Modified Newtonian dynamics
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Modified Newtonian dynamics is a theory that proposes a modification of Newton's laws to account for observed properties of galaxies. Modifying Newton's law of gravity results in modified gravity, whi
MOND was proposed by Mordehai Milgrom in 1983
Distribution of astronomical systems in the phase space diagram or gravity, plotted by X. Hernández
Galaxy rotation curve
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The rotation curve of a disc galaxy is a plot of the orbital speeds of visible stars or gas in that galaxy versus their radial distance from that galaxy's centre. It is typically rendered graphically
Modified Newtonian dynamics
…results in modified inertia. The latter has received little attention compared to the modified gravity version. Its primary motivation is to explain galaxy rotation curves without invoking dark matter, and is one of the most well-known theories of this class. MOND was developed in 1982 and presented in 1983 by Israeli…
Comparison of rotating disc galaxies in the present day (left) and the distant Universe (right).