Mission San Francisco de Asís

Mission San Francisco De Asís

The original adobe Mission structure is the smaller building at left, while the larger structure is a basilica completed in 1918 (the architectural style was influenced by designs exhibited at San Diego's Panama-California Exposition in 1915).[1]
Location in Central San Francisco Show map of San Francisco Mission San Francisco De Asís (California) Show map of California Mission San Francisco De Asís (the US) Show map of the US
Location	320 Dolores Street San Francisco, California 94114
Coordinates	37°45′51.8″N 122°25′37.3″W / 37.764389°N 122.427028°W / 37.764389; -122.427028Coordinates: 37°45′51.8″N 122°25′37.3″W / 37.764389°N 122.427028°W / 37.764389; -122.427028
Name as founded	La Misión de Nuestro Padre San Francisco [2]
English translation	The Mission of Our Father Saint Francis of Assisi
Patron	Saint i[3]
Nickname(s)	"Mission Dolores" [4]
Founding date	June 29, 1776 [5]
Founding priest(s)	Francisco Palóu;[ [Junípero Serra]]
Founding Order	Sixth[3]
Military district	Fourth[6]
Native tribe(s) Spanish name(s)	Ohlone Costeño
Native place name(s)	Chutchui [7]
Baptisms	6,898[8]
Marriages	2,043
Burials	11,000= 5,000 (Europeans/Americans), 6,000 (Indians)[8]
Secularized	1834[3]
Returned to the Church	1857[3]
Governing body	Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Francisco
Current use	Parish Church
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Designated	1972
Reference no.	#72000251
California Historical Landmark
Official name: Site of original Mission Dolores chapel and Dolores Lagoon[9]
Reference no.	327-1
San Francisco Designated Landmark
Designated	April 11, 1968[10]
Reference no.	1
Website
http://www.missiondolores.org

Mission San Francisco de Asís, or Mission Dolores, is the oldest surviving structure in San Francisco and the sixth religious settlement established as part of the California chain of missions. The Mission was founded on October 9, 1776, by Lieutenant José Joaquin Moraga and Francisco Palóu (a companion of Junípero Serra), both members of the de Anza Expedition, which had been charged with bringing Spanish settlers to Alta (upper) California and with evangelizing the local Natives, the Ohlone. Some of the Mission's buildings have been turned into businesses, including a print shop and several saloons.

History[edit]

The settlement was named for St. Francis of Assisi, the founder of the Franciscan Order, but was also commonly known as "Mission Dolores" owing to the presence of a nearby creek named Arroyo de Nuestra Señora de los Dolores, meaning "Our Lady of Sorrows Creek."^{[citation needed]} During the expedition of Juan Bautista de Anza, this site was identified by Pedro Font as the most suitable site for a mission in the San Francisco area.^[11]

The original Mission was a small structure dedicated on October 9, 1776, after the required church documents arrived. It was located near what is today the intersection of Camp and Albion Streets (according to most sources),^{[citation needed]} about a block-and-a-half east of the surviving Adobe Mission building, and on the shores of a lake (supposedly long since filled) called Laguna de Los Dolores.^[4] A historical marker at that location depicts this lake, but whether it ever actually existed is a matter of some dispute. (Creek geologists Janet Sowers and Christopher Richard propose that the legendary lake is the result of misunderstandings of Juan Bautista de Anza's 1776 writings. According to their 2011 hydrological map, there were no lakes in the area, only creeks.)^[12]

The present Mission church, near what is now the intersection of Dolores and 16th Streets, was dedicated in 1791. At the time of dedication, a mural painted by native labor adorned the focal wall of the chapel. The Mission was constructed of adobe and was part of a complex of buildings used for housing, agricultural, and manufacturing enterprises (see architecture of the California missions). Though most of the Mission complex, including the quadrangle and Convento, has either been altered or demolished outright during the intervening years, the façade of the Mission chapel has remained relatively unchanged since its construction in 1782–1791.^{[citation needed]}

According to Mission historian Brother Guire Cleary, the early 19th century saw the greatest period of activity at San Francisco de Asís:

At its peak in 1810–1820, the average Indian population at Pueblo Dolores was about 1,100 people. The California missions were not only houses of worship. They were farming communities, manufacturers of all sorts of products, hotels, ranches, hospitals, schools, and the centers of the largest communities in the state. In 1810 the Mission owned 11,000 sheep, 11,000 cows, and thousands of horses, goats, pigs, and mules. Its ranching and farming operations extended as far south as San Mateo and east to Alameda. Horses were corralled on Potrero Hill, and the milking sheds for the cows were located along Dolores Creek at what is today Mission High School. Twenty looms were kept in operation to process wool into cloth. The circumference of the Mission's holdings was said to have been about 125 miles.^[13]

The Mission chapel, along with "Father Serra's Church" at Mission San Juan Capistrano, is one of only two surviving buildings where Junípero Serra is known to have officiated (although "Dolores" was still under construction at the time of Serra's visit). In 1817, Mission San Rafael Arcángel was established as an Asistencia to act as a hospital for the Mission, though it would later be granted full mission status in 1822. The Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821) strained relations between the Mexican government and the California missions. Supplies were scant, and the Indians who worked at the missions continued to suffer terrible losses from disease and cultural disruption (more than 5,000 Indians are thought to have been buried in the cemetery adjacent to the Mission). In 1834, the Mexican government enacted secularization laws whereby most church properties were sold or granted to private owners. In practical terms, this meant that the missions would hold title only to the churches, the residences of the priests, and a small amount of land surrounding the church for use as gardens. In the period that followed, Mission Dolores fell on very hard times. By 1842, only eight Christian Indians were living at the Mission.^[13]

Mission Dolores, 1856

Mission San Francisco de Asís around 1910. The wooden addition has been removed and a portion of the brick Gothic Revival church is visible at right. The large stone church was severely damaged in the 1906 earthquake.^[1]

The California Gold Rush brought renewed activity to the Mission Dolores area. In the 1850s, two plank roads were constructed from what is today downtown San Francisco to the Mission, and the entire area became a popular resort and entertainment district.^[14] Some of the Mission properties were sold or leased for use as saloons and gambling halls. Racetracks were constructed, and fights between bulls and bears were staged for crowds. The Mission complex also underwent alterations. Part of the Convento was converted to a two-story wooden wing for use as a seminary and priests' quarters, while another section became the "Mansion House," a popular tavern and way station for travelers.^[15] By 1876, the Mansion House portion of the Convento had been razed and replaced with a large Gothic Revival brick church, designed to serve the growing population of immigrants who were now making the Mission area their home.^{[citation needed]}

During this period, wood clapboard siding was applied to the original adobe chapel walls as both a cosmetic and a protective measure; the veneer was later removed when the Mission was restored. During the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the adjacent brick church was destroyed. By contrast, the original adobe Mission, though damaged, remained in relatively good condition. However, the ensuing fire touched off by the earthquake reached almost to the Mission's doorstep. To prevent the spread of flames, the Convent and School of Notre Dame across the street was dynamited by firefighters; nevertheless, nearly all the blocks east of Dolores Street and north of 20th street were consumed by flames. In 1913, construction began on a new church (now known as the Mission Dolores Basilica) adjacent to the Mission, which was completed in 1918. This structure was further remodeled in 1926 with churrigueresque ornamentation inspired by the Panama-California Exposition held in San Diego's Balboa Park. A sensitive restoration of the original adobe Mission was undertaken in 1917 by architect Willis Polk. In 1952, San Francisco Archbishop John J. Mitty announced that Pope Pius XII had elevated Mission Dolores to the status of a Minor Basilica. This was the first designation of a basilica west of the Mississippi and the fifth basilica named in the United States. Today, the larger, newer church is called "Mission Dolores Basilica" while the original adobe structure retains the name of Mission Dolores.^{[citation needed]}

The interior of the Mission chapel.

The San Francisco de Asís cemetery, which adjoins the property on the south side, was originally much larger than its present boundaries, running west almost to Church Street and north into what is today 16th Street. It was reduced in various stages, starting with the extension of 16th Street through the former mission grounds in 1889, and later by the construction of the Mission Dolores Basilica Center and the Chancery Building of the Archdiocese of San Francisco in the 1950s. Some remains were reburied on-site in a mass grave, while others were relocated to various Bay Area cemeteries. Today, most of the former cemetery grounds are covered by a paved playground behind the Mission Dolores School. The cemetery that currently remains underwent a careful restoration in the mid-1990s. The mission is still an active church, and hosts Mass and other services in the mission church and the larger adjacent basilica. The mission is open to visitors, and is located on Dolores Street near its intersection with 16th Street. The San Francisco neighborhood closely surrounding the historic Mission is known as Mission Dolores, and the much larger Mission District is named for it as well. The current Pastor of Mission Dolores is Reverend Francis Mark P. Garbo. The current Curator of Mission Dolores is Andrew A. Galvan.^{[citation needed]}

Other historic designations[edit]

• San Francisco Historical Landmark #1 – City & County of San Francisco^[16]
• California Historical Landmark #327-1 – site of original Mission Dolores chapel and Dolores Lagoon^[17]
• California Historical Landmark #393 – "The Hospice," an outpost of Mission Dolores founded in 1800 in San Mateo, California^[18]
• California Historical Landmark #784 – El Camino Real (the northernmost point visited by Serra)^[19]

Art[edit]

Statue of Junipero Serra[edit]

Father Junipero Serra by Arthur Putnam

A full-length portrait sculpture of Junípero Serra is on the property of the mission. The cast stone sculpture, by Arthur Putnam, was completed in 1909, cast between 1916–1917 and installed in 1918 when the mission was remodeled. Funding for the piece came from D.J. McQuarry and it cost $500 to cast. It is approximately H. 6 ft. 6 in. The sculpture depicts Serra wearing a monk's robe belted at the waist with a knotted rope and a rosary around his neck. He looks down, with his head bowed and eyes downward. The sculpture is on a concrete base. It is one of a series of allegorical figures commissioned by the estate of E. W. Scripps to depict California history. In 1993 it was examined by the Smithsonian Institution's Save Outdoor Sculpture! program. The program determined that the sculpture was well maintained.^[20]

Succession of rectors, pastors and administrators[edit]

• Founders: Francisco Palóu, O.F.M., Pedro Benito Cambón, O.F.M. – June 27, 1776
• Francisco Palóu, O.F.M. – June 27, 1776 – 1784
• Eugene O'Connell – 1854^[21]
• Richard Carroll – 1854–1860
• John J. Prendergast – 1860–1867
• Thomas Cushing – 1867–1875
• Richard P. Brennan – 1875–1904
• Patrick Cummins – 1905–1916
• John W. Sullivan – 1916–1939
• The Most Rev. Thomas A. Connolly – 1939–1948 (First Auxiliary Bishop, First Rector)^[22]
• The Most Rev. James T. O'Dowd – 1948–1950 (Rector)
• The Most Rev. Merlin Guilfoyle, VG – 1950–1969 (Rector)
• The Most Rev. Norman F. McFarland – 1970–1974 (Last Rector)^[23]
• The Rev. Msgr. Richard S. Knapp – 1974, 1974–1983 (Served first as Administrator, then Pastor)
• The Rev. Msgr. John J. O'Connor – 1983–1997
• The Rev. Msgr. Maurice McCormick – 1997–2003
• The Most Rev. William J. Justice – 2003–2007 (Became a bishop after he left Mission Dolores)
• The Rev. Arturo Albano – 2007– 2015
• The Reverend Francis Mark P Garbo - 2015–Present

See also[edit]

• Spanish missions in California
• San Pedro y San Pablo Asistencia
• List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks
• USNS Mission Dolores (AO-115) – a Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II.
• USNS Mission San Francisco (AO-123) – a Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II.

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

• Cleary, Brother Guire (January 31, 2003). "Mission Dolores Links San Francisco with its 18th Century Roots – Founded as La Mission San Francisco De Asis by Franciscans, it survived earthquake and fire". Catholic San Francisco. Archived from the original on February 5, 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
• Forbes, Alexander (1839). California: A History of Upper and Lower California. Cornhill, London: Smith, Elder and Co.
• Johnson, Paul C. (supervising editor) (1964). The California Missions. Menlo Park, CA: Lane Book Company. LCCN 64-22823.
• Krell, Dorothy, ed. (1979). The California Missions: A Pictorial History. Menlo Park, CA: Sunset Publishing Corporation. ISBN 0-376-05172-8.
• Ruscin, Terry (1999). Mission Memoirs. San Diego, CA: Sunbelt Publications. ISBN 0-932653-30-8.
• Worden, Alastair; Leffingwell, Randy (2005). California Missions and Presidios. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0896584921.
• Yenne, Bill (2004). The Missions of California. San Diego, CA: Thunder Bay Press. ISBN 1-59223-319-8.
• Young, Stanley; Levick, Melba (1988). The Missions of California. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-3694-0.

Further reading[edit]

• Engelhardt, O. F. M. (1924). San Francisco or Mission Dolores. Chicago, IL: Franciscan Herald Press.
• Jones, Terry L.; Klar, Kathryn A. Klar, eds. (2007). California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Landham, MD: Altimira Press. ISBN 0-7591-0872-2.
• Milliken, Randall (1995). A Time of Little Choice: The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769–1910. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press Publication. ISBN 0-87919-132-5.
• Paddison, Joshua, ed. (1999). A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush. Berkeley, CA: Heyday Books. ISBN 1-890771-13-9.
• San Francisco Morning Call (June 8, 1889). "Mission Dolores – The Cemeteries Now Ready to Be Transferred to the City". San Francisco Morning Call.
• Schafer, Mike; Welsh, Joe (1997). Classic American Streamliners. Osceola, Wisconsin: MotorBooks International. ISBN 978-0-7603-0377-1.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission Dolores.

• Mission Dolores Basilica
• Mission Dolores via The Archdiocese of San Francisco
• Elevation & Site Layout sketches of the Mission proper
• Catholic San Francisco – History of Mission Dolores
• San Francisco Public Library – Photographs of Mission Dolores
• Map of Mission Dolores and nearby water sources (from ShapingSF.org)
• California Historic Plaque marking original site of Mission Dolores at Camp and Albion Streets in SF
• Mission Dolores Neighborhood Association
• American Southwest, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
• Early History of the California Coast, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
• Listing, drawings, and photographs at the Historic American Buildings Survey
• Ground plan of Mission Dolores, San Francisco, Ca at The Bancroft Library
• Howser, Huell (December 8, 2000). "California Missions (107)". California Missions. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive.