an American singer and actress. Commonly referred to as the Goddess of Pop, she is described as embodying female autonomy in a male-dominated industry. Cher gained popularity in 1965 as one-half of the folk rock husband-wife duo Sonny & Cher after their song I Got You Babe reached number one on the American and she began her solo career simultaneously, releasing in 1966 her first million-seller song, Bang Bang. She became a personality in the 1970s with her shows The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, watched by over 30 million viewers weekly during its three-year run. She emerged as a trendsetter by wearing elaborate outfits on her television shows. While working on television, she established herself as a solo artist with the U. S. Billboard Hot 100 chart-topping singles Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves, Half-Breed, and Dark Lady. After her divorce from Sonny Bono in 1975, Cher launched a comeback in 1979 with the disco-oriented album Take Me Home and earned $300,000 a week for her 1980–82 residency show in Las Vegas. In 1982, Cher made her Broadway debut in the play Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean and starred in the film adaptation of the same title. She subsequently earned critical acclaim for her performances in such as Silkwood, Mask. She then revived her career by recording the rock-inflected albums Cher, Heart of Stone. She reached a new peak in 1998 with the album Believe. It also features the use of Auto-Tune, also known as the Cher effect. Her 2002–2005 Living Proof, The Farewell Tour became one of the concert tours of all time. In 2008, she signed a $180 million deal to headline the Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas for three years, after seven years of absence, she returned to film in the 2010 musical Burlesque. Chers first studio album in 12 years, Closer to the Truth, Cher has won a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, an Academy Award, three Golden Globe Awards, a Cannes Film Festival Award, and a special CFDA Fashion Award, among several other honors. Throughout her career, she has sold 100 million records worldwide and she is the only artist to date to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in each decade from the 1960s to the 2010s. Outside of her music and acting, she is noted for her views, philanthropic endeavors and social activism, including LGBT rights. Cher was born Cherilyn Sarkisian in El Centro, California, on May 20,1946, Chers father was rarely home when she was an infant, and her parents divorced when Cher was ten months old
23.
Dark Lady (album)
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Dark Lady is the 11th studio album by American singer-actress Cher, released in May 1974 by MCA. Cher again collaborated with Snuff Garrett as a producer. Dark Lady was the third and final album for MCA. It was also the last record promoted on her successful The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour show, after its release, the album received positive reviews from critics but, unlike her previous record produced by Garrett, was only moderately successful. After the success of Half-Breed, Cher, for her final record under MCA, again chose Snuff Garrett to produce, during that same year, she divorced her first husband Sonny Bono, dissolving the Sonny & Cher couple. This ended their musical ties and television show for a while. Due to the success of albums produced by Garrett, Dark Lady followed the same narrative ballad style. She attracted many fans during this period of her career for her style of glamour pop. MCA released Greatest Hits with the letter E accented in Chér on the album cover, the next albums released by Warner Bros completely remove the stress. The opening track of the album is a written by Alan ODay Train of Thought that had moderate success on the pop charts. The album also two covers, The Great Gatsby theme song Whatll I Do and the 1965 Fontella Bass hit song Rescue Me. Cher also does a tribute to Bette Midler on the retro Miss Subway of 1952, Dark Lady had received positive reviews from music critics. Decades later, Peter Fawthrop of Allmusic gave it three stars and compared this album with the previous Half-Breed saying that is more upbeat. He also said that she was more wholesome and organic in the early 70s, about Cher, said that she is a personality as well as a singer, so display in rock, pop and on stepdowns. In August 1993, the album was combined with Half-Breed and issued on one CD titled Half Breed/Dark Lady. A CD of the original Dark Lady album in its entirety has not yet been produced, Dark Lady debuted on the Billboard 200 at #191 in early June 1974. The highest position it reached was #69, the album debuted at number ninety-eight on the Canadian Albums Chart in late June, eventually reaching its highest position at #33 in July. Like her previous albums, the album didnt make it to the UK album charts, Dark Lady, the albums first single release, reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #2 on the Canadian Singles
24.
The Nanny
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The show earned a Rose dOr and one Emmy Award, out of a total of twelve nominations, and Drescher was twice nominated for a Golden Globe and an Emmy. The sitcom has also spawned several adaptations, loosely inspired by the original scripts. Instead, she finds herself the nanny of Maxwells three children, Maggie, Brighton, and Grace, Maxwell Sheffield is unhappy about it at first, but Fran turns out to be just what he and his family needed. While Fran Fine manages the children, butler Niles manages the household, Niles, recognizing Frans gift for bringing warmth back to the family, does his best to undermine Maxwells business partner C. C. Babcock who has her eyes on the very available Maxwell Sheffield. Niles is often making witty comments directed towards C. C with C. C often replying with a comment of her own in their ongoing game of one-upmanship. As the series progresses, it becomes obvious that Maxwell is smitten with Fran even though he wont admit it. The show teases the viewers with their closeness and near misses as well as with an engagement, towards the later seasons, they finally marry and expand their family by having fraternal twins. By the end of the series, its clear that Niles and C. C. s constant sharp barbs are their bizarre form of flirtation. Fran Fine is the nasal voiced, outgoing protagonist of the series who stumbles upon the Sheffields doorstep and she starts off working for her boyfriend Danny Imperialli in a bridal shop but is dumped and fired not long after by that same boyfriend. She ends up meeting Maxwell Sheffield and his family while going door to door to sell cosmetics and her character has an outgoing and humorous personality. Fran, as a result of her mothers overbearing personality, often feels the need to date and is compelled to get married as well and she is usually seen getting into trouble and having to solve those problems through using her street smarts. Maxwell Sheffield is the male protagonist who ends up hiring Fran Fine to watch over his three children, Maggie, Brighton, and Grace and he is a widowed Broadway producer, having lost his wife Sara four years before the start of the series. While he does have success as a Broadway producer, he remains constantly in the shadow of his rival Andrew Lloyd Webber. He does not spend a lot of time with his children due to his busy schedule, despite his mutual attraction to Fran, he tries to keep their relationship professional for fear of commitment. Margaret Sheffield is the eldest child of Maxwell Sheffield and she is constantly seen bickering with her brother, Brighton, who views her as a nerd. While she is fighting with Brighton, her relationship with her sister. Towards the beginning of the series, Maggie is shy and awkward but, with Frans influence, upon meeting Fran Fine, the two bond almost instantly. Brighton Sheffield is the child of the family and the only son of Maxwell Sheffield
25.
St. Martin's Press
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St. Martins Press is a book publisher headquartered in the Flatiron Building in New York City, New York. St. Martins Presss current editor in chief is George Witte, Macmillan Publishers of the United Kingdom founded St. Martins in 1952 and named it after St Martins Lane in London, where associated press Macmillan Publishers was headquartered. Martins as well as some U. S. publishing houses, including Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Holt Publishers, and Tor-Forge Books. Authors published by St. Martin include Sherrilyn Kenyon, M. K. Asante, Charlotte Bingham, John Bingham, Dan Brown, Barbara Taylor Bradford, Ken Bruen, Augusten Burroughs and it also publishes the New York Times crossword puzzle books. In 1984, St. Martins became the first major publisher to release its hardcover books by its in-house mass-market paperback company
26.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
27.
New York Daily News
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The New York Daily News, officially titled Daily News, is an American newspaper based in New York City. It is the fourth-most widely circulated newspaper in the United States. It was founded in 1919, and was the first U. S. daily printed in tabloid format and it is owned by Mortimer Zuckerman, and is headquartered at 4 New York Plaza in Lower Manhattan. The Daily News was founded by Joseph Medill Patterson in 1919, Patterson and his cousin, Robert R. McCormick were co-publishers of the Chicago Tribune and grandsons of Tribune founder Joseph Medill. On his way back, Patterson met with Alfred Harmsworth, who was the Viscount Northcliffe and publisher of the Daily Mirror, impressed with the advantages of a tabloid, Patterson launched the Daily News on June 26,1919. The Daily News was not a success, and by August 1919. Still, New Yorks many subway commuters found the tabloid format easier to handle, by the time of the papers first anniversary in June 1920, circulation was over 100,000 and by 1925, over a million. Circulation reached its peak in 1947, at 2.4 million daily and 4.7 million on Sunday. The Daily News carried the slogan New Yorks Picture Newspaper from 1920 to 1991, for its emphasis on photographs, and a camera has been part of the newspapers logo from day one. The papers later slogan, developed from a 1985 ad campaign, is New Yorks Hometown Newspaper, while another has been The Eyes, the Ears, the Honest Voice of New York. News-gathering operations were, for a time, organized using two-way radios, prominent sports cartoonists have included Bill Gallo, Bruce Stark and Ed Murawinski. Editorial cartoonists have included C. D. Batchelor, editions were published as extras in 1991 during the brief tenure of Robert Maxwell as publisher. In 1982, and again in the early 1990s during a newspaper strike, in the 1982 instance, the parent Tribune offered the tabloid up for sale. In 1991, millionaire Robert Maxwell offered financial assistance to The News to help it stay in business, when Maxwell died shortly thereafter, The News seceded from his publishing empire, which eventually splintered under questions about whether Maxwell had the financial backing to sustain it. After Maxwells death in 1991, the paper was held together in bankruptcy by existing management, led by editor James Willse, mort Zuckerman bought the paper in 1993. From its founding until 1991, the Daily News was owned by the Tribune Company, in 1948 The News established WPIX, whose call letters were based on The News nickname of New Yorks Picture Newspaper, and later bought what became WPIX-FM, which is now known as WFAN-FM. The News also maintains local bureaux in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens, at City Hall, within One Police Plaza, in January 2012, former News of the World and New York Post editor Colin Myler was appointed editor-in-chief of the Daily News. Myler was replaced by his deputy Jim Rich in September 2015, ather than portraying New York through the partisan divide between liberals and conservatives, The News has played up the more mythic rift between the city’s fiends and heroes
28.
Facebook
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Facebook is an American for-profit corporation and an online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park, California. Facebook gradually added support for students at other universities. Since 2006, anyone age 13 and older has been allowed to become a user of Facebook, though variations exist in the minimum age requirement. The Facebook name comes from the face book directories often given to United States university students, Facebook may be accessed by a large range of desktops, laptops, tablet computers, and smartphones over the Internet and mobile networks. After registering to use the site, users can create a user profile indicating their name, occupation, schools attended and so on. Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups organized by workplace, school, hobbies or other topics, in groups, editors can pin posts to top. Additionally, users can complain about or block unpleasant people, because of the large volume of data that users submit to the service, Facebook has come under scrutiny for its privacy policies. Facebook makes most of its revenue from advertisements which appear onscreen, Facebook, Inc. held its initial public offering in February 2012, and began selling stock to the public three months later, reaching an original peak market capitalization of $104 billion. On July 13,2015, Facebook became the fastest company in the Standard & Poors 500 Index to reach a market cap of $250 billion, Facebook has more than 1.86 billion monthly active users as of December 31,2016. As of April 2016, Facebook was the most popular social networking site in the world, Facebook classifies users from the ages of 13 to 18 as minors and therefore sets their profiles to share content with friends only. Zuckerberg wrote a program called Facemash on October 28,2003 while attending Harvard University as a sophomore, to accomplish this, Zuckerberg hacked into protected areas of Harvards computer network and copied private dormitory ID images. Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours online, the site was quickly forwarded to several campus group list-servers, but was shut down a few days later by the Harvard administration. Zuckerberg faced expulsion and was charged by the administration with breach of security, violating copyrights, Zuckerberg expanded on this initial project that semester by creating a social study tool ahead of an art history final exam. He uploaded 500 Augustan images to a website, each of which was featured with a corresponding comments section and he shared the site with his classmates, and people started sharing notes. The following semester, Zuckerberg began writing code for a new website in January 2004 and he said that he was inspired by an editorial about the Facemash incident in The Harvard Crimson. On February 4,2004, Zuckerberg launched Thefacebook, originally located at thefacebook. com. com and they claimed that he was instead using their ideas to build a competing product. The three complained to The Harvard Crimson and the newspaper began an investigation and they later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg, subsequently settling in 2008 for 1.2 million shares. Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard College, within the first month, eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, Andrew McCollum, and Chris Hughes joined Zuckerberg to help promote the website
29.
1 (New York City Subway service)
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The 1 Broadway–Seventh Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line for its entire route, the 1 operates local at all times between Van Cortlandt Park–242nd Street in Riverdale, Bronx and South Ferry in Lower Manhattan. When the first subway opened between 1904 and 1908, one of the main service patterns was the West Side Branch, trains ran from Lower Manhattan to Van Cortlandt Park via what is now the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, 42nd Street Shuttle, and IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line. There was both local and express service with trains using the express tracks south of 96th Street. Some express trains ran to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn via the Joralemon Street Tunnel during rush hours while all other trains turned around at City Hall or the South Ferry outer loop. This shuttle was extended south to South Ferry, with a shuttle on the Brooklyn branch between Chambers Street and Wall Street, on July 1,1918. Finally, the new H system was implemented on August 1,1918, late night service was not operated. All 1 Local trains ran from 137th Street to South Ferry days and evenings, on September 5,1937, the practice of splitting Sunday morning trains at Brooklyn Museum was discontinued, with the alternate trains going to New Lots Avenue or Flatbush Avenue. As of July 1,1938, all evening and Sunday trains were rerouted to New Lots Avenue, by 1945, all 1 Local peak period trains were cut back from Dyckman Street to 137th Street. Beginning on May 10,1946, all 1 Brooklyn trains were made express during late nights running on 12 minute headways, previously all 1 trains ran local from 12,30 to 5, 30am and they alternated between Flatbush and New Lots Avenues. On December 20,1946, all night trains were routed to Flatbush Avenue. On June 12,1949, 137th Street to South Ferry Sunday locals were discontinued, on March 15,1954, weekend 137th Street to South Ferry locals were discontinued, and simultaneously weekend Brooklyn trains were rerouted to Flatbush Avenue. An attempt was made to extend service further north on January 14,1955. This proved unsuccessful, and ended on June 28,1956, meanwhile, in Brooklyn, weekday trains were rerouted to Flatbush Avenue on December 20,1957, and evening 137th Street to South Ferry locals were discontinued on May 23,1958. Under a $100,000,000 rebuilding program, increased and lengthened service was implemented during peak hours on the 1 train, switching north of 96th Street was eliminated. On February 6,1959,1 trains began to run between 242nd Street and South Ferry all times, trains began to be branded as Hi-Speed Locals, being as fast as the old express service was with new R21s and R22s on the line. During rush hour in the direction, alternate trains, those running from 242nd Street. The bypassed stations were served by locals originating from Dyckman Street and this express service was discontinued on May 24,1976, after which all 1 trains began to make all stops
30.
2 (New York City Subway service)
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The 2 Seventh Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through most of Manhattan. The 2 operates at all times between 241st Street in Wakefield, Bronx and Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College in Flatbush, Brooklyn, making all stops in the Bronx, daytime 2 service runs express in Manhattan, late night service operates local. The service operates via White Plains Road in the Bronx, Lenox Avenue and Seventh Avenue in Manhattan and Eastern Parkway, limited rush hour service also operates between the Bronx and New Lots Avenue in East New York, Brooklyn due to capacity issues at Flatbush Avenue. The first section of what became the current 2 entered service on November 26,1904 from the temporary 180th Street–Bronx Park terminal via the West Farms El to 149th Street–3rd Avenue. On July 10,1905, the connection between the IRT Lenox Avenue Line and IRT White Plains Road Line opened, allowing subway service from Manhattan to the Bronx. On January 9,1908, the Joralemon Street Tunnel opened, at this time, trains ran from East 180th Street to Borough Hall. On May 1,1908, trains were extended to Nevins Street, on March 3,1917, the IRT White Plains Road Line was extended to 219th Street. On March 31,1917, the IRT White Plains Road Line was extended to 238th Street–Nereid Avenue, on August 1,1918, the entire IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line was completed. On April 15,1919, the Clark Street Tunnel, connecting the line to Brooklyn, beginning on December 19,1919, trains ran to South Ferry with some rush hour trains to Atlantic Avenue. In 1923, during rush hours,2 trains alternated between South Ferry and Utica Avenue, beginning December 1,1924,2 trains that ended at South Ferry were extended to New Lots Avenue. As of 1934,2 trains ran from 180th Street-Bronx Park to Flatbush Avenue weekdays and Saturday during daytime and to South Ferry evenings and Sundays, late-night service was from 241st St to South Ferry, making all stops. There were occasional lay-up/put-ins from New Lots, four weekday evening trains turned at Atlantic. On September 5,1937, some evening rush hour trains started running to Flatbush Avenue, as of July 1,1938, weekday and Saturday evening service was extended to Flatbush Avenue from South Ferry. Sunday service was extended to Flatbush Avenue on March 5,1950, beginning on December 26,1950, alternate weekday rush trains were extended to 241st Street in the peak direction, but PM rush service to 241st Street was discontinued on June 26,1952. Beginning on August 4,1952, the 180th Street - Bronx Park station was closed, morning rush hour service to 241st Street, on October 2,1953, was cut back to Gun Hill Road. On March 19,1954, weekend service was rerouted to New Lots Avenue at all times except late nights, on May 4,1957, a track connection to the IRT Dyre Avenue Line was completed and daytime 2 trains were rerouted to Dyre Avenue. Evening service remained a shuttle between Dyre Avenue to East 180th Street, and morning service from Gun Hill Road was discontinued
31.
3 (New York City Subway service)
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The 3 Seventh Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored tomato red since it uses the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line through most of Manhattan, on November 23,1904, the IRT Lenox Avenue Line opened between 96th Street and 145th Street. 3 trains ran between 145th Street and City Hall, making all stops, on July 1,1918, the entire IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line was completed. 3 trains were rerouted south of 42nd Street from the IRT Lexington Avenue Line to this new line and they now made all stops to South Ferry. As of 1934,3 service operated between 145th Street and South Ferry except late nights, when operated between 145th Street and 96th Street, making local stops. Beginning on January 4,1955, some 3 trains ran express in Manhattan during rush hours and were extended to Flatbush Avenue, late night service was discontinued between 145th Street and 96th Street. Beginning on December 20,1957,3 trains were rerouted to New Lots Avenue during rush hours, on February 6,1959, all trains except late nights made express stops in Manhattan as part of the West Side Improvement and ran to Flatbush Avenue. Beginning on April 8,1960,3 trains rerouted to New Lots, weekday evening service was cut to a shuttle 145th Street to 135th Street only. Beginning on April 18,1965,3 service ran to Flatbush Avenue again, beginning on October 17,1965, weekend evening service was also cut to a shuttle 145th Street to 135th Street. On May 13,1968, trains were extended to the newly completed 148th Street – Lenox Terminal, beginning on December 15,1968, all-night shuttle service between 145th Street and 135th Street were brought back, this was the first time since 1955. Beginning on May 23,1976, the current practice of starting Sunday service late began. Beginning on July 10,1983, the 2 and 3 trains swapped Brooklyn Terminals, beginning on August 5,1990, late-night shuttles between 148th Street and 135th Street were discontinued and replaced by shuttle buses. Beginning on September 4,1994, late-night shuttles between 148th Street and 135th Street were resumed, but were discontinued again on September 10,1995, from March 2 to October 12,1998, the IRT Lenox Avenue Line was rehabilitated. Most 3 service was rerouted to 137th Street–City College, after September 11,2001, the 3 service became a local in Manhattan. After a few switching delays at 96th Street, service was changed on September 19,2001 and it ran in Manhattan as an express between Harlem–148th Street and 14th Street and was replaced by 1 service in Brooklyn. It returned to New Lots Avenue on September 15,2002, on July 27,2008, late night 3 service was restored, operating as an express between 148th Street and Times Square–42nd Street. The following table shows the lines used by the 3, with shaded boxes indicating the route at the times, For a more detailed station listing. MTA NYC Transit –3 Seventh Avenue Express 3 Subway Timetable, Effective November 7,2016
32.
4 (New York City Subway service)
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The 4 Lexington Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored apple green since it uses the IRT Lexington Avenue Line in Manhattan. 4 trains operate between Woodlawn in the Bronx and Utica Avenue in Crown Heights, Brooklyn via Jerome Avenue Local in the Bronx and Eastern Parkway Express in Brooklyn at all times except nights. During nights, they serve all stops except Hoyt Street and are extended to/from New Lots Avenue in East New York, Brooklyn via Livonia Avenue as a replacement for the 3. During the extension of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line north of 42nd Street–Grand Central Terminal, on April 15,1918, shuttles were extended to Woodlawn. A second shuttle, using cars, from 149th Street–Grand Concourse to Grand Central started on July 17,1918. On August 1,1918, the entire Jerome and Lexington Avenue Lines were completed, trains began running between Woodlawn and Bowling Green. Beginning on November 4,1925, rush hour 4 trains were extended from Atlantic Avenue to Crown Heights–Utica Avenue, two years later, on December 5,1927, weekday evening service was extended to Utica Avenue. The following year, midday 4 service also went to Utica Avenue, trains ran express in Manhattan except late nights, and in Brooklyn. This was the first time the 6 became the Pelham Shuttle between Pelham Bay Park and 125th Street–Lexington Avenue, on August 20,1938, Saturday morning after the peak service was extended to Utica Avenue. Beginning on May 10,1946, all 4 trains were made express during late nights running on 12 minute headways as the 6 went back to Brooklyn Bridge during that time, previously 4 trains ran local from 12,30 to 5, 30am. At this time 4 trains terminated at Atlantic Avenue, beginning on December 16,1946, trains were extended from Atlantic Avenue to New Lots Avenue during late nights, running express between Atlantic and Franklin Avenues. When the Board of Transportation began to replace the older subway cars starting with the R12 cars in 1948, with these cars, numbers were assigned to the IRT lines. The Lexington Avenue–Jerome Line trains were given the number 4, by 1964, all cars had the route numbers on them. During 1950, Saturday morning service was cut back to South Ferry, starting on December 15,1950, four 4 trains began operating during rush hours to Flatbush Avenue on the Nostrand Avenue Line. Also on that day, weekday service was cut back from Atlantic Avenue to South Ferry. Additionally, on January 18,1952,4 service to Atlantic Avenue during weekday middays was restored, on March 19,1954, late-night service in Brooklyn began making all stops, but resumed operating express between Atlantic Avenue and Franklin Avenue on June 29,1956. Starting on March 1,1960, late-night 4 trains resumed making all stops in Manhattan and this arrangement ended on October 17,1965 when the 4 went back express in Manhattan late nights
33.
5 (New York City Subway service)
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The 5 Lexington Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored apple green since it uses the IRT Lexington Avenue Line in Manhattan. The 5 operates between Dyre Avenue in Eastchester, Bronx and Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College in Flatbush, Brooklyn, making all stops in the Bronx, the 5 short turns at Bowling Green in Financial District, Manhattan on evenings and weekends, and at East 180th Street during late nights. Limited rush hour service also terminates at Wakefield–241st Street instead of Dyre Avenue in the Bronx, upon its closure in 1937, the entire property was put up for sale. Beginning on April 28,1930, Saturday 5 service to Crown Heights–Utica Avenue began, as of 1934, trains normally ran from Wakefield–241st Street or East 180th Street to Atlantic Avenue–Barclays Center. During weekday rush hours and weekend afternoons they were extended to Utica Avenue, from July 24,1938 to September 18,1938 there was Sunday daytime 5 service to New Lots Avenue. Beginning on July 10,1939, Sunday afternoon 5 service to New Lots began, on December 22,1946, alternate Sunday morning 5 service to New Lots began. However, on March 5,1950,5 service was cut back to Utica Avenue all day on Sundays, starting on April 23,1953,5 trains began using the middle express track between East 180th Street and 149th Street weekday rush in the peak direction. Starting on October 2,1953, the track was used by peak trains south of Gun Hill Road. Beginning on May 3,1957, limited rush hour 5 service ran to Flatbush Avenue–Brooklyn College replacing the 4 service, evening, Saturday afternoon, and Sunday trains were cut back to South Ferry. Beginning on March 1,1960 evening trains making all stops in Manhattan. Beginning on April 8,1960, weekday evening service was discontinued, starting on April 18,1965, most daytime service was rerouted to Dyre Avenue, replacing Dyre Shuttle except evenings and late nights. Some weekday rush service to 241st Street was retained, while Saturday and Sunday evening trains were cut back from 241st Street to East 180th Street. Also, Saturday morning trains were cut back from Atlantic Avenue to South Ferry, starting on May 3,1965, trains to or from 241st Street began making all stops between Gun Hill Road and East 180th Street. Beginning on May 23,1976,5 service began starting late on Sunday mornings, as of May 24,1976, weekday midday 5 service was cut back to Bowling Green from Atlantic Avenue. In 1979, with the coding of subway routes based on their trunk line in Manhattan. 5 service was re-extended May 15,1980 to Atlantic Avenue, on July 10,1983, all rush hour service ran to Flatbush Avenue, with limited service to/from Utica or New Lots Avenue. Beginning on January 18,1988, all midday 5 service was cut back to Bowling Green, in 1995, rush hour service to 241st Street was cut back to Nereid Avenue
34.
6 (New York City Subway service)
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The 6 Lexington Avenue/Pelham Local and <6> Lexington Avenue Local/Pelham Express are two rapid transit services in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Their route emblems, or bullets, are colored apple green since they use the IRT Lexington Avenue Line in Manhattan. Local service is denoted by a 6 in a bullet, and express service is denoted by a <6> in a diamond-shaped bullet, on the R62A cars. Rollsigns on the R62A cars also feature LED signs around the logo to indicate local or express service to riders, a green circle for 6 local trains. 6 trains operate local at all times between Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx and Brooklyn Bridge–City Hall in Lower Manhattan, during weekdays in the peak direction, <6> Pelham Express trains replace 6 local ones north of Parkchester, and run express between that station and Third Avenue–138th Street. During this time,6 Pelham Local trains short turn at Parkchester, weekdays from 9,00 to 11,00 a. m. select Manhattan-bound <6> trains run local from Parkchester to Hunts Point Avenue while select Parkchester-bound 6 trains run express in that section. On October 27,1904, local and express service opened on the subway in Manhattan. From there, the service traveled west on 42nd Street on the route of the present 42nd Street Shuttle, the current H configuration—with separate services along Lexington Avenue and Broadway – Seventh Avenue—was introduced in 1917. Full Lexington Avenue local service from City Hall to 125th Street opened on July 17,1918, on August 1,1918, Third Avenue–138th Street opened with trains running between there and City Hall, making all stops. On January 17,1919 trains were extended from 138th Street to Hunts Point Avenue, on October 24,1920,6 service was extended again to Westchester Square. On December 20,1920,6 service was extended to Pelham Bay Park, from that point on, the current 6 service was formed. All trains ran local between Pelham Bay Park and Brooklyn Bridge, with trains terminating at the City Hall loop. Effective December 31,1945, City Hall station closed with the former Brooklyn Bridge station being the permanent southern terminal, however, the 6 train still uses the loop to get from the southbound to the northbound local track at Brooklyn Bridge-City Hall. On May 10,1946, late-night service was extended from 125th Street to its previous terminus at Brooklyn Bridge when late night service on the 4 was restored. This express service saved eight minutes between Third Avenue and East 177th Street, during this time,6 trains that ran local in the Bronx when express trains operated began to terminate at East 177 Street to make room for express trains to Pelham Bay Park. On September 22,1948,54 additional cars were placed in service on the 6 train, from December 15 to 22,1950, the weekday rush trains from Pelham Bay Park were extended to South Ferry. On June 23,1956, Saturday morning express service began operating local on the 6 train. From March 1,1960 to October 17,1965, the 4 and 6 trains also ran together in Manhattan late nights when late night express service on the 4 was discontinued for a time
35.
7 (New York City Subway service)
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Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored raspberry, with local service denoted by a and express service by a <7>. Both services operate between Main Street in Flushing, Queens and 34th Street–Hudson Yards in Chelsea, Manhattan, Local service operates at all times, while express service runs only during rush hours and early evenings in the peak direction and during special events. On June 13,1915, the first test train on the IRT Flushing Line ran between Grand Central and Vernon Boulevard–Jackson Avenue, followed by the start of service on June 22. Over the next thirteen years, the line was extended piece by piece between Times Square and Flushing–Main Street, after the former opened on March 14,1927, the 7 designation was assigned to trains since the introduction of the front rollsigns on the R12 in 1948. On November 12,1947, four trains were placed in service on the 7 to accommodate passengers using new parking facilities adjacent to the Willetts Point Boulevard station. On July 14,1948,31 additional cars were placed into service on the 7, on March 12,1953, two nine-car super expresses began operating from Flushing–Main Street to Times Square in the AM rush hour. The super expresses stopped at Main Street, and Willets Point before skipping all stops to Queensboro Plaza, skipping the Woodside, the running time was cut down to 23 minutes from 25 minutes. Holiday and Saturday express service was discontinued on March 20,1954, at some point afterwards, weekday midday express service was discontinued, but was restored on November 29,1971, before being discontinued again by August 29,1975. From May 13,1985, to August 21,1989, the major element was the replacement of rails on the Queens Boulevard viaduct. <7> express service was suspended for the duration of the project, however, extra 7 service was provided for Mets games, the stop was added a few months later after pressure from community opposition. <7> express service was suspended again between 61st Street–Woodside and Queensboro Plaza, temporary platforms were installed to access the track in the four intermediate stations. The work began in April 1993, when the viaduct reconstruction finished on March 31,1997, full <7> express service was reinstated. Throughout this entire period, ridership grew steadily. In 1999, <7> express service was expanded from rush hours only to weekdays from 6,30 a. m. to 10,00 p. m. However, work has been underway since 2008 to convert the 7 service to accommodate CBTC. Expected to cost $585.9 million, CBTC will allow two trains per hour as well as two additional trains for the 7 Subway Extension, providing a 7% increase in capacity. New cars on order for the A Division are compatible with CBTC, installation of CBTC and delivery of the trains will both be completed in 2016. The 7 Subway Extension, which travels west and south to 34th Street and 11th Avenue, the 34th Street–Hudson Yards station, originally scheduled to open in December 2013, began serving passengers on September 13,2015. However, the station construction project would not be completed until sometime in 2016
36.
A (New York City Subway service)
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The A Eighth Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored vivid blue since it uses the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan, the A operates between 207th Street in Inwood, Manhattan and Mott Avenue in Far Rockaway, Queens, or Lefferts Boulevard in Richmond Hill, Queens. The A is the Central Park West / Eighth Avenue Express in Manhattan, Fulton Street Express in Brooklyn, the A provides the longest one-seat ride in the system, at 32 miles between Inwood and Far Rockaway and has a weekday ridership of 600,000. Five rush hour trips run to and from Beach 116th Street in Rockaway Park, Queens, at all times, a shuttle train operates between Broad Channel, where it connects with the A, and Rockaway Park. During late nights, the A makes all stops along its route and originates/terminates at Far Rockaway only. The A and AA were the first services on the IND Eighth Avenue Line when it opened on September 10,1932, the Independent Subway System used single letters to refer to express services and double letters for local services. The A ran express between 207th Street and Chambers Street/World Trade Center, and the AA ran local between 168th Street and Chambers St/World Trade Center, known at the time as Hudson Terminal, the AA used a red bullet. During late nights and Sundays, the A did not run, on April 9,1936, the IND Fulton Street Line was opened to Rockaway Avenue. The 1936 completion played a part in the establishment of Bedford-Stuyvesant as Brooklyns central African American community. On December 30,1946 and November 28,1948, the line was extended to Broadway–East New York and Euclid Avenue, respectively. On October 24,1949, express service in Brooklyn to Broadway–East New York began with the A running express during rush hours, on April 29,1956, Grant Avenue was opened, and the line was extended over the BMT Fulton Street Line to Lefferts Boulevard. Weekdays except midnights, alternate trains terminated at Lefferts Boulevard and at Euclid Avenue, during weekends, they terminated at Euclid Avenue with a shuttle to Lefferts Boulevard. Two months later, on June 28,1956, the former Long Island Rail Road Rockaway Line was rebuilt to subway specifications, at this time, rush hour express service on the Fulton Street Line with the E train began. On September 16,1956, the A was extended to the Rockaways replacing the E, at the time, alternate trains continued running to Lefferts Boulevard. On January 27,1957, non-rush hour through service to the Rockaways was discontinued and was replaced by a shuttle running between Euclid Avenue and Wavecrest, non-rush hour A train service is now to Lefferts Boulevard. This may also be the time that the E replaced the A again in the Rockaways, on January 16,1958, a new terminal was created at Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue, and the through connection to the Long Island Rail Roads Far Rockaway station was severed. On September 8,1958, the A train replaced the E train in the Rockaways again, round-robin service from Euclid Avenue to both Rockaway terminals began, non-rush hours, while through A service runs to Lefferts Boulevard. In September 1959, the A begins to run local in Brooklyn at all times, in 1963, the E train was extended to the Rockaways, and the A train ran local to Euclid Avenue or Lefferts Boulevard at all times
37.
B (New York City Subway service)
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The B Sixth Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored bright orange since it uses the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan, the B only operates on weekdays from approximately 6,00 a. m. to 11,00 p. m. During rush hours, the B is extended to and from Bedford Park Boulevard in the Bronx via Concourse Local, the designation B was originally intended to designate express trains originating in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan and operating in Midtown Manhattan on the IND Sixth Avenue Line. This service was designated BB as the Independent Subway System used double letters to local services. The Chrystie Street Connection and the tracks of the Sixth Avenue Line opened on November 26,1967. BB trains were combined with the former T service, which ran on the BMT West End Line in Brooklyn and this created a through service from 168th Street to Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue via the Sixth Avenue Line express tracks and the Manhattan Bridge. This service was initially to have been signed BT but was simply signed B instead, however, during late night hours and Sundays B service did not operate, and TT shuttles continued to operate on the West End Line. B service began running between 57th Street and Coney Island during all times on August 30,1976, also on this date, during rush hours, alternate B trains began to operate between 168th Street and Coney Island. Beginning on August 27,1977, during late nights, B service only ran between 36th Street and Coney Island via the West End Line, a B shuttle also operated during late nights, running between 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center and 57th Street. The reconstruction of the Manhattan Bridge between 1986 and 2004 affected B service as the Bridges north side tracks, leading to the Sixth Avenue Line, were closed multiple times and these closures severed the connection between the northern and southern portions of the route. On April 13,1986, the B was split into two different services, the northern B service ran via Sixth Avenue, using an orange bullet, between 34th Street-Herald Square and 168th Street, rush hours only. The southern B service ran via the Bridge and BMT Broadway Line, through B service on the Sixth Avenue Line resumed December 11,1988, when the Manhattan Bridges north side tracks reopened. B trains now terminated at 168th Street on middays and evenings to partially replace the discontinued K service. During late nights, the B continued to operate as the West End Shuttle, B service operated to 57th Street during weekends. N service was increased to replace B service to Ditmars Boulevard, on October 29,1989, the IND 63rd Street Line opened, B service was extended along the new line from 57th Street to 21st Street–Queensbridge on weekends. Also on this date, because of N trains running via the Manhattan Bridge, on April 30,1995, the north side of the Manhattan Bridge closed on middays and weekends until the following November. During this time, B trains ran only between Pacific Street and Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue, running local on the BMT West End Line, to let the B terminate there, midday N express trains in Brooklyn ran local for the duration of the closure. On February 22,1998, B service was cut to 57th Street on evenings
38.
C (New York City Subway service)
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The C Eighth Avenue Local is a 19-mile-long rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored vivid blue since it uses the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan, during late night hours, the A train, which runs express along the entire C route during daytime hours, makes all stops. The C and CC services began operation on July 1,1933 when the IND Concourse Line opened, the Independent Subway System used single letters to refer to express services and double letters to local services. The CC provided local service between Bedford Park Boulevard and Chambers Street/World Trade Center during rush hours, and was extended to 205th Street during non-rush hours, the C ran express, from 205th Street to Bergen Street in Brooklyn during rush hours. Beginning August 19,1933, C service was cut back from Bergen Street, at the same time, CC service was cut back from 205th Street during non-rush hours. On January 1,1936, C service was extended to Jay Street–Borough Hall, on April 9,1937, C service was extended to Hoyt–Schermerhorn Streets. After July 1,1937, a few C trains continued to run to Bergen Street southbound in the AM rush hour, also on the same date, weekend C service was discontinued, and CC service was extended to 205th Street to compensate. Beginning December 15,1940, the D train entered service with the opening of the IND Sixth Avenue Line and it joined the C as the peak direction Concourse Express. CC trains now ran between Hudson Terminal and Bedford Park during rush hours and on Saturdays and during other times, the D made local stops in the Bronx, replacing CC service. On the same date, limited morning rush hour service began between 205th Street, Bronx and Utica Avenue, Brooklyn, making local stops on the IND Fulton Street Line, beginning October 10,1944, C trains no longer ran on Saturdays. On October 24,1949, C express service was discontinued, additional D service was added to offset this loss. The CC, which ran during rush hours, began terminating at Broadway–Lafayette Street Mondays to Fridays. On December 29,1951, CC trains were discontinued on Saturdays, on October 30,1954, CC trains returned to its previous terminal at Hudson Terminal. On August 30,1976, the CC train replaced the E train as the local along Fulton Street and it became the only subway train to run through all four boroughs served by the subway. The Rockaway Park Shuttle service at time was renamed CC, before then. This shuttle was the only non-rush CC service, on May 6,1985, the IND practice of using double letters to indicate local service was discontinued. The CC service was renamed the C, the Rockaway Park Shuttle is renamed H. On December 10,1988, the K train was discontinued, and it ran from Bedford Park Boulevard to Rockaway Park rush hours, 145th Street to Euclid Avenue middays, and from 145th Street to World Trade Center during evenings and weekends
39.
D (New York City Subway service)
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The D Sixth Avenue Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored bright orange since it uses the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan, the D runs express in Manhattan and makes all stops on the BMT West End Line in Brooklyn at all times. The D also makes all stops in the Bronx except when it runs express in the peak direction during rush hours, the D runs express on Fourth Avenue at all times except nights when it serves all stops. D service began on December 15,1940 when the IND Sixth Avenue Line opened, D service was increased on October 24,1949 in order to offset the loss off CC service. On December 29,1951, peak direction express service in the Bronx was discontinued, on October 30,1954, a connection between the IND South Brooklyn Line and BMT Culver Line opened. D service was rerouted via these two lines to Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue with limited rush hour trains to Church Avenue, between 1957 and 1959, limited rush hour trains ran express and/or local to Euclid Avenue. From December 4 to 27,1962, a special service labeled DD was provided due to a main break. On November 26,1967, the Chrystie Street Connection opened, adding express service on the Sixth Avenue Line, D service was switched over to BMT Brighton Line via this new connector. It became the express service weekdays to Brighton Beach and the local to Stillwell Avenue at other times, in Manhattan, it ran express from West 4th Street to 34th Street rush hours only. It would become the full-time Sixth Avenue Express when non-rush hours B service was extended to 57th Street – Sixth Avenue, at this time, D/Q skip-stop service ran in Brooklyn on weekdays. On December 11,1988, the tracks of the Manhattan Bridge reopened. The D now ran as the full-time Brighton Local to Stillwell Avenue, in May 1995, the north tracks were closed during midday and weekends and D service was cut south of 34th Street-Herald Square. On July 22,2001, it was closed at all times, in Brooklyn, it was replaced by Q local service. After September 11,2001, C service was suspended, on weekends, the D ran local on the Eighth Avenue Line north of 59th Street to fill in the gap in service caused by the suspension. The D was moved to the West End Line instead of returning to the Brighton Line, moving the D to the West End Line meant it could now provide 24-hour service to both the Concourse Line in the Bronx and West End Line in Brooklyn. This eliminated the need to run late-night and/or weekend shuttles on either the West End or Concourse lines, from May 24,2004 to Fall 2004, construction on the IND Concourse Line, required the suspension of D express service in the Bronx. At the time, the D used the IND Culver Line to Coney Island, biz Markies song Pickin Boogers from his debut album Goin Off features the line I was chillin one day/with my partner Kane/headed up to the rooftop/ridin the D train. The opening track on Yoko Onos 2009 album Between My Head And The Sky is titled Waiting For The D Train, the D passes through 72nd Street but never stops there, as it is a local station
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E (New York City Subway service)
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The E Eighth Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is vivid blue since it uses the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan, E trains also serve two local stops in eastern Queens on evenings and weekends. Limited rush hour service runs express to and from 179th Street at the end of the Queens Boulevard Line. On August 19,1933, E service officially began, running between Roosevelt Avenue – Jackson Heights and the Hudson Terminal. The E would not yet run express via Queens Boulevard as the IND Crosstown Line did not yet fully open until Brooklyn, on January 1,1936, the IND Sixth Avenue Line opened to East Broadway and the E was extended there. E trains no longer served stations on the Eighth Avenue Line south of West Fourth Street, E service was again extended when the Queens Boulevard Line was extended to Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike on December 31,1936, and then to 169th Street on April 24,1937. E trains began running express between Continental Avenue and Queens Plaza on April 24,1937, on September 12,1938, several weekday rush hour trains began terminating at Jay Street in the morning, and a few entered service at Smith–Ninth Streets in the evening. Between 1939 and 1940, select PM E trains ran to-and-from the Horace Harding Boulevard terminal at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, on December 15,1940, service on the entire Sixth Avenue Line began. The E was cut back to Broadway–Lafayette Street, south of that station, it was replaced by the F train. On October 24,1949 the E was extended during rush hours to Broadway – East New York running via Fulton Street Local, on December 10,1950, 179th Street opened. E service terminated there, running express between Queens Plaza and 71st Avenue and local from 71st Avenue to 179th Street, the E began running eleven car trains during rush hours on September 8,1953. The extra train car increased the carrying capacity by 4,000 passengers. Then, on October 30,1954, E trains began running to Hudson Terminal during non-rush hours, during non-rush hours, service was provided by shuttle service between Euclid and Rockaway Park or Wavecrest. On September 16,1956, rush hour E service was cut back to Euclid Avenue when Rockaway service was replaced by the A train. The A and E later switched southern terminals again, and on September 8,1958 the E began running to the Rockaways during rush hours, some E trains were extended to Lefferts Boulevard in June of that year due to complaints. In 1963–1964, the E was extended to the Rockaways during rush hours, with some put-ins beginning at Euclid Avenue, on March 23,1970, southbound E trains, during rush hours, began stopping at the lower level of the 42nd Street station. On January 2,1973, the E train became the local in Brooklyn again, finally, on August 27,1976, E service in Brooklyn was eliminated with all trains terminating at World Trade Center. Brooklyn service was replaced by the CC local, on December 11,1988, the IND Archer Avenue Line opened
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F (New York City Subway service)
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The F Sixth Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route bullet is colored bright orange since it uses the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan, some rush hour trains short turn at Kings Highway due to capacity issues at Stillwell Avenue. F service officially began on December 15,1940 operating between Parsons Boulevard and Church Avenue via the Queens Boulevard, Sixth Avenue, and Culver Lines and it ran express in Queens and local in Manhattan and Brooklyn. During World War II, by January 10,1944, trains were extended to 169th Street during evenings, late nights, and Sunday mornings. Temporarily in 1948, as shown in a map from that year, the D and F service switched, with the F terminating at Second Avenue, on December 11,1950, trains were extended to the newly opened 179th Street on evenings, nights, and Sunday mornings. On May 13,1951, all trains outside of rush hour were extended to 179th Street using the tracks beyond Parsons Boulevard. On October 8,1951, trains were extended to 179th Street at all times, during rush hours F trains skipped 169th Street running via the express tracks. At other times, the F stopped at 169th Street, in 1953, the platforms were lengthened to 660 feet at 75th Avenue and Sutphin Boulevard so that F trains could run eleven car trains. The F began running eleven car trains during rush hours on September 8,1953, the extra train car increased the total carrying capacity by 4,000 passengers. On October 30,1954, the connection between the IND Culver Line and BMT Culver Line opened, with the IND taking over the elevated section, all F service began terminating at Broadway–Lafayette Street with D service entering Brooklyn via the Rutgers Street Tunnel. In addition, all except weekday daytime trains were rerouted via the tracks between Continental Avenue and Parsons Boulevard. On April 29,1956, trains were extended to Second Avenue, beginning on October 6,1957, trains terminated at 34th Street–Herald Square evenings, nights and weekends. On November 10,1958, F service was cut back from Second Avenue, F service replaced it on the IND Culver Line. Beginning on June 16,1969 express service was modified with Kings Highway trains operating as locals along the entire route Bergen Street to Kings Highway, at the same time, all trains were rerouted via the express tracks between Continental Avenue and Parsons Boulevard in Queens. On January 18,1976 F express service between Bergen Street and Church Avenue was discontinued during rush hours in the non-peak direction, on August 30,1976 express service between Bergen Street and Church Avenue was completely discontinued, with all trains making all stops. Rush direction alternate-train express service between Ditmas Avenue and Kings Highway was retained and this was due to budget cuts and continuing complaints about reduced Manhattan service by riders at local stations. Starting on August 27,1977, F was made a local in Queens between Continental Avenue and Queens Plaza, late nights, replacing the GG service, on May 24,1987, N and R services swapped terminals in Queens. As part of the plan, F service terminated at 57th Street / Sixth Avenue during late nights
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G (New York City Subway service)
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The G Crosstown Local is an 11. 4-mile-long rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored lime green since it uses the IND Crosstown Line, the G operates at all times between Court Square in Long Island City, Queens and Church Avenue in Kensington, Brooklyn via the IND Crosstown and Culver lines. The original Brooklyn–Queens Crosstown Local service began on August 19,1933 and this service was designated GG because the IND used double letters to indicate local service. Starting on April 24,1937, GG trains were extended to Forest Hills–71st Avenue during rush hours, the entire IND Crosstown Line was completed on July 1,1937, including the connection to the IND Culver Line. GG service ran at all times between Forest Hills–71st Avenue and Church Avenue, soon after, it was cut back to Smith–Ninth Streets. The 1939 Worlds Fair was served by GG trains, some of which were marked as S Special, trains were extended to the Worlds Fair Station at all times during the fair, supplemented by PM hour E trains. The fair closed on October 28,1940, and GG service was truncated back to Forest Hills–71st Avenue, on July 1,1968, service was again extended to Church Avenue during rush hours due to the F train operating as an express on the IND Culver Line. This service pattern ended on August 30,1976, due to cuts and complaints from many customers at local stations on the IND Culver Line wanting direct access to Manhattan. Afterwards the GG was cut back to Smith–Ninth Streets, on August 27,1977, GG service was cut back to Queens Plaza during late nights, being replaced by the F. Beginning on May 6,1985, use of letters to indicate local service was discontinued. On May 24,1987, the N and R services switched terminals in Queens, as part of the reroute plan, Queens Plaza became the northern terminal for the G train on evenings, weekends and late nights. Beginning on September 30,1990, G service was extended to 179th Street during late nights to replace the F, which terminated at 21st Street–Queensbridge. Beginning on August 31,1997, late night service was cut back from 179th Street to Court Square as a result of the F running local east of Queens Plaza. On December 16,2001, the 63rd Street Connector opened, service along the IND Queens Boulevard Line was replaced by the new V train. G service was extended to Forest Hills–71st Avenue all other times, on July 5,2009, the G was once again extended south at all times to Church Avenue. On July 19,2012, this became permanent, as per an MTA announcement. Due to the MTA financial crisis, the G was to be cut back from Forest Hills–71st Avenue to Court Square at all times beginning June 27,2010. However, due to planned track repairs during the times the G normally ran on the IND Queens Boulevard Line, in addition, train headways were reduced, which inconvenienced about 201,000 weekly commuters
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J/Z (New York City Subway service)
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The J Nassau Street Local/Express and Z Nassau Street Express are two rapid transit services in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Their route emblems, or bullets, are colored terra cotta brown since they use the BMT Nassau Street Line in Lower Manhattan, on weekdays, trains run express in each peak direction in Brooklyn between Myrtle Avenue and Marcy Avenue, bypassing three stations. During rush hours also in the direction, the J and Z form a skip-stop pair between Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue–JFK Airport and Myrtle Avenue. At all other times, the J serves every station on its entire route, the Jamaica Line – then known as the Broadway Elevated – was one of the original elevated lines in Brooklyn, completed in 1893 from Cypress Hills west to Broadway Ferry in Williamsburg. It was then a line, with a single local service between the two ends, and a second east of Gates Avenue, where the Lexington Avenue Elevated merged. This second service later became the 12, and was eliminated on October 13,1950 with the abandonment of the Lexington Avenue el, the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation numbered its services in 1924, and the Canarsie and Jamaica services became 14 and 15. Both ran express during rush hours in the direction west of East New York. Express trains would stop at Myrtle Avenue, Essex Street and Canal Street. Additional 14 trains, between Eastern Parkway or Atlantic Avenue on the Canarsie Line and Manhattan provided rush-hour local service on Broadway, the Atlantic Avenue trips remained, and rush-hour trains continued to serve Rockaway Parkway, though they did not use the Broadway express tracks. The 14 was later cut back to only rush-hour service, on the Manhattan end, the first extension was made on September 16,1908, when the Williamsburg Bridge subway tracks opened. Broadway and Canarsie trains were extended to the new Essex Street terminal, when the BMT Nassau Street Line was completed on May 30,1931, the 15 was extended to Broad Street, and the 14 was truncated to Canal Street. Some 14 trains began terminating at Crescent Street on the Jamaica Line in 1956, manhattan–bound rush hour skip-stop service between Jamaica and East New York was implemented on June 18,1959, with trains leaving 168th Street on weekdays between 7 AM and 8,30 AM. Express 15 trains served A stations, while the morning 14 became the Jamaica Local, Express 15 trains continued to run express between Eastern Parkway and Canal Street, making only stops at Myrtle Avenue, Essex Street, and Canal Street. The BMT Jamaica services retained their numbers until November 1967, the 15 became the QJ, and the 14 became the JJ. When the Chrystie Street Connection opened on November 26,1967, the two local services - the JJ and KK - were combined as the JJ, but without any major routing changes. This was an extension of a former rush-hour RR service, and thus ran towards Jamaica in the morning, the next change was made on July 1,1968, when the Chrystie Street Connection tracks to the Williamsburg Bridge opened. The MM was an alternative to the KK as a local to 57th Street/6th Avenue. The RJ was eliminated, being cut back to an RR variant, less than two months later, on August 18, the QJ was extended to Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue
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L (New York City Subway service)
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The L operates between Eighth Avenue in Chelsea, Manhattan, and Rockaway Parkway in Canarsie, Brooklyn. It also briefly enters Queens at Halsey Street, serving the neighborhood of Ridgewood and it is the first New York City Subway service to be automated using communications-based train control. The L, being a local train, was given the LL designation when letters were assigned to the BMT division. From 1928 to 1967, the service was assigned the BMT number 16. In 1924, part of the eventual 14th Street–Canarsie Line opened, called the 14th Street–Eastern District Line and this was extended east, and in 1928 it was joined to the existing BMT Canarsie Line east of Broadway Junction. The Eighth Avenue Terminal was originally built in IND style and has restored to BMT style like Fulton Street. During rush hours, express service ran nonstop between Lorimer Street and Myrtle–Wyckoff Avenues, starting on September 23,1936, express trains ran to Lefferts Boulevard via the connection with the Fulton Street Elevated at Atlantic Avenue. This connection was severed on April 30,1956, then the service ran to Canarsie–Rockaway Parkway again, the R27 to R38s roll signs had both L and LL for express and local service, even though the express never ran thereafter. On November 26,1967, with the opening of the Chrystie Street Connection, the BMT Eastern District lines were given letters, when double letters were dropped on May 5,1985, the LL became the L, and it still has that designation. When the 14th Street–Eastern Line was connected in 1928, this was renamed the Broadway Line, in 1967, the 14 Canarsie service was given the label JJ. Canarsie service to Lower Manhattan was discontinued in 1968, ridership on the L has increased dramatically since 2000, since many neighborhoods along the route have experienced gentrification. The Metropolitan Transportation Authoritys $443 million fleet of cars on the L was introduced in 2002. The Transit Authority had projected that 212 Kawasaki-made R143 subway cars would be enough to accommodate demands for years to come. Sixty-four new R160A cars made by Alstom have been equipped to run on the L, in 2008, L service was increased and some AM rush hour short turns to Myrtle–Wyckoff Avenues were added. This was completed in April 2012, however, the MTAs successful implementation of countdown clocks on the L has been the first in the system. The L uses the lines with the same service pattern at all times. For a more detailed listing, see BMT Canarsie Line. MTA NYC Transit – L 14th Street – Canarsie Local L Subway Timetable, Effective November 7,2016
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M (New York City Subway service)
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The M Sixth Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored bright orange since it uses the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan and this makes the M the only service that travels through the same borough via two different, unconnected lines. The M short turns at Essex Street in the Lower East Side of Manhattan on weekends, the M is the only non-shuttle service that has both of its full-run terminals in the same borough. The 71st Avenue and Metropolitan Avenue termini of the M route are 2.47 miles apart, until 1914, the only service on the Myrtle Avenue Line east of Grand Avenue was a local service between Park Row and Middle Village. The number 10 was assigned to the service in 1924, Marcy Avenue was originally a local stop, but beginning on February 23,1960 all trains stopped there. M was assigned to the service in the early 1960s, with a single letter because it was an express service, to augment QJ service to Broad Street, the M was extended two stations, from Chambers Street to Broad Street. By this time, the off-hour SS shuttle had been renamed as part of the M, the local K was eliminated on August 27,1976, and the M express service between Myrtle Avenue and Marcy Avenue ended in order to provide adequate service in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Reconstruction of the Brighton Line began on April 26,1986, in 1987, the route was changed to split from Fourth Avenue at 36th Street, running along the BMT West End Line to Ninth Avenue during middays, with an extension to Bay Parkway during rush hours. This service duplicated a pattern that had last been operated as the TT until late 1967, M service along Fourth Avenue was switched to the local tracks in 1994, switching with the N, which had run local since the M was moved in 1987. The midday M was truncated to Chambers Street in April 1995 from Ninth Avenue in Brooklyn, from April 1997 to August 1997, during late nights and weekends, the M terminated at Essex Street due to reconstruction of Myrtle Avenue. From May 1 to September 1,1999, the Williamsburg Bridge was closed for reconstruction, M service was split in two sections because of the reconstruction of the Williamsburg Bridge subway tracks. One service ran at all times between Middle Village–Metropolitan Avenue and Marcy Avenue, the other ran rush hours only between Bay Parkway and Chambers Street. A shuttle provided service on the BMT Nassau Street Line, fares on the B39 bus crossing the Williamsburg Bridge was eliminated and free subway-bus transfers were given at Marcy Avenue and at Delancey Street. The closure was anticipated to last until October 1999, but subway service was restored one month ahead of schedule, the project cost $130 million, including replacing the tracks support structure, signal systems and other equipment. This change preserved service between the West End Line and Chinatown for passengers that would have taken the B to Grand Street, when full Manhattan Bridge service was restored, midday M service was cut back to Chambers Street. The September 11,2001 attacks caused a reduction of the M to a full-time shuttle until September 17. Then it was extended full-time over the BMT Sea Beach Line to Stillwell Avenue, replacing the N, on July 27,2008, weekday evening trains were extended to Broad Street. This, as well as all proposals, were no longer considered after Albany lawmakers offered financial support to the MTA in May 2009
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N (New York City Subway service)
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The N Broadway Express is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or bullet, is colored sunflower yellow, during rush hours, some N trains operate to 96th Street due to capacity issues at Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard. On weekends, it all stops in Manhattan. Daytime service runs over the side of the Manhattan Bridge. During late nights, the N serves all stops along its entire route, the route that is now the N was originally BMT service 4, known as the Sea Beach Line or Sea Beach Express. On June 22,1915, the current BMT Sea Beach Line opened, originally, it used the south tracks of the Manhattan Bridge, which at that time connected to the BMT Nassau Street Line. On September 4,1917, the first part of the BMT Broadway Line, trains ran from 14th Street–Union Square to Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue, now using the bridges northern tracks. On January 15,1918, service was extended to Times Square–42nd Street, on May 2,1957, service was extended north via the express tracks to 57th Street–Seventh Avenue. In 1959, trains stopping at DeKalb Avenue during midday hours. Previously, they bypassed DeKalb Avenue at all times except late nights, beginning on January 1,1961, trains bypassed DeKalb Avenue during rush hours only. In addition, on evenings, late nights, and all day Sundays. The N designation begins to appear when R27 subway cars are moved to the line in April 1961 and this short-lived service began on November 27,1967 and ended April 12,1968 due to low ridership. Starting on Monday, April 15,1968, the five NX trips instead ran as N trips, on August 30,1976, N service was extended north over the BMT 60th Street Tunnel Connection to Forest Hills–71st Avenue to replace the discontinued EE. On August 27,1977, N service was cut back during late nights, reconstruction of the Manhattan Bridge between 1986 and 2004 disrupted N service, usually removing it from the bridge. On April 26,1986, the M, which was rerouted from the BMT Brighton Line to the BMT West End Line, on May 24,1987, the N swapped northern terminals with the R. The N was switched to Astoria–Ditmars Boulevard, while the R went to Forest Hills–71st Avenue, on September 30,1990, full service on the Manhattan Bridge was briefly restored. Express service on Broadway ran all times except nights and this very short service was halted by the discovery of a cracked beam under the south side tracks on the bridge. In 1994, the N switched back to express in Brooklyn only, from Atlantic Avenue–Pacific Street to 59th Street, from 1994 to 1996, the southern terminal of the N was 86th Street due to rehabilitation work at Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue
