1.
Louisiana Territory
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Louisiana Territory was formed out of the Indiana Territory-administered District of Louisiana, which consisted of all Louisiana Purchase lands north of the 33rd parallel. The 33rd parallel now forms the border of Arkansas and the northern border of Louisiana. This act, which went into effect on October 1,1804, expanded the authority of the governor, on March 3,1805, Congress enacted legislation organizing the District of Louisiana into the Louisiana Territory, effective July 4,1805. The Territory was governed similarly to Indiana Territory, the Louisiana Territory included everything in the Louisiana Purchase north of the 33rd parallel. The southern and western boundaries with Spanish Texas and New Mexico were not fully defined until the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, the Louisiana Territory had five subdivisions, St. Louis District, St. Charles District, Ste. Genevieve District, Cape Girardeau District, and New Madrid District, in 1806, the territorial legislature created the District of Arkansas from lands ceded by the Osage Nation. The remainder was known as the Upper Louisiana Territory, the seat of government was in the town of St. Louis. The first territorial governor was James Wilkinson, appointed by President Jefferson, meriwether Lewis and William Clark served as the second and third Louisiana Territory governors, respectively. On June 4,1812, the Twelfth U. S. Congress enacted legislation which renamed Louisiana Territory as Missouri Territory, territories that would later become part of the Territory of Louisiana, Louisiana Purchase, 1803–1804 District of Louisiana, 1804–1805 U. S. S
2.
Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
3.
Missouri Supreme Court
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The Supreme Court of Missouri is the highest court in the state of Missouri. It was established in 1820 and is located in Jefferson City, Missouri voters have approved changes in the states constitution to give the Supreme Court exclusive jurisdiction- the sole legal power to hear – five types of cases on appeal. Pursuant to Article V, Section 3 of the Missouri Constitution, the validity of a Missouri statute or constitutional provision. Challenges to a statewide elected officials right to hold office, unless their case involves one of those five issues, people who want a trial courts decision reviewed must appeal to the Missouri Court of Appeals. Most of these cases involve routine legal questions and end there, the Court of Appeals is divided geographically into the Eastern District, Western District and Southern District. This is similar to the process the United States Supreme Court uses in accepting cases, judges of the court are selected through the non-partisan plan, nationally known as the Missouri Plan. Under the plan, the Appellate Judicial Commission submits the names of three nominees to the Governor, if the Governor fails to make an appointment with 60 days of the nominees being named, the Commission shall make the appointment. Once the judge has served for at least a year, he or she is placed on the election ballot for a retention vote of the people. If retained, judges serve a term of 12 years, the following is a list of notable cases decided by the Supreme Court of Missouri or which came to the Supreme Court of the United States from the Supreme Court of Missouri. Since 1973, the Supreme Court of Missouri has heard all cases en banc, before that many cases were heard by panels of three judges. Missouri v. McNeely,358 S. W. 3d 65,569 U. S. Doe v. Phillips,194 S. W, Doe and its progeny constitute one of the few successful constitutional challenges to sex offender registration laws in the United States. Drope v. Missouri,462 S. W. 2d 677,420 U. S, gaines v. Canada,342 Mo.121,113 S. W. 2d 783,305 U. S. Ferguson. Missouri v. Seibert,93 S. W. 3d 700,542 U. S, rachel v. Walker,4 Mo.350 Slavery, holding that slaves taken into free states became free, overturned twenty years later by Dred Scott v. Sandford. Roper v. Simmons,112 S. W. 3d 397,543 U. S. Shelley v. Kraemer,198 S. W. 2d 679,334 U. S. State v. Mitchell,170 Mo.633,71 S. W.175 Attempt and impossibility defense, holding that factual impossibility is not a defense to the crime of attempt. Mitchell is a case in the United States in this area of the law. Paul C. Wilson is the latest appointee to the Court, the judges rotate the two-year term of Chief Justice among themselves. The Chief Justice is Constitutionally empowered to preside over the court, the current Chief Justice is Patricia Breckenridge, whose term began July 1,2015 and will serve through June 2017
4.
Jefferson City, Missouri
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Jefferson City is the capital of the State of Missouri and the fifteenth most populous city in the state. It is also the county seat of Cole County and the city of the Jefferson City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Jefferson City is named for Thomas Jefferson, the president of the United States. Jefferson City currently holds the title of Americas Most Beautiful Small Town, Jefferson City is on the northern edge of the Ozark Plateau on the southern side of the Missouri River in a region known as Mid-Missouri. It is also at the edge of one of the major wine-producing regions of the Midwest. Often referred to as Jeff, many of Jefferson Citys primary employers fall within the service and manufacturing industries, Jefferson City is also home to Lincoln University, a public historically black land-grant university founded in 1866 by the 62nd Regiment of U. S. Colored Troops with additional support from the 65th Regiment of U. S, in pre-Columbian times, this region was home of an ancient people known only as the Mound Builders. They were no longer present by the time of the first white settlers, when the Missouri Territory was organized in 1812, St. Louis was Missouris seat of government, and St. Charles would serve as the next capital. In the middle of the state, Jefferson City was chosen as the new capital in 1821 when Thomas Jefferson was still living, the village first was called Lohmans Landing, and when the legislature decided to relocate there, they proposed the name Missouriopolis before settling on Jefferson City. For years, this village was more than a trading post located in the wilderness about midway between St. Louis and Kansas City. In 1825, the settlement was incorporated as a city and a year later, Jefferson City was chosen as the site of a state prison. This prison, named the Missouri State Penitentiary, opened in 1836 and this prison was home to multiple infamous Americans, including former heavyweight champion Sonny Liston, assassin James Earl Ray, and bank robber Charles Pretty Boy Floyd. During the Civil War, Jefferson City was occupied by Union troops, some of the legislators later reconvened in Neosho, Missouri and passed an ordinance of secession. Missouri was claimed by both the Confederacy and the Union, just like the neighboring state Kentucky, German immigrants created vineyards in small towns on either side of the Missouri River, especially on the north from the city east to Marthasville, located outside of St. Louis. Known as the Missouri Rhineland for its vineyards and first established by German immigrants in the mid-1800s, this region has become part of the agricultural and tourist economy. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 37.58 square miles. Jefferson City has a climate between a humid subtropical and humid continental climate with hot, rainy summers and cold winters. Thunderstorms are common in both the spring and summer, light snow is common during the winter, although about half of wintertime precipitation falls as rain
5.
Supreme Court of Missouri
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The Supreme Court of Missouri is the highest court in the state of Missouri. It was established in 1820 and is located in Jefferson City, Missouri voters have approved changes in the states constitution to give the Supreme Court exclusive jurisdiction- the sole legal power to hear – five types of cases on appeal. Pursuant to Article V, Section 3 of the Missouri Constitution, the validity of a Missouri statute or constitutional provision. Challenges to a statewide elected officials right to hold office, unless their case involves one of those five issues, people who want a trial courts decision reviewed must appeal to the Missouri Court of Appeals. Most of these cases involve routine legal questions and end there, the Court of Appeals is divided geographically into the Eastern District, Western District and Southern District. This is similar to the process the United States Supreme Court uses in accepting cases, judges of the court are selected through the non-partisan plan, nationally known as the Missouri Plan. Under the plan, the Appellate Judicial Commission submits the names of three nominees to the Governor, if the Governor fails to make an appointment with 60 days of the nominees being named, the Commission shall make the appointment. Once the judge has served for at least a year, he or she is placed on the election ballot for a retention vote of the people. If retained, judges serve a term of 12 years, the following is a list of notable cases decided by the Supreme Court of Missouri or which came to the Supreme Court of the United States from the Supreme Court of Missouri. Since 1973, the Supreme Court of Missouri has heard all cases en banc, before that many cases were heard by panels of three judges. Missouri v. McNeely,358 S. W. 3d 65,569 U. S. Doe v. Phillips,194 S. W, Doe and its progeny constitute one of the few successful constitutional challenges to sex offender registration laws in the United States. Drope v. Missouri,462 S. W. 2d 677,420 U. S, gaines v. Canada,342 Mo.121,113 S. W. 2d 783,305 U. S. Ferguson. Missouri v. Seibert,93 S. W. 3d 700,542 U. S, rachel v. Walker,4 Mo.350 Slavery, holding that slaves taken into free states became free, overturned twenty years later by Dred Scott v. Sandford. Roper v. Simmons,112 S. W. 3d 397,543 U. S. Shelley v. Kraemer,198 S. W. 2d 679,334 U. S. State v. Mitchell,170 Mo.633,71 S. W.175 Attempt and impossibility defense, holding that factual impossibility is not a defense to the crime of attempt. Mitchell is a case in the United States in this area of the law. Paul C. Wilson is the latest appointee to the Court, the judges rotate the two-year term of Chief Justice among themselves. The Chief Justice is Constitutionally empowered to preside over the court, the current Chief Justice is Patricia Breckenridge, whose term began July 1,2015 and will serve through June 2017
6.
Missouri River
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The Missouri River is the longest river in North America. Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana, the Missouri flows east and south for 2,341 miles before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. The river takes drainage from a populated, semi-arid watershed of more than half a million square miles. When combined with the lower Mississippi River, it forms the fourth longest river system. For over 12,000 years, people have depended on the Missouri River and its tributaries as a source of sustenance and transportation. More than ten major groups of Native Americans populated the watershed, most leading a nomadic lifestyle, the Missouri River was one of the main routes for the westward expansion of the United States during the 19th century. The growth of the fur trade in the early 1800s laid much of the groundwork as trappers explored the region, pioneers headed west en masse beginning in the 1830s, first by covered wagon, then by the growing numbers of steamboats entering service on the river. Former Native American lands in the watershed were taken over by settlers, leading to some of the most longstanding, during the 20th century, the Missouri River basin was extensively developed for irrigation, flood control and the generation of hydroelectric power. Fifteen dams impound the main stem of the river, with more on tributaries. Meanders have been cut and the river channelized to improve navigation, from the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming, three streams rise to form the headwaters of the Missouri River. The longest begins near Browers Spring,9,100 feet above sea level, on the southeastern slopes of Mount Jefferson in the Centennial Mountains. Flowing west then north, it runs first in Hell Roaring Creek, then west into the Red Rock, swings northeast to become the Beaverhead and these two streams then flow north and northwest into Montana. The Missouri River officially starts at the confluence of the Jefferson and Madison in Missouri Headwaters State Park near Three Forks, Montana, the Missouri then passes through Canyon Ferry Lake, a reservoir west of the Big Belt Mountains. Issuing from the mountains near Cascade, the flows northeast to the city of Great Falls, where it drops over the Great Falls of the Missouri. Farther on, the passes through the Fort Peck Dam, and immediately downstream. At the confluence, the Yellowstone is actually the larger river, the Missouri then meanders east past Williston and into Lake Sakakawea, the reservoir formed by Garrison Dam. Below the dam the Missouri receives the Knife River from the west and flows south to Bismarck, the capital of North Dakota and it slows into the Lake Oahe reservoir just before the Cannonball River confluence. While it continues south, eventually reaching Oahe Dam in South Dakota, the Missouri makes a bend to the southeast as it winds through the Great Plains, receiving the Niobrara River and many smaller tributaries from the southwest
7.
North Dakota
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North Dakota is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2,1889. The state capital is Bismarck, and the largest city is Fargo, North Dakota is the 19th most extensive but the 4th least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The development has driven strong job and population growth, and low unemployment, North Dakota is located in the U. S. region known as the Great Plains. The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota on the east, South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are to the north. North Dakota is situated near the middle of North America with a marker in Rugby. With an area of 70,762 square miles, North Dakota is the 19th largest state, the western half of the state consists of the hilly Great Plains as well as the northern part of the Badlands, which are to the west of the Missouri River. The states high point, White Butte at 3,506 feet, the region is abundant in fossil fuels including natural gas, crude oil and lignite coal. The Missouri River forms Lake Sakakawea, the third largest man-made lake in the United States, the central region of the state is divided into the Drift Prairie and the Missouri Plateau. The eastern part of the consists of the flat Red River Valley. Its fertile soil, drained by the meandering Red River flowing northward into Lake Winnipeg, Devils Lake, the largest natural lake in the state, is also found in the east. Eastern North Dakota is overall flat, however, there are significant hills, most of the state is covered in grassland, crops cover most of eastern North Dakota but become increasingly sparse in the center and farther west. This diverse terrain supports nearly 2,000 species of plants, the state of North Dakota is home to the geographical center of North America located near Rugby, North Dakota North Dakota has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. The temperature differences are rather extreme because of its far inland position and being in the center of the Northern Hemisphere, with equal distances to the North Pole. As such, summers are almost subtropical in nature, but winters are cold enough to plant hardiness is very low. Native American peoples lived in what is now North Dakota for thousands of years before the coming of Europeans and their tribes included the Mandan people, the Dakota people and the Yanktonai, the latter two from the Lakota peoples. The first European to reach the area was the French-Canadian trader Pierre Gaultier, sieur de La Vérendrye, in 1762 the region became part of Spanish Louisiana until 1802. Dakota Territory was settled sparsely by European Americans until the late 19th century, with the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture. An omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and his successor, Benjamin Harrison, signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2,1889
8.
South Dakota
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South Dakota is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, South Dakota is the 17th most expansive, but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2,1889, Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of about 171,000, is South Dakotas largest city. South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, the state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as East River and West River. Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the states population, West of the Missouri, ranching is the predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending. Most of the Native American reservations are located in West River, the Black Hills, a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux, are located in the southwest part of the state. Mount Rushmore, a major tourist destination, is located there, South Dakota experiences a temperate continental climate, with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west. The ecology of the state features species typical of a North American grassland biome, humans have inhabited the area for several millennia, with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century. In the late 19th century, European-American settlement intensified after a rush in the Black Hills. Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars, ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle, South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in areas to attract and retain residents. South Dakotas history and rural character still strongly influence the culture of the state, South Dakota is situated in the north-central United States, and is considered a part of the Midwest by the U. S. Census Bureau, it is also part of the Great Plains region. The culture, economy, and geography of western South Dakota have more in common with the West than the Midwest, South Dakota has a total area of 77,116 square miles, making the state the 17th largest in the Union. Black Elk Peak, formerly named Harney Peak, with an elevation of 7,242 ft, is the states highest point, while the shoreline of Big Stone Lake is the lowest, with an elevation of 966 ft. South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota, to the south by Nebraska, to the east by Iowa and Minnesota, the geographical center of the U. S. is 17 miles west of Castle Rock in Butte County. The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located between Allen and Kyle,1,024 mi from the nearest coastline, the Missouri River is the largest and longest river in the state. Other major South Dakota rivers include the Cheyenne, James, Big Sioux, Eastern South Dakota has many natural lakes, mostly created by periods of glaciation. Additionally, dams on the Missouri River create four large reservoirs, Lake Oahe, Lake Sharpe, Lake Francis Case, South Dakota can generally be divided into three regions, eastern South Dakota, western South Dakota, and the Black Hills. The Missouri River serves as a boundary in terms of geographic, social, at times the Black Hills are combined with the rest of western South Dakota, and people often refer to the resulting two regions divided by the Missouri River as West River and East River
9.
United States Army Corps of Engineers
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The United States Army Corps of Engineers, also sometimes shortened to CoE is a U. S. Although generally associated with dams, canals and flood protection in the United States, the Corps of Engineers provides outdoor recreation opportunities to the public, and provides 24% of U. S. hydropower capacity. The corps mission is to Deliver vital public and military engineering services, partnering in peace and war to strengthen our Nations security, energize the economy and their most visible missions include, Planning, designing, building, and operating locks and dams. Other civil engineering projects include flood control, beach nourishment, design and construction of flood protection systems through various federal mandates. Design and construction management of military facilities for the Army, Air Force, Army Reserve and Air Force Reserve and other Defense and Federal agencies. The history of United States Army Corps of Engineers can be traced back to 16 June 1775, colonel Richard Gridley became General George Washingtons first chief engineer, however, it was not until 1779 that Congress created a separate Corps of Engineers. One of its first tasks was to build fortifications near Boston at Bunker Hill, the first Corps of Engineers was mostly composed of French subjects who had been hired by General Washington from the service of Louis XVI. that the said Corps. Shall be stationed at West Point in the State of New York, until 1866, the superintendent of the United States Military Academy was always an officer of engineer. During the first half of the 19th century, West Point was the major and, for a while, the General Survey Act of 1824 authorized the use of Army engineers to survey road and canal routes. Separately authorized on 4 July 1838, the U. S and it was merged with the Corps of Engineers on 31 March 1863, at which point the Corps of Engineers also assumed the Lakes Survey District mission for the Great Lakes. In 1841, Congress created the Lake Survey, the survey, based in Detroit, Mich. was charged with conducting a hydrographical survey of the Northern and Northwestern Lakes and preparing and publishing nautical charts and other navigation aids. The Lake Survey published its first charts in 1852, in the mid-19th century, Corps of Engineers officers ran Lighthouse Districts in tandem with U. S. Naval officers. The Army Corps of Engineers played a significant role in the American Civil War, many of the men who would serve in the top leadership in this institution were West Point graduates who rose to military fame and power during the Civil War. Some of these men were Union Generals George McClellan, Henry Halleck, George Meade, and Confederate generals Robert E. Lee, Joseph Johnston, the versatility of officers in the Army Corps of Engineers contributed to the success of numerous missions throughout the Civil War. They were responsible for building pontoon and railroad bridges, forts and batteries, the destruction of supply lines. The Army Corps of Engineers served as a function in making the war effort logistically feasible. This method of building trenches was known as the zigzag pattern, from the beginning, many politicians wanted the Corps of Engineers to contribute to both military construction and works of a civil nature. During World War II the mission grew to more than 27,000 military, included were aircraft, tank assembly, and ammunition plants, camps for 5.3 million soldiers, depots, ports, and hospitals, as well as the Manhattan Project, and the Pentagon
10.
Master Settlement Agreement
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The Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement was entered in November 1998, originally between the four largest United States tobacco companies and the attorneys general of 46 states. The money also funds a new anti-smoking advocacy group, called the American Legacy Foundation, the settlement also dissolved the tobacco industry groups Tobacco Institute, the Center for Indoor Air Research, and the Council for Tobacco Research. In the MSA, the original participating manufacturers agreed to pay a minimum of $206 billion over the first 25 years of the agreement, in September 1950, an article was published in the British Medical Journal linking smoking to lung cancer and heart disease. In 1954 the British Doctors Study confirmed the suggestion, based on which the government issued advice that smoking and lung cancer rates were related, in 1964 the United States Surgeon Generals Report on Smoking and Health likewise began suggesting the relationship between smoking and cancer. By the mid-1950s, individuals in the United States began to sue the responsible for manufacturing and marketing cigarettes for damages related to the effects of smoking. In the forty years through 1994, over 800 private claims were brought against tobacco companies in state courts across the country, the individuals asserted claims for negligent manufacture, negligent advertising, fraud, and violation of various state consumer protection statutes. The tobacco companies enjoyed great success in these lawsuits, only two plaintiffs ever prevailed, and both of those decisions were reversed on appeal. As scientific evidence mounted in the 1980s, tobacco companies claimed contributory negligence as the health effects were previously unknown or lacked substantial credibility. In the mid 1990s, more than 40 states commenced litigation against the industry, seeking monetary, equitable. The first was declared in May 1994 by Mississippi Attorney General Mike Moore, as Moore declared, lawsuit is premised on a simple notion, you caused the health crisis, you pay for it. The states alleged a wide range of deceptive and fraudulent practices by the companies over decades of sales. The state lawsuits sought recovery for Medicaid and other public health expenses incurred in the treatment of smoking-induced illnesses, importantly, the defenses of personal responsibility that were so effective for the tobacco industry in suits by private individuals were inapplicable to the causes of action alleged by the states. Faced with the prospect of defending multiple actions nationwide, the Majors sought a congressional remedy, in June 1997, the National Association of Attorneys General and the Majors jointly petitioned Congress for a global resolution. On June 20,1997, Mississippi Attorney General Michael Moore, in exchange the companies would be freed from class-action suits and litigation costs would be capped. This proposed congressional remedy for the cigarette tobacco problem resembled the eventual Multistate Settlement Agreement, for example, although the congressional proposal would have earmarked one-third of all funds to combat teenage smoking, no such restrictions appear in the MSA. In addition, the proposal would have mandated Food and Drug Administration oversight. The congressional proposal called for payments to the states of $368.5 billion over 25 years, by contrast, assuming that the Majors would maintain their market share, the MSA provides baseline payments of about $200 billion over 25 years. The attorneys general did not have the authority to grant all this by themselves, senator John McCain of Arizona carried the bill, which was much more aggressive than even the global settlement
11.
Methamphetamine
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Methamphetamine is a strong central nervous system stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity. Methamphetamine was discovered in 1893 and exists as two enantiomers, levo-methamphetamine and dextro-methamphetamine, Methamphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free base, which is an equal mixture of levomethamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine in their pure amine forms. Dextromethamphetamine is a much stronger CNS stimulant than levomethamphetamine, both methamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine are illicitly trafficked and sold owing to their potential for recreational use. Levomethamphetamine is available as a drug for use as an inhaled nasal decongestant in the United States. While dextromethamphetamine is a potent drug, racemic methamphetamine is sometimes illicitly produced due to the relative ease of synthesis. In low doses, methamphetamine can elevate mood, increase alertness, concentration and energy in fatigued individuals, at higher doses, it can induce psychosis, breakdown of skeletal muscle, seizures and bleeding in the brain. Chronic high-dose use can precipitate unpredictable and rapid mood swings, prominent delusions, Methamphetamine is known to have a high addiction liability and dependence liability. Heavy recreational use of methamphetamine may lead to a post-acute-withdrawal syndrome, unlike amphetamine, methamphetamine is neurotoxic to human midbrain dopaminergic neurons. It has also shown to damage serotonin neurons in the CNS. This damage includes adverse changes in structure and function, such as reductions in grey matter volume in several brain regions. Methamphetamine belongs to the phenethylamine and substituted amphetamine chemical classes. It is related to the other dimethylphenethylamines as an isomer of these compounds. Methamphetamine is sometimes prescribed off label for narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia, in the United States, methamphetamines levorotary form is available in some over-the-counter nasal decongestant products. As methamphetamine is associated with a potential for misuse, the drug is regulated under the Controlled Substances Act and is listed under schedule II in the United States. Methamphetamine hydrochloride dispensed in the United States is required to include a warning regarding its potential for recreational misuse. Methamphetamine is often used recreationally for its effects as a potent euphoriant and stimulant as well as aphrodisiac qualities, according to a National Geographic TV documentary on methamphetamine, an entire subculture known as party and play is based around methamphetamine use. Members of this San Francisco sub-culture, which consists almost entirely of gay male methamphetamine users, due to its strong stimulant and aphrodisiac effects and inhibitory effect on ejaculation, with repeated use, these sexual encounters will sometimes occur continuously for several days on end. The crash following the use of methamphetamine in this manner is often severe
12.
Supreme Court of the United States
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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the interpreter of federal constitutional law. The Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight justices who are nominated by the President. Once appointed, justices have life tenure unless they resign, retire, in modern discourse, the justices are often categorized as having conservative, moderate, or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation. Each justice has one vote, and while many cases are decided unanimously, the Court meets in the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D. C. The Supreme Court is sometimes referred to as SCOTUS, in analogy to other acronyms such as POTUS. The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 and its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the court specifically established by the Constitution. The Court first convened on February 2,1790, by which five of its six initial positions had been filled. According to historian Fergus Bordewich, in its first session, he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street and they had no cases to consider. After a week of inactivity, they adjourned until September, the sixth member was not confirmed until May 12,1790. Because the full Court had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was made by two-thirds. However, Congress has always allowed less than the Courts full membership to make decisions, under Chief Justices Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth, the Court heard few cases, its first decision was West v. Barnes, a case involving a procedural issue. The Courts power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court, the Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshalls tenure, although beyond the Courts control, the impeachment, the Taney Court made several important rulings, such as Sheldon v. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, which helped precipitate the Civil War. In the Reconstruction era, the Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution, during World War II, the Court continued to favor government power, upholding the internment of Japanese citizens and the mandatory pledge of allegiance. Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated, and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend, the Warren Court dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties. It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote
13.
Jay Nixon
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Jeremiah Wilson Jay Nixon is an American attorney and politician who served as the 55th Governor of Missouri from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, Nixon was first elected Governor in 2008, prior to his governorship, he served as the states 40th Attorney General from 1993 to 2009. Jay Nixon grew up in De Soto, Missouri, where he was born and his mother, Betty Lea, was a teacher and president of the local school board, and his father, Jeremiah Jerry Nixon, served as the citys mayor. One of his paternal three great-grandfathers, Abraham Jonas, was an early Jewish settler in Illinois and friend of former President Abraham Lincoln and his great-great-grandfather Charles Henry Jonas was the brother of Democratic U. S. Senator Benjamin F. Jonas of Louisiana and another, James Oscar Nixon, was a brother of U. S, representative John Thompson Nixon of New Jersey. Another paternal ancestor, John Inskeep, had served as Mayor of Philadelphia, in 1986, after a period of private practice in his hometown, Jay Nixon was elected to the Missouri Senate from a district in Jefferson County, serving for two terms from 1987 to 1993. As the states Attorney General, Nixon created the Environmental Protection Division to enforce Missouris environmental laws, attorneys in this division take legal action to stop the pollution of the states air, water and soil and to look after Missouris agricultural interests. Successful litigation by the division has resulted in the cleanup of polluted sites and his aggressive actions in the Attorney Generals Office earned him national recognition. Barrister magazine named him one of the 20 outstanding young lawyers in the nation, prior to becoming Attorney General, he was recognized by the Conservation Federation of Missouri for his environmental work as a state senator. In 2013, he joined with nine mayors to establish July 15 as Social Media Giving Day, Jay Nixon has overseen the states involvement in the court settlements that ended mandatory urban busing in St. Louis and Kansas Citys public schools. Governor Matt Blunt announced on January 22,2008 that he would not seek a second term, by the filing deadline on March 25,2008, three Democratic and five Republican candidates had filed. Nixon defeated Republican Dave Spence to win a term in 2012, running on a platform of fiscal responsibility. Throughout his time in office, Nixon made budget restrictions to account for lower-than-expected revenues, upon taking office, Nixon began cutting spending almost immediately and has made repeated reductions to the budgets passed by the Legislature in subsequent years. In 2010, Nixon was called the states budget cutter-in-chief by the Associated Press for his efforts to reduce spending, some of Nixons budget restrictions drew criticism and in 2011 Missouri State Auditor Tom Schweich filed suit arguing that Nixon lacked the constitutional authority to restrict spending. After taking office during the Great Recession, Nixon focused on creating jobs, investing in education, from November 2015 to November 2016, Missouri added 57,100 jobs, more than all eight of its neighboring states. On October 21,2011 Ford confirmed that it would make a $1.1 billion investment in its Kansas City Assembly Plant, on November 4,2011 General Motors announced plans for a $380 million investment in its Wentzville plant outside St. Louis. During his eight years in office, Nixon negotiated four tuition freezes for students at higher education institutions. Nixon drew praise for his handling of natural disasters, including the response to the EF-5 tornado that struck Joplin on May 22,2011
14.
Governor of Missouri
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Following is a list of Governors of Missouri since its territory became part of the United States. Missouri was part of the Louisiana Purchase, which the United States purchased from France in 1803, in its first year it was part of Louisiana. In 1804 all of the territory above what is modern-day Louisiana was broken off and administered by a governor based in St. Louis, prior to the purchase both France and Spain administered the territory in a similar manner. France initially had a commandant in charge of Upper Louisiana, Spain around 1770 began having a lieutenant governor in St. Louis and governor in New Orleans, Louisiana ruling the whole territory. For a list of governors under Spanish and French rule see Louisiana Governor, for a list of lieutenant governors ruling Upper Louisiana under French and Spanish control see List of commandants of the Illinois Country. Since the state moved to Jefferson City in 1826 the governor has lived on the same block in the Missouri Governors Mansion a block east of the Missouri State Capitol. The current governor of Missouri is Republican Eric Greitens, the act took effect October 1,1804, upon which the District of Louisiana was placed under the governance of Indiana Territory, then governed by William Henry Harrison. Congress responded by passing an act on March 3,1805 which changed the name of the District of Louisiana to the Territory of Louisiana, power was vested in a governor who was appointed by the President to a term of 3 years. During times of vacancy, the secretary would act as governor, on June 4,1812, the Territory of Louisiana was renamed to the Territory of Missouri to avoid confusion with the newly admitted state of Louisiana. Later, Arkansas Territory was separated from the Territory of Missouri on July 4,1819, parties Democratic-Republican Democratic Republican Liberal Republican Missouri, a slave state, was a border state during the Civil War under Union control. However, it was recognized as a Confederate state by the Confederate government and was represented in the Confederate Congress. There were two competing governments for the course of the war, the Emancipation Proclamation did not consider Missouri a seceding state, therefore it was not part of Reconstruction. The Missouri Provisional Government is considered the one on this list. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Missouri except where noted, * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take. As of January 2017, there are six former U. S. governors of Missouri who are currently living, the most recent U. S. governor of Missouri to die was Joseph P. Teasdale on May 8,2014. The most recently serving U. S. governor of Missouri to die was Mel Carnahan, general Constitutions Specific Office of the Governor of Missouri
15.
John Ashcroft
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John David Ashcroft is an American attorney and politician who served as the 79th U. S. Attorney General, in the George W. Bush Administration. He later founded The Ashcroft Group, a Washington D. C. lobbying firm. Ashcroft previously served as Attorney General of Missouri, and as the 50th Governor of Missouri and he had early appointments in Missouri state government and was mentored by John Danforth. He has written books about political and moral issues. His son, Jay Ashcroft, is also a politician, Jay currently serves as Secretary of State of Missouri. Ashcroft was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Grace P. and his mother was a homemaker, whose parents had emigrated from Norway. Ashcroft went to schools in Springfield. He attended Yale College, where he was a member of Sigma Tau Gamma and he received a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Chicago School of Law. After law school, Ashcroft briefly taught Business Law and worked as an administrator at Southwest Missouri State University, during the Vietnam War, he avoided the draft by receiving six student draft deferments and one occupational deferment because of his teaching work. In 1972, Ashcroft ran for a Congressional seat in southwest Missouri in the Republican primary election, after the primary, Missouri Governor Kit Bond appointed Ashcroft to the office of State Auditor, which Bond had vacated when he became Governor. In 1974, Ashcroft was narrowly defeated for election to that post by Jackson County County Executive George W. Lehr and he had argued that Ashcroft, who is not an accountant, was not qualified to be the State Auditor. Missouri Attorney General John Danforth, who was then in his second term, during his service, Ashcroft shared an office with Clarence Thomas, a future U. S. Supreme Court Supreme Court Justice. In 1976, Danforth was elected to the U. S. Senate, in 1980, Ashcroft was re-elected with 64.5 percent of the vote, winning 96 of Missouris 114 counties. Ashcroft was elected governor in 1984 and re-elected in 1988, becoming the first Republican in Missouri history elected to two consecutive terms, in 1984, his opponent was the Democratic Lt. The campaign was so negative on both sides that a reporter described the contest as two alley cats over truth in advertising, in his campaign, Ashcroft contrasted his rural-base against an urban-based opponent from St. Louis. Democrats did not close ranks on primary night, the defeated candidate Mel Carnahan endorsed Rothman. In the end, Ashcroft won 57 percent of the vote, in 1988, Ashcroft won by a larger margin over his Democratic opponent, Betty Cooper Hearnes, the wife of the former governor Warren Hearnes. Ashcroft received 64 percent of the vote in the general election—the largest landslide for governor in Missouri history since the U. S. Civil War, during his second term, Ashcroft served as chairman of the National Governors Association
16.
United States Attorney General
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The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice per 28 U. S. C. §503, concerned with affairs, and is the chief law enforcement officer. The 84th and current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions, who assumed the office on February 9,2017, the attorney general serves as a member of the Cabinet of the President of the United States and is the only cabinet officer who does not have the title Secretary of. The Attorney General is appointed by the President and takes office after confirmation by the United States Senate, the office of Attorney General was established by Congress by the Judiciary Act of 1789. In 1870, the Department of Justice was established to support the general in the discharge of their responsibilities. Parties No party Federalist Democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Republican Status As of April 2017, there are eleven, living former US Attorneys General, the most recent Attorney General to die was Janet Reno on November 7,2016. Barr served as acting general in their capacity as deputy attorney general. 2 Richard L. Thornburgh and Eric Holder served as acting general in their capacity as deputy attorney general. Both subsequently served as general, Thornburgh 1988–1991 and Holder 2009–2015. 4 Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ Civil Division Stuart M. Gerson was acting general from January 20,1993. Gerson was fourth in the line of succession at the Justice Department, during his time as Acting AG, Gerson supported the Brady bill and was in office in the beginnings of the Waco siege. Janet Reno, President Clintons nominee for attorney general, was confirmed on March 12, Acting Attorney General Gersons last day at the Justice Department was March 19. 5 On August 27,2007, President Bush named Solicitor General Paul Clement as the acting attorney general, to take office upon the resignation of Alberto Gonzales. According to administration officials, Clement took that office at 12,01 am September 17,2007, keisler served as acting attorney general until the nomination of Michael Mukasey on November 9,2007. 6 Deputy Attorney General Mark Filip was asked to assume the position of acting attorney general by then President-elect Obama, Filip led the Department while President Obamas nominee, then Attorney-General Designate Eric Holder, awaited confirmation by the United States Senate. Holder was confirmed on February 2,2009, and sworn in the next day, thus ending Filips tenure as the acting attorney general
17.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
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John Danforth
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John Claggett Danforth is a retired American politician who began his career in 1968 as the Attorney General of Missouri and served three terms as United States Senator from Missouri. In 2004 he served briefly as United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Danforth is an ordained Episcopal priest. Danforth was born in St. Louis, Missouri and he is the grandson of William H. Danforth, founder of Purina Mills. His father was the CEO of its successor, Ralston Purina, Danforths brother, Dr. William Henry Danforth, is former chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis. Danforth attended St. Louis Country Day School for high school, while in college Danforth joined Lambda Chi Alpha. He then attended law and divinity schools at Yale University. Before Danforth entered Republican politics, Missouri was a reliably Democratic state with both its U. S, senators and Governors regularly being Democrats. Prior to Symington, Danforths seat in the Senate was held by Democratic Party heavyweights Thomas Hart Benton, Danforth was elected in 1968 at the age of 32 to be Missouri Attorney General. On his staff of assistant attorneys general were Kit Bond, John Ashcroft, in 1972 Danforths colleague Bond was elected Missouri Governor at the age of 33, and Danforth was re-elected Attorney General. The two were viewed as young Republican wunderkinds in a traditionally Democratic state, in 1970 Danforth ran for the United States Senate for the first time, against Democratic incumbent Stuart Symington. Danforth was defeated in a close race, in 1976 Danforth ran to succeed Symington, who was retiring. Danforth ran in the Republican primary with little opposition, the Democrats had a three-way battle among Symingtons son James W. Symington, former Missouri Governor Warren Hearnes and rising political star Congressman Jerry Litton. Litton and his family were killed when the plane taking them to their victory party in Kansas City crashed on take off in Chillicothe. Hearnes, who had finished second in the primary far behind Litton, was appointed to challenge Danforth, Danforth easily won even though Jimmy Carter of Georgia won Missouri in the presidential election. Danforth was narrowly re-elected in 1982 and his Democratic opponent was Harriett Woods, a relatively unknown state senator from the St. Louis suburb of University City, Missouri. She was active in womens organizations and collected union support and was a cousin of Democratic Senator Howard Metzenbaum of Ohio. Her speeches denounced Ronald Reagans policies so vigorously that she ran on the nickname, Give em Hell, Woods pro-choice stance was said to be the reason for her defeat. Woods and Danforth stayed on good terms following her defeat, in 1988 Danforth defeated Democrat Jay Nixon, 68%–32%
19.
United States Ambassador to the United Nations
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The United States Ambassador to the United Nations is the leader of the U. S. delegation, the U. S. Permanent Representative, or Perm Rep, to the United Nations, like all United States ambassadors, he or she must be nominated by the U. S. President and confirmed by the Senate. Many prominent U. S. politicians and diplomats have held the post, including Adlai Stevenson II, George H. W. Bush, Jeane Kirkpatrick, nikki Haley was nominated for this position by President Donald Trump and has been confirmed by the Senate. She assumed office upon presenting her credentials to the UN Secretary-General on January 27,2017 and it was restored under the Clinton administration. It was not a position under the George W. Bush administration, but was once again elevated under the Obama administration. The following is a chronological list of those who have held the office, Diplomatic Security Service Residence of the United States Ambassador to the United Nations Official website
20.
Thomas Eagleton
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Thomas Francis Tom Eagleton was a United States Senator from Missouri, serving from 1968 to 1987. He is best remembered for briefly being the Democratic vice presidential nominee under George McGovern in 1972 and he suffered from bouts of depression throughout his life, resulting in several hospitalizations, which were kept secret from the public. When they were revealed it humiliated the McGovern campaign and Eagleton was forced to quit the race and he later became adjunct professor of public affairs at Washington University. Eagleton was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Zitta Louise and Mark David Eagleton and his paternal grandparents were Irish immigrants, and his mother had Swedish, Irish, French, and Austrian ancestry. He graduated from St. Louis Country Day School, served in the U. S. Navy for two years, and graduated from Amherst College in 1950, where he was a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and he then attended Harvard Law School. Following his graduation in 1953, Eagleton practiced law at his fathers firm, Eagleton married Barbara Ann Smith of St. Louis on January 26,1956. A son, Terence, was born in 1959, and a daughter and he was elected circuit attorney of the City of St. Louis in 1956. During his tenure, he appeared on the TV show Whats My Line. as District Attorney of St. Louis and he was elected Missouri Attorney General in 1960, at the age of 31. He was elected the 38th Lieutenant Governor of Missouri in 1964, long in the Democratic primary and narrowly defeating Congressman Thomas B. Curtis in the general election. He was also known to have suffered from depression, between 1960 and 1966, Eagleton checked himself into the hospital three times for physical and nervous exhaustion, receiving electroconvulsive therapy twice. The stomach troubles have contributed to rumors that he had a drinking problem, on April 25,1972, George McGovern won the Massachusetts primary, and conservative journalist Robert Novak phoned Democratic politicians around the country. On April 27,1972, Novak reported in a column his conversation with an unnamed Democratic senator about McGovern, Novak quoted the senator as saying The people dont know McGovern is for amnesty, abortion, and legalization of pot. Once middle America — Catholic middle America, in particular — finds this out, because of the column McGovern became known as the candidate of amnesty, abortion, and acid. On July 15,2007, several months after Eagletons death, oh, he had to run for re-election, said Novak, the McGovernites would kill him if they knew he had said that. Political analyst Bob Shrum says that Eagleton would never have been selected as McGoverns running mate if it had known at the time that Eagleton was the source of the quote. Boy, do I wish he would have let you publish his name, then he never would have been picked as vice president, said Shrum. Because the two things, the two things happened to George McGovern — two of the things that happened to him — were the label you put on him, number one. We had a convention, but he could have, I think in the end, carried eight or 10 states
21.
John M. Dalton
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John Montgomery Dalton was a Democratic politician from the state of Missouri. He was the 45th Governor of Missouri and the states 34th Attorney General, Dalton was born in rural Vernon County, Missouri in 1900 to parents Frederick Alfred and Ida Jane Dalton. He had three brothers and two sisters, one brother, Sidna P. Dalton, would serve as Chief Justice of the Missouri Supreme Court. John Dalton received his education at Columbia High School in Columbia, Missouri. After passing the Missouri Bar he returned to southern Missouri, establishing a law practice in Kennett, John Dalton and his wife Geraldine were the parents of two children. Dalton died July 7,1972 in Jefferson City, Missouri and is buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Kennett, John Dalton first entered statewide politics in 1952, running for and winning the first of two consecutive terms as Missouri Attorney General. In November 1960 Dalton won election to be Missouris 45th Governor, gubernatorial highlights, Governor Dalton signed legislation requiring all passenger vehicles in Missouri to have seat belts, and established a drivers license points system for traffic violations. Other actions including securing funding for a new headquarters for the Missouri Highway Patrol, creation of the Ozark National Scenic Riverways, the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center at the University of Missouri is named for the late Governor. A portion of U. S. Highway 412 in Dunklin County bears the name Governor John M. Dalton Memorial Highway, gov. Dalton was a Master Mason, serving as Grand Orator for the Grand Lodge of Missouri
22.
Herbert S. Hadley
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Herbert Spencer Hadley was an American lawyer and a Republican Party politician from St. Louis, Missouri. Born in Olathe, Kansas, he was Missouri Attorney General from 1905 to 1909 and in 1908 was elected the 32nd Governor of Missouri, as Attorney General, he successfully prosecuted Standard Oil Company for violating Missouri antitrust law. Hadley was the son of Major John Milton Hadley and Harriet Beach Jones Hadley and he attended the University of Kansas, where he was a member of Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity and received an A. B. in 1892. He earned his law degree from Northwestern University with first honors in 1894, while at Northwestern, he helped establish the Northwestern University Law Review. In 1901, he married Agnes Lee and their children were John Milton, Henrietta, and Herbert Spencer. Hadley practiced law in Kansas City, Missouri and his first public office as Kansas City assistant city counselor began in 1898. He was the attorney for Jackson County, Missouri from 1901 to 1903. In this position, Hadley developed a reputation for vigorous prosecution, including an investigation of jury tampering in the civil courts, although he was not re-elected as prosecuting attorney, Hadley was elected as attorney general for Missouri and served in that capacity from 1905–1909. As attorney general, he prosecuted successful cases against Standard Oil Company, railroads, several trusts, during his term as attorney general, Hadley was the highest-ranking elected Republican official in Missouri. This, combined with Hadleys success with the Standard Oil Company suit and his record for reform, many of Hadleys recommendations for change in other government sectors, such as revenue and public service, were not supported by the Missouri General Assembly. In 1912, Hadley served as leader for Theodore Roosevelts wing of the Republican Party at the 1912 Republican National Convention. Following his gubernatorial term, Hadley resumed his law practice and worked on a federal railroad valuation project, in 1917, he moved to Colorado for health reasons and was professor of law at the University of Colorado through 1923. Hadley became the seventh Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis in 1923 and he was recruited for the position by Robert S. Brookings who helped establish the Graduate School of Economics and Government, which became part of the Brookings Institution in 1927. As a law professor, he authored Rome and the World Today, throughout his later years, Hadley was an advocate of legal reform and participated in reform initiatives of the American Bar Association, American Law Institute, and National Crime Commission. He was one of the authors of the Missouri Crime Survey, Hadley was the recipient of honorary degrees from Northwestern University, the University of Missouri, and Harvard University. He died in 1927 of heart disease in St Louis, Missouri, Herbert Spencer Hadley. Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928–1936, http, //0-galenet. galegroup. com. iii. slcl. org, 80/servlet/HistRC/ Biographical entry at Washington University in Saint Louis Herbert S. Hadley at Find a Grave
23.
Washington University in St. Louis
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Washington University in St. Louis is a private research university located in St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Founded in 1853, and named after George Washington, the university has students and faculty from all 50 U. S. states, twenty-five Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Washington University, nine having done the major part of their pioneering research at the university. Washington Universitys undergraduate program is ranked 19th by U. S. News & World Report, the university is ranked 23rd in the world in 2016 by the Academic Ranking of World Universities. Washington University is made up of seven graduate and undergraduate schools that encompass a range of academic fields. To prevent confusion over its location, the Board of Trustees added the phrase in St. Louis in 1976, Washington University was conceived by 17 St. Louis business, political, and religious leaders concerned by the lack of institutions of higher learning in the Midwest. Missouri State Senator Wayman Crow and Unitarian minister William Greenleaf Eliot, grandfather of the poet T. S. Eliot, the universitys first chancellor was Joseph Gibson Hoyt. Crow secured the university charter from the Missouri General Assembly in 1853, early on, Eliot solicited support from members of the local business community, including John OFallon, but Eliot failed to secure a permanent endowment. Washington University is unusual among major American universities in not having had a financial endowment. The institution had no backing of an organization, single wealthy patron. During the three following its inception, the university bore three different names. In 1854, the Board of Trustees changed the name to Washington Institute in honor of George Washington, naming the University after the nations first president, only seven years before the American Civil War and during a time of bitter national division, was no coincidence. During this time of conflict, Americans universally admired George Washington as the father of the United States, the Board of Trustees believed that the university should be a force of unity in a strongly divided Missouri. In 1856, the University amended its name to Washington University, although chartered as a university, for many years Washington University functioned primarily as a night school located on 17th Street and Washington Avenue in the heart of downtown St. Louis. Owing to limited resources, Washington University initially used public buildings. Classes began on October 22,1854, at the Benton School building, at first the university paid for the evening classes, but as their popularity grew, their funding was transferred to the St. Louis Public Schools. Eventually the board secured funds for the construction of Academic Hall, later the university divided into three departments, the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute. In 1867, the university opened the first private law school west of the Mississippi River. By 1882, Washington University had expanded to numerous departments, which were housed in buildings across St. Louis
24.
Thomas Theodore Crittenden
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Thomas Theodore Crittenden was a United States colonel during the American Civil War, and a Democratic politician who served as the 24th Governor of Missouri from 1881 to 1885. Crittenden was born in 1832 in Shelbyville, Kentucky to Henry and he was born into a political family and was the nephew of Kentucky Governor John J. Crittenden. He was educated at Centre College and also studied law with his uncle, in 1856, Crittenden married Caroline Wheeler Carrie Jackson and had several children. His son Thomas T. Crittenden, Jr. was later a mayor of Kansas City, shortly following Crittendens marriage, the family moved to Lexington, Missouri, where he started a law practice. During the American Civil War Crittenden was appointed a Colonel in the 7th Missouri State Militia Cavalry, Governor Willard Preble Hall appointed Crittenden to the post of Missouri Attorney General in 1864. Following his term, Crittenden moved his law practice to Warrensburg, Crittenden was elected to the United States House of Representatives for the 7th Congressional District in 1872 and again in 1876. In 1880, he helped to found the Missouri Bar Association, Crittenden was elected Governor of Missouri in the 1880 election. As governor, Crittenden wanted to suppress the robberies and violence committed by the James Gang and he authorized a reward of $5,000 for the capture of Jesse James and also for his brother Frank, dead or alive, which resulted in Robert Ford killing Jesse in 1882. Following Fords conviction for the murder, Crittenden pardoned him, on October 5,1882, Frank James surrendered in Jefferson City. During his term, Crittendens administration also collected payment on loans to the Hannibal, following his gubernatorial term, Crittenden moved to Kansas City, Missouri and practiced law. From 1893 to 1897, he was the United States consul general in Mexico City, Crittenden died in 1909 in Kansas City, Missouri. He was buried there at the Forest Hill Cemetery, Crittenden achieved some notoriety for offering a reward on a private citizen, with implications that he ordered his death. In the 2007 movie The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
25.
Jesse James
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Jesse Woodson James was an American outlaw, guerrilla, gang leader, bank robber, train robber, and murderer from the Little Dixie area of western Missouri. He was the most famous member of the James-Younger Gang, Jesse and his brother Frank James were Confederate guerrillas or bushwhackers during the Civil War. They were accused of participating in atrocities committed against Union soldiers, after the war, as members of various gangs of outlaws, they robbed banks, stagecoaches, and trains. They continued in crime for several years, recruiting new members, on April 3,1882, Jesse James was killed by Robert Ford, a young member of his gang who hoped to collect a reward on James head. Already a celebrity in life, James became a figure of the Wild West after his death. Despite popular portrayals of James as an embodiment of Robin Hood, robbing from the rich and giving to the poor, there is no evidence that he and his gang shared any loot from their robberies. Jesse Woodson James was born in Clay County, Missouri, near the site of present-day Kearney and this area of Missouri was settled by many people from the Upper South, especially Kentucky and Tennessee. It became known as Little Dixie for this reason, Jesse James had two full siblings, his elder brother, Alexander Franklin Frank James, and a younger sister, Susan Lavenia James. His father, Robert S. James, farmed commercial hemp in Kentucky and was a Baptist minister before coming to Missouri, after he married, he migrated to Bradford, Missouri, where he helped found William Jewell College in Liberty. He was prosperous, acquiring six slaves and more than 100 acres of farmland, Robert James traveled to California during the Gold Rush to minister to those searching for gold, he died there when Jesse was three years old. After Robert Jamess death, his widow Zerelda remarried twice, first to Benjamin Simms in 1852 and then in 1855 to Dr. Reuben Samuel, Jesses mother and Reuben Samuel had four children together, Sarah Louisa, John Thomas, Fannie Quantrell, and Archie Peyton Samuel. Zerelda and Reuben Samuel acquired a total of seven slaves, who served mainly as farmhands in tobacco cultivation, the approach of the American Civil War loomed large in the James-Samuel household. Missouri was a state, sharing characteristics of both North and South, but 75% of the population was from the South or other border states. Clay County was in a region of Missouri later dubbed Little Dixie, farmers raised the same crops and livestock as in the areas they migrated from. They brought slaves with them and purchased more according to their needs, the county counted more slaveholders, who held more slaves, than other regions of the state. Aside from slavery, the culture of Little Dixie was Southern in other ways as well and this influenced how the population acted during and for a period of time after the American Civil War. In Missouri as a whole, slaves accounted for only 10 percent of the population, numerous people from Missouri migrated to Kansas to try to influence its future. Much of the tension that led up to the Civil War centered on the violence erupted in Kansas between pro- and anti-slavery militias
26.
J. Proctor Knott
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James Proctor Knott was a U. S. Representative from Kentucky and served as the 29th Governor of Kentucky from 1883 to 1887, born in Kentucky, he moved to Missouri in 1850 and began his political career there. He served as Missouri Attorney General from 1859 to 1861, when he resigned rather than swear an oath of allegiance to the government just prior to the outbreak of the Civil War. Knott was disbarred and briefly imprisoned for his refusal to take the oath of allegiance and he returned to Kentucky in 1863 and was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives. In 1871, he made a notable speech ridiculing a bill to subsidize westward expansion of railroads, in the speech, he lampooned the remote town of Duluth, Minnesota. The Duluth speech was eventually reprinted in publications and brought Knott national acclaim. He did not stand for re-election in 1870, instead making a run for the office of governor. In 1875, he returned to the House and served as chair of the judiciary committee, in 1883, Knott left Congress and made a successful run for governor. He secured major reforms in education, but was stymied in his pursuit of tax reform, after his term as governor, he was a delegate to the states constitutional convention in 1891. In 1892, he became a professor at Centre College in Danville, Kentucky and he served as dean of the law school until an illness forced him to retire in 1902. He died at his home in Lebanon, Kentucky on June 18,1911, J. Proctor Knott was born in Raywick, Marion County, Kentucky on August 29,1830. He was the son of Joseph Percy and Maria Irvine Knott and he was tutored by his father from an early age, and later attended public school in Marion and Shelby counties. In 1846, he began to study law, in May 1850, he relocated to Memphis, Missouri, where he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in 1851. He also served in the offices of the court and county clerks. Knott married Mary E. Forman on November 17,1852, Forman died during the birth of the couples first child in August 1853. On January 14,1858, Knott married his cousin, Sarah R. McElroy, Knotts political career began in 1857 when he was elected to represent Scotland County in the Missouri House of Representatives. He served as chair of the committee and conducted the impeachment hearings against Judge Albert Jackson. Knott resigned his seat in the legislature in August 1858 to accept Governor Robert M. Stewarts appointment to fill the term of Missouris attorney general
27.
Governor of Kentucky
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The Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky is the head of the executive branch of government in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Fifty-seven men and one woman have served as Governor of Kentucky, the governors term is four years in length, since 1992, incumbents have been able to seek re-election once before becoming ineligible for four years. Throughout the states history, four men have served two terms as governor, and two others have served two consecutive terms. Kentucky is one of only five U. S. states that hold gubernatorial elections in odd-numbered years immediately before the United States Presidential Election, the current governor is Matt Bevin, who was first elected in 2015. The governors powers are enumerated in the state constitution, there have been four constitutions of Kentucky—adopted in 1792,1799,1850, and 1891, respectively—and each has enlarged the governors authority. Among the powers appropriated to the governor in the constitution are the ability to grant pardons, veto legislation, the governor serves as commander-in-chief of the states military forces and is empowered to enforce all laws of the state. Because Kentuckys governor controls so many appointments to commissions, the office has been considered one of the most powerful state executive positions in the United States. The history of the office of Governor is largely one of long periods of domination by a single party, Federalists were rare among Kentuckians during the period of the First Party System, and Democratic Republicans won every gubernatorial election in the state until 1828. The Second Party System began when the Democratic-Republicans split into Jacksonian Democrats, beginning with the election of Thomas Metcalfe in 1828, the Whigs dominated the governorship until 1851, with John Breathitt being the only Democrat elected during that period. Since 1931, only four Republicans have served as governor of Kentucky, current governor Matt Bevin, in all four Kentucky constitutions, the first power enumerated to the governor is to serve as commander-in-chief of the states militia and military forces. In 1799, a stipulation was added that the governor would not personally lead troops on the battlefield unless advised to do so by a resolution of the General Assembly. Such a case occurred in 1813 when Governor Isaac Shelby, a veteran of the Revolutionary War, was asked to lead a band of Kentucky troops to aid William Henry Harrison at the Battle of the Thames. For his service, Shelby received the Thanks of Congress and the Congressional Gold Medal, the 1891 constitution further required that, with each application for a pardon, the governor file a statement of the reasons for his decision thereon, which. Shall always be open to public inspection and this requirement was first proposed by a delegate to the 1850 constitutional convention, but it was rejected at that time. The power of the governor to adjourn the General Assembly for a period of up to four months if the two houses cannot agree on a time to adjourn appears in all four constitutions, the governor is also empowered to convene the General Assembly on extraordinary occasions. This was an important provision in the days of the Commonwealth. Taylor claimed a state of insurrection existed in the capital, the 1891 constitution added a provision that the governor must specify the reason for any specially-called legislative session, and that no other business could be considered during the session. There is, however, no requirement that the legislature conduct any business during the called session
28.
Edward Bates
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Edward Bates was a U. S. lawyer and statesman. He served as the first attorney general of Missouri after it was admitted as a state and he served as the United States Attorney General under President Abraham Lincoln from 1861 to 1864, and was notable as the first cabinet member to be appointed from west of the Mississippi River. He was the brother of Frederick Bates, second governor of Missouri, and James Woodson Bates. Born to Thomas and Caroline Bates in Goochland County, Virginia, on his familys Belmont plantation, when older, he attended Charlotte Hall Military Academy in Maryland. Edward Bates served in the War of 1812 before moving to St. Louis, Missouri Territory, in 1814 with his older brother James, who started working as an attorney. Their eldest brother Frederick Bates was already in St. Louis by that time, Edward Bates studied the law with Rufus Easton and boarded with his family. Easton was Judge of the Louisiana Territory, the largest jurisdiction in U. S. history since the Louisiana Purchase, after being admitted to the bar, Bates worked as a partner with Easton. In 1817, the two organized the James Ferry, which ran from St. Charles, Missouri to Alton, Easton had founded the latter town, naming it after his first son Alton. Batess private practice partner was Joshua Barton, who was appointed as the first Missouri Secretary of State, Barton became infamous for fighting duels on Bloody Island. In 1816 Bates was the second to Barton in a duel with Thomas Hempstead, brother of Edward Hempstead, Barton was killed in a duel on the island in 1823. Batess first foray into politics came in 1820, with election as a member of the constitutional convention. He wrote the preamble to the state constitution—an honor that later influenced his fight against the radical Missouri Constitution of 1865 and he next was appointed as the new states Attorney General. In 1822, Bates was elected to the Missouri House of Representatives and he was elected to the United States House of Representatives for a single term. Next, he was elected to the State Senate from 1831 to 1835 and he ran for the U. S. Senate, but lost to Democrat Thomas Hart Benton. Bates became a prominent member of the Whig Party during the 1840s, after she gained her freedom, she enlisted Bates support as her attorney in the separate freedom suit she filed for her daughter Lucy Ann Berry, then about age 14. According to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, since the mother had been proved a woman at the time of her daughters birth. During this time, Orion Clemens, brother of Mark Twain, in 1850, President Millard Fillmore asked Bates to serve as U. S. Secretary of War, but he declined. Charles Magill Conrad accepted the position and he received support from Horace Greeley, who later switched to support Abraham Lincoln
29.
Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
30.
FindLaw
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FindLaw is a business of Thomson Reuters that provides online legal information and online marketing services for law firms. FindLaw was created by Stacy Stern, Martin Roscheisen, and Tim Stanley in 1995, FindLaw. com is a free legal information website that helps consumers, small-business owners, students and legal professionals find answers to everyday legal questions and legal counsel when necessary. The site includes case law, state and federal statutes, a lawyer directory and it also includes a free legal dictionary and magazine called Writ, whose contributors argue, explain and debate legal matters of topical interest. FindLaw offers website development and Internet advertising services for legal professionals, FindLaw Home Page FindLaw Australia FindLaw UK FindLaw Canada
31.
State attorney general
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The state attorney general in each of the 50 U. S. states and territories is the chief legal advisor to the state government and the states chief law enforcement officer. In some states, the attorney general serves as the head of a department of justice. 43 states have an attorney general. Elected attorneys general serve a term, except in Vermont. Seven states do not elect an attorney general, in Alaska, Hawaii, New Hampshire, New Jersey, and Wyoming, the attorney general is a gubernatorial appointee. The attorney general in Tennessee is appointed by the Tennessee Supreme Court for an eight-year term, in Maine, the attorney general is elected by the state Legislature for a two-year term. The District of Columbia and two U. S. territories, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, elect their attorneys general for a four-year term,2014 marked the first year that the District of Columbia and Northern Mariana Islands held an election for the office. In American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the U. S. Virgin Islands, in Puerto Rico, the attorney general is officially called the secretary of justice, but is commonly known as the Puerto Rico attorney general. List of attorneys general by U. S. states and territories, Rows of the Attorney General table below are color coded indicating the political party of the office holder
32.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
33.
Jeff Sessions
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Jefferson Beauregard Jeff Sessions III is an American politician and lawyer who is the 84th Attorney General of the United States. Sessions served as the junior United States Senator from Alabama from 1997 until 2017, Sessions was elected Attorney General of Alabama in 1994, and to the U. S. Senate in 1996, being re-elected in 2002,2008, and 2014. During his time in Congress, Sessions was considered one of the most conservative members of the U. S. Senate and he opposed legal and illegal immigration and amnesty and supported expansion of the border fence with Mexico. He supported the legislative efforts of the George W. Bush administration, including the 2001 and 2003 tax cut packages, the Iraq War. He opposed the establishment of the Troubled Asset Relief Program, the 2009 stimulus bill, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as the ranking Republican on the Senate Judiciary Committee, he opposed all three of President Obamas nominees for the Supreme Court. In November 2016, then-President-elect Donald Trump nominated Sessions for US Attorney General and he was confirmed on February 8,2017, with a 52–47 vote in the Senate, and was sworn in on February 9. In his Attorney General confirmation hearings, Sessions said that he did not have contact with Russian officials during the 2016 U. S. presidential campaign, in March 2017, news reports revealed that Sessions had twice met with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak in 2016. Sessions subsequently recused himself from any investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election while some Democratic lawmakers called for his resignation. He was born in Selma, Alabama, on December 24,1946, the son of Jefferson Beauregard Sessions, Jr. and his father owned a general store in Hybart, Alabama, and then a farm equipment dealership. Both of Sessionss parents were of primarily English ancestry, with some Scots-Irish, in 1964, Sessions became an Eagle Scout, and later, he earned the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award for his many years of service. After attending Wilcox County High School in nearby Camden, Sessions studied at Huntingdon College in Montgomery and he was active in the Young Republicans and was student body president. Sessions attended the University of Alabama School of Law and graduated with a J. D. degree in 1973, Sessions entered private practice in Russellville and later in Mobile, where he now lives. He also served in the Army Reserve in the 1970s with the rank of captain, Sessions was an Assistant US Attorney in the Office of the US Attorney for the Southern District of Alabama beginning in 1975. In 1981, President Reagan nominated him to be the US Attorney for the Southern District of Alabama, the Senate confirmed him and he held that position for 12 years until Bill Clintons Attorney General, Janet Reno, asked for his resignation. Sessionss office filed civil charges in the 1981 killing of Michael Donald. Sessionss office did not prosecute the case, but both men were arrested and convicted, the prosecution stirred charges of selective prosecution of black voter registration. The defendants, known as the Marion Three, were acquitted of all charges by a jury after three hours of deliberation, interviewed in 2009, Sessions said he remained convinced that he did the right thing, but admitted he failed to make the case. In 1986, Reagan nominated Sessions to be a judge of the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of Alabama, Sessionss judicial nomination was recommended and actively backed by Republican Alabama Senator Jeremiah Denton
34.
Attorney General of Alabama
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The Attorney General of Alabama is an elected, constitutional officer of the State of Alabama. The office of the Attorney General is located at the capitol in Montgomery. Henry Hitchcock was elected Alabamas first attorney general in 1819, as is common in many states, the Attorney General is the chief lawyer of the state. He is called upon as the defender of the laws of Alabama. The Attorney General also provides advisory opinions to local and state governments when questions arise about the constitutionality of proposed laws and it is the task of the AG to represent the state when questions arise concerning various criminal sentences including the death penalty. From time to time the AG may begin legal proceedings on behalf of the state or on behalf of consumers damaged by illegal or bad faith commercial transactions. Division chiefs include Clay J. Crenshaw, Olivia Martin, Billington Garret, M. Matt Hart, Bruce M. Lieberman, and Azzie Taylor. Justia. com U. S
35.
Arizona Attorney General
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The Arizona Attorney General is the chief legal officer of the state of Arizona, in the United States. It is an independent, constitutionally mandated office, elected by the people of the state to a four-year term, the Attorney General’s Office is the largest law office in Arizona, with approximately 400 attorneys and 1,000 employees. LaSota had not renewed his state bar membership and was not considered a practicing attorney. Rush 1866–1867 Granville Henderson Oury 1869 J. E. McCaffry ca.1872 Clark Churchill 1884–1887 Briggs Goodrich 1887–1888 John A, rush 1888–1889 Clark Churchill 1889–1892 William Herring 1892–1893 John C
36.
Mark Brnovich
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Mark Brnovich is an American lawyer and politician from the state of Arizona who currently serves as Attorney General of Arizona. A member of the Republican Party, he was elected to the office on November 5,2014, Brnovich received a bachelors degree in political science from Arizona State University and his juris doctor from the University of San Diego School of Law. While at Arizona State, Brnovich was a member of Sigma Pi fraternity, Brnovich worked for the Goldwater Institute and the Corrections Corporation of America, and served as Assistant U. S. Attorney for the District of Arizona and Assistant Attorney General of Arizona. He was appointed the director of the Arizona Department of Gaming in 2009 and he served in the role through 2013, when he resigned to run for Attorney General of Arizona in the 2014 election. He defeated incumbent Tom Horne in the Republican Party primary election, Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich official state government site Profile at Project Vote Smart
37.
Arkansas Attorney General
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The Arkansas Attorney General is an executive position and constitutional officer within the Arkansas government. The Attorney General is the chief law officer and lawyer for Arkansas. The position is elected every four years, e. g.2006 and 2010, the current Attorney General is Republican Leslie Rutledge, who was elected on November 4,2014 and sworn in as the 56th Attorney General of Arkansas on January 13,2015. She is the first Republican ever to serve as Arkansas Attorney General, the best-known Arkansas Attorney General is Bill Clinton, as he later became President of the United States, he was elected to the position in 1976 and served until he was elected governor in 1978. Other former attorneys general include Bruce Bennett, Joe Purcell, Ray Thornton, Jim Guy Tucker, Mark Pryor, Steve Clark, until Rutledge took office, Democrats had held the office since Reconstruction
38.
Leslie Rutledge
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Leslie Rutledge is an American lawyer and politician from the state of Arkansas. A member of the Republican Party, she is the current Attorney General of Arkansas and she began her legal career as Clerk for Arkansas Court of Appeals Judge Josephine Hart, now Associate Justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court. She was appointed Deputy Counsel for Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee and later served as Legal Counsel on the Mike Huckabee for President Campaign and she served as a Deputy Prosecuting Attorney in Lonoke County and in subsequent service as Attorney for the State of Arkansas’s Division of Children and Family Services. She also served as Deputy Counsel at the National Republican Congressional Committee before joining the Republican National Committee as Counsel, prior to her election as Attorney General, she founded and practiced law at The Rutledge Firm, PLLC. Rutledge sought the Republican Party nomination for Attorney General of Arkansas in the 2014 election and she faced fellow attorneys Patricia Nation and David Sterling. Rutledge finished with the most votes in the election. She faced second-place finisher Sterling in a runoff election, Nation endorsed Rutledge, and she defeated Sterling. In September,2014, County Clerk Larry Crane of Pulaski County cancelled Rutledges voter registration when he discovered that Rutledge had registered to vote in Washington, Rutledge defeated Democratic Party nominee Nate Steel, a member of the Arkansas House of Representatives, in the general election. She is the first Republican and woman elected Attorney General of Arkansas, in 2016, Rutledge stated that she would appeal a ruling supporting LGBT anti-discrimination laws enacted in Fayetteville, Arkansas, that is in opposition to a state law prohibiting these ordinances. Rutledge met Boyce Johnson, a farmer from Marion, Arkansas, at a convention for the American Farm Bureau Federation
39.
Attorney General of California
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The Attorney General of California is the State Attorney General of California. The Department employs over 1,100 attorneys and 3,700 non-attorney employees, the Attorney General is elected to a four-year term, with a maximum of two terms. The election is held at the statewide election as the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Controller, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction. Heads the Department of Justice, which is responsible for providing legal services. Acts as the counsel in state litigation. Oversees law enforcement agencies, including District Attorneys and Sheriffs, previously, the attorney general lacked jurisdiction over matters in the jurisdiction of locally-elected district attorneys and sheriffs. Warren went on to become Attorney General himself in 1938 where he reorganized states law enforcement into districts, for a comprehensive list, see List of Attorneys General of California. Representative George Deukmejian – Governor of California Jerry Brown – California Secretary of State, Governor of California Mayor, Oakland California Kamala Harris – U. S
40.
Xavier Becerra
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Xavier Becerra is an American politician serving as the current Attorney General of California. Becerra, a member of the Democratic Party, was Chairman of the House Democratic Caucus, born in Sacramento, California, Becerra is a graduate of Stanford University, receiving his J. D. from Stanford Law School. He worked as a Lawyer at the Legal Assistance Corporation of Central Massachusetts and he served as a Deputy Attorney General in the California Department of Justice from 1987 to 1990 before he was elected to the California State Assembly, where he served one term from 1990 to 1992. Born in Sacramento, California, Becerra is the son of immigrants from Jalisco, Mexico. As a young child Becerra grew up in a house with his three sisters. He graduated in 1976 from C. K, mcClatchy High School, located in central city Sacramento. He received his Juris Doctor from Stanford Law School in 1984 and was admitted to the State Bar of California in 1985 and he was initially a lawyer, working on cases involving individuals who had mental disorders for the Legal Assistance Corporation of Central Massachusetts. Becerra worked as an Administrative Assistant for California State Senator Art Torres in 1986 and he served a Deputy Attorney-General in the California Department of Justice under Attorney General John Van de Kamp from 1987 to 1990. He later went on to beat Republican Lee Lieberg and Libertarian Steven Pencall, Becerra served one term in the State Assembly, representing Californias 59th district, from 1990 to 1992. In 1992, 25th District Congressman Edward Roybal announced his retirement after 30 years in Congress, Becerra entered the race for the seat, which had been renumbered as the 30th District after redistricting. He won the Democratic primary with a plurality of 32% of the vote, in the general election, he defeated Republican nominee Morry Waksberg 58%–24%. In 1994, he won re-election to a term with 66%. After, he never won re-election with less than 72% and his district was renumbered as the 31st District after the 2000 census. After redistricting, ahead of the 2012 elections, most of Becerras old district became the 34th District, Becerra announced he would run there, it includes his home. He defeated Republican Stephen Smith 85. 6% to 14. 4%, Becerra was a prominent member of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus, of which he served as chairman during the 105th Congress. He was featured on The Colbert Reports Better Know a District on August 17,2006, on September 29,2008 Becerra voted against the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 because he wanted to see direct protections for responsible homeowners in the bill. Instead, Becerra was appointed assistant to the Speaker of the House for the 110th Congress, before the opening of the 111th Congress, Emanuel accepted a position as White House Chief of Staff in the Obama Administration. Larson succeeded Emanuel as caucus chair, and Becerra won his bid to succeed Larson as Vice-Chair and he defeated Marcy Kaptur of Ohio by a vote of 175–67
41.
Cynthia Coffman (politician)
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Cynthia H. Coffman is an American lawyer and politician from the state of Colorado. A member of the Republican Party, she is the Attorney General of Colorado, Coffman graduated from the University of Missouri and received her law degree from the Georgia State University College of Law. She began working in the office of the Georgia Attorney General in 1993, in 1996, she became a lawyer for the 1996 Summer Olympics, held in Atlanta. Following the Centennial Olympic Park bombing, Coffman served as a liaison to the families of the victims, Coffman moved to Colorado in 1997, and worked for the legislative council of the Colorado Legislature. She served as counsel for the Colorado Department of Public Health. In 2012, Law Week Colorado named Coffman their Best Public Sector Lawyer, in 2014, Coffman ran in the election for Attorney General of Colorado. She faced Mark Waller for the Republican Party nomination, after receiving the majority of support of Colorado delegates, Waller withdrew from the race. Coffman defeated Democratic Party nominee Don Quick 54%-40% in the general election and she is married to Mike Coffman, who represents Colorados 6th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives
Missouri statewide elected officials