1.
Mitchell County Courthouse (North Carolina)
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Mitchell County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located at Bakersville, Mitchell County, North Carolina. It was built in 1907-1908, and is a two-story cast stone building in a vernacular Classical Revival style and it has a hipped roof with a two-stage square cupola crowned by a domical roof. It has four-sided turret-like corner bays and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979
2.
Bakersville, North Carolina
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Bakersville is a town in Mitchell County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 464 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Mitchell County. In prehistoric times, local mica deposits were mined by Native Americans. The first Euro-American settlers arrived in the area after the American Revolution, the town of Bakersville dates from the 1850s and was named for David Baker, an early settler who lived on the site. Situated on the route leading over Roan Mountain and westward into Tennessee. Traveler Frederick Law Olmsted passed through Bakersville in the early 1850s, following the Civil War, the county seat of newly created Mitchell County was relocated to Bakersville, leading to the construction of a courthouse and a growth in population. In the 1870s, as mica became commercially valuable, the local deposits of the mineral caused a temporary economic boom. Bakersville is also home to the North Carolina Rhododendron Festival, the pageant attracts visitors from across the state and nation, most notably Richard Nixon in 1968. The Mitchell County Courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979, Bakersville is located at 36°0′50″N 82°9′21″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 0.8 square miles. Bakersville is a town, and is the county seat of Mitchell County located approximately 50 miles northeast of Asheville and 25 miles southeast of Johnson City. It has one primary and middle school with approximately two hundred students. As of the census of 2000, there were 357 people,168 households, the population density was 474.4 people per square mile. There were 206 housing units at a density of 273.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 99. 72% White and 0. 28% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 28% of the population. 39. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 22. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.04 and the average family size was 2.72. In the town, the population was out with 19. 3% under the age of 18,8. 1% from 18 to 24,20. 4% from 25 to 44,26. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 46 years, for every 100 females there were 77.6 males
3.
North Carolina
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North Carolina is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state borders South Carolina and Georgia to the south, Tennessee to the west, Virginia to the north, North Carolina is the 28th most extensive and the 9th most populous of the U. S. states. The state is divided into 100 counties, the most populous municipality is Charlotte, which is the second largest banking center in the United States after New York City. The state has a range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet at Mount Mitchell. The climate of the plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a highland climate. North Carolina is bordered by South Carolina on the south, Georgia on the southwest, Tennessee on the west, Virginia on the north, the United States Census Bureau places North Carolina in the South Atlantic division of the southern region. So many ships have been lost off Cape Hatteras that the area is known as the Graveyard of the Atlantic, the most famous of these is the Queen Annes Revenge, which went aground in Beaufort Inlet in 1718. The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, the Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the states most populous region, containing the six largest cities in the state by population. It consists of rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 feet in elevation in the east to about 1,500 feet in the west, the western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, the Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet, the highest point east of the Mississippi River. North Carolina has 17 major river basins, the five basins west of the Blue Ridge Mountains flow to the Gulf of Mexico, while the remainder flow to the Atlantic Ocean. Of the 17 basins,11 originate within the state of North Carolina, but only four are contained entirely within the states border – the Cape Fear, the Neuse, the White Oak, and the Tar-Pamlico basin. Elevation above sea level is most responsible for temperature change across the state, the climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf Stream, especially in the coastal plain. These influences tend to cause warmer winter temperatures along the coast, the coastal plain averages around 1 inch of snow or ice annually, and in many years, there may be no snow or ice at all. North Carolina experiences severe weather in summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Elisha Mitchell
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Elisha Mitchell was an American educator, geologist and Presbyterian minister. His geological studies led to the identification of North Carolinas Mount Mitchell as the highest peak east of the Mississippi River, Elisha Mitchell was born August 19,1793, in Washington, Connecticut. He was graduated from Yale University in 1813, where he studied under chemist Benjamin Silliman, Mitchell began his career as a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1818, teaching math and natural philosophy. In 1825, he began teaching geology – the field with which he would be associated for the rest of his life. In 1835, he first measured the height of this mountain, through subsequent measurements in 1838 and 1844, Mitchell proved it was higher than New Hampshires Mount Washington, establishing the peak as the highest above sea level in the Eastern US. He was originally buried in Asheville, but was reinterred in a tomb on the mountain in 1858, in 1881–82 the U. S. Geological Survey upheld Mitchells measurements and officially named his peak Mt. Mitchell. At 6,684 feet high, Mt. Mitchell is the highest point east of the Mississippi River, the Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, published by the North Carolina Academy of Science, was founded in his honor in 1883. On August 18,1888, University of North Carolina Alumni erected an obelisk memorializing him at his grave site atop Mt. Mitchell, on January 1st,1915, high winds destroyed the monument. It was replaced 13 years later by the cairn and plaque currently marking his tomb. Memoir, With the Tributes of Respect to His Memory, Chapel Hill, NC, University of Chapel Hill. Inventory of the Elisha Mitchell Papers, 1816–1905, on the Character and Origin of the Low Country of North Carolina. The American Journal of Science and Arts, Elisha Mitchell at Find a Grave
6.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
7.
Spruce Pine, North Carolina
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Spruce Pine is a town in Mitchell County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 2,175 at the 2010 census, Spruce Pine was founded in 1907 when the Clinchfield Railroad made its way up the North Toe River from Erwin, Tennessee. The town was centered around a tavern operated by Isaac English, located on an old roadway that ran from Cranberry, North Carolina down to Marion. The Old English Inn still stands at its location near the center of town. North Carolina Governor Cameron Morrison deployed National Guard troops to Spruce Pine so that the workers could return and complete the road. The railroad, combined with a rapidly expanding mining industry made Spruce Pine the largest town in the Toe River Valley, as it became the hub of commerce and culture for the area. Spruce Pine was the home of The Feldspar Company and Spruce Pine Mica, the town also boasts the moniker of The Mineral City of the World In 1998, the medium-security mens state prison Mountain View Correctional Institution opened in Spruce Pine. On August 4,2007, the area of Spruce Pine was threatened when an arsonist set fire to several buildings downtown. Federal arson officials are investigating the fires, and an arrest has been made in connection with the incident. The Downtown Spruce Pine Historic District and Gunter Building are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Spruce Pine is located at 35°54′49″N 82°04′12″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 3.9 square miles. The town limits are approximately 3 miles from the Blue Ridge Parkway and located 50 miles northeast of Asheville, NC and 40 miles southwest of Boone, NC. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,030 people,888 households, the population density was 522.0 people per square mile. There were 968 housing units at a density of 248.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 35% White,0. 39% African American,0. 54% Native American,0. 05% Asian,2. 27% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 79% of the population. 32. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.89. Social networks of Waynesville, Franklin, and Spruce Pine, the median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 88.1 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.6 males
8.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
9.
North Carolina's 11th congressional district
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North Carolinas 11th congressional district encompasses most of Western North Carolina. Starting in the 113th Congress, it is represented by Mark Meadows and he replaced Democrat Heath Shuler, who retired in 2013. Shuler had won the seat in the 2006 midterm elections, defeating 8-term Republican Representative Charles H. Taylor, the 11th District was traditionally one of the most competitive congressional districts in North Carolina. This was largely because of the volatile politics. It was historically anchored by Asheville, which was heavily Democratic, however, many of the citys suburbs are among the most conservative areas of North Carolina. The rest of the district was split between Democratic-leaning counties in the south and Republican-leaning counties in the north, consequently, congressional races in this district have historically been very close and hard-fought. In 2011 the Republican-dominated legislature redrew the district, shifting most of Asheville to the 10th district, to make up for the loss in population, the 11th absorbed some strongly Republican territory in the Foothills which had previously been in the 10th. On paper, the 11th was one of the strongest Republican districts in the South, in February 2012 Shuler announced he would not seek a fourth term. Meadows won the seat in 2012, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Heath Shulers House of Representatives website Political Graveyard List of Representatives
10.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
11.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
12.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
13.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
14.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
15.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
16.
Prohibition
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The earliest records of prohibition of alcohol date to the Xia Dynasty in China. Yu the Great, the first ruler of the Xia Dynasty and it was legalized again after his death, during the reign of his son Qi. Another record was in the Code of Hammurabi specifically banning the selling of beer for money, in the early twentieth century, much of the impetus for the prohibition movement in the Nordic countries and North America came from moralistic convictions of pietistic Protestants. Rum-running became widespread and organized crime control of the distribution of alcohol. Distilleries and breweries in Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean flourished as their products were consumed by visiting Americans or illegally exported to the United States. Chicago became notorious as a haven for prohibition dodgers during the known as the Roaring Twenties. Prohibition generally came to an end in the late 1920s or early 1930s in most of North America and Europe, in some countries where the dominant religion forbids the use of alcohol, the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited or restricted today. For example, in Saudi Arabia and Libya alcohol is banned, Sale of alcohol is banned in Afghanistan. In Bangladesh, alcohol is prohibited due to its proscription in the Islamic faith. However, the purchase and consumption is allowed in the country, the Garo tribe consume a type of rice beer, and Christians in this country drink and purchase wine for their holy communion. In Brunei, alcohol consumption and sale is banned in public, in India alcohol is a state subject and individual states can legislate prohibition, but currently most states do not have prohibition. Prohibition is in force in the states of Gujarat, Bihar and Nagaland, parts of Manipur, the state of Kerala has placed some limitations on sale of alcohol. All other States and union territories of India permit the sale of alcohol, election days and certain national holidays such as Gandhi Jayanti are meant to be dry days when liquor sale is not permitted. The state of Andhra Pradesh had imposed Prohibition under the Chief Ministership of N. T. Rama Rao, Prohibition was also observed from 1996 to 1998 in Haryana. Some Indian states observe dry days on major religious festivals/occasions depending on the popularity of the festival in that region, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the sale and consumption of alcohol is banned in Iran. Alcohol is banned for people who use small shops and convenience stores, the consumption, importation and brewing of, and trafficking in liquor is strictly against the law. Alcohol is banned for Muslims in Malaysia due to its Islamic faith, the Maldives ban the import of alcohol, x-raying all baggage on arrival. Alcoholic beverages are available only to tourists on resort islands
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Graham County, North Carolina
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Graham County is a county located in the U. S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 8,861, the county was formed January 30,1872, from the northeastern part of Cherokee County. It was named for William A. Graham, United States Senator from North Carolina and Governor of North Carolina. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 302 square miles. The terrain of the county is mountainous, with elevations ranging from 1,177 feet to 5,560 feet, two-thirds of the county is the Nantahala National Forest. The soil of the valleys is fertile, Fontana Lake, an impoundment of the Little Tennessee River, forms most of the northern border of the county, with the Great Smoky Mountains National Park on the other side of the lake. Fontana Lake is formed by Fontana Dam, the tallest dam in the eastern U. S, the remainder of the northern boundary of Graham County is almost completely formed by another impoundment of the Little Tennessee River, downstream from Fontana Dam, created by Cheoah Dam. Fontana Dam and Cheoah Dam are both operated by the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Appalachian Trail winds through Graham County. Part of the trail is located on top of Fontana Dam, the Cheoah River is noted for its Class IV and Class V whitewater rapids. The river is used for whitewater rafting about 17 days per year, seventy-five percent of Lake Santeetlah shoreline borders national forest. Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest, an example of an old growth cove hardwood forest, is located in northwestern Graham County. Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest is part of the Joyce Kilmer-Slickrock Wilderness area, the eastern terminus of the Cherohala Skyway is located in northwestern Graham County. The 36-mile Cherohala Skyway connects Graham County with Tellico Plains, Tennessee, parts of the Qualla Boundary, also known as the Eastern Cherokee Indian Reservation, are located in Graham County. These sections of the Qualla Boundary are non-contiguous from the part of the Qualla Boundary located in Swain, Jackson, Cherokee. The Cherokees who live in Graham County form the Snowbird Cherokee community, the population density was 27 people per square mile. There were 5,084 housing units at a density of 17 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 91. 91% White,0. 19% Black or African American,6. 84% Native American,0. 16% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 13% from other races, and 0. 76% from two or more races. 0. 75% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 6% were of American,15. 1% Irish,12. 7% English,10. 6% German and 5. 1% Scots-Irish ancestry according to Census 2000
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Yancey County, North Carolina
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Yancey County is a county located in the U. S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,818 and this land was inhabited by the Cherokee prior to European settlement, as was much of the rest of the Southern Appalachian region. Independent and sturdy Scottish, English, and Scotch-Irish settlers of the Carolina frontier had crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains and settled the Toe River Valley by the mid-18th century. In the year 1796, one of the land speculators, John Gray Blount, paid for 326,640 acres of land. In December 1833, the General Assembly established a new county, named Yancey, from sections of Burke. Yancey County was named in honor of one of North Carolinas most distinguished statesmen, Bartlett Yancey, congressman and as speaker of the N. C. Senate, he was instrumental in many accomplishments that benefited the state, in Yanceys boundaries looms Mount Mitchell, the highest peak in the Eastern U. S. at 6,684 feet above sea level. On March 6,1834, Yellow Jacket John Bailey conveyed 100 acres of land for the county seat. John was given the nickname for his famous temper as told in the books The Bailey Family of Yancey County, North Carolina and Heritage of the Tow River Valley by Lloyd Richard Bailey, Sr. The town was named Burnsville in honor of Captain Otway Burns, the grateful people named their county seat for Captain Burns, a naval hero in the War of 1812. The statue of Captain Burns was given to the county on July 5,1909, by Walter Francis Burns, the inscription reads, Otway Burns - Born in Onslow County, North Carolina,1777 - Died at Portsmouth, North Carolina,1850. North Carolinas Foremost Son in the War of 1812-1815 - For Him, This Town Is Named - He Guarded Well Our Seas, Let Our Mountains Honor Him. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 313 square miles. In descending order of height, they are, Mount Mitchell, Mount Craig, Balsam Cone, Mount Gibbs, the population density was 57 people per square mile. There were 9,729 housing units at a density of 31 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 99% White,0. 57% Black or African American,0. 34% Native American,0. 13% Asian,0. 41% from other races,2. 69% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 25. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.81. In the county, the population was out with 21. 20% under the age of 18,7. 00% from 18 to 24,26. 40% from 25 to 44,27. 10% from 45 to 64
19.
Burke County, North Carolina
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Burke County is a county located in the U. S. state of North Carolina. As of 2010 census, the population was 90,912, Burke County is part of the Hickory–Lenoir–Morganton, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. Present-day Morganton later developed at this site, the Spanish renamed the settlement Cuenca. The following year the Indians killed nearly all the Spanish garrisoned at this and five other interior forts and it was two centuries before Europeans tried to settle again this far west in the colony. Indigenous peoples inhabited the interior as well as the areas for thousands of years. Native Americans of the Mississippian culture inhabited the county long before Europeans arrived in the New World, the largest Mound Builder settlement was at Joara, a 12-acre site and regional chiefdom near present-day Morganton. It was the center of the largest Native American settlement in North Carolina, dating from about 1000 AD, in 1567, a Spanish expedition arrived and built Fort San Juan, claiming the area for the colony of Spanish Florida. They had been sent by the governor at Santa Elena in South Carolina, captain Juan Pardo, leader of the expedition, left about 30 soldiers at the fort while continuing his exploration. In the spring of 1568 the Indians attacked the fort, killing the soldiers, Indians killed the garrisons at five other Spanish forts in the interior. Introduction of European diseases caused high fatalities among the Mississippians, two hundred years passed before the next Europeans, English, Scots-Irish and German colonists, attempted to settle here again. In 1777, Burke County was formed from Rowan County and it was named for Thomas Burke, then serving as a delegate to the Continental Congress. He was later elected as Governor of North Carolina, serving from 1781 to 1782, the western Piedmont was settled by many Scots-Irish and German immigrants in the mid-to-late 18th century. They were generally farmers and fiercely independent. Most Burke families were not slaveholders, however, some researchers have reported that, the 1860 U. S. Census found 9237 persons living in Burke County, which included 2471 slaves and 276 free persons of color. During the 1920s, five Rosenwald schools were built, making Burke a full participant in the movement that benefited so many African-American families and communities across the South. As population increased, the county was divided to other jurisdictions. In 1791, parts of Burke County and Rutherford County were combined to form Buncombe County, in 1833, parts of Burke and Buncombe counties were combined to form Yancey County. In 1841, parts of Burke and Wilkes counties were combined to form Caldwell County, in 1842 additional parts of Burke and Rutherford counties were combined to form McDowell County
20.
Caldwell County, North Carolina
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Caldwell County is a county located in the U. S. state of North Carolina in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. As of the 2010 census, the population was 83,029, Caldwell County is part of the Hickory–Lenoir–Morganton, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county was formed in 1841 from parts of Burke County and it was named for Joseph Caldwell, presiding professor and the first president of the University of North Carolina. A series of reductions in the countys territory followed, in 1847 parts of Caldwell County, Iredell County, and Wilkes County were combined to form Alexander County. In 1849 parts of Caldwell County, Ashe County, Wilkes County, in 1861, parts of Caldwell County, Burke County, McDowell County, Watauga County, and Yancey County were combined to form Mitchell County. Finally, in 1911 parts of Caldwell County, Mitchell County, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 474 square miles, of which 472 square miles is land and 2.7 square miles is water. The Brushies, as they are called, run across much of Caldwell Countys eastern section. Hibriten Mountain, located within the city limits of Lenoir, the countys largest city, in the western part of the county is the Wilson Creek area. The population density was 176.1 people per square mile, there were 37,659 housing units at an average density of 79.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 90. 24% White,4. 92% Black or African American,0. 52% Asian,0. 31% Native American,0. 03% Pacific Islander,2. 47% from other races, and 1. 51% from two or more races. The Hispanic or Latino population was 4. 57%,25. 39% of all households were made up of individuals living alone and 41. 16% of those households had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the family size was 2.91. Of the countys population,22. 63% was under the age of 18,18. 33% were 18 to 34,22. 44% were 35 to 49,21. 17% were 50 to 64. The median age was 41.3 years, for every 100 females there were 96.84 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.06 males, the median income for a household in the county was $34,853, and the median income for a family was $47,028. Males had an income of $36,429 versus $31,221 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,397, about 15. 3% of families and 20. 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 51. 8% of single mothers and 13. 2% of people age 65 or over. The county is governed by a five-member Board of Commissioners, who appoint a County Manager, the members of the Board of Commissioners are Clay Bollinger, Jeff Branch, Randy Church, Mike LaBrose, and Donnie Potter
21.
McDowell County, North Carolina
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McDowell County is a county located in the U. S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 44,996, McDowell County comprises the Marion, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Hickory-Lenoir, NC Combined Statistical Area. Archaeological excavations performed by Dr. David Moore, during the early 1980s, revealed the earliest inhabitants of McDowell County to be from the Mississippian, Dr. Moore discovered evidence in an area close to the Catawba River in and around an unusual topographical site known as Round Hill. These early Native Americans lived in this prior to Juan Pardos exploration of the region. Cherokee and Catawba Indians were known inhabitants of what is now McDowell County, in 1566, the Spanish explorer Juan Pardo came to Western North Carolina traveling through the area that is now McDowell county. His purpose was to acquire territory for Spain, but he had hoped to find precious metals. Pardo and his men built a log blockhouse at the headwaters of the Catawba River, apparently intimidated by the formidable range of the Blue Ridge Mountains and the home of the Cherokee Nation, Pardo left the area the following year. During a hunting expedition with his friend Henry Weidner, the two came upon a green valley with thousands upon thousands of acres of virgin forest. During that time, it was customary when settling a dispute to engage in a wrestling match. Hunting John McDowell received two land grants and after establishing residence along the Catawba River of Pleasant Gardens, raised his family and his son, Joseph McDowell, is noted in history as a significant contributor to the Battle at Kings Mountain. McDowell County is named in his honor, today, his home stands as one of the few remaining homes in North Carolina still standing and built by its namesake. The settlement of Old Fort was later established and it had become the westernmost outpost of Colonial civilization at the time and these early pioneers established a close community protected by a series of forts which remained active until the early 19th century. In 1793, Colonel John Carson built a house near Buck Creek in the Pleasant Gardens community. He also operated mines in the southern part of the county. Colonel Carson was a significant historical figure in the American Revolutionary War, Marion, the county seat of McDowell County, was planned and built on land selected by the first McDowell County Commissioners on March 14,1844 at the Historic Carson House. It was not until 1845, however, that the name of Marion was sanctioned as the county seat by the state legislature. The name of Marion came from Francis Marion, the American Revolutionary War hero, known as the “Swamp Fox”, during the Carolina Gold Rush period of the early 19th century, the south county area was known for its gold production. The banks of the Muddy Creek and mines at Vein Mountain were productive areas, in that community someone opened a mine on Toms Creek which may have been a Mica mine
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Watauga County, North Carolina
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Watauga /wɑːˈtɑːwɡɑː/ County is a county located in the U. S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 51,079 and its county seat and largest town is Boone. Watauga County comprises the Boone, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area, the county was formed in 1849 from parts of Ashe, Caldwell, Wilkes, and Yancey counties. In 1861 part of Watauga County was combined with parts of Burke, Caldwell, McDowell, in 1911, the county was reduced to roughly its current size when portions of it were combined with parts of Caldwell and Mitchell counties were combined to form Avery County. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 312.56 square miles. Watauga County is extremely mountainous, and all of the terrain is located within the Appalachian Mountains range. The highest point in the county is Calloway Peak, the highest peak of Grandfather Mountain, at an elevation of 5,506 feet above sea level, Beech Mountain is the highest incorporated community east of the Mississippi River. Boone, the countys largest city and county seat, has the highest elevation of any city over 10,000 population in the Eastern United States, dramatic and unexpected changes in the weather are not uncommon in the county, particularly when it comes to precipitation. This is partly due to the elevation of the county, and partly due to orographic lifting, summers can be very warm with temperatures commonly in the 80s and on a rare occasion in the 90s. Snow usually starts in November, and there can be snow falls in April, windy conditions, also, tend to be amplified across the county due to the rugged terrain and high elevation. Many people have noted that the winters of Watauga County tend to resemble those of the northern United States instead of the South, because of the cold weather in Watauga County, the area is home to several ski resorts. Among them is Appalachian Ski Mountain, the population density was 137 people per square mile. There were 23,155 housing units at a density of 74 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 45% White,1. 59% Black or African American,0. 25% Native American,0. 59% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 45% from other races, and 0. 62% from two or more races. 1. 46% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race, according to the 2000 Census the largest self-reported ancestry groups in Watauga County were, English, German and Irish. Most of those claiming Irish ancestry in Watauga county are actually of Scots-Irish/Ulster-Scots Protestant background,28. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the family size was 2.80. The age distribution is 16. 30% under the age of 18,27. 80% from 18 to 24,23. 40% from 25 to 44,21. 50% from 45 to 64, the median age was 30 years
23.
Mathematics
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Mathematics is the study of topics such as quantity, structure, space, and change. There is a range of views among mathematicians and philosophers as to the exact scope, Mathematicians seek out patterns and use them to formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proof, when mathematical structures are good models of real phenomena, then mathematical reasoning can provide insight or predictions about nature. Through the use of abstraction and logic, mathematics developed from counting, calculation, measurement, practical mathematics has been a human activity from as far back as written records exist. The research required to solve mathematical problems can take years or even centuries of sustained inquiry, rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclids Elements. Galileo Galilei said, The universe cannot be read until we have learned the language and it is written in mathematical language, and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures, without which means it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word. Without these, one is wandering about in a dark labyrinth, carl Friedrich Gauss referred to mathematics as the Queen of the Sciences. Benjamin Peirce called mathematics the science that draws necessary conclusions, David Hilbert said of mathematics, We are not speaking here of arbitrariness in any sense. Mathematics is not like a game whose tasks are determined by arbitrarily stipulated rules, rather, it is a conceptual system possessing internal necessity that can only be so and by no means otherwise. Albert Einstein stated that as far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain, Mathematics is essential in many fields, including natural science, engineering, medicine, finance and the social sciences. Applied mathematics has led to entirely new mathematical disciplines, such as statistics, Mathematicians also engage in pure mathematics, or mathematics for its own sake, without having any application in mind. There is no clear line separating pure and applied mathematics, the history of mathematics can be seen as an ever-increasing series of abstractions. The earliest uses of mathematics were in trading, land measurement, painting and weaving patterns, in Babylonian mathematics elementary arithmetic first appears in the archaeological record. Numeracy pre-dated writing and numeral systems have many and diverse. Between 600 and 300 BC the Ancient Greeks began a study of mathematics in its own right with Greek mathematics. Mathematics has since been extended, and there has been a fruitful interaction between mathematics and science, to the benefit of both. Mathematical discoveries continue to be made today, the overwhelming majority of works in this ocean contain new mathematical theorems and their proofs. The word máthēma is derived from μανθάνω, while the modern Greek equivalent is μαθαίνω, in Greece, the word for mathematics came to have the narrower and more technical meaning mathematical study even in Classical times
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Chemistry
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Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry is sometimes called the science because it bridges other natural sciences, including physics. For the differences between chemistry and physics see comparison of chemistry and physics, the history of chemistry can be traced to alchemy, which had been practiced for several millennia in various parts of the world. The word chemistry comes from alchemy, which referred to a set of practices that encompassed elements of chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism. An alchemist was called a chemist in popular speech, and later the suffix -ry was added to this to describe the art of the chemist as chemistry, the modern word alchemy in turn is derived from the Arabic word al-kīmīā. In origin, the term is borrowed from the Greek χημία or χημεία and this may have Egyptian origins since al-kīmīā is derived from the Greek χημία, which is in turn derived from the word Chemi or Kimi, which is the ancient name of Egypt in Egyptian. Alternately, al-kīmīā may derive from χημεία, meaning cast together, in retrospect, the definition of chemistry has changed over time, as new discoveries and theories add to the functionality of the science. The term chymistry, in the view of noted scientist Robert Boyle in 1661, in 1837, Jean-Baptiste Dumas considered the word chemistry to refer to the science concerned with the laws and effects of molecular forces. More recently, in 1998, Professor Raymond Chang broadened the definition of chemistry to mean the study of matter, early civilizations, such as the Egyptians Babylonians, Indians amassed practical knowledge concerning the arts of metallurgy, pottery and dyes, but didnt develop a systematic theory. Greek atomism dates back to 440 BC, arising in works by such as Democritus and Epicurus. In 50 BC, the Roman philosopher Lucretius expanded upon the theory in his book De rerum natura, unlike modern concepts of science, Greek atomism was purely philosophical in nature, with little concern for empirical observations and no concern for chemical experiments. Work, particularly the development of distillation, continued in the early Byzantine period with the most famous practitioner being the 4th century Greek-Egyptian Zosimos of Panopolis. He formulated Boyles law, rejected the four elements and proposed a mechanistic alternative of atoms. Before his work, though, many important discoveries had been made, the Scottish chemist Joseph Black and the Dutchman J. B. English scientist John Dalton proposed the theory of atoms, that all substances are composed of indivisible atoms of matter. Davy discovered nine new elements including the alkali metals by extracting them from their oxides with electric current, british William Prout first proposed ordering all the elements by their atomic weight as all atoms had a weight that was an exact multiple of the atomic weight of hydrogen. The inert gases, later called the noble gases were discovered by William Ramsay in collaboration with Lord Rayleigh at the end of the century, thereby filling in the basic structure of the table. Organic chemistry was developed by Justus von Liebig and others, following Friedrich Wöhlers synthesis of urea which proved that organisms were, in theory
25.
Geology
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Geology is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Geology can also refer generally to the study of the features of any terrestrial planet. Geology gives insight into the history of the Earth by providing the evidence for plate tectonics, the evolutionary history of life. Geology also plays a role in engineering and is a major academic discipline. The majority of data comes from research on solid Earth materials. These typically fall into one of two categories, rock and unconsolidated material, the majority of research in geology is associated with the study of rock, as rock provides the primary record of the majority of the geologic history of the Earth. There are three types of rock, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between three types of rock, and magma. When a rock crystallizes from melt, it is an igneous rock, the sedimentary rock can then be subsequently turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure and is then weathered, eroded, deposited, and lithified, ultimately becoming a sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock may also be re-eroded and redeposited, and metamorphic rock may also undergo additional metamorphism, all three types of rocks may be re-melted, when this happens, a new magma is formed, from which an igneous rock may once again crystallize. Geologists also study unlithified material which typically comes from more recent deposits and these materials are superficial deposits which lie above the bedrock. Because of this, the study of material is often known as Quaternary geology. This includes the study of sediment and soils, including studies in geomorphology, sedimentology and this theory is supported by several types of observations, including seafloor spreading, and the global distribution of mountain terrain and seismicity. This coupling between rigid plates moving on the surface of the Earth and the mantle is called plate tectonics. The development of plate tectonics provided a basis for many observations of the solid Earth. Long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries, mid-ocean ridges, high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist, were explained as divergent boundaries, where two plates move apart. Arcs of volcanoes and earthquakes were explained as convergent boundaries, where one plate subducts under another, transform boundaries, such as the San Andreas Fault system, resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes. Plate tectonics also provided a mechanism for Alfred Wegeners theory of continental drift and they also provided a driving force for crustal deformation, and a new setting for the observations of structural geology
26.
Mineralogy
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Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of chemistry, crystal structure, and physical properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, the German Renaissance specialist Georgius Agricola wrote works such as De re metallica and De Natura Fossilium which began the scientific approach to the subject. Systematic scientific studies of minerals and rocks developed in post-Renaissance Europe, the modern study of mineralogy was founded on the principles of crystallography and to the microscopic study of rock sections with the invention of the microscope in the 17th century. Nicholas Steno first observed the law of constancy of interfacial angles in quartz crystals in 1669 and this was later generalized and established experimentally by Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de lIslee in 1783. In 1814, Jöns Jacob Berzelius introduced a classification of minerals based on their chemistry rather than their crystal structure, james D. Dana published his first edition of A System of Mineralogy in 1837, and in a later edition introduced a chemical classification that is still the standard. It, however, retains a focus on the structures commonly encountered in rock-forming minerals. An initial step in identifying a mineral is to examine its physical properties and these can be classified into density, measures of mechanical cohesion, macroscopic visual properties, magnetic and electric properties, radioactivity and solubility in hydrogen chloride. If the mineral is crystallized, it will also have a distinctive crystal habit that reflects the crystal structure or internal arrangement of atoms. It is also affected by crystal defects and twinning. Many crystals are polymorphic, having more than one crystal structure depending on factors such as pressure and temperature. ”Examples of polymorphs are calcite and aragonite - two minerals with identical chemical composition, distinguished by their crystallography, calcite is rhombohedral and aragonite is orthorhombic. The crystal structure is the arrangement of atoms in a crystal and it is represented by a lattice of points which repeats a basic pattern, called a unit cell, in three dimensions. The lattice can be characterized by its symmetries and by the dimensions of the unit cell and these dimensions are represented by three Miller indices. The lattice remains unchanged by certain symmetry operations about any point in the lattice, reflection, rotation, inversion, and rotary inversion. Together, they make up an object called a crystallographic point group or crystal class. There are 32 possible crystal classes, in addition, there are operations that displace all the points, translation, screw axis, and glide plane. In combination with the point symmetries, they form 230 possible space groups, most geology departments have X-ray powder diffraction equipment to analyze the crystal structures of minerals. X-rays have wavelengths that are the order of magnitude as the distances between atoms. In a sample that is ground to a powder, the X-rays sample a random distribution of all crystal orientations, powder diffraction can distinguish between minerals that may appear the same in a hand sample, for example quartz and its polymorphs tridymite and cristobalite
27.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, also known as UNC, or simply Carolina, is a public research university located in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States. It is one of the 17 campuses of the University of North Carolina system, the first public institution of higher education in North Carolina, the school opened its doors to students on February 12,1795. The university offers degrees in over 70 courses of study through fourteen colleges, in 1952, North Carolina opened its own hospital, UNC Health Care, for research and treatment, and has since specialized in cancer care. The schools students, alumni, and sports teams are known as Tar Heels, the campus covers 729 acres of Chapel Hills downtown area, encompassing the Morehead Planetarium and the many stores and shops located on Franklin Street. Students can participate in over 550 officially recognized student organizations, the student-run newspaper The Daily Tar Heel has won national awards for collegiate media, while the student radio station WXYC provided the worlds first internet radio broadcast. North Carolina is one of the members of the Atlantic Coast Conference. Competing athletically as the Tar Heels, North Carolina has achieved success in sports, most notably in mens basketball, womens soccer. As a result, Womans College was renamed the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, in 1955, UNC Chapel Hill officially desegregated its undergraduate divisions. During World War II, UNC Chapel Hill was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission, during the 1960s, the campus was the location of significant political protest. Prior to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, protests about local racial segregation which began quietly in Franklin Street restaurants led to mass demonstrations, the climate of civil unrest prompted the 1963 Speaker Ban Law prohibiting speeches by communists on state campuses in North Carolina. The law was criticized by university Chancellor William Brantley Aycock and university President William Friday. A group of UNC Chapel Hill students, led by Student Body President Paul Dickson, filed a lawsuit in U. S. federal court, and on February 20,1968, the Speaker Ban Law was struck down. From the late 1990s and onward, UNC Chapel Hill expanded rapidly with a 15% increase in student population to more than 28,000 by 2007. Professor Oliver Smithies was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2007 for his work in genetics, additionally, Aziz Sancar was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2015 for his work in understanding the molecular repair mechanisms of DNA. The current chancellor is Carol Folt, the first woman to hold the post, UNC Chapel Hills 729-acre campus is dominated by two central quads, Polk Place and McCorkle Place. Adjacent to Polk Place is a sunken brick courtyard known as the Pit where students will gather, the Morehead–Patterson Bell Tower, located in the heart of campus, tolls the quarter-hour. In 1999, UNC Chapel Hill was one of sixteen recipients of the American Society of Landscape Architects Medallion Awards and was identified as one of 50 college or university works of art by T. A, gaines in his book The Campus as a Work of Art. The universitys campus is divided into three regions, usually referred to as north campus, middle campus, and south campus
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Black Mountains (North Carolina)
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The Black Mountains are a mountain range in western North Carolina, in the southeastern United States. They are part of the Blue Ridge Province of the Southern Appalachian Mountains, the Blacks are the highest mountains in the Eastern United States. The Eastern Continental Divide, which runs along the eastern Blue Ridge crest, the Black Mountains are home to Mount Mitchell State Park, which protects the ranges highest summit and adjacent summits in the north-central section of the range. Much of the range is protected by the Pisgah National Forest. The Blue Ridge Parkway passes along the southern section, and is connected to the summit of Mount Mitchell by North Carolina Highway 128. The Black Mountains are mostly located in Yancey County, although the southern and western extremes are part of Buncombe County. The Black Mountains form a J-shaped semicircle that opens to the northwest, the Blacks rise southward from the Little Crabtree Creek Valley in the north to the steep 6, 327-foot summit of Celo Knob. A few miles south of Celo, the crest drops to 5,700 feet at Deep Gap before rising again to the summit of Potato Hill in the north-central section of the range. South of Mount Mitchell, the crest drops to just under 6,000 feet at Stepps Gap before rising again to 6,520 feet at the summit of Mount Gibbes, the crest then turns northward across Point Misery and Big Butt before descending to the Cane River Valley. The northern section of the Black Mountains are drained by the Cane River to the west, a few of the streams in the southeastern section of the range are part of the Catawba River watershed, and are thus east of the Eastern Continental Divide. While the crest of the Black Mountain range is just 15 miles long, the Black Mountains rise prominently above the surrounding lower terrain. This is particularly noticeable from the eastern side, which rises over 4500 feet above the Catawba River Valley and Interstate 40. The Black Mountains consist primarily of Precambrian gneiss and schists formed over a billion years ago from primordial sea sediments, weathering and minor geologic events in subsequent periods carved out the mountains. During the last Ice Age, approximately 20, 000-16,000 years ago, glaciers did not advance into Southern Appalachia, a tree-less tundra likely existed in the Black Mountains and surrounding mountains in elevations above 3,500 feet. Spruce-fir forests dominated the lower elevations during this period, while hardwoods fled to warmer refuges in the coastal plains, today, the spruce-fir forest atop the Black Mountains is one of ten or so spruce-fir islands remaining in the mountains of Southern Appalachia. The forests of the Black Mountains are typically divided into three based on altitude, the spruce-fir forest, the northern hardwoods, and the Appalachian hardwoods. The southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest is dominated by red spruce and Fraser fir, the northern hardwoods, which consist primarily of beech, yellow birch, and buckeye, thrive between 4,500 feet and 5,500 feet. The more diverse Appalachian hardwoods, which include yellow poplar and various species of hickory, oak, pine forests, consisting chiefly of Table Mountain pine, pitch pine, and Virginia pine, are found on the drier south-facing slopes
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Mount Mitchell
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Mount Mitchell is the highest peak of the Appalachian Mountains and the highest peak in mainland eastern North America. It is located near Burnsville in Yancey County, North Carolina, in the Black Mountain subrange of the Appalachians and it is protected by Mount Mitchell State Park and surrounded by the Pisgah National Forest. Mount Mitchells elevation is 6,684 feet above sea level, the peak is the highest mountain in the United States east of the Mississippi River, and the highest in all of eastern North America south of the Arctic Cordillera. The nearest higher peaks are in the Black Hills of South Dakota, Mitchell fell to his death at nearby Mitchell Falls in 1857, having returned to verify his earlier measurements. A4. 6-mile road connects the scenic Blue Ridge Parkway to a lot where a steep paved 980-foot trail leads through a conifer forest to the summit. The 40-foot stone observation tower on the summit was torn down in late 2006, a new observation deck was constructed and opened to visitors in January 2009. Also on the summit is the tomb of Dr. Mitchell, Mount Mitchell was formed during the Precambrian when marine deposits were metamorphosed into gneiss and schist. These metasedimentary rocks were uplifted during the Alleghenian orogeny. The mountains summit is coated in a stand of Southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest. Most of the mature Fraser firs, however, were killed off by the non-native Balsam woolly adelgid in the half of the 20th century. The high elevations also expose plant life to levels of pollution, including acid precipitation in the form of rain, snow. These acids damage the red spruce trees in part by releasing natural metals from the soil like aluminum, to what extent this pollution harms the high-altitude ecosystem is debatable. While the mountain is still lush and green in the summer. Repairing the damage is an issue, as the pollutants are often carried in from long distances. Sources can be local or hundreds of miles or kilometers away, wildflowers are abundant all summer long. Young fir and spruce trees do well in the subalpine climate, the second highest point in eastern North America, Mount Craig at 6,647 feet, is roughly a mile to the north of Mount Mitchell. S. The monthly daily average ranges from 25.2 °F in January to 59.1 °F in July. The coldest temperature recorded in the state occurred there on January 21,1985 when it fell to −34 °F
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United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
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Carter County, Tennessee
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Carter County is a county located in the U. S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 57,424, the county is named in honor of Landon Carter, an early settler active in the State of Franklin movement. The area was claimed by Britain as part of the Clarendon settlements of the Province of Carolina. The association was the first permanent settlement established outside the original thirteen American colonies, in 1775, the Association was absorbed into North Carolina by petition, becoming known thereafter as the Washington District. This new county covered the territory now embraced in the limits of Carter. The county seat, Elizabethton, is named for Carters wife, like most East Tennessee counties, Carter Countians opposed secession on the eve of the Civil War. In Tennessees Ordinance of Secession referendum on June 8,1861, a railroad bridge at Carters Depot was among those targeted by the East Tennessee bridge-burning conspiracy in November 1861. Carter County was served by the narrow gauge East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad until the line ceased operations in 1950. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 348 square miles. Carter County is situated entirely within the Blue Ridge Mountains, specifically the Unaka Range, roan Mountain, which at 6,285 feet is the highest point in Tennessee outside the Great Smoky Mountains, straddles the countys eastern border with North Carolina. The countys boundary with Sullivan County is defined as the ridgeline of Holston Mountain, Watauga Lake Wilbur Reservoir (immediately below the TVA Watauga Dam Lat,36.3408 Lon, -82. As of 2015, the Sheriff is Dexter Lunceford, as of the census of 2000, there were 56,742 people,23,486 households, and 16,346 families residing in the county. The population density was 166 people per square mile, there were 25,920 housing units at an average density of 76 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 49% White,1. 00% Black or African American,0. 20% Native American,0. 26% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 27% from other races, and 0. 78% from two or more races. 0. 89% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the family size was 2.83. In the county, the population was out with 21. 40% under the age of 18,9. 20% from 18 to 24,29. 00% from 25 to 44,25. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 94.50 males
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Avery County, North Carolina
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Avery County is a county located in the U. S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,797, the county seat was initially established in Elk Park when the county was first formed, but was moved to Newland upon completion of the courthouse in 1912. Founded in 1911, it is the youngest of North Carolinas 100 counties, the county is the newest of North Carolinas 100 counties. It was formed in 1911 from parts of Caldwell County, Mitchell County and it was named for Waightstill Avery, a colonel in the American Revolutionary War and the first Attorney General of North Carolina. It is often noted for the amount of Christmas trees that the county produces. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 247 square miles. Avery County is extremely rural and mountainous with all of the terrain located within the Appalachian Mountains range. The highest point in the county is Grassy Ridge Bald,6,165 feet above sea level, most of Grandfather Mountain is within Avery county. At 5,526 feet, Beech Mountain is the highest incorporated community east of the Mississippi River, at 3,606 feet Newland is the highest county seat in the Eastern USA. The population density was 70 people per square mile, there were 11,911 housing units at an average density of 48 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 93. 95% White,3. 48% Black or African American,0. 34% Native American,0. 19% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,1. 28% from other races, and 0. 71% from two or more races. 2. 41% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the family size was 2.82. In the county, the population was out with 19. 40% under the age of 18,10. 30% from 18 to 24,30. 10% from 25 to 44,24. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age of Avery County is aging, with it at 38 years, for every 100 females there were 111.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $30,627, and the median income for a family was $37,454. Males had an income of $25,983 versus $21,652 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,176, about 10. 90% of families and 15. 30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19. 30% of those under age 18 and 19. 00% of those age 65 or over
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Unicoi County, Tennessee
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Unicoi County is a county located in the U. S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 18,313, Unicoi is a Cherokee word meaning white, hazy, fog-like, or fog draped. Unicoi County was created in 1875 from portions of Washington and Carter counties, the county remained predominantly agrarian until the arrival of railroads in the area in the 1880s. During the 1910s, the Clinchfield Railroad established a pottery in Erwin and this company produced a popular brand of dishware, commonly called Blue Ridge China, which featured hand-painted underglaze designs. While the company folded in the 1950s, Blue Ridge dishes remain popular with antique collectors, in 1916, a bizarre event took place in Erwin when a circus elephant, Mary, was hanged for killing her trainer. Hanging was chosen as the method of execution since all available guns were believed inadequate for killing an elephant, the hanging was the subject of a book, The Day They Hung the Elephant, by Charles Edwin Price. Hear it spoken According to the U. S. Census Bureau and it is the fifth-smallest county in Tennessee by total area. The Nolichucky River, which enters Unicoi County from North Carolina, is the primary drainage. Unicoi County is situated entirely within the Blue Ridge Mountains, specifically the Bald Mountains, big Bald, which at 5,516 feet is the highest mountain in the Balds, is also Unicoi Countys high point. Traversed by the Appalachian Trail, the mountain is topped by a grassy bald, the population density was 95 people per square mile. There were 8,214 housing units at a density of 44 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 96% White,0. 07% Black or African American,0. 25% Native American,0. 08% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 95% from other races, and 0. 66% from two or more races. 1. 94% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the family size was 2.80. In the county, the population was out with 20. 50% under the age of 18,7. 50% from 18 to 24,27. 50% from 25 to 44,26. 50% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 95.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.60 males, the median income for a household in the county was $29,863, and the median income for a family was $36,871. Males had an income of $30,206 versus $20,379 for females
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Blue Ridge Parkway
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The Blue Ridge Parkway is a National Parkway and All-American Road in the United States, noted for its scenic beauty. While the two join together end-to-end, they are separate and distinct entities, built as two different projects and managed by two different National Park Service units. The Blue Ridge Parkway was built to connect Shenandoah National Park to the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, the parkway, while not a National Park, has been the most visited unit of the National Park System every year since 1946 except two. Land on either side of the road is owned and maintained by the National Park Service and, in many places, the parkway is on North Carolinas version of the America the Beautiful quarter in 2015. Begun during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the project was called the Appalachian Scenic Highway. Most construction was carried out by contractors under federal contracts under an authorization by Harold L. Ickes in his role as federal public works administrator. Work began on September 11,1935, near Cumberland Knob in North Carolina, on June 30,1936, Congress formally authorized the project as the Blue Ridge Parkway and placed it under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. Some work was carried out by various New Deal public works agencies, the Works Progress Administration did some roadway construction. Crews from the Emergency Relief Administration carried out work and development of parkway recreation areas. Personnel from four Civilian Conservation Corps camps worked on roadside cleanup, roadside plantings, grading slopes, during World War II, the CCC crews were replaced by conscientious objectors in the Civilian Public Service program. Residents could no longer build on their lands without permission or develop land except for agricultural use and they were not permitted to use the parkway for any commercial travel but were required to transport equipment and materials on side roads. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians were also affected by the parkway, from 1935 to 1940, they resisted giving up the right-of-way through the Qualla Boundary, and they were successful in gaining more favorable terms from the U. S. government. Specifically, the bill specified the parkway route, assured the $40,000 payment for the tribes land. Cherokee leaders participated in the dedications when the Cherokee sections opened in the 1950s, construction of the parkway was complete by the end of 1966 with one notable exception. The 7.7 miles stretch including the Linn Cove Viaduct around Grandfather Mountain did not open until 1987, the project took over 52 years to complete. Flowering shrubs and wildflowers dominate the parkway in the spring, including rhododendrons and dogwoods, smaller annuals and perennials such as the daisy and aster flower through the summer. Brilliant autumn foliage occurs later in September on the mountaintops, descending to the valleys by later in October. Often in early-to-middle October and middle to late April, all three seasons can be simply by looking down from the cold and windy parkway to the green
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Pisgah National Forest
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Pisgah National Forest is a National Forest in the Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina. It is administered by the United States Forest Service, part of the United States Department of Agriculture, the Pisgah National Forest is completely contained within the state of North Carolina. The forest is managed together with the other three North Carolina National Forests from common headquarters in Asheville, North Carolina, there are local ranger district offices located in Pisgah Forest, Mars Hill, and Nebo. The Pisgah National Forest covers 512,758 acres of terrain in the southern Appalachian Mountains, including parts of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Elevations reach over 6,000 feet and include some of the highest mountains in the eastern United States, Mount Mitchell, in Mount Mitchell State Park, is the highest mountain east of the Mississippi River and lies just outside the boundary of Pisgah National Forest. The forest also includes tracts surrounding the city of Asheville, the city of Brevard, recreational opportunities include hiking and backpacking, among others. The land and its resources are used for hunting, wildlife management. The forest lies in parts of 12 counties in western North Carolina, in descending order they are Transylvania, McDowell, Haywood, Madison, Caldwell, Burke, Yancey, Buncombe, Avery, Mitchell, Henderson, and Watauga counties. Some 46,600 acres of forests have been identified in the Pisgah National Forest. The Pisgah National Forest is divided into 3 Ranger Districts, the Grandfather, Appalachian, the Appalachian Ranger District stretches along the Tennessee border from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park north to Hot Springs. The Appalachian Trail passes through this section of this National Forest, three long-distance recreational trails - the Mountains-to-Sea Trail, the Shut-In Trail, and the Art Loeb Trail travel through this district. Also included in the Pisgah Ranger District are the Shining Rock, the Blue Ridge Parkway transects this National Forest, and many National Forest and Parkway trails intersect. The Pisgah National Forest was established in 1916, one of the first national forests in the eastern United States, the new preserve included approximately 86,700 acres that had been part of the Biltmore Estate, but were sold to the federal government in 1914 by Edith Vanderbilt. Some of the forest tracts were among the first purchases by the Forest Service under the Weeks Act of 1911, while national forests had already been created in the western United States, the Weeks Act provided the authority required to create national forests in the east as well. On March 25,1921 Boone National Forest was added to Pisgah, in 1954 the Pisgah National Forest was administratively combined with the Croatan and Nantahala national forests, collectively known as the National Forests of North Carolina. American forestry has roots in what is now the Pisgah National Forest, the Cradle of Forestry, located in the southern part of the forest, was the site of the first school of forestry in the United States. It operated during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the school was opened and operated at the direction of George Washington Vanderbilt II, builder of the Biltmore Estate in Asheville. The Forestry Education offered at Biltmore was taught by Carl Schenk, a native German Schenk was referred to Vanderbilt when Gifford Pinchot resigned to operate the newly formed Division of Forestry
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U.S. Route 19E
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U. S. Route 19E is a divided highway of US19 in the U. S. states of North Carolina and Tennessee. The U. S. Highway, which is complemented by US 19W to the west, runs 75.9 miles from US19 and US 19W at Cane River, North Carolina, north to US 11E, US19, and US 19W in Bluff City, Tennessee. US 19E connects Asheville, North Carolina, and Bristol, Tennessee, with Burnsville, Spruce Pine, US 19E also has an unsigned concurrency with Tennessee State Route 37 for its entire course in Tennessee. US 19E begins at its split with US19 and US 19W at Cane River, US19 heads west and then south toward Interstate 26 and Asheville. The transition from US19 to US 19E is a transition that treats US 19W as a side route. US 19E heads east towards the towns of Burnsville and Spruce Pine, the highway is an easy drive, as it nears Spruce Pine, it expands to a four-lane that then bypasses the mountain city. US 19E reverts to two-lane once out of city limits, briefly widening to four-lane again after entering Avery county, once reaching the community of Ingalls, the highway becomes curvy as it follows along the banks of the North Toe River. Most travelers will take turn onto NC194 as a route towards Elk Park. Passing through several communities, it eventually reaches the town of Elk Park. US 19E travels a total of 45 miles from Cane River to the Tennessee state line, near Hampton, US 19E widens to an expressway and begins to run concurrently with US321. At Elizabethton, US321 splits west toward Johnson City, at Bluff City, US 19E and US 19W merge back into US19, heading north to Bristol. Established in 1927, US19 traversed from the Georgia state line to the Tennessee state line, in 1930, US19 was truncated at Cane River, where it was split into US 19E and US 19W, US 19E follows the original US19 routing north. In 1984, US 19E was realigned in Yancey County to its current routing, on November 2,2012, US19 and US 19E were widened from I-26 to Jacks Creek Road, just west of Burnsville. At a cost of $107.9 million, the 13.6 miles two-lane mountain road was upgraded to a highway. Governor Bev Perdue was on hand at the cutting ceremony opening the highway. US-19 first appeared in Tennessee in 1927, from the North Carolina state line to Bluff City, later in same year, it was extended through Bristol, into Virginia. In 1930, US-19 was truncated at Bluff City, splitting into US-19E along the route into North Carolina and US-19W going towards Johnson City. US 19E from the east end of the divided highway west of Burnsville to Ingalls is to be widened into a multi-lane highway
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North Carolina Highway 80
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North Carolina Highway 80 is a primary state highway in the U. S. state of North Carolina. NC80 is a 37. 9-mile-long two-lane mountain highway between US70, in Pleasant Gardens, and NC 226A, near Bakersville. The highway is popular with bike and motorcycle enthusiasts, because of its hairpin turns, trucks are not recommended to take NC80, with multiple warning signs posted at each major intersection. In McDowell County, NC80 begins in the Pleasant Gardens community, going north, it soon arrives at Lake Tahoma, built in 1924, a private lake which has a notable stone building situated in it, connected by causeway. Soon after leaving the shores of the lake, the highway hugs along Buck Creek to the Sunnyvale community. The following 5.5 miles has numerous 180-degree turns and is recommended to drive carefully along this section, from Buck Creek Gap, NC80 descends into the Busick community and then along the South Toe River. Near Hamrick is the Carolina Hemlocks Recreation Area, part of the Pisgah National Forest,1.7 miles further downstream is Celo Community, located at the base of Celo Knob. In Micaville, NC80 connects with US 19E, where travelers can continue on towards Burnsville or Spruce Pine, after a 2. 25-mile overlap with US 19E, NC80 continues north into Mitchell County. After crossing the North Toe River, NC80 becomes windy as it hugs along Ellis, Gouge, both Kona and Lunday are found along the banks of the North Toe River here, while Bandana, known for its local pottery, is situated along Sink Hole Creek. At NC 226A, NC80 ends, continuing north along NC 226A goes to Loafers Glory, both directions on NC 226A will take travelers on to Bakersville. The first NC80 was established in 1921 and traveled from South Carolina to Virginia, via Wadesboro, Albemarle, Salisbury, Mocksville, in 1926, NC80 was duplex with NC20 in Wadesboro. By 1929, NC80 was realigned to go through Rockwell. In 1934, most of NC80 was replaced by US52, from South Carolina to Salisbury, in 1940, the remaining section was renumbered as NC103. The second and current NC80 was established in 1940 as a renumbering of NC104, in 1970, NC80 was realigned onto improved roadway to US 19E, near Micaville, the old alignment along Stream Road was consequently downgraded. In 1996, NC80 was truncated at Mine Creek Road, near Bakersville, upon the establishment of NC 226A along it, media related to North Carolina Highway 80 at Wikimedia Commons NCRoads. com, N. C.80
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North Carolina Highway 226
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North Carolina Highway 226 is a primary state highway in the U. S. state of North Carolina. Traveling north–south through Western North Carolina, it connects the cities and towns of Grover, Shelby, Marion, Spruce Pine and it also a scenic byway in the South Mountains area and connects with the summer colony of Little Switzerland, via NC 226A. NC226 begins at US29, in Grover, approximately 211 feet from the South Carolina state line, through downtown Grover, it goes northwesterly, through Patterson Springs, to Shelby. In concurrency with US74, it stays south of the area, then splits with US74 continuing north to Metcalf. The byway, which stretches 33 miles along NC226 to Marion, is designated for its views of the South Mountains. Soon after crossing under I-40, NC226 begins its concurrency with US221 bypassing west of downtown Marion, at the US70 intersection, travelers can follow highway signs to Mount Mitchell, the highest peak east of the Mississippi River. In Woodlawn, NC226 splits from US221, which continues towards Linville, at Gillespie Gap, the alternate route rejoins NC226. As it crosses under the Blue Ridge Parkway, it crosses the Eastern Continental Divide. North from the Gillespie Gap, NC226 goes through the Grassy Creek community before entering Spruce Pine, after a short concurrency with US 19E, it continues northwesterly towards Bakersville, passing by and through the communities of Minpro, Penland, Normanville and Ledger. Near Bakersville, the alternate route breaks-off, NC 226A, along Mine Creek Road, provides a bypass route instead of going through downtown area. In Bakersville, NC226 connects with NC261, which continues to Roan Mountain, west of Bakersville, NC226 connects with NC197, in Red Hill, then goes north to Honeycutt. Following along Big Rock Creek to Buladean, it goes northwesterly alongside Spring Creek before ascending Iron Mountain. At Iron Mountain Gap, NC226 crosses the Appalachian Trail as it enters Tennessee, established in 1961 as a renumbering of NC26. In 1966, NC226 was removed from downtown Shelby, rerouted from Earl Street onto US74 Bypass to Polkville Road, in 1994, NC226 was moved with US221 onto a new bypass west of Marion, leaving US221 Business. In 2000, NC226 was realigned onto new road west of downtown Spruce Pine, the first NC26 was established as an original state highway in 1921. It traversed from the South Carolina stat line, near Pineville, in both border states, the highway continued with the number 26. In 1927, US21 was assigned to all of NC26, in 1933, US521 was assigned to the remaining piece of NC26. In 1934, the first NC26 was decommissioned, completely replaced by both US21 and US521, in 1940, NC26 was rerouted north from Red Hill to the Tennessee state line
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North Carolina Highway 226A
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North Carolina Highway 226A is an alternate state highway in the U. S. state of North Carolina. Signed along two segments that branch from NC226, The first connecting the community of Little Switzerland and it is also distinctive as being one of two alternate state routes in North Carolina, the other being NC 268A. The first section, a mountain highway also known as the Diamondback by motorcycle enthusiasts. Once on the NC 226A, the first sign is a notice to truckers indicating steep winding road ahead, trucks not recommended. For the first 3.7 miles, it increases in elevation, yet curvy. At Holifield Cemetery, NC 226A begins to climb in elevation with an sensational amount of curves. Reaching Chestnut Grove Road, in Little Switzerland, the worst of the climb and curves is over, rising over 1,900 feet from its start. Heading east now, NC 226A meets back with NC226 at Gillespie Gap, just 90 feet from the Mitchell County line, the Eastern Continental Divide, the second section, a two-lane mountain highway, begins just north of Ledger, and goes northwest bypassing Bakersville. At half-way, it connects with NC80, which heads south towards Micaville, after 3.7 miles, it reconnects with NC226 at Loafers Glory. The road is not nearly as curvy as its first section, NC 226A was established in 1961 as a renumbering of NC 26A through Little Switzerland. Prior to 1961, the road that connected Little Switzerland was authorized in 1913 to be a road, operated and maintained by the Carolina, Clinchfield. Called Etchoe Pass Road, it went from Gillespie Gap to Little Switzerland along the ridge line, in 1921, NC19 was established along Etchoe Pass Road, which by that time was toll-free and continued to Woodlawn. However, it was not without controversy because the nearby Cox Creek route was identified to be shorter, the longer route won out, though partly because several state law makers had vested interest in the area, and the Cox Creek route was temporarily abandoned. In 1934, NC19 was replaced by NC26 in the area, by the early 1940s, the Cox Creek route had reemerged as a new paved road, known locally as the shortcut. By 1947, NC26 was rerouted along Cox Creek route, in 1996, the second NC 226A was established along Mine Creek Road, providing a curvy bypass of Bakersville. While the eastern half of the route was an upgrade of existing secondary road, North Carolina Highway 26A was established around 1947 after NC26 was rerouted on the more direct route between Woodlawn and Gillespie Gap, through the Cox Creek valley. In 1961, NC 26A was renumbered to NC 226A, in lockstep with NC226, media related to North Carolina Highway 226 at Wikimedia Commons NCRoads. com, N. C
40.
1890 United States Census
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The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2,1890. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time, the data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, the total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing. The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was believed that the right answer was at least 75,000,000. The United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in America, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850. The 1890 census announced that the region of the United States no longer existed. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement, by 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis, the original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke, the damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21,1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations. Mayo-Smith, Richmond, The Eleventh Census of the United States
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1910 United States Census
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The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation. The column titles in the form are as follows, LOCATION. Number of dwelling house in order of visitation, Number of family in order of visitation. NAME of each person whose place of abode on April 15,1910, was in this family, enter surname first, then the given name and middle initial, if any. Include every person living on April 15,1910, omit children born since April 15,1910. Relationship of this person to the head of the family, whether single, married, widowed, or divorced. Number of years of present marriage, Mother of how many children, Number born. Mother of how children, Number now living. Place of birth of each person and parents of each person enumerated, if born in the United States, give the state or territory. If of foreign birth, give the country, place of birth of this Person. Place of birth of Father of this person, place of birth of Mother of this person. Year of immigration to the United States, whether able to speak English, or, if not, give language spoken. Trade or profession of, or particular kind of work done by person, as spinner, salesman, laborer. General nature of industry, business, or establishment in which this works, as cotton mill, dry goods store, farm. Whether as employer, employee, or work on own account, whether out of work on April 15,1910. Number of weeks out of work during year 1909, attended school any time since September 1,1909. Whether a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy, special Notation, In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona would become the 47th and 48th states admitted to the Union. The 1910 population count for each of these areas was 327,301 and 204,354 respectively
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1920 United States Census
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In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, the microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the census online. Microdata from the 1920 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files,1921 U. S Census Report Contains 1920 Census results Historic US Census data 1920 Census,1920 United States Census for Genealogy & Family History Research 1920 Census
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1930 United States Census
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The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in 1949, after which the original sheets were destroyed. The microfilmed census is located on 2,667 rolls of microfilm, several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices. Microdata from the 1930 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System
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1940 United States Census
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The census date of record was April 1,1940. A number of new questions were asked including where people were 5 years before, highest educational grade achieved and this census introduced sampling techniques, one in 20 people were asked additional questions on the census form. Other innovations included a field test of the census in 1939, the 1940 census collected the following information, In addition, a sample of individuals were asked additional questions covering age at first marriage, fertility, and other topics. Full documentation on the 1940 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Following completion of the census, the original sheets were microfilmed. As required by Title 13 of the U. S. Code, non-personally identifiable information Microdata from the 1940 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Also, aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, on April 2, 2012—72 years after the census was taken—microfilmed images of the 1940 census enumeration sheets were released to the public by the National Archives and Records Administration. The records are indexed only by enumeration district upon initial release, several organizations are compiling indices, why the huge interest in the 1940 Census. 1940 Census Questions Hosted at CensusFinder. com
Mitchell County, North Carolina
