Mongol invasions of the Levant
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Starting in the 1240s, the Mongols made repeated invasions of Syria or attempts thereof. Most failed, but they did have some success in 1260 and 1300, capturing Aleppo and Damascus and destroying the Ayyubid dynasty. The Mongols were forced to retreat within months each time by other forces in the area, primarily the Egyptian Mamluks. The post-1260 conflict has been described as the Mamluk–Ilkhanid War.
Mamluks offensive at the Fall of Tripoli in 1289.
The Mamluks defeated the Armenians and captured the prince Leo at the disaster of Mari, 1266: illumination from Le Livre des Merveilles, 15th century.
The Mongols and the Armenians were defeated by the Mamluks at the Second Battle of Homs in 1281.
1299, The Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar. The Mongols under Ghazan defeated the Mamluks.
An-Nasir Yusuf
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An-Nasir Yusuf, fully al-Malik al-Nasir Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn al-Aziz ibn al-Zahir ibn Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub ibn Shazy, was the Ayyubid Kurdish Emir of Syria from his seat in Aleppo (1236–1260), and the Sultan of the Ayyubid Empire from 1250 until the sack of Aleppo by the Mongols in 1260.
al-Sham coastline.
Ayyubid inlaid metal ewer, in the name of Ayyubid Sultan An-Nasir Yusuf. 1258-1259, Damascus, Syria. Louvre Museum.