1.
Software developer
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A software developer is a person concerned with facets of the software development process, including the research, design, programming, and testing of computer software. Other job titles which are used with similar meanings are programmer, software analyst. According to developer Eric Sink, the differences between system design, software development, and programming are more apparent, even more so that developers become systems architects, those who design the multi-leveled architecture or component interactions of a large software system. In a large company, there may be employees whose sole responsibility consists of one of the phases above. In smaller development environments, a few people or even an individual might handle the complete process. The word software was coined as a prank as early as 1953, before this time, computers were programmed either by customers, or the few commercial computer vendors of the time, such as UNIVAC and IBM. The first company founded to provide products and services was Computer Usage Company in 1955. The software industry expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities, universities, government, and business customers created a demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers, some were distributed freely between users of a particular machine for no charge. Others were done on a basis, and other firms such as Computer Sciences Corporation started to grow. The computer/hardware makers started bundling operating systems, systems software and programming environments with their machines, new software was built for microcomputers, so other manufacturers including IBM, followed DECs example quickly, resulting in the IBM AS/400 amongst others. The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the computer in the mid-1970s. In the following years, it created a growing market for games, applications. DOS, Microsofts first operating system product, was the dominant operating system at the time, by 2014 the role of cloud developer had been defined, in this context, one definition of a developer in general was published, Developers make software for the world to use. The job of a developer is to crank out code -- fresh code for new products, code fixes for maintenance, code for business logic, bus factor Software Developer description from the US Department of Labor
2.
Apple Inc.
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Apple is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. Apples consumer software includes the macOS and iOS operating systems, the media player, the Safari web browser. Its online services include the iTunes Store, the iOS App Store and Mac App Store, Apple Music, Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in April 1976 to develop and sell personal computers. It was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. in January 1977, Apple joined the Dow Jones Industrial Average in March 2015. In November 2014, Apple became the first U. S. company to be valued at over US$700 billion in addition to being the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization. The company employs 115,000 full-time employees as of July 2015 and it operates the online Apple Store and iTunes Store, the latter of which is the worlds largest music retailer. Consumers use more than one billion Apple products worldwide as of March 2016, Apples worldwide annual revenue totaled $233 billion for the fiscal year ending in September 2015. This revenue accounts for approximately 1. 25% of the total United States GDP.1 billion, the corporation receives significant criticism regarding the labor practices of its contractors and its environmental and business practices, including the origins of source materials. Apple was founded on April 1,1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, the Apple I kits were computers single-handedly designed and hand-built by Wozniak and first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club. The Apple I was sold as a motherboard, which was less than what is now considered a personal computer. The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 and was market-priced at $666.66, Apple was incorporated January 3,1977, without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. Multimillionaire Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple, during the first five years of operations revenues grew exponentially, doubling about every four months. Between September 1977 and September 1980 yearly sales grew from $775,000 to $118m, the Apple II, also invented by Wozniak, was introduced on April 16,1977, at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It differed from its rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because of its character cell-based color graphics. While early Apple II models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, they were superseded by the introduction of a 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive and interface called the Disk II. The Apple II was chosen to be the platform for the first killer app of the business world, VisiCalc. VisiCalc created a market for the Apple II and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II. Before VisiCalc, Apple had been a distant third place competitor to Commodore, by the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a production line
3.
Software release life cycle
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Usage of the alpha/beta test terminology originated at IBM. As long ago as the 1950s, IBM used similar terminology for their hardware development, a test was the verification of a new product before public announcement. B test was the verification before releasing the product to be manufactured, C test was the final test before general availability of the product. Martin Belsky, a manager on some of IBMs earlier software projects claimed to have invented the terminology, IBM dropped the alpha/beta terminology during the 1960s, but by then it had received fairly wide notice. The usage of beta test to refer to testing done by customers was not done in IBM, rather, IBM used the term field test. Pre-alpha refers to all activities performed during the project before formal testing. These activities can include requirements analysis, software design, software development, in typical open source development, there are several types of pre-alpha versions. Milestone versions include specific sets of functions and are released as soon as the functionality is complete, the alpha phase of the release life cycle is the first phase to begin software testing. In this phase, developers generally test the software using white-box techniques, additional validation is then performed using black-box or gray-box techniques, by another testing team. Moving to black-box testing inside the organization is known as alpha release, alpha software can be unstable and could cause crashes or data loss. Alpha software may not contain all of the features that are planned for the final version, in general, external availability of alpha software is uncommon in proprietary software, while open source software often has publicly available alpha versions. The alpha phase usually ends with a freeze, indicating that no more features will be added to the software. At this time, the software is said to be feature complete, Beta, named after the second letter of the Greek alphabet, is the software development phase following alpha. Software in the stage is also known as betaware. Beta phase generally begins when the software is complete but likely to contain a number of known or unknown bugs. Software in the phase will generally have many more bugs in it than completed software, as well as speed/performance issues. The focus of beta testing is reducing impacts to users, often incorporating usability testing, the process of delivering a beta version to the users is called beta release and this is typically the first time that the software is available outside of the organization that developed it. Beta version software is useful for demonstrations and previews within an organization
4.
Operating system
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An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require a system to function. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones, the dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 83. 3%. MacOS by Apple Inc. is in place, and the varieties of Linux is in third position. Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors, other specialized classes of operating systems, such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. A single-tasking system can run one program at a time. Multi-tasking may be characterized in preemptive and co-operative types, in preemptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems, e. g. Solaris, Linux, cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide time to the other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking, 32-bit versions of both Windows NT and Win9x, used preemptive multi-tasking. Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users, but may allow multiple programs to run in tandem, a distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing, distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a work in cooperation, they form a distributed system. The technique is used both in virtualization and cloud computing management, and is common in large server warehouses, embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy and they are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design, Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems. A real-time operating system is a system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks, like a calculator. Basic operating system features were developed in the 1950s, such as resident monitor functions that could run different programs in succession to speed up processing
5.
MacOS
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Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS after Microsoft Windows. Launched in 2001 as Mac OS X, the series is the latest in the family of Macintosh operating systems, Mac OS X succeeded classic Mac OS, which was introduced in 1984, and the final release of which was Mac OS9 in 1999. An initial, early version of the system, Mac OS X Server 1.0, was released in 1999, the first desktop version, Mac OS X10.0, followed in March 2001. In 2012, Apple rebranded Mac OS X to OS X. Releases were code named after big cats from the release up until OS X10.8 Mountain Lion. Beginning in 2013 with OS X10.9 Mavericks, releases have been named after landmarks in California, in 2016, Apple rebranded OS X to macOS, adopting the nomenclature that it uses for their other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. The latest version of macOS is macOS10.12 Sierra, macOS is based on technologies developed at NeXT between 1985 and 1997, when Apple acquired the company. The X in Mac OS X and OS X is pronounced ten, macOS shares its Unix-based core, named Darwin, and many of its frameworks with iOS, tvOS and watchOS. A heavily modified version of Mac OS X10.4 Tiger was used for the first-generation Apple TV, Apple also used to have a separate line of releases of Mac OS X designed for servers. Beginning with Mac OS X10.7 Lion, the functions were made available as a separate package on the Mac App Store. Releases of Mac OS X from 1999 to 2005 can run only on the PowerPC-based Macs from the time period, Mac OS X10.5 Leopard was released as a Universal binary, meaning the installer disc supported both Intel and PowerPC processors. In 2009, Apple released Mac OS X10.6 Snow Leopard, in 2011, Apple released Mac OS X10.7 Lion, which no longer supported 32-bit Intel processors and also did not include Rosetta. All versions of the system released since then run exclusively on 64-bit Intel CPUs, the heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT, a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, and then launched in 1989 and its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C programming language. This led Apple to purchase NeXT in 1996, allowing NeXTSTEP, then called OPENSTEP, previous Macintosh operating systems were named using Arabic numerals, e. g. Mac OS8 and Mac OS9. The letter X in Mac OS Xs name refers to the number 10 and it is therefore correctly pronounced ten /ˈtɛn/ in this context. However, a common mispronunciation is X /ˈɛks/, consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API, the consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X10.0. Reviews were variable, with praise for its sophisticated, glossy Aqua interface
6.
IOS
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IOS is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It is the system that presently powers many of the companys mobile devices, including the iPhone, iPad. It is the second most popular operating system globally after Android. IPad tablets are also the second most popular, by sales, originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone, iOS has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch and the iPad. As of January 2017, Apples App Store contains more than 2.2 million iOS applications,1 million of which are native for iPads and these mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times. The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures, interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. Internal accelerometers are used by applications to respond to shaking the device or rotating it in three dimensions. Apple has been praised for incorporating thorough accessibility functions into iOS, enabling users with vision. Major versions of iOS are released annually, the current version, iOS10, was released on September 13,2016. In iOS, there are four layers, the Core OS, Core Services, Media. In 2005, when Steve Jobs began planning the iPhone, he had a choice to either shrink the Mac, forstall was also responsible for creating a software development kit for programmers to build iPhone apps, as well as an App Store within iTunes. The operating system was unveiled with the iPhone at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 9,2007, and released in June of that year. At the time of its unveiling in January, Steve Jobs claimed, iPhone runs OS X and runs applications, but at the time of the iPhones release. Initially, third-party native applications were not supported, Steve Jobs reasoning was that developers could build web applications through the Safari web browser that would behave like native apps on the iPhone. In October 2007, Apple announced that a native Software Development Kit was under development, on March 6,2008, Apple held a press event, announcing the iPhone SDK. The iOS App Store was opened on July 10,2008 with an initial 500 applications available.2 million in January 2017, as of March 2016,1 million apps are natively compatible with the iPad tablet computer. These apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times, App intelligence firm Sensor Tower has estimated that the App Store will reach 5 million apps by the year 2020. On September 5,2007, Apple released the iPod Touch, Apple also sold more than one million iPhones during the 2007 holiday season
7.
Microsoft Windows
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Microsoft Windows is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone, defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows 10 Mobile is an active product, unrelated to the defunct family Windows Mobile. Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20,1985, Microsoft Windows came to dominate the worlds personal computer market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. Apple came to see Windows as an encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa. On PCs, Windows is still the most popular operating system, however, in 2014, Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android, because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones. In 2014, the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold and this comparison however may not be fully relevant, as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms. As of September 2016, the most recent version of Windows for PCs, tablets, smartphones, the most recent versions for server computers is Windows Server 2016. A specialized version of Windows runs on the Xbox One game console, Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks each of which denote a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the time and share the same kernel. Windows, The operating system for personal computers, tablets. The latest version is Windows 10, the main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple Inc. for personal computers and Android for mobile devices. Windows Server, The operating system for server computers, the latest version is Windows Server 2016. Unlike its clients sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme, the main competitor of this family is Linux. Windows PE, A lightweight version of its Windows sibling meant to operate as an operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers. The latest version is Windows PE10.0.10586.0, Windows Embedded, Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. The following Windows families are no longer being developed, Windows 9x, Microsoft now caters to the consumers market with Windows NT. Windows Mobile, The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile operating system
8.
Internet suite
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An Internet suite is an Internet-related software suite. Internet suites usually include a web browser, e-mail client, download manager, HTML editor, the diversity of Internet suite offerings was greatest in the mid-1990s, when proprietary web browser vendors felt it more profitable to sell entire retail suites of applications on compact disc. Dropped means that development has ended for that operating system but development for other operating systems continued. Listing with major features, with approximate grouping, note specific features in suites are often divided between applications differently, or integrated in different ways. The years category refers mainly to the development and release period
9.
Software license
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A software license is a legal instrument governing the use or redistribution of software. Under United States copyright law all software is copyright protected, in code as also object code form. The only exception is software in the public domain, most distributed software can be categorized according to its license type. Two common categories for software under copyright law, and therefore with licenses which grant the licensee specific rights, are proprietary software and free, unlicensed software outside the copyright protection is either public domain software or software which is non-distributed, non-licensed and handled as internal business trade secret. Contrary to popular belief, distributed unlicensed software is copyright protected. Examples for this are unauthorized software leaks or software projects which are placed on public software repositories like GitHub without specified license. As voluntarily handing software into the domain is problematic in some international law domains, there are also licenses granting PD-like rights. Therefore, the owner of a copy of software is legally entitled to use that copy of software. Hence, if the end-user of software is the owner of the respective copy, as many proprietary licenses only enumerate the rights that the user already has under 17 U. S. C. §117, and yet proclaim to take away from the user. Proprietary software licenses often proclaim to give software publishers more control over the way their software is used by keeping ownership of each copy of software with the software publisher. The form of the relationship if it is a lease or a purchase, for example UMG v. Augusto or Vernor v. Autodesk. The ownership of goods, like software applications and video games, is challenged by licensed. The Swiss based company UsedSoft innovated the resale of business software and this feature of proprietary software licenses means that certain rights regarding the software are reserved by the software publisher. Therefore, it is typical of EULAs to include terms which define the uses of the software, the most significant effect of this form of licensing is that, if ownership of the software remains with the software publisher, then the end-user must accept the software license. In other words, without acceptance of the license, the end-user may not use the software at all, one example of such a proprietary software license is the license for Microsoft Windows. The most common licensing models are per single user or per user in the appropriate volume discount level, Licensing per concurrent/floating user also occurs, where all users in a network have access to the program, but only a specific number at the same time. Another license model is licensing per dongle which allows the owner of the dongle to use the program on any computer, Licensing per server, CPU or points, regardless the number of users, is common practice as well as site or company licenses
10.
ICloud
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ICloud is a cloud storage and cloud computing service from Apple Inc. launched on October 12,2011. As of February 2016, the service had 782 million users, the service also provides the means to wirelessly back up iOS devices directly to iCloud, instead of being reliant on manual backups to a host Mac or Windows computer using iTunes. Service users are able to share photos, music. It replaced Apples MobileMe service, acting as a data syncing center for email, contacts, calendars, bookmarks, notes, reminders, iWork documents, photos, one of Apples iCloud data centers is located in Maiden, North Carolina, US. Beginning in 2011, iCloud is based on Amazon Web Services, in 2016, Apple signed a deal with Google to use Google Cloud Platform for some iCloud services. In October 2016, Bloomberg reported that Apple was working on project Pie which aims to improve the Speed and Experience of Apples online services by being operated more directly by Apple. Also it was reported that Apple was going to all of its services employees to the Apple Campus. ICloud was announced on June 6,2011, at the 2011 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference, the official website, www. icloud. com, went live in early August for Apple Developers. On October 12,2011, iCloud became available to use via an iTunes update, iCloud had 20 million users in less than a week after launch. The iCloud. com domain and registered trademark were bought from a Swedish company called Xcerion, Apple now controls major domains like iCloud. de, iCloud. fr and iCloud. es. A class action lawsuit by customers unhappy over the transition from MobileMe to iCloud was filed in early May 2012. The first official mention of iCloud from Apple came on May 31,2011, a banner hung at the Moscone Center for WWDC revealed the iCloud logo five days before the official launch. In the WWDC2011 keynote speech, Apple announced iCloud will replace MobileMe services, data backed up includes photos and videos in the Camera Roll, device settings, app data, messages, ringtones, and Visual Voicemails. Backups occur daily when the device is locked and connected to Wi-Fi, in case of a malfunction of any Apple device, during the restoration process, iCloud offers to restore all data along with App data only if the device was synced to iCloud and backed up. Back to My Mac, also part of MobileMe, is now part of iCloud. As before, this allows users to log in remotely to other computers that have Back to My Mac enabled and are configured with the same Apple ID. An iCloud account includes an account, much like MobileMe. Mac. Unlike MobileMe and its previous iterations, an address is an optional part of an iCloud account, in that the user can choose not to use it
11.
Mac OS 9
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Mac OS9 is the ninth and final major release of Apples classic Mac OS operating system. While Mac OS9 lacks protected memory and full pre-emptive multitasking, lasting improvements include the introduction of an automated Software Update engine, Apple discontinued development of Mac OS9 in 2001, transitioning all future development to macOS, then named Mac OS X. Since that time, no updates have been released, the final updates to Mac OS9 addressed compatibility issues with macOS while running in the Classic Environment and compatibility with Carbon applications. At the 2002 World Wide Developers Conference, Steve Jobs began his address by staging a mock funeral for OS9. Mac OS9 also featured integrated support for Apple’s suite of Internet services known as iTools, other features new to Mac OS9 include, Integrated support for multiple user accounts without using At Ease. Support for voice login through VoicePrint passwords, keychain, a feature allowing users to save passwords and textual data encrypted in protected keychains. A Software Update control panel for automatic download and installation of Apple system software updates, a redesigned Sound control panel and support for USB audio. Speakable Items 2.0, also known as PlainTalk, featuring improved speech synthesis, remote Access Personal Server 3.5, including support for TCP/IP clients over Point-to-Point Protocol. An updated version of AppleScript with support for TCP/IP, USB Printer Sharing, a control panel allowing certain USB printers to be shared across a TCP/IP network. 128-bit file encryption in the Finder, support for files larger than 2 GB. This is achieved through running Mac OS9 without access to Finder inside OS X and this requires Mac OS9 to be installed on the computer, even if computers that can run the Classic environment are not necessarily able to boot into Mac OS9. Some Mac OS9 applications do not run well in Classic and they demonstrate screen redraw problems and lagging performance. In addition, some drivers and other software directly interact with the hardware fail to work properly. In May 2002, at Apples Worldwide Developers Conference in San Jose, California, Steve Jobs, accompanied by a coffin, Mac OS9.2.2, released in December 2001, was the final version of Mac OS9 and the classic Mac OS. In June 2005, Jobs announced that the Macintosh platform would be transitioning to Intel x86 microprocessors, developer documentation of the Rosetta PowerPC emulation layer revealed that applications written for Mac OS8 or 9 would not run on x86-based Macs. The Classic Environment remains in the PowerPC version of OS X10.4, however, as a workaround for Intel-based Macs, Mac OS9 can be emulated up to version 9.0.4 by using SheepShaver, a PowerPC emulator. It cannot emulate above 9.0.4 because SheepShaver does not emulate a memory management unit, the PearPC PowerPC emulator does not support Mac OS9. While Mac OS9 is no longer supported by Apple, retail copies are available from several Internet businesses at varying prices
12.
Apple Worldwide Developers Conference
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The Apple Worldwide Developers Conference, is a conference held annually in California by Apple Inc. The conference is used by Apple to showcase its new software, attendees can participate in hands-on labs with Apple engineers, and in-depth sessions covering a wide variety of topics. WWDC began in 1983 in Monterey, California, until 2007, the number of attendees varied between 2,000 and 4,200, however, during WWDC2007, Steve Jobs noted that there were more than 5,000 attendees. The WWDC events held from 2008 to 2015 were capped, since 1998, the conference has generally started with a keynote presentation. It was usually delivered by Jobs, resulting in their becoming termed Stevenotes, after Jobs 2011 resignation and death, his successor Tim Cook delivered the keynotes. In 1991, first public demonstration of QuickTime, in 1995, WWDC95 focused almost fully on the Copland project, which by this time was able to be demonstrated to some degree. Gil Amelio stated that the system was on-schedule to ship in beta form in summer with an initial commercial release in the very late fall. However, very few live demos were offered, and no beta of the system was offered. In 1996, WWDC96s primary emphasis was a new software component technology called OpenDoc, the OpenDoc consortium included Adobe, Lotus, others, and Apple. Apple touted OpenDoc as the foundation for application structure under Mac OS. In 1997, WWDC97 was the first show after the purchase of NeXT, the show focused mainly on the work in progress, including a short history of development efforts since the two development teams had been merged on February 4. Several new additions to the system were demonstrated, including tabbed and outline views. Under the original Rhapsody plans, classic applications would run in sandboxed installation of the classic Mac OS, to receive new features, such as protected memory and preemptive multitasking, developers had to rewrite applications using the Yellow Box API. Developer complaints about the major porting effort to what was then a market and warnings that they might simply abandon the platform. Carbon addressed the problem by reducing the effort needed, while exposing some of the new functions of the underlying OS. Another major introduction at WWDC98 was the Quartz imaging model, which replaced Display PostScript with something akin to display PDF, although the reasons for this switch remain unclear, Quartz also included better support for the extant QuickDraw model from the classic OS, and Java2D. Supporting QuickDraw directly in the model also led to a related announcement. In 1999, WWDC99 was essentially a report as the plans outlined in WWDC98 came to fruition
13.
IPhone
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IPhone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. They run Apples iOS mobile operating system, the first generation iPhone was released on June 29,2007, the most recent iPhone model is the iPhone 7, which was unveiled at a special event on September 7,2016. The user interface is built around the devices multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard, the iPhone has Wi-Fi and can connect to cellular networks. Other functionality, such as games, reference works, and social networking. As of January 2017, Apples App Store contained more than 2.2 million applications available for the iPhone, Apple has released ten generations of iPhone models, each accompanied by one of the ten major releases of the iOS operating system. The iPhone 5 featured a taller, 4-inch display and Apples newly introduced Lightning connector, in 2013, Apple released the 5S with improved hardware and a fingerprint reader, and the lower-cost 5C, a version of the 5 with colored plastic casings instead of metal. They were followed by the larger iPhone 6, with models featuring 4.7 and 5. 5-inch displays.5 mm headphone jack found on previous phones. The iPhones commercial success has been credited with reshaping the smartphone industry, the original iPhone was one of the first phones to use a design featuring a slate format with a touchscreen interface. Almost all modern smartphones have replicated this style of design, in the US, the iPhone holds the largest share of the smartphone market. As of late 2015, the iPhone had a 43. 6% market share, followed by Samsung, LG, Apple CEO Steve Jobs steered the original focus away from a tablet and towards a phone. Apple created the device during a collaboration with Cingular Wireless at the time—at an estimated development cost of US$150 million over thirty months. Apple rejected the design by committee approach that had yielded the Motorola ROKR E1, among other deficiencies, the ROKR E1s firmware limited storage to only 100 iTunes songs to avoid competing with Apples iPod nano. Jobs unveiled the iPhone to the public on January 9,2007, the passionate reaction to the launch of the iPhone resulted in sections of the media dubbing it the Jesus phone. Following this successful release in the US, the first generation iPhone was made available in the UK, France, and Germany in November 2007, on July 11,2008, Apple released the iPhone 3G in twenty-two countries, including the original six. Apple released the iPhone 3G in upwards of eighty countries and territories. Apple announced the iPhone 3GS on June 8,2009, along with plans to release it later in June, July, many would-be users objected to the iPhones cost, and 40% of users had household incomes over US$100,000. The back of the original first generation iPhone was made of aluminum with a black plastic accent, the iPhone 3G and 3GS feature a full plastic back to increase the strength of the GSM signal. The iPhone 3G was available in an 8 GB black model, the iPhone 3GS was available in both colors, regardless of storage capacity
14.
IPod Touch
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The iPod Touch is an iOS-based all-purpose handheld PC designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a user interface that is touchscreen-based. It can be used as a music and video player, digital camera, handheld game device, furthermore, it does not fit in Apples iPhone accessories such as their leather cases. As of May 2013,100 million iPod Touch units had been sold and it is also the most popular iPod model. The current iPod touch is the model, released on July 15,2015. Users type on a keyboard displayed on the screen. Apple operates a store, allowing users to buy and directly download music, videos. Successive updates to iOS since the release in 2007 have released additional features. IPhone OS2.0, released on July 11,2008, introduced the App Store, iPhone OS3.0, released on June 17,2009, added features such as cut, copy, and paste, data tethering and push notification support. IOS4.0, released on June 21,2010, introduced iBooks, FaceTime and it dropped support for the first generation iPod Touch. In June 2011, iOS5, the major release of iOS software, was announced at Apples WWDC2011. Apple limited some features, most notably the control system Siri. IOS6, which was released on September 19,2012 to the fourth and fifth generation iPod Touch models, contains 200 new features including Passbook, Facebook integration and Apple Maps. The fifth generation iPod Touch gained the ability to take panoramic photos, on June 8,2015, it was announced at the WWDC that the iPod Touch fifth generation would support iOS9, along with other A5 devices. This makes the iPod Touch fifth generation the only iPod Touch to support 4 major versions of iOS. Apples position was that they could add features for free to the iPhone because the revenue from it is accounted for on a basis under accounting rules. At WWDC in June 2010, as of iOS4, Steve Jobs announced that Apple had found a way to make subsequent OS upgrades available free to iPod Touch owners. To purchase content on the iPod Touch, the user must create an Apple ID or have an existing account, with this account one may download music and videos from the iTunes Store, apps from the App Store, or books from the iBookstore. An Apple ID account created without a card can be used to get free content
15.
Apple Store
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Apple Store is a chain of retail stores owned and operated by Apple Inc. dealing with computers and consumer electronics. The stores sell Macintosh personal computers, software, iPod, iPad, iPhone, Apple Watch, Apple TV, Apple Stores have a standardized appearance with light wood tables and a general minimal design. With global sales of US$16 billion in merchandise in 2011, Apple leads the United States retail market in terms of sales per unit area, Apple has 490 retail stores in 20 countries and an online store available in 39 countries. Many stores are located inside shopping malls, but Apple has built several stand-alone flagship stores in high-profile locations, every store is designed to suit the needs of the location and regulatory authorities. Apple has received architectural awards for its store designs, particularly its midtown Manhattan location on Fifth Avenue. Several stores feature glass staircases, which for multi-level stores was originally intended to attract customers to visit the upper floors, the New York Times wrote that these features were part of then-CEO Steve Jobs extensive attention to detail. Apple worked with architect Bohlin Cywinski Jackson and engineer Eckersley OCallaghan Structural Design in designing the staircase, the Apple Store in Regent Street, London was the first to open in Europe, in November 2004. The Regent Street store was surpassed in size by the nearby Apple Store in Covent Garden, on May 19,2006, an Apple Store was opened in New York’s Fifth Avenue. It features a distinctive 32-foot glass cube, and is open 24 hours a day,365 days a year, ron Johnson, Senior Vice President of Retail Operations until November 1,2011. After 2011, Apple transferred retail leadership to first John Browett, of the 43,000 Apple employees in the United States 30,000 work at Apple Stores. Due to the popularity of the applicants for jobs at Apple Stores are numerous with many young workers applying, pay is modest. The pace of work is due to the popularity of the iPhone. Employees typically work for only a few years as career prospects are limited with no path of advancement other than limited retail management slots, the retention rate for the technicians who man the Genius Bar is over 90%. Steve Jobs, the co-founder of Apple, returned as interim CEO in 1997, according to Jobs biographer Walter Isaacson, Jobs began a concerted campaign to help sales by improving the retail presentation of Macintosh computers. This provided a profit motive to convert customers interested in buying a Mac into the owners of a new, cheaply assembled. Tim Cook, who joined Apple in 1998 as Senior Vice President for Worldwide Operations, Jobs severed Apples ties of every big box retailer, including Sears, Best Buy, Circuit City, Computer City and Office Max to focus its retail efforts with CompUSA. Between 1997 and 2000, the number of Mac authorized resellers dropped from 20,000 to just 11,000, the majority of these were cuts made by Apple itself. Today, the Apple Store sells many different items, such as Phone cases, Jobs did a study for stand alone store within a store for 34 sites in Japan
16.
IPhone 4S
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The iPhone 4S is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 4. Announced on October 4,2011 at Apples Cupertino campus, its coverage was accompanied by news of the death of former Apple CEO. Further worldwide rollout, including 22 additional countries on October 28 and this iPhone was named 4S where S stood for Siri an iPhone 4S-exclusive intelligent personal assistant that was later included in future generations of mobile Apple products. Retaining the most of the design of the iPhone 4, the 4S hosted major internal upgrades, including an upgrade to the Apple A5 chipset. It debuted with iOS5, the major version of iOS, Apples mobile operating system, that introduced features including iCloud, iMessage, Notification Center, Reminders. Reception to the iPhone 4S was generally favorable, reviewers noted Siri, the new camera, and processing speeds as significant advantages over the prior model. It was succeeded by the iPhone 5 as Apples flagship phone on September 12,2012, the iPhone 4S remained in production, albeit being sold with reduced storage. It was discontinued officially on September 9,2014, following the announcement of the iPhone 6, but is currently supported as of iOS9. During the course of its lifetime, the iPhone 4S is the best-selling iPhone ever produced and it is the first iPhone to support five major versions of iOS,5,6,7,8, and 9. It is also the last iPhone to have the original 30 pin connector as it was replaced by the Lightning Connector when the iPhone 5 was released. As early as May 2011, some leaks had an accurate description of the iPhone 4S including the name iPhone 4S, the Apple A5 chip, HSDPA, new camera. The iPhone 4S was unveiled at Apples Lets Talk iPhone event on October 4,2011, on the Apple Campus in Cupertino, the keynote was the first which Tim Cook gave since the Verizon keynote earlier in the year. It was also Cooks first launch without Apple co-founder Steve Jobs, whose health was deteriorating, Tim Carmody of Wired praised Cook for focusing on company achievements, calling him a global business thinker and a taskmaster. At the Lets Talk iPhone event held by Apple on October 4,2011, Mike Capps demonstrated Epic Games Infinity Blade II, Capps boasted that the game uses Epic Games Unreal Engine 3 and features the same graphic techniques used in the Xbox 360 game Gears of War 3. Speculation about Apples next generation phone, including specifications and a predicted name iPhone 5, had been widespread in the time preceding its debut. After the iPhone 4S was announced, it was considered by media to be a disappointment. There were no differences between the iPhone 4 CDMA model and the iPhone 4S, with the exception of a SIM card slot on the iPhone 4S
17.
Macintosh
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The Macintosh (/ˈmækᵻntɒʃ/ MAK-in-tosh, is a series of personal computers designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. Steve Jobs introduced the original Macintosh computer on January 24,1984 and this was the companys first mass-market personal computer featuring an integral graphical user interface and mouse. This first model was renamed to Macintosh 128k for uniqueness amongst a populous family of subsequently updated models which are also based on Apples same proprietary architecture. Since 1998, Apple has largely phased out the Macintosh name in favor of Mac, Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade. In the 1990s, improvements in the rival Wintel platform, notably with the introduction of Windows 3.0, then Windows 95, gradually took market share from the more expensive Macintosh systems. The performance advantage of 68000-based Macintosh systems was eroded by Intels Pentium, even after a transition to the superior PowerPC-based Power Macintosh line in 1994, the falling prices of commodity PC components and the release of Windows 95 saw the Macintosh user base decline. In 1998, after the return of Steve Jobs, Apple consolidated its multiple consumer-level desktop models into the all-in-one iMac G3, since their transition to Intel processors in 2006, the complete lineup is entirely based on said processors and associated systems. Its current lineup comprises three desktops, and three laptops and its Xserve server was discontinued in 2011 in favor of the Mac Mini and Mac Pro. Apple also develops the operating system for the Mac, currently macOS version 10.12 Sierra, Macs are currently capable of running non-Apple operating systems such as Linux, OpenBSD, and Microsoft Windows with the aid of Boot Camp or third-party software. Apple does not license macOS for use on computers, though it did license previous versions of the classic Mac OS through their Macintosh clone program from 1995 to 1997. The Macintosh project was begun in 1979 by Jef Raskin, an Apple employee who envisioned an easy-to-use, in 1978 Apple began to organize the Apple Lisa project, aiming to build a next-generation machine similar to an advanced Apple III or the yet-to-be-introduced IBM PC. In 1979, Steve Jobs learned of the work on graphical user interfaces taking place at Xerox PARC. He arranged a deal in which Xerox received Apple stock options in return for which Apple would license their designs, the basic layout of the Lisa was largely complete by 1982, at which point Jobs continual suggestions for improvements led to him being kicked off the project. At the same time that the Lisa was becoming a GUI machine in 1979, the design at that time was for a low-cost, easy-to-use machine for the average consumer. Raskin was authorized to start hiring for the project in September 1979 and his initial team would eventually consist of himself, Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble. Smiths design used fewer RAM chips than the Lisa, which production of the board significantly more cost-efficient. Though there were no memory slots, its RAM was expandable to 512 kB by means of soldering sixteen IC sockets to accept 256 kb RAM chips in place of the factory-installed chips. The final products screen was a 9-inch, 512x342 pixel monochrome display, burrels innovative design, combining the low production cost of an Apple II with the computing power of Lisas Motorola 68000 CPU, began to receive Jobs attentions
18.
Email address
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An email address identifies an email box to which email messages are delivered. A wide variety of formats were used in early email systems, an email address such as John. Smith@example. com is made up of a local-part, an @ symbol, then a case-insensitive domain. In some cases they also limit which addresses it is possible to send mail to, with the introduction of internationalized domain names, efforts are progressing to permit non-ASCII characters in email addresses. Companies like Microsoft, Gmail has announced compatibility with EAI and companies like Data Xgen Technologies has in fact started offering EAI compatible email server. The transmission of electronic mail within the Internet uses the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol, defined in Internet standards RFC5321 and RFC5322, the general format of an email address is local-part@domain, and a specific example is jsmith@example. com. An address consists of two parts, the part before the @ symbol identifies the name of a mailbox. This is often the username of the recipient, e. g. jsmith, the part after the @ symbol is a domain name that represents the administrative realm for the mail box, e. g. a companys domain name, example. com. When delivering email, a mail server uses the domain name system to look up the mail exchanger record for the recipients domain, the returned MX record contains the name of the recipients mailserver. The MTA next connects to this server as an SMTP client, the local part of an email address has no significance for intermediate mail relay systems other than the final mailbox host. Email senders and intermediate relay systems must not assume it to be case-insensitive, a single mailbox may receive mail for multiple email addresses, if configured by the administrator. Conversely, an email address may be the alias to a distribution list to many mailboxes. The addresses found in the fields of an email message are not directly used by mail exchangers to deliver the message. An email message also contains a message envelope that contains the information for mail routing, while envelope and header addresses may be equal, forged email addresses are often seen in spam, phishing, and many other Internet-based scams. This has led to several initiatives which aim to make such forgeries easier to spot. smith@example. org> and this was widely used for several years, but was superseded by the Internet standards promulgated by the Internet Engineering Task Force. The formal definitions are in RFC5322 and RFC 5321—with a more readable form given in the informational RFC3696 and the associated errata. The local-part of the address may use any of these ASCII characters, uppercase and lowercase Latin letters A to Z. John. smith@example. com and john. smith@example. com are equivalent to john. smith@example. com. A quoted string may exist as a dot separated entity within the local-part, quoted strings and characters however, are not commonly used
19.
IPhone 3G
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The iPhone 3G is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the generation of iPhone, and was introduced on June 9,2008, at the WWDC2008 at the Moscone Center in San Francisco. The iPhone 3G is internally similar to its predecessor, but includes several new features, such as GPS, 3G data. The device was originally loaded with the concurrently launched iPhone OS2.0, in addition to other features, this new operating system introduced the App Store—Apples new distribution platform for third-party applications. On July 11,2008, Apple released the iPhone 3G across twenty-two countries in two options, 8GB and 16GB. The 16GB model was produced in black or white. Following the release of the successor iPhone 3GS model one year later and this $99 iPhone 3G required a two-year contract and was available only in black and with 8 GB of storage, but came bundled with updated iPhone OS3.0 software. On June 7,2010, the iPhone 3G was finally discontinued, the iPhone 3G came preloaded with the latest version of iPhone OS, and continued to receive updates to its software for over two years, with major iterations released on an annual basis. However, the phone had access to a proportion of new features with each update as its hardware became superseded by later models. At launch in July 2008, the iPhone 3G came preloaded with iPhone OS2.0 and this introduced the App Store, Microsoft Exchange ActiveSync support, Apple’s MobileMe service, and push email support, along with other new features and bug fixes. In June 2010, Apple released the iOS4.0 software update, unlike its successor models, the iPhone 3G does not support important features of iOS4.0 such as multitasking, the ability to set a home screen wallpaper, or Bluetooth keyboard support. However, it provide access to a unified mailbox feature, homescreen folders to better organize apps, playlist creation. This update was widely criticized for performance on iPhone 3G. However, unlike more modern iOS devices, this update again does not provide iPhone 3G owners with access to important features, in this case the Game Center application. On November 22,2010, the iPhone 3G received the iOS4.2 software update, which introduced such as YouTube voting. However, the iPhone 3G is unable to use many features included in this update, such as AirPlay, the last release of iOS to support the 3G model is 4.2.1, released on November 22,2010. IOS4.3, released on March 11,2011, does not support the iPhone 3G, with Apple discontinuing further updates, due to hardware limitations, the iPhone 3Gs back featured a redesigned plastic polycarbonate housing, replacing the aluminum back of the first generation. Buttons were changed from plastic to metal, and the edges of the phone were tapered, the iPhone 3G introduced the first official color options for the outer casing, with the 16GB version available in black and white
20.
Mail (Apple)
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Mail is an email client included with the operating systems macOS, iOS and watchOS by Apple Inc. Originally developed by NeXT as NeXTMail, a part of their NeXTSTEP operating system, the current version of Mail utilizes SMTP for message sending, POP3, Exchange and IMAP for message retrieval and S/MIME for end-to-end message encryption. It is also preconfigured to work with popular email providers, such as Yahoo, Mail, AOL Mail, Gmail, Outlook and iCloud and it supports Exchange. IOS features a version of Mail with added Exchange ActiveSync support. The iOS version of Mail is the most popular email client in the world by market share, Mail first shipped as NeXTMail, the email application for the NeXTSTEP operating system. NeXTMail was innovative for its time, supporting rich text formatting with images and it also supported MIME emails, along with plain text to allow for backwards compatibility. The default message found in the inbox when the user first opened NeXTMail included a recording of Steve Jobs. When Apple began to adapt NeXTSTEP to become Mac OS X, in a beta version and various other early pre-releases of Mac OS X, Mail was known as MailViewer. However, with the developer release of Mac OS X. Included in all versions of macOS up to and including Mac OS X Panther, Mail was integrated with other Apple applications such as Address Book, iChat, and iCal. Some of its features that remain in the most recent version of Mail include rules for mailboxes, junk mail filtering, in Mac OS X Tiger, Mail was updated to version 2. It included a proprietary single-message-per-file format in order to permit indexing by Spotlight, additional features were, Smart mailboxes that used Spotlight technology to sort mail into folders. The ability to flag messages with a low, normal or high priority and to use these priorities in mailbox rules, tools for resizing photos before they are sent to avoid oversized email attachments. The ability to view emailed pictures as a full-screen slideshow, parental controls to specify who is allowed to send email to children. The new version changed the UI for the buttons in the toolbar. Whereas previous buttons had free-standing defined shapes, the new buttons featured shapes within a lozenge-shaped capsule, according to many users, and even Apples own human interface guidelines at the time, this was worse for usability. An open-source third-party application that reverted the icons to their former shapes was available, nevertheless, Apple updated their guidelines to include capsule-shaped buttons, and the new UI persisted. In Mac OS X Leopard, Mail included personalized stationery, handled in standard HTML format, in addition, version 3 offered notes and to-dos as well as a built-in RSS reader
21.
Calendar (Apple)
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Calendar is a personal calendar application made by Apple Inc. that runs on both the macOS desktop operating system and iOS mobile operating system. It offers online cloud backup of calendars using Apples iCloud service, or can synchronise with other services, including Google Calendar. The macOS version was known as iCal before the release of OS X Mountain Lion in July 2012. Originally released as a download for Mac OS X v10.2 on September 10,2002. ICal was the first calendar application for Mac OS X to offer support for multiple calendars, Apple licensed the iCal name from Brown Bear Software, who have used it for their iCal application since 1997. ICals development has since transferred to Apple US headquarters in Cupertino. It tracks events and appointments, allows multiple calendar views to quickly identify conflicts and it is integrated with iCloud, so calendars can be shared and synced with other devices, such as PCs, iPhones, and iPod touch, over the internet. You can also share calendars via the WebDAV protocol, Google now supports WebDAV for Google Calendar making iCal easily configurable. Users can subscribe to other calendars so they can keep up with friends and colleagues, iCal allows notification of upcoming events either on screen, by email, SMS, or Pager. ICal supports the use of the iCalendar format and it does not support the older vCalendar 1.0 format. Setting to let iCal set auto-alarms for each event created, redesigned user interface Inline event editing Ability to turn off alarms for all events Use a CalDAV account to store and keep calendars in sync on a CalDAV server. The date on the icon in the Dock displays the current date all the time, Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 support Refined user interface Automatic setup for Yahoo/Google Mail/Gmail calendars. Events are synced and downloaded from your account, thus now compliant with RFC6868 iCalendar
22.
Microsoft Outlook
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Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager from Microsoft, available as a part of the Microsoft Office suite. Although often used mainly as an application, it also includes a calendar, task manager, contact manager, note taking, journal. Microsoft has also released applications for most mobile platforms, including iOS. Developers can also create their own software that works with Outlook. In addition, mobile devices can synchronize almost all Outlook data to Outlook Mobile, Microsoft Outlook has replaced Microsofts previous scheduling and mail program, Schedule+ and Exchange Client. Corporate Workgroup or CW mode, A full MAPI client with specific emphasis on Microsoft Exchange accounts, Outlook 2007 was available in retail stores at the end of January 2007. Forward Outlook email messages, contacts, appointments, and tasks as text messages and this makes it technologically detrimental for users to send mass email with Outlook, prompting spammers to use other e-mail clients. It was not provided as a component of Microsoft Office for Mac, the final version was Outlook for Mac 2001, which was fairly similar to Outlook 2000 and 2002 apart from being exclusively for Exchange users. Microsoft Entourage was introduced as an Outlook-like application for Mac OS in Office 2001, partial support for Exchange server became available natively in Mac OS X with Entourage 2004 Service Pack 2. Entourage is not directly equivalent to Outlook in terms of design or operation, rather, somewhat improved Exchange support was added in Entourage 2008 Web Services Edition. Entourage was replaced by Outlook for Mac 2011, which features greater compatibility and parity with Outlook for Windows than Entourage offered and it is the first native version of Outlook for macOS. Outlook 2011 initially supported Mac OS Xs Sync Services only for contacts, not events and it also does not have a Project Manager equivalent to that in Entourage. With Service Pack 1, published on April 12,2011, Outlook can now sync calendar, notes and tasks with Exchange 2007, on October 31,2014, Microsoft released Outlook for Mac with Office 365. Outlook for Mac 15.3 improves upon its predecessors with, Better performance and reliability as a result of a new threading model, a new modern user interface with improved scrolling and agility when switching between Ribbon tabs. Online archive support for searching Exchange archived mail, master Category List support and enhancements delivering access to category lists and sync between Mac, Microsoft Windows and OWA clients. Office 365 push email support for real-time email delivery, faster first-run and email download experience with improved Exchange Web Services syncing. In January 2015, Microsoft released Outlook for Phones and Tablets with Office 365 This was the first Outlook for these platforms with email, calendar, Outlook 2007 was the first Outlook to switch from Internet Explorer rendering engine to Microsoft Word 2007s. This means HTML and CSS items not handled by Word are no longer supported, on the other hand, HTML messages composed in Word look as they appeared to the author
23.
IOS 4
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IOS4 is the fourth major release of the iOS mobile operating system designed by Apple Inc. being the successor to iPhone OS3. IOS4 was succeeded by iOS5, which was released on October 12,2011, IOS4 was introduced during the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference on June 7,2010 together with the iPhone 4. With the release of the first-generation iPad earlier that year, the company renamed iPhone OS to iOS to reflect the entire family of devices, IOS4.0 supported only the iPhone and iPod touch at launch, but later added iPad support. It also added over 1500 new APIs for developers, including the highly anticipated multitasking feature, IOS4.0.1 was released on July 15,2010, as the first update to iOS4. The update has a carrier signal strength display, along with other bug fixes. IOS4.0.2 was released on August 11,2010, IOS4.1 was released on September 8,2010. The update included a known as HDR for better photos. It also introduced Game Center, along with high definition videos and it was the first version of iOS available on the Apple TV. IOS4.2.1 was released on November 22,2010 and it was the first version to bring major feature parity to the iPhone and iPad. It was also the last to support the iPhone 3G and iPod Touch, IOS4.2.5 was released on February 7,2011. It includes support for the CDMA version of iPhone 4, IOS4.2.6 -4.2.10 are the set of updates which was released in each dates for the CDMA version of iPhone 4. Along with iOS4.2.5, it includes bug fixes, IOS4.3 was released on March 9,2011. The update included support for Personal Hotspot, iTunes Home Sharing, improvements on AirPlay, IOS4.3. x did not support the CDMA iPhone 4. IOS4.3.4 was released on July 15,2011, Re-introducing the ability to cancel and delete apps that are currently downloading, IOS4.3.5 was released on July 25,2011, with a security update to fix certificate validation. IOS4 raised the number of home screen apps from 180 to 2160 due to the addition of folders. These folders would automatically be named based on the containing apps respective App Store category, the ability to add custom wallpapers to the home screen was also added. The dock was also redesigned to be reflective and match that of Mac OS X10. 5-10.6. It allows user to switch between the apps instantly by double clicking the home button and it was implemented in such a way that did not cause excessive battery drain or a large performance hit
24.
IDisk
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IDisk was a file hosting service offered by Apple to all MobileMe members that enabled them to store their digital photos, films and personal files on-line so they could be accessed remotely. With a standard subscription, MobileMe users received a 20 GB iDisk, iDisk integrated with Mac OS X, appearing as a network drive. Mac OS X v10.3 through v10.6 could cache updates to an iDisk volume while off-line, any WebDAV client could also access an iDisk volume. From 2000-2002, iDisk was free for all Mac users through iTools, a group of services that evolved into. Mac, Apple discontinued MobileMe on 30 June 2012 and iDisk was no longer available. While Apple did not transition the iDisk service to iCloud, they have recently announced iCloud Drive as their next cloud storage service incorporated into OS X Yosemite, the Sites folder of a MobileMe iDisk contained the files created by HomePage, the MobileMe online web authoring tool. The Web folder of a MobileMe iDisk contained the files created by iWeb, the Software folder of a MobileMe iDisk contained MobileMe exclusive software, such as GarageBand Jam Packs. The Public folder of a MobileMe iDisk was used to host downloads, included with iDisk in the MobileMe bundle was Backup, a software utility that allowed users to back up local files to an iDisk. The software was used to restore files from the iDisk. Apple Inc. macOS MobileMe iCloud WebDAV File hosting service Google Drive Dropbox SkyDrive Me. com – Apple user website from which MobileMe users access their iDisk online, how to copy someones else folders from public. me. com with a wget-like tool
25.
Address Book (application)
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Address Book is an address book software application made by Apple that runs on Mac OS X. The Contacts app replaced Address Book in Mac OS X10.8, integration with Mail, iCal, iChat, Fax, Safari, iPhone. ISync compatibility to sync contacts to phones, PDAs, iPods, imports cards from LDIF, tab-delimited, and comma-separated files C and Objective-C API to interface with other applications.5. The user can switch between modes with a control in the portion of the window under the close box. In View Card and Column, the Address Book window is divided into three panes, the first pane has the title Group. This pane lists All, Directories, and each user-made group, users can add new groups by pulling the File menu down to New Group, or typing Command-Shift-N. When selecting All or a group, the second column has the title Name. It lists the names of the people with cards in that group, or all the names if the group is All, in alphabetical order by first or last name. The third pane has the corresponding to the selected name. The card can include information, some of which the user can classify into customizable categories like Home, many of the fields can have duplicate entries, for example, if the person the card describes has several email addresses. The user can edit the fields by pressing the button below the bottom-left of the third pane. Users customize these in the LDAP tab of the preferences, users search these by selecting Directories in the first pane, selecting a directory or All in the second pane, and typing their search in the search box above the top-left of the third pane. Results appear in the third pane.1, included in Leopard, has received criticism for the removal of the bluetooth SMS. Portable Address Book - Allows you to open Address Book as portable application from external drive, addza Address Book, An exact Mac OS X address book clone for Microsoft Windows Html Dump Address Book - Exports the Address Book to HTML
26.
Web browser
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A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier that may be a web page, image, hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources. Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, the most popular web browsers are Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Safari, Opera and Firefox. The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium, which oversees the Webs continued development, and is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation. His browser was called WorldWideWeb and later renamed Nexus, the first commonly available web browser with a graphical user interface was Erwise. The development of Erwise was initiated by Robert Cailliau, andreesens browser sparked the internet boom of the 1990s. The introduction of Mosaic in 1993 – one of the first graphical web browsers – led to an explosion in web use, Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995, also heavily influenced by Mosaic, initiating the industrys first browser war. Bundled with Windows, Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market, Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002. Opera debuted in 1996, it has never achieved widespread use and it is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendos Wii video game console. In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model, as of August 2011, Firefox has a 28% usage share. Apples Safari had its first beta release in January 2003, as of April 2011, the most recent major entrant to the browser market is Chrome, first released in September 2008. Chromes take-up has increased year by year, by doubling its usage share from 8% to 16% by August 2011. This increase seems largely to be at the expense of Internet Explorer, in December 2011, Chrome overtook Internet Explorer 8 as the most widely used web browser but still had lower usage than all versions of Internet Explorer combined. Chromes user-base continued to grow and in May 2012, Chromes usage passed the usage of all versions of Internet Explorer combined, by April 2014, Chromes usage had hit 45%. Internet Explorer was deprecated in Windows 10, with Microsoft Edge replacing it as the web browser. The ways that web browser makers fund their development costs has changed over time, the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, was a research project. In addition to being freeware, Netscape Navigator and Opera were also sold commercially, Internet Explorer, on the other hand, was bundled free with the Windows operating system, and therefore it was funded partly by the sales of Windows to computer manufacturers and direct to users. Internet Explorer also used to be available for the Mac, in this respect, IE may have contributed to Windows and Microsoft applications sales in another way, through lock-in to Microsofts browser
27.
IPhoto
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IPhoto is a digital photograph manipulation software application developed by Apple Inc. It was included with every Macintosh personal computer from 2002 to 2015, originally sold as part of the iLife suite of digital media management applications, iPhoto can import, organize, edit, print and share digital photos. IPhoto was announced at Macworld 2002, during which Steve Jobs also announced that OS X would be installed standard on new Macs from then on, on March 7,2012, Apple CEO Tim Cook announced an iOS-native version of iPhoto alongside the third-generation iPad. On June 27,2014, Apple announced that they would cease development of iPhoto, on February 5,2015 Apple included a preview of Photos with a 10.10.3 beta. On April 8,2015, Apple released OS X Yosemite 10.10.3, iPhoto is designed to allow the importing of pictures from digital cameras, local storage devices such as USB flash drive, CDs, DVDs and hardrives to a users iPhoto Library. Almost all digital cameras are recognized without additional software, iPhoto supports most common image file formats, including several Raw image formats. IPhoto also supports videos from cameras, but editing is limited to trimming clips, after photos are imported, they can be titled, labeled, sorted and organized into groups. Individual photos can be edited with basic image manipulation tools, such as a filter, contrast and brightness adjustments, cropping and resizing tools. IPhoto does not, however, provide the editing functionality of programs such as Apples own Aperture, or Adobes Photoshop. Photo albums can be made into dynamic slideshows and optionally set to music imported from iTunes, Photos can be shared via iMessage, Mail, Facebook, Flickr and Twitter. Creating and sharing iCloud Photostreams are possible as well, both public and invitation based ones, iPhoto can also sync photo albums to any iPod with a color display. These iPods may also have an output to allow photos to be played back, along with music. Additionally, photos can be printed to a printer, or, in certain markets. At an Apple media event on March 7,2012, Apple CEO Tim Cook announced a new version of iPhoto for use on the iOS mobile operating system and it could organize photos that were synced to the device or taken with its camera. Editing features included color correction tools and photo effects, as well as cropping and straightening tools, iPhoto for iOS was highly praised for its professional tools, good performance and compatibility. IPhoto for iOS was discontinued in 2015 and removed from the App Store in favor of Photos
28.
Aperture (software)
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Aperture was a photo editing and management computer program developed by Apple Inc. for the OS X operating system, first released in 2005, and now discontinued from the Mac App Store. The software handles a number of common in post-production work such as importing and organizing image files, applying corrective adjustments, displaying slideshows. The program has been reviewed by independent parties. On June 2,2014, Apple announced Photos as a replacement for Aperture, Aperture 3.6, a final update adding compatibility with OS X Yosemite, was released on October 16,2014. Aperture was discontinued and removed from sale on April 8,2015, complete raw image format support from import to export. Supports tethered shooting from Nikon and Canon DSLRs, master image files may be kept in place on import or migrated into the Aperture library. Raw Fine Tuning, allowing versions of raw decode to be managed over time, many image adjustment tools including specific color retouching, a luminance based edge sharpener, and spot repair. Lens correction tools, such as chromatic aberration, project management, with extensive metadata and searching support. Autostacking, a way to group photos based on the time between shutter clicks, loupe, allowing viewing of images at zooms from 50% to 1600%. Light Table, a type of freeform workspace, native support of the Adobe Photoshop PSD, PNG, JPEG and TIFF formats. Supports importing from USB and FireWire memory card readers or directly from a camera connected via USB, ability to simultaneously zoom and pan multiple images. Read and write support for IPTC image metadata, web gallery and blog creation, uploadable via FTP or Webdav. Full-featured full-screen mode, for editing and sorting images, Aperture 2.0 was released on February 12,2008 with a reduced US price of $199. This can be compared with the price tag of version 1.0. Enhanced performance due to database optimizations and interface improvements, enhanced image processing with updated raw support. Improved integration with OS X, MobileMe and various software packages including iLife, support for editing plug-ins, including Apples own dodging and burning tool. Aperture 3.0 was released on February 9,2010. and was the first version of Aperture to require an Intel-based Macintosh computer. With the launch of the Mac App Store on January 6,2011, Apple claims more than 200 new features are included in version 3.0 and cites the main enhancements as follows,64 bit application, able to handle huge files such as very high definition scans
29.
IMovie
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IMovie is a video editing software application sold by Apple Inc. for the Mac and iOS. It was originally released in 1999 as a Mac OS8 application bundled with the first FireWire-enabled consumer Mac model – the iMac DV, since version 3, iMovie has been an OS X-only application included with the iLife suite of Mac applications. From 2003, iMovie is included free with all new Mac computers, iMovie imports video footage to the Mac using either the FireWire interface on most MiniDV format digital video cameras or the computers USB port. It can also import video and photo files from a hard drive, starting with version 5, iMovie processes high-definition video from HDV camcorders, in later versions also from AVCHD camcorders and H. 264-compressed video from MPEG-4 or QuickTime Movie files. E. g. as generated by a number of photo cameras with HD video recording feature. To facilitate this, iMovie/iLife installs the Apple Intermediate Codec on the system as a QuickTime component, iMovie transcodes HD video upon ingestion using this codec and stores it in the QuickTime file format. IMovie HD5 imported mjpeg files as dv by default, which introduces noise, iMovie 6 was released in January 2006 as part of the iLife 06 suite, and was also originally optionally included with iLife 08 as a substitution for iMovie 08. However, this option was removed after iLife 09 was released and it was integrated with iPhoto, iTunes, iDVD, GarageBand and iWeb. iMovie HD6 was designed for ease of use, and included new themes. Themes allow the user to drop movie clips or photos into professionally designed backdrops, each theme included full-motion graphic bumpers and transitions. IMovie HD6 also added real-time effects, which took advantage of the graphic processing unit to perform some effects without rendering. It also introduced real-time titling, enhanced audio tools and effects, the ability to have multiple projects open at once, video podcasts and blogs, iMovie 08 was released in August 2007 as a part of the iLife 08 suite. IMovie 08 was a redesign and rewrite of iMovie. It had much better HD output, and more formats to convert to and this was limited, however, by an undocumented restriction on supported codecs. IPhoto uses the QuickTime library and can create thumbnails for all QuickTime supported formats, some of the formats that iMovie 08 is able to import will not be recognized when they are added to an iPhoto library. Though Motion JPEG-encoded AVI files do appear to be recognized, this was the most common used by digital cameras. It included more exportation formats, including iPhone-sized video and it also supported non-tape-based HD video, such as AVCHD and footage from DVD and HDD camcorders. IMovie 08 also has the ability to export movies to the YouTube video sharing website, according to Apples system requirements, iMovie 08 requires a Mac with either a 1.9 GHz or faster PowerPC G5 or Intel processor. G4s are not supported, even though Apple sold its last G4-based Computers 14 months before the release of iLife 08, however, a system hack enables iMovie 7.1 or higher to run on a PowerPC G4
30.
Finder (software)
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The Finder is the default file manager and graphical user interface shell used on all Macintosh operating systems. Described in its About window as The Macintosh Desktop Experience, it is responsible for the launching of other applications, and for the overall management of files, disks. It was introduced with the first Macintosh computer, and also exists as part of GS/OS on the Apple IIGS and it had been rewritten completely with the release of Mac OS X in 2001. In a tradition dating back to the Classic Mac OS of the 1980s and 1990s, the Finder uses a view of the file system that is rendered using a desktop metaphor, that is, the files and folders are represented as appropriate icons. It uses an interface to Apples Safari browser, where the user can click on a folder to move to it. Like Safari, the Finder uses tabs to allow the user to view multiple folders, there is a favorites sidebar of commonly used and important folders on the left of the Finder window. The modern Finder uses macOS graphics APIs to display previews of a range of files, such as images, applications and PDF files. The Quick Look feature allows users to examine documents and images in more detail from the finder by pressing the space bar without opening them in a separate application. The modern Finder displays some aspects of the system outside its windows. Mounted external volumes and disk image files can be displayed on the desktop, there is a trash can on the Dock in macOS, to which files can be dragged to mark them for deletion, and to which drives can be dragged for ejection. When a volume icon is being dragged, the Trash icon in the Dock changes to an icon in order to indicate this functionality. Finder can record files to optical media on the sidebar, the classic Mac OS Finder uses a spatial metaphor quite different to the more browser-like approach of the modern macOS Finder. In the classic Finder, opening a new folder opens the location in a new window and it also allows extensive customization, with the user being able to give folders custom icons matching their content. These must then be closed individually, holding down the option key when opening a folder would also close its parent, but this trick was not discoverable and remained under the purview of power users. Introducing Mac OS X in 2000, Steve Jobs criticized the original Finder, saying that it generates a ton of windows, Ars Technica columnist John Siracusa has been a long-standing defender of the spatial interface of the classic Mac OS Finder, and a critic of the new design. Daring Fireball blog author John Gruber has voiced similar criticisms, and the spatial metaphor from the original Mac Finder. and it ends up doing neither one very well. Third-party macOS software developers offer Finder replacements that run as stand-alone applications, such as Path Finder, Xfile and these replacements are shareware or freeware and aim to include and supersede the same functionality as the Finder. After Mac OS X10.4 Tiger the UNIX command line file management tools understand resource forks, there are minor differences between Finder versions and Classic OS to System 7
31.
Mac OS X Leopard
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Mac OS X Leopard is the sixth major release of Mac OS X, Apples desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. Leopard was released on October 26,2007 as the successor of Tiger and it retailed for $129 for the desktop version and $499 for Server. Leopard was superseded by Snow Leopard, Leopard is the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture as Snow Leopard functions solely on Intel based Macs. Apple missed Leopards release time frame as originally announced by Apples CEO Steve Jobs, when first discussed in June 2005, Jobs had stated that Apple intended to release Leopard at the end of 2006 or early 2007. A year later, this was amended to Spring 2007, however on April 12,2007, Apple advertised that Mac OS X Leopard has 300+ new features, including, A new and improved Automator, with easy starting points to easily start a workflow. It also can create or edit workflows with new interface improvements. Now it can use a new action called Watch Me Do that lets you record a user action and it can create more useful Automator workflows with actions for RSS feeds, iSight camera video snapshots, PDF manipulation, and much more. Back to My Mac, a feature for MobileMe users that allows users to access files on their home computer while away from home via the internet. Boot Camp, a software assistant allowing for the installation of other operating systems, such as Windows XP or Windows Vista, on a separate partition on Intel-based Macs. Dashboard enhancements, including Web Clip, a feature allows users to turn a part of any Web page displayed in Safari into a live Dashboard widget. New Desktop, comprises a redesigned 3-D dock with a new grouping feature called Stacks, R. L. Prior, on the ThinkMac blog, criticized the shelf-like Dock along with a number of other changes to the user interface. Dictionary can now search Wikipedia, and a dictionary of Apple terminology as well, a redesigned Finder, with features similar to those seen in iTunes 7, including Cover Flow and a Source list-like sidebar. Front Row has been reworked to resemble the interface of the original Apple TV. ICal calendar sharing and group scheduling as well as syncing event invitations from Mail, the icon also reflects the current date even when the application is not running. In previous versions of Mac OS X, the icon would show July 17 in the icon any time the application was not running, iChat also implements screen sharing, a feature previously available with Apple Remote Desktop. Mail enhancements including the additions of RSS feeds, Stationery, Notes, to-dos use a system-wide service that is available to all applications. Parental controls now include the ability to place restrictions on use of the Internet, photo Booth enhancements, including video recording with real-time filters and blue/green-screen technology. Podcast Capture, an application allowing users to record and distribute podcasts and it requires access to a computer running Mac OS X Server with Podcast Producer
32.
ILife
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ILife is a software suite for macOS and iOS developed by Apple Inc. It consists of programs for media creation, organization, editing and publishing. It was composed of, iTunes, iMovie, iPhoto, iDVD, iWeb, with the exception of iTunes only iMovie and GarageBand remain and are sold separately on Apples Mac App Store. IDVD and iWeb have been discontinued and iPhoto has been succeeded by Photos, iLife is preinstalled on new Mac computers and was sold as a bundle on DVD. With the introduction of the Mac App Store, Apple sold the programs separately and eventually discontinued the DVD altogether, iMovie and GarageBand remain free with the purchase of any new Mac computer or iOS device. Upgrades to the new versions from past App Store versions are currently a free upgrade for any user in comparison to past versions pre-App Store where the entire suite has to be purchased, iMovie is the oldest of the application included with iLife. It was marketed by Apple as a video editing application that allowed novice users to quickly create professional-quality movies. The first version of the software was released in October 1999, on April 28,2000, Apple began allowing users to download iMovie free of charge from its website. IMovie remained free until 2003, when it became part of the first iLife release, Apple continued to update and develop the existing iMovie software until the release of iLife 08 in 2007, when a new version, iMovie 08, was released. IMovie 08 was completely rewritten as a new application and introduced significant changes to the user interface, iPhoto was the second application in iLife that began as a free application available for download from Apples website. The first version was announced at the Macworld Conference & Expo in 2002 and it was billed as being the missing link in photography. In addition to allowing users to import, organize, and perform basic edits on their photos, iPhoto also let users print photos in a variety of ways, subsequent versions of iPhoto have added a number of features, including automatic organization by events, faces, and places. IPhoto also includes a full-screen editing mode and a feature called Photocasting, IDVD was first announced on January 9,2001. It was bundled with the Power Mac G4, the first Mac model with a SuperDrive that could read, the first version of iDVD introduced a simple way to design customized DVDs with menus, backdrops, slideshows and home movies that could be played back on most DVD players. IDVD was never released as a download, instead, it was bundled with the first version of iLife, released in 2003. The remaining two applications in the suite were first introduced as part of iLife 04 and iLife 06. Released in 2004, the first version of GarageBand was designed as a way for both beginner and advanced musicians to create and edit music on their computers. The last version of iWeb was released with iLife 11 Notes about specific releases, iLife 06 and it now comes with every Mac computer and account, as well as every Apple device
33.
IWeb
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IWeb was a template-based WYSIWYG website creation tool developed by Apple Inc. The first version of iWeb was announced at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 10,2006 as part of the iLife 06 suite of digital lifestyle applications. IWeb 11 was released on October 20,2010 as part of the iLife 11 suite, iWeb allowed users to create websites and blogs and customize them with their own text, photos and movies. Users could then publish their websites to MobileMe or another hosting service, in addition to its ability to publish to MobileMe, iWeb integrated with other services, including Facebook, YouTube, AdSense and Google Maps. IWeb allowed users to create and design websites and blogs without coding, users could customize these pages by replacing placeholder text and by dragging and dropping their own photos and movies into the document. Templates included blog, podcast, and photo and movie gallery pages, as well as standard Welcome, iWeb integrated with other applications in the iLife suite. The iLife Media Browser is a list of all the music, movies, and photos stored in iTunes, iMovie, content could be dragged from the Media Browser window and placed in the open page. Local files could also be dropped directly into the page, nine interactive widgets were included with iWeb. Among other things, these widgets let users embed YouTube videos and Google Maps, include a countdown timer, iWeb featured built-in support for publishing to MobileMe, a suite of online applications developed by Apple, and to other third-party web hosts with FTP. Once account information was entered, users simply clicked a button to publish their entire website, iWeb could then publish updates to the users Facebook profile to notify others of changes to the website. IWeb was in its version at the time of discontinuation. Some limitations included, Separate CSS files were created for each page, no option to directly edit the HTML code of templates. HTML support was limited to small snippets that could be included with the page, password protection was not supported on non-MobileMe-hosted websites. Creating templates required third-party software and was overly complex, comments on blog pages were not supported on non-MobileMe-hosted websites. In June 2011, rumors emerged that iWeb would not be developed further, on June 30,2012 Apple finally pulled the plug on MobileMe. All iWeb websites hosted on MobileMe disappeared if not hosted elsewhere, Apple provided instructions of how to move iWeb sites to another host. Official website at the Wayback Machine
34.
Domain name
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A domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control within the Internet. Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain Name System, any name registered in the DNS is a domain name. Domain names are used in various networking contexts and application-specific naming and addressing purposes, in 2015,294 million domain names had been registered. Domain names are organized in levels of the DNS root domain. The registration of domain names is usually administered by domain name registrars who sell their services to the public. A fully qualified domain name is a name that is completely specified with all labels in the hierarchy of the DNS. A domain name may represent entire collections of resources or individual instances. Individual Internet host computers use domain names as host identifiers, also called host names, the term host name is also used for the leaf labels in the domain name system, usually without further subordinate domain name space. Host names appear as a component in Uniform Resource Locators for Internet resources such as web sites, Domain names are also used as simple identification labels to indicate ownership or control of a resource. Such examples are the realm identifiers used in the Session Initiation Protocol, the Domain Keys used to verify DNS domains in e-mail systems, an important function of domain names is to provide easily recognizable and memorizable names to numerically addressed Internet resources. This abstraction allows any resource to be moved to a different physical location in the topology of the network. Such a move usually requires changing the IP address of a resource, Domain names are used to establish a unique identity. Organizations can choose a name that corresponds to their name. A generic domain is a name that defines a category, rather than a specific or personal instance, for example. Some examples of names are books. com, music. com. Companies have created brands based on names, and such generic domain names may be valuable. The use of names in commerce may subject them to trademark law. The practice of using a simple memorable abstraction of a hosts numerical address on a computer network dates back to the ARPANET era, before the advent of todays commercial Internet
35.
PHP
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PHP is a server-side scripting language designed primarily for web development but also used as a general-purpose programming language. Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994, the PHP reference implementation is now produced by The PHP Development Team, PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page, but it now stands for the recursive acronym PHP, Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP code may be embedded into HTML or HTML5 code, or it can be used in combination with various web template systems, web content management systems and web frameworks. PHP code is usually processed by a PHP interpreter implemented as a module in the web server or as a Common Gateway Interface executable. The web server combines the results of the interpreted and executed PHP code, PHP code may also be executed with a command-line interface and can be used to implement standalone graphical applications. The standard PHP interpreter, powered by the Zend Engine, is free software released under the PHP License, PHP has been widely ported and can be deployed on most web servers on almost every operating system and platform, free of charge. The PHP language evolved without a formal specification or standard until 2014. Since 2014 work has gone on to create a formal PHP specification, PHP development began in 1995 when Rasmus Lerdorf wrote several Common Gateway Interface programs in C, which he used to maintain his personal homepage. He extended them to work with web forms and to communicate with databases, PHP/FI could help to build simple, dynamic web applications. This release already had the functionality that PHP has as of 2013. This included Perl-like variables, form handling, and the ability to embed HTML, the syntax resembled that of Perl but was simpler, more limited and less consistent. A development team began to form and, after months of work and beta testing, the fact that PHP lacked an original overall design but instead developed organically has led to inconsistent naming of functions and inconsistent ordering of their parameters. Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans rewrote the parser in 1997 and formed the base of PHP3, changing the name to the recursive acronym PHP. Afterwards, public testing of PHP3 began, and the launch came in June 1998. Suraski and Gutmans then started a new rewrite of PHPs core and they also founded Zend Technologies in Ramat Gan, Israel. On May 22,2000, PHP4, powered by the Zend Engine 1.0, was released, as of August 2008 this branch reached version 4.4.9. PHP4 is no longer under development nor will any security updates be released, on July 13,2004, PHP5 was released, powered by the new Zend Engine II. PHP5 included new features such as improved support for object-oriented programming, the PHP Data Objects extension, in 2008 PHP5 became the only stable version under development
36.
Safari (web browser)
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Safari is a web browser developed by Apple based on the WebKit engine. First released in 2003 with Mac OS X Panther, a version has been included in iOS devices since the introduction of the iPhone in 2007. It is the browser on Apple devices. A Windows version, now discontinued, was available from 2007 to 2012, until 1997, Apple Macintosh computers were shipped with the Netscape Navigator and Cyberdog web browsers only. Internet Explorer for Mac was later included as the web browser for Mac OS8.1 and onwards. Microsoft ultimately released a Mac OS X edition of Internet Explorer for Mac, on January 7,2003, at Macworld San Francisco, Steve Jobs announced that Apple had developed their own web browser, called Safari. It was based on Apples internal fork of the KHTML rendering engine, Apple released the first beta version for OS X that day. A number of official and unofficial beta versions followed, until version 1.0 was released on June 23,2003. 1.0.3, released on August 13,2004 was the last version to support Mac OS X v10.2, while 1.3.2, however,10.3 received security updates through 2007. On April 27,2005, he announced that his development version of Safari now passed the test, Safari 2.0 was released on April 29,2005, as the only web browser included with Mac OS X v10.4. This version was touted by Apple as possessing a 1. 8x speed boost over version 1.2.4, Apple eventually released version 2.0.2 of Safari, which included the modifications required to pass Acid2, on October 31,2005. In June 2005, after criticism from KHTML developers over lack of access to change logs, Apple moved the development source code. WebKit itself was released as open source. The source code for non-renderer aspects of the browser, such as its GUI elements, the final stable version of Safari 2, Safari 2.0.4, was released on January 10,2006 for Mac OS X. It was only available as part of Mac OS X Update 10.4.4 and this version addresses layout and CPU usage issues, among others. Safari 2.0.4 was the last version to be released exclusively on Mac OS X until version 6 in 2012, on January 9,2007, at Macworld SF, Jobs announced Apples iPhone, which would use a mobile version of the Safari browser. On June 11,2007, at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference, Jobs announced Safari 3 for Mac OS X v10.5, Windows XP, and Windows Vista. During the announcement, he ran a benchmark based on the iBench browser test suite comparing the most popular Windows browsers, hence claiming that Safari was the fastest browser
37.
Firefox
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Mozilla Firefox is a free and open-source web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary the Mozilla Corporation. Firefox was created in 2002, under the name Phoenix by the Mozilla community members who wanted a standalone rather than the Mozilla Application Suite bundle. Even during its phase, Firefox proved to be popular with its testers and was praised for its speed, security. Firefox was released in November 2004, and was successful with 60 million downloads within nine months. Firefox is considered the successor of Netscape Navigator, as the Mozilla community was created by Netscape in 1998 before their acquisition by AOL. Firefox usage grew to a peak of 32% at the end of 2009, usage then declined in competition with Google Chrome. As of January 2016, Firefox has between 9% and 16% of worldwide usage as a browser, making it the second most popular web browser. Firefox is still the most popular browser in Cuba, Eritrea, and Germany, with 85. 93%,79. 39%. It is also the most popular browser in many other African countries. According to Mozilla, as of December 2014 there were half a billion Firefox users around the world, the Firefox project began as an experimental branch of the Mozilla project by Dave Hyatt, Joe Hewitt, and Blake Ross. They believed the requirements of Netscapes sponsorship and developer-driven feature creep compromised the utility of the Mozilla browser. To combat what they saw as the Mozilla Suites software bloat, they created a stand-alone browser, on April 3,2003, the Mozilla Organization announced that they planned to change their focus from the Mozilla Suite to Firefox and Thunderbird. The community-driven SeaMonkey was formed and eventually replaced the Mozilla Application Suite in 2005, the Firefox project has undergone several name changes. Phoenix was renamed due to issues with Phoenix Technologies, the replacement name, Firebird. In response, the Mozilla Foundation stated that the browser would always bear the name Mozilla Firebird to avoid confusion, after further pressure, on February 9,2004, Mozilla Firebird became Mozilla Firefox. The name Firefox was said to be derived from a nickname of the red panda, for the abbreviation of Firefox, Mozilla prefers Fx or fx, though it is often abbreviated as FF. The Firefox project went through many versions before the version 1.0 was released on November 9,2004, search, which is a front end of Microsoft search engine Bing, by default in most localizations. Firefox Hello is scheduled to be removed in September 2016, functions can be added through add-ons created by third-party developers
38.
Internet Explorer 8
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Windows Internet Explorer 8 is a web browser developed by Microsoft in the Internet Explorer browser series, released on March 19,2009. It is the successor to Internet Explorer 7, released in 2006, Internet Explorer 8 is the first version of IE to pass the Acid2 test, and the last of the major browsers to do so. According to Microsoft, security, ease of use, and improvements in RSS, CSS, and Ajax support were its priorities for IE8. Internet Explorer 8 is the last version of Internet Explorer to run on Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP, however several Windows Embedded versions will remain supported until their respective EOL, unless otherwise specified. IE8 development started in at least March 2006, in February 2008, Microsoft sent out private invitations for IE8 Beta 1, and on March 5,2008, released Beta 1 to the general public, although with a focus on web developers. The release launched with a Windows Internet Explorer 8 Readiness Toolkit website promoting IE8 white papers, related software tools, Microsoft Developer Network added new sections detailing new IE8 technology. Major press focused on a controversy about Version Targeting, and two new features then called WebSlice and Activities, the readiness toolkit was promoted as something developers can exploit to make Internet Explorer 8 light up. On August 27,2008, Microsoft made IE8 Beta 2 generally available, PC World noted various Beta 2 features such as InPrivate mode, tab isolation and color-coding, and improved standards and compatibility compared to Internet Explorer 7. Two name changes included Activities to Accelerators, and the IE7 Phishing filter renamed Safety Filter in the first Beta to SmartScreen, by August 2008, the new feature called InPrivate had taken the spotlight. The first non-beta version was released on March 19,2009, on January 5,2009, a tool was provided by Microsoft to block the automatic install of Internet Explorer 8 via Windows Update. As of May 20,2009, Windows XPe was not a platform for Internet Explorer 8. There have been no announcements of planned support, on May 27,2010, Microsoft released Internet Explorer 8 optimized for Bing and MSN. Support for all versions of IE on Windows XP ended effective April 8,2014 due to its end-of-life, language support was not complete on release. IE8 was released with 25 languages and this grew up to 63 for Vista 32-bit in June 2009. Support for additional languages can come pre-installed based on the OS, IE8 contains many new features, including WebSlices and Accelerators. Accelerators are a form of selection-based search which allow a user to invoke an online service from any page using only the mouse. Actions such as selecting the text or other objects will give access to the usable Accelerator services. According to Microsoft, Accelerators eliminate the need to copy and paste content between web pages, IE8 specifies an XML-based encoding which allows a web application or web service to be invoked as an Accelerator service
39.
Internet Explorer 7
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Windows Internet Explorer 7 is a web browser for Windows. It was released by Microsoft in October 2006, some portions of the underlying architecture, including the rendering engine and security framework, have been improved. Security enhancements include a phishing filter, stronger encryption on Windows Vista, and it is also the first version of Internet Explorer which is branded and marketed under the name Windows, instead of Microsoft. IE7 shipped as the browser in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 and was offered as a replacement for Internet Explorer 6 for Windows Server 2003. IE7 was superseded by Internet Explorer 8 in March 2009. In 2001, Microsoft released Internet Explorer 6 as an update to Windows 98 Second Edition, Windows ME, Windows NT4.0 with Service Packs 6, and Windows 2000 and included it by default in Windows XP. On February 15,2005 at the RSA Conference in San Francisco, both he and Dean Hachamovitch, General Manager of the Internet Explorer team, cited needed security improvements as the primary reason for the new version. The first beta of IE7 was released on July 27,2005 for technical testing, the final public version was released on October 18,2006. On the same day, Yahoo. provided a version of Internet Explorer 7 bundled with Yahoo. In late 2007 Microsoft announced that IE7 would not be included as part of Windows XP SP3, most PC manufacturers, however, have pre-installed Internet Explorer 7 on new XP PCs, especially netbooks. On October 8,2007, Microsoft removed the Windows Genuine Advantage component of IE7, within a year after IE7s release support calls to Microsoft had decreased 10-20%. On December 16,2008, a security flaw was found in Internet Explorer 7 which can be exploited so that crackers can steal users passwords, the following day, a patch was issued to fix the flaw, estimated to have affected around 10,000 websites. As of May 2012, estimates of IE7s global market share were 1. 5-5%, on January 31,2006, Microsoft released a public preview build of Internet Explorer 7 for Windows XP Service Pack 2 on their web site. It stated that more public preview builds of Internet Explorer 7 will be released in first half of 2006, the pre beta build was refreshed on March 20,2006 to build 7.0.5335.5. A real Beta 2 Build was released on April 24,2006 to build 7.0.5346.5, in addition, at the MIX06 conference, Bill Gates said that Microsoft is already working on the next two versions of IE after version 7. On June 29,2006, Microsoft released Beta 3 of Internet Explorer 7 for Windows XP SP2, Windows XP x64 Edition and it features minor UI cleanups, re-ordering of tabs by drag and drop, as well as noticeable performance improvements. On August 24,2006, the Release Candidate 1 of Internet Explorer 7 was released for Windows XP SP2, Windows XP x64 Edition and this was the last pre-release version of IE7 before the final release. The study evaluated the ability to block phish, to warn about phish, on October 18,2006, the first finished version was released on microsoft. com, and was distributed as a high-priority update via Automatic Updates on November 1
40.
Linux
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Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17,1991 by Linus Torvalds, the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to describe the operating system, which has led to some controversy. Linux was originally developed for computers based on the Intel x86 architecture. Because of the dominance of Android on smartphones, Linux has the largest installed base of all operating systems. Linux is also the operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers. It is used by around 2. 3% of desktop computers, the Chromebook, which runs on Chrome OS, dominates the US K–12 education market and represents nearly 20% of the sub-$300 notebook sales in the US. Linux also runs on embedded systems – devices whose operating system is built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system. This includes TiVo and similar DVR devices, network routers, facility automation controls, televisions, many smartphones and tablet computers run Android and other Linux derivatives. The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free, the underlying source code may be used, modified and distributed—commercially or non-commercially—by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License. Typically, Linux is packaged in a known as a Linux distribution for both desktop and server use. Distributions intended to run on servers may omit all graphical environments from the standard install, because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any intended use. The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969 at AT&Ts Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, first released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. Later, in a key pioneering approach in 1973, it was rewritten in the C programming language by Dennis Ritchie, the availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier. Due to an earlier antitrust case forbidding it from entering the computer business, as a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. In 1984, AT&T divested itself of Bell Labs, freed of the legal obligation requiring free licensing, the GNU Project, started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, has the goal of creating a complete Unix-compatible software system composed entirely of free software. Later, in 1985, Stallman started the Free Software Foundation, by the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system were completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has stated that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time, although not released until 1992 due to legal complications, development of 386BSD, from which NetBSD, OpenBSD and FreeBSD descended, predated that of Linux. Torvalds has also stated that if 386BSD had been available at the time, although the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from being free software until the licensing changed in April 2000
41.
Konqueror
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Konqueror is a free and open-source web browser and file manager that provides file viewer functionality for file systems such as local files, files on a remote FTP server and files in a disk image. It is a part of the KDE Software Compilation. Konqueror is developed by volunteers and can run on most Unix-like operating systems, Konqueror is licensed and distributed under the GNU General Public License version 2. The name Konqueror is a reference to the two primary competitors at the time of the browsers first release, first comes the Navigator, then Explorer, and then the Konqueror. It also follows the KDE naming convention, the names of most KDE programs begin with the letter K. Konqueror was released with version 2 of KDE on October 23,2000. With the release of KDE4, Konqueror was replaced as the file manager by Dolphin. Konqueror can utilize all KIOslaves installed on the users system, some examples include, FTP and SFTP/SSH browser SAMBA browser HTTP browser IMAP mail client ISO viewer VNC viewer A complete list is available in the KDE Info Centers Protocols section. Konqueror supports tabbed document interface and Split views, wherein a window can contain multiple documents in tabs, multiple document interfaces are not supported, however it is possible to recursively divide a window to view multiple documents simultaneously, or simply open another window. Konquerors user interface is somewhat reminiscent of Microsofts Internet Explorer, though it is more customizable and it works extensively with panels, which can be rearranged or added. For example, one could have an Internet bookmarks panel on the side of the browser window, and by clicking a bookmark. Alternatively, one could display a hierarchical list of folders in one panel, panels are quite flexible and can even include, among other KParts, a console window, a text editor, a media player. Panel configurations can be saved, and there are some default configurations, navigation functions are available during all operations. Most keyboard shortcuts can be remapped using a configuration. The address bar has extensive support for local directories, past URLs. Konqueror has been developed as a web browser project. It uses KHTML as its engine, which is compliant with HTML and supports JavaScript, Java applets, CSS, SSL. An alternative layout engine, kwebkitpart, is available from the Extragear, while KHTML is the default web-rendering engine, Konqueror is a modular application and other rendering engines are and have been available. Especially the WebKitPart that uses the KHTML-derived WebKit engine has seen a lot of support in the KDE4 series
