1.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
2.
South Side (Pittsburgh)
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South Side is an area in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, located along the Monongahela River across from Downtown Pittsburgh. The South Side is officially divided into two neighborhoods, South Side Flats and South Side Slopes, both the Flats and the Slopes are represented on Pittsburgh City Council by Bruce Kraus. The business district stretches along East Carson Street, which is home to small shops, restaurants. In 2006, more than 80 bars and pubs operated in the South Side Flats, the neighborhood has an urban fabric with rowhouses. The South Side is well-connected with public transit and its proximity and public transit connections also have attracted professionals who work downtown. Pittsburgh Fire Station #24 is located on Mary Street in the neighborhood, dr. Nathaniel Bedford planned a large part of Birmingham and named many streets after his friends and family, thus the predominance of streets named after people such as Jane, Sarah, and Carson. For many years, much of the South Side was dominated by heavy industry, the Jones and Laughlin Steel Company was located on the South Side but closed in the 1980s and has since been redeveloped. The Pittsburgh Terminal Properties building is located on the west end of Carson Street, when construction finished in 1906, it was the largest warehouse between New York and Chicago. Connections to river, rail, and road transport made it a facility for merchants who sold goods. It has since redeveloped into River Walk Corporate Centre and houses a mix of office and service businesses including Paper Products Company. In more recent years, the South Side has become home to a student population. Many students at Duquesne University, University of Pittsburgh, and Carnegie Mellon University either live in the South Side or spend a portion of their nightlife there, a walk over the South Tenth Street Bridge that crosses the Monongahela River takes students to Duquesne University. Due to the number of college students and young professionals, in addition to the thriving bar scene. Important streets in South Side are E. Carson Street, Josephine Street, the business district is located along E. Carson Street, which runs the length of South Side. The Birmingham Bridge makes South Side easily accessible from Oakland, which is around 2 miles away from South Side, Station Square is about 1.5 miles west of South Side, and Mt. Washington is 2.5 miles away. The average South Side family income in 2003 was $41,353, East Carson St. has restaurants, bars, and shops that help support the economy of the South Side. The large variety of shopping along E. Carson Street and SouthSide Works is also a factor in the South Sides economy, there are a variety of locally owned stores such as Pittsburgh Jeans Co. and widespread stores such as American Eagle, H&M, and Nine West. The Urban Redevelopment Authority started the SouthSide Works project hoping to create over 6,000 jobs, today, SouthSide Works has over 10 shopping stores and over 10 restaurants & bars
3.
Uptown Pittsburgh
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Uptown or The Bluff is a neighborhood in the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to the southeast of the citys Central Business District. It is bordered in the north by the Hill District and located across the Monongahela River from South Side, the predominant area zip code is 15219. This area is home to Mercy Hospital as well as Duquesne University and it also includes a residential community that was once flourishing during the first half of the 20th century. Uptown is also the home of the Pittsburgh Fire Bureau 4 Engine and 4 Truck, the area was known to American frontiersmen and colonists as Ayers Hill in honor of a fortification built by the English commander Ayers in the mid-1700s. Sometime near the Revolutionary War and throughout the 19th century the area was referred to as Boyds Hill in the expanding frontier and than industrial city. The name is said to have given to the neighborhood after a newly arrived businessman swayed by Hugh Brackenridge, left his downtown office. The Uptown was first developed by James Tustin, an eccentric English émigré who built an estate in the area in the eighteenth or early nineteenth century. Tustin named his estate Soho after his previous residence in Britain, the neighborhood was originally part of Pitt Township, but was annexed in 1846. The addition was precipitated by the efforts at regrowth following a cataclysmic fire in 1845. The neighborhood was affected by Pittsburghs urban renewal campaign in the 1960s. Construction projects in the area include expansion by Duquesne University, fifth Avenue is home to law offices and a few restaurants, but vacant storefronts, rundown bars, and small street parking lots for Downtown commuters are prevalent as well. Brick rowhouses are common in the neighborhood, there are significant efforts in the community to reassert a sense of identity, and residents range from Downtown workers and long-time residents to university students and health professionals. Uptown borders Pittsburghs Downtown Pittsburgh, the The Hill District neighborhood, South Oakland, the South Side Flats, list of Pittsburgh neighborhoods Post Gazette article on the 19th century history of the area Toker, Franklin. Post-Gazette on residential renovations in the Bluff
4.
Downtown Pittsburgh
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Downtown Pittsburgh, colloquially referred to as the Golden Triangle or Dahntahn in eye dialect, and officially the Central Business District, is the urban downtown center of Pittsburgh. It is located at the confluence of the Allegheny River and the Monongahela River whose joining forms the Ohio River, the triangle is bounded by the two rivers. The area features offices for major corporations such as PNC Bank, U. S. Steel, PPG, Bank of New York Mellon, Heinz, Federated Investors and Alcoa. It is where the fortunes of industrial barons as Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick, Henry J. Heinz, Andrew Mellon. It contains the site where the French fort, Fort Duquesne, in 2013, Pittsburgh had the second-lowest vacancy rate for Class A space among downtowns in the United States. The Central Business District is bounded by the Monongahela River to the south, the Allegheny River to the north, an expanded definition of Downtown may include the adjacent neighborhoods of Uptown/The Bluff, the Strip District, the North Shore, and the South Shore. Downtown is served by the Port Authoritys light rail system, an extensive bus network. Greyhounds Pittsburgh bus terminal is located across Liberty Avenue from the Amtrak Station, other important roadways are Pennsylvania Route 28, Pennsylvania Route 51, Pennsylvania Route 65, and U. S. Route 19. Three major entrances to the city are via tunnels, the Fort Pitt Tunnel and Squirrel Hill Tunnel on I-376 and the Liberty Tunnels. The New York Times once called Pittsburgh the only city with an entrance, also traveling I-279 south and I-376, the city explodes into view when coming around a turn in the highway. Downtown surface streets are based on two distinct grid systems that parallel the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers and these two grids intersect along Liberty Avenue, creating many unusual street intersections. Furthermore, the Allegheny grid contains numbered streets, while the Monongahela grid contains numbered avenues, and, in fact, there are cases where these numbered roadways intersect, creating some confusion. This unusual grid pattern leads to Pittsburghers giving directions in the terms of landmarks, Pittsburgh is nicknamed The City of Bridges. In Downtown, there are 10 bridges connecting to points north and south, the expanded definition of Downtown includes 18 bridges. In Allegheny County the number exceeds 2,200, while most people still consider the entire Downtown as one neighborhood, there are several significant subdistricts within the Golden Triangle. The Pittsburgh Central Downtown Historic District is a district in the central business district. It is bounded by Wood Street, Forbes Avenue, Grant Street and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 17,1985. Point State Park area, At the triangles tip is Point State Park with its giant fountain and this park was the original site of both Fort Duquesne by the French and the subsequent Fort Pitt by the British
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
7.
West Virginia
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West Virginia /ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/ is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the north, West Virginia is the 9th smallest by area, is ranked 38th in population, and has the second lowest household income of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston, West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20,1863, and was a key Civil War border state. The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States, the unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission. The state is noted for its mountains and rolling hills, its historically significant logging and coal mining industries and it is one of the most densely karstic areas in the world, making it a choice area for recreational caving and scientific research. The karst lands contribute to much of the states cool trout waters and it is also known for a wide range of outdoor recreational opportunities, including skiing, whitewater rafting, fishing, hiking, backpacking, mountain biking, and hunting. Many ancient man-made earthen mounds from various mound builder cultures survive, especially in the areas of Moundsville, South Charleston. The artifacts uncovered in these give evidence of village societies and they had a tribal trade system culture that crafted cold-worked copper pieces. The Iroquois drove out other American Indian tribes from the region to reserve the upper Ohio Valley as a ground in the 1670s. Siouan language tribes such as the Moneton had also recorded in the area previously. West Virginia was originally part of the British Virginia Colony from 1607 to 1776, residents of the western and northern counties set up a separate government under Francis Pierpont in 1861, which they called the restored government. Most voted to separate from Virginia and the new state was admitted to the Union in 1863, in 1864 a state constitutional convention drafted a constitution, which was ratified by the legislature without putting it to popular vote. West Virginia abolished slavery and temporarily disfranchised men who had held Confederate office or fought for the Confederacy, West Virginias history has been profoundly affected by its mountainous terrain, numerous and vast river valleys, and rich natural resources. These were all factors driving its economy and the lifestyles of its residents, a 2010 analysis of a local stalagmite revealed that Native Americans were burning forests to clear land as early as 100 BC. Some regional late-prehistoric Eastern Woodland tribes were involved in hunting and fishing, practicing the slash. Another group progressed to the more time-consuming, advanced companion crop fields method of gardening, also continuing from ancient indigenous people of the state, field space and time was given to tobacco growing through to early historic. Maize did not make a contribution to the diet until after 1150 BP
8.
Marion County, West Virginia
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Marion County is a county in the U. S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 56,418, the county was named in honor of General Francis Marion, known to history as The Swamp Fox. Marion County comprises the Fairmont, WV Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is part of the Morgantown-Fairmont. The year 1852 was a time in Marion Countys history, starting with the great flood on Monday. Heavy rains the day caused the Monongahela and West Fork Rivers to rise at rate of 5 feet per hour until Tuesday afternoon. The greatest damage was sustained on the West Fork, where over 40 houses and buildings were swept away, the flood also damaged the railroad, which was in the final stages of being completed. By June 23rd the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was completed, connecting Fairmont to the west, the railroad required the building of a bridge to cross the Monongahela River about 1 mile west of Fairmont. This was achieved by building an iron bridge spanning 650 feet. The third major event of the year 1852 was the completion of the Fairmont and Palatine suspension bridge, the bridge was built under the direction of James L. Randolph, assistant engineer of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, at a cost of about thirty thousand dollars. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 312 square miles. Interstate 79 U. S. Highway 19 U. S, the population density was 183 people per square mile. There were 26,660 housing units at a density of 86 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 95. 10% White,3. 22% Black or African American,0. 20% Native American,0. 41% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 13% from other races, and 0. 93% from two or more races. 0. 70% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,28. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the family size was 2.88. In the county, the population was out with 20. 60% under the age of 18,10. 50% from 18 to 24,26. 40% from 25 to 44,24. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 90.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.30 males, the median income for a household in the county was $28,626, and the median income for a family was $37,182
9.
Monongalia County, West Virginia
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Monongalia County, known locally as Mon County, is a county in the U. S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 96,189 and its county seat is at Morgantown. The county was founded in 1776, Monongalia County is included in the Morgantown, WV Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is the largest county in North-Central West Virginia. It is defined entirely as part of the Pittsburgh media market, Monongalia County takes its name from the Monongahela River. The name Monongalia may be a misspelling of Monongahela, alternatively, the conventional Latinate ending -ia may have been added to Monongahela. Monongalia County was formed in 1776 when Virginias remote District of West Augusta was divided into three counties, Ohio, Yohogania and Monongalia, all named for their most prominent rivers. Ohio County then encompassed most of the region of the district bordering the Ohio River. Yohogania County consisted of much of what is now southwestern Pennsylvania and the present counties of Hancock, in 1780, in his Notes on the State of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson gave the militia enrollment of what was then the vast Monongalia County at 1,000 troops. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 366 square miles. Monongahela River Cheat River Deckers Creek Cam Harker Spring Cheat Lake Dunkard Creek Aarons Creek Interstate 68 Interstate 79 U. S. Highway 19 U. S, the population density was 227 people per square mile. There were 36,695 housing units at a density of 102 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 92. 22% White,3. 38% Black or African American,0. 20% Native American,2. 45% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 32% from other races, and 1. 39% from two or more races. 1. 01% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,31. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the family size was 2.91. In the county, the population was out with 18. 20% under the age of 18,23. 40% from 18 to 24,27. 70% from 25 to 44,20. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 30 years, for every 100 females there were 101.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.20 males, the median income for a household in the county was $28,625, and the median income for a family was $43,628. Males had an income of $33,113 versus $23,828 for females
10.
Greene County, Pennsylvania
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Greene County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 38,686, Greene County was created on February 9,1796, from part of Washington County and named for General Nathanael Greene. Greene County is part of the Pittsburgh DMA and it is located in the area of southwestern Pennsylvania that was formerly claimed by Virginia, the District of West Augusta. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 578 square miles. The population density was 67 people per square mile, there were 16,678 housing units at an average density of 29 per square mile. 1.2 percent of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27.0 percent of all households were made up of individuals and 11.7 percent had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the family size was 2.91. The median age was 41.1 years, for every 100 females there were 106.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.6 males, as of November 2010, there are 50,640 registered voters in Greene County. The Meadow Ridge office park has served the county since the early 2000s, waynesburg University Greene County is divided into five public school districts. There are 15 public schools that serve Greene County, Pennsylvania. S, under Pennsylvania law, there are four types of incorporated municipalities, cities, boroughs, townships, and, in at most two cases, towns. S. Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data and they are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law. Other unincorporated communities, such as villages, may be listed here as well, the population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Greene County. † county seat National Register of Historic Places listings in Greene County, Pennsylvania Official website
11.
Fayette County, Pennsylvania
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Fayette County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. Fayette County is located in southwestern Pennsylvania, adjacent to Maryland, as of the 2010 census, the population was 136,606. The county was created on September 26,1783, from part of Westmoreland County, Fayette County is part of the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The first Europeans in Fayette County were explorers, who had used an ancient American Indian trail that bisected the county on their journey across the Appalachian Mountains. In 1754, when control of the area was still in dispute between France and Great Britain, 22-year-old George Washington fought against the French at Jumonville Glen and Fort Necessity. British forces under Washington and General Edward Braddock improved roads throughout the region, during the American Revolution, Fayette County was plagued by attacks from British-allied Indians and remained isolated as a frontier region. Also retarding settlement was a dispute with Virginia, Virginias District of West Augusta. In 1780 the dispute was settled by the government in favor of Pennsylvania. President George Washington called out the militias to restore order, Fayette County continued to be important to travelers in the early 1800s. The National Road provided a route through the mountains of the county for settlers heading west, the shipyards in Brownsville on the Monongahela River built ships for both the domestic and international trade. As Pittsburgh developed its industries in the century, Fayette County become a center of coal mining. From the 1880s to the early 1900s, the great expansion in steel production became nationally important. Both new European immigrants and African Americans in the Great Migration from the rural South were attracted to the Pittsburgh area for industrial jobs, the historic Scottish and German farming communities established in the earlier 19th century were soon overshadowed by the wave of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. By World War II, Fayette County had a new unionized working class that enjoyed increased prosperity, in the 1950s, however, the coal industry fell into decline. In the 1970s, the restructuring and collapse of American steel resulted in a loss of industrial jobs. The population has declined since the peak in 1940, as residents have had to move elsewhere for work, the loss of union jobs caused many working families to drop out of the middle class. Only a few mines are being worked in the 21st century, the region is slowly transitioning toward the service sector, with an increase in jobs in fields such as telemarketing. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 798 square miles
12.
Washington County, Pennsylvania
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Washington County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 207,820, the county was created on March 28,1781, from part of Westmoreland County. The city and county were named after American Revolutionary War leader George Washington, who eventually became the first President of the United States. Washington County is part of the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, the county is home to Washington County Airport, located three miles southwest of Washington, Pennsylvania. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 861 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 202,897 people,81,130 households, the population density was 237 people per square mile. There were 87,267 housing units at a density of 102 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 95. 27% White,3. 26% Black or African American,0. 09% Native American,0. 36% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 19% from other races, and 0. 82% from two or more races. 0. 58% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,18. 3% were of German,17. 2% Italian,10. 6% Irish,8. 6% English,7. 9% Polish and 6. 2% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 27. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.96. In the county, the population was out with 22. 20% under the age of 18,7. 70% from 18 to 24,27. 20% from 25 to 44,25. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 92.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.00 males, as of 1800, this county was largely settled by people of Scot-Irish heritage because prime lands were already taken by the Germans and the Quakers. The County of Washington is governed by a publicly elected commission. The three commissioners serve in both executive and legislative capacities, by state law, the commission must have a minority party guaranteeing a political split on the commission. Each term is for four years, maggi lost to Murphy and earned only 36 percent of the vote. Irey was the Republican candidate for Pennsylvanias 12th congressional district and lost to the late Democratic incumbent John Murtha in the 2006 election, the Washington County Court of Common Pleas, the Twenty-Seventh Judicial District of Pennsylvania, is the state trial court, sitting in and for Washington County. It serves as the court of jurisdiction for the region
13.
Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
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Westmoreland County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. At the 2010 census, the population was 365,169, Westmoreland County originally included the present-day counties of Fayette, Washington, Greene, and parts of Beaver, Allegheny, Indiana, and Armstrong counties. It is named for Westmorland, a county of England. Westmoreland County is included in the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, a major coal strike occurred in the county in the winter of 1910–11. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,036 square miles. The population density was 361 per square mile, there were 161,058 housing units at an average density of 157 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 58% White,2. 01% Black or African American,0. 09% Native American,0. 52% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 15% from other races, and 0. 64% from two or more races. 0. 51% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 23. 7% were of German,18. 5% Italian,9. 7% Irish,8. 9% Polish,6. 7% English,5. 2% Slovak and 5. 0% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 26. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.93. 22. 00% of the population were under the age of 18,6. 80% from 18 to 24,27. 50% from 25 to 44,25. 40% from 45 to 64, the median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 93.10 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.70 males. In November 2008, there are 249,147 registered voters in Westmoreland County, in 2000, Republican George W. Bush won 51% and Democrat Al Gore won 45%. In 2004, Republican George W. Bush won 56% and Democrat John Kerry won 43%, in 2008, Republican John McCain won 57% to Democrat Barack Obamas 41%. Governor Ed Rendell lost Westmoreland in both 2002 and 2006, in 2008 Republican Tim Krieger picked up the 57th House district left open by the retirement of Democrat Tom Tangretti. In 2010, both Pat Toomey and Tom Corbett won Westmoreland in their statewide bids, also the GOP gained control of two more State House districts, the 54th with Eli Evankovich and the 56th with George Dunbar. S. Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data and they are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law. Other unincorporated communities, such as villages, may be listed here as well, franklin Township - now known as Murrysville, Pennsylvania The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Westmoreland County
14.
Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
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Allegheny County is a county in the southwestern quarter of the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of 2014 the population was 1,231,225, making it the second-most populous county in Pennsylvania, Allegheny County is included in the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is in the Pittsburgh Designated Market Area, Allegheny County was the first in Pennsylvania to be given a Native American name, being named after the Allegheny River. The word Allegheny is of Lenape origin, with uncertain meaning and it is usually said to mean fine river, but sometimes said to refer to an ancient mythical tribe called Allegewi that lived along the river long ago before being destroyed by the Lenape. Not a great deal is known about the inhabitants of the region prior to European contact. During the colonial era various native groups claimed or settled in the area, resulting in a mix that included Iroquois, Lenape, Shawnee. European fur traders such as Peter Chartier established trading posts in the region in the eighteenth century. In 1749 Captain Pierre Joseph Céloron de Blainville, claimed the Ohio Valley, the captain traveled along the Ohio and Allegheny rivers inserting lead plates in the ground to mark the land for France. Since most of the towns during that era were developed along waterways, therefore, the British sent Major George Washington to try to compel the French to leave their posts, with no success. Having failed in his mission, he returned and nearly drowned crossing the ice-filled Allegheny River, in 1754, the English tried again to enter the area. This time, they sent 41 Virginians to build Fort Prince George, the French got news of the plan and sent an army to take over the fort, which they then resumed building with increased fortification, renaming it Fort Duquesne. The loss of the fort cost the English dearly because Fort Duquesne became one of the points of the French. The first attempt to retake the fort, the Braddock Expedition and it was not until General John Forbes attacked in 1758, four years after they had lost the original fort, that they recaptured and destroyed it. They subsequently built a new fort on the site, including a moat, the site is now Pittsburghs Point State Park. Both Pennsylvania and Virginia claimed the region that is now Allegheny County, Pennsylvania administered most of the region as part of its Westmoreland County. Virginia considered everything south of the Ohio River and east of the Allegheny River to be part of its Yohogania County, in addition, parts of the county were located in the proposed British colony of Vandalia and the proposed U. S. state of Westsylvania. The overlapping boundaries, multiple governments, and confused deed claims soon proved unworkable, in 1780 Pennsylvania and Virginia agreed to extend the Mason–Dixon line westward, and the region became part of Pennsylvania. From 1781 until 1788, much of what had been claimed as part of Yohogania County, Virginia, was administered as a part of the newly created Washington County, Allegheny County was officially created on September 24,1788, from parts of Washington and Westmoreland counties
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Streets Run
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Streets Run is a 5. 2-mile-long tributary of the Monongahela River in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. This urban stream drains portions of the communities of Pittsburgh, Baldwin, Brentwood, West Mifflin and Whitehall, james Hardin Hays began mining coal along Streets Run in 1828. Other coal mines in the watershed were run by the I. D, Risher and Daniel W Risher Companies, as well as the Harrison Gas Coal Company. The H. B. Hays and Brothers Coal Railroad ran along Streets Run to service the mine developed by J. H. Hays and it ended at Six Mile Ferry, on the Monongahela. The Pittsburgh Southern Railroad and its successor, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, the Whitehall Tunnel connects this valley with the Peters Creek watershed
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Becks Run
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Becks Run is a tributary of the Monongahela River. As an urban stream, it is polluted, receiving combined sewer outflow from Carrick and Mount Oliver. There is a waterfall on a tributary, just downstream from a dump, near the intersection of Wagner Avenue. There were coal mines along the stream, including Becks Run #2, owned by the estate of James H. Hays, served by an incline and the H. B. Hays and Brothers Coal Railroad. Other mines at various times were operated by the Birmingham Coal Company, H. G. Burghman, Jones & Laughlin, and the Monongahela River Consolidated Coal and Coke Company. It is the namesake of the Pittsburgh and Becks Run Railroad, which ran from the Smithfield Street Bridge to the Jones and Laughlin Iron Works, a former town, located where Becks Run enters the Monongahela, was also named Becks Run. 1877 engraving of the mouth of Becks Run Becks Run Tipple, list of rivers of Pennsylvania Becks Run Road
17.
Cheat River
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The Cheat River is a 78. 3-mile-long tributary of the Monongahela River in eastern West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania in the United States. Via the Ohio River, the Cheat and Monongahela are part of the Mississippi River watershed, owing to the ruggedness of the Allegheny Mountains, a portion of which it drains, the Cheat remains largely remote with few settlements or developments along its banks. Its headwaters are in the Cheat-Potomac Ranger District of the Monongahela National Forest, the Cheat is formed at Parsons, West Virginia, by the confluence of Shavers Fork and Black Fork. Black Fork is fed by the Blackwater River and by the Dry, Glady, from Parsons the Cheat River flows generally northward through Tucker and Preston counties, past the towns of Rowlesburg and Albright. It then flows for a distance through southwestern Fayette County, Pennsylvania, before joining the Monongahela River at Point Marion. Upstream of its dam, the Cheat is one of the largest undammed watersheds in the eastern United States, Cheat Mountain, a high and rugged ridge, runs about 50 miles southward from its northernmost tip, just a few miles west of the confluence at Parsons. The Delaware Indian name for Cheat was reportedly Ach-sin-ha-nac, meaning stony river, none of these theories have strong documentary support, but the latter is the most often cited. According to George W. Atkinson, From 1765 to 1774 there were few attacks made upon the white colonists by the Indians. The Treaty of Paris resulted in general peace along the frontiers, had been pretty generally adhered to by all the savage tribes and this unfortunate aggression on the part of these white men gave rise to a general raid by the Indians upon all the settlements of the frontier. The Cheat River Valley was part of a larger area disputed in the 1770s by the Colonies of Pennsylvania and Virginia. Meanwhile, Pennsylvania tried to oversee it as part of the overlapping Westmoreland County, the Cheat River country remained part of Monongalia County until 1791 when that county was divided into a smaller Monongalia County and Randolph County. The Virginia General Assembly authorized the first two ferries on the Cheat in 1806, on January 2, a ferry in Monongalia County was approved on Charles Stuart property to James Stafford property. On January 18, the Assembly authorized the second ferry in Monongalia County from the location of Samuel Jackson to Charles Magill property. Another act in 1806 authorized to conduct a lottery to fund the construction of a bridge across Cheat River near Dunkards Bottom. Concerned included Michael Kern, John Steally, Augustus Werninger, Ralph Barkshire, the Assembly also authorized in 1806 the construction of mill dams across the Monongahela River, Cheat River, Tygart Valley River, or the West Fork of the Monongahela River. Along with the rest of western Virginia, the Cheat River Valley became part of the new state of West Virginia in 1863, a state militia facility, Camp Dawson, was established on the banks of the Cheat in Preston County in 1909 and continues in operation today. 1985 flood In November 1985, heavy rains caused a flood on the Cheat. The river flow was estimated at 190,000 cubic feet per second, the massive flood also caused the Cheat River to leave its banks and flood the small town of Rowlesburg
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Youghiogheny River
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The Youghiogheny River /jɒkəˈɡeɪni/, or the Yough /ˈjɒk/ for short, is a 134-mile-long tributary of the Monongahela River in the U. S. states of West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. It drains an area on the west side of the Allegheny Mountains northward into Pennsylvania, Youghiogheny is an Algonquin word meaning a stream flowing in a contrary direction. The Youghiogheny rises in northern West Virginia, in Preston County southeast of the town of Kingwood, the headwaters are approximately 10 miles north of the headwaters of the North Branch of the Potomac River. It flows north-northeast into Garrett County, Maryland, flowing north past Oakland and roughly parallel to the West Virginia border, the river enters southwestern Pennsylvania on the border between Fayette and Somerset counties. It flows northwest through a gap in Chestnut Ridge and then past Connellsville and it joins the Monongahela River from the southeast at McKeesport, southeast of Pittsburgh. The dam was completed in 1944 primarily for flood control, in 1754, as a militia officer of the British Colony of Virginia, George Washington followed the river in an attempt to find a water route to Fort Duquesne, then held by the French. During the uncommonly severe winter of 1787-88, American pioneers to the Northwest Territory departed New England, the pioneer town of Somerfield, Pennsylvania, was inundated by the building of the Youghiogheny Dam. Perryopolis in northern Fayette County, Pennsylvania, is the site of the George Washington Grist Mill, the Youghiogheny River Trail follows the river in southwestern Pennsylvania southeast of Connellsville. Coal mining became an important industry along the lower Youghiogheny River during the 19th century, at the time the name was often spelled Yohoghany, and during the 1860s and 1870s that spelling was used as the name of a post office near what is now Shaner in Westmoreland County. Fallingwater, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, is located in the valley southeast of Connellsville. A portion of the river in Maryland has been set aside by the state as the Youghiogheny Scenic, the Youghiogheny is popular for whitewater canoeing, kayaking and rafting. The program was successful, so the falls are accessible to whitewater kayakers, further downstream, near Connellsville, the river is much slower, without whitewater rapids, and is able to be piloted by personal tubes, kayaks or canoes. Although the Youghiogheny is generally considered to be safe for whitewater recreation, at least five, and possibly as many as 14, of the fatalities have occurred at a rapid within the Lower Yough known as Dimple. Dimple refers to both the Class III rapid by that name, as well as a rock in the middle of the rapid by that name. Some of the deaths were attributed to preexisting conditions, with 9 of the 14 being caused by the rock itself. The Youghiogheny is also known for fishing, having brown and rainbow trout, part of the Great Allegheny Passage, a multi-use trail along the former Western Maryland Railway right-of-way, extends from Pittsburgh to Confluence. From Confluence, it connects to Washington, D. C and his 2001 story The God Of Dark Laughter is also set in Yuggogheny County
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Turtle Creek (Monongahela River)
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Turtle Creek is a 21. 1-mile-long tributary of the Monongahela River in Allegheny and Westmoreland counties in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. At its juncture with the Monongahela is Braddock, Pennsylvania, where the Battle of the Monongahela was fought in 1755, in the mid-19th century, the Pennsylvania Railroad laid tracks along the stream as part of its Main Line from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh. The headwaters of Turtle Creek are in Delmont, the stream flows west and enters the Monongahela River at North Versailles Township. Turtle Creek is the English translation of the Native American name, in 1742, John Fraser and his family established Braddock at the mouth of Turtle Creek as the first permanent English settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains. George Washington visited the area in 1753-1754 and it was the site of Braddocks Defeat on July 9,1755. Wall is located at the site of a farm purchased by James Walls in 1829, the property, on the south bank of Turtle Creek, was passed to James sons Henry and John Walls, who lived in a log cabin near the heart of present-day Wall. A station on the Pennsylvania Railroad opened in the early 1840s, eventually, the name of the station and the town that grew up around it was shortened to Wall Station. Henry and John Walls sold their property to their cousin Frank Wall, Wall got its name after this Frank Wall, whose said property development led to him being the owner of the first two houses erected in the region. The Turtle Creek watershed is the region drained by Turtle Creek, sixty-six percent of its area is in Westmoreland County, with the balance in Allegheny County. Turtle Creeks source is in Delmont, Westmoreland County and its mouth on the Monongahela River is in North Versailles Township, the watersheds area is 147.41 square miles. It drains forests, farmlands, abandoned mines, and urban and suburban communities, the lower watershed drains a heavily industrial area between the cities of Pittsburgh and McKeesport
20.
Tygart Valley River
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The Tygart Valley River — also known as the Tygart River — is a principal tributary of the Monongahela River, approximately 135 miles long, in east-central West Virginia in the United States. Along its course the river collects Leading Creek at Elkins, the Middle Fork River and the Buckhannon River in Barbour County, just upstream of Grafton, the river was impounded by a U. S. Army Corps of Engineers dam in 1938 to form Tygart Lake. Valley Falls State Park is along the river between Grafton and Fairmont, at the United States Geological Surveys stream gauge in Philippi, the annual mean flow of the river between 1940 and 2005 was 1,922 ft³/s. The rivers highest flow during the period was estimated at 61,000 ft³/s on November 5,1985, the lowest recorded flow was 4.9 ft³/s on several days in October 1953. At an upstream gauge near the community of Dailey in Randolph County, the highest recorded flow during the period was 19,900 ft³/s on May 17,1996. Readings of zero were recorded for several months during autumn of the years 1930 and 1953, the Tygart Valley was first settled by Europeans in 1753 when David Tygart and Robert Files located with their families in the vicinity of present-day Beverly. One son escaped and alerted the Tygart family, allowing all to escape, no other white settlement was attempted in present Randolph County until 1772. Settlers of the 1770s and 80s included the Connelly, Hadden, Jackson, Nelson, Riffle, Stalnaker, Warwick, Westfall, Whiteman and Wilson families. Several minor actions occurred in the Valley during the American Civil War, including the Battle of Philippi, the Battle of Laurel Hill and the Battle of Cheat Mountain, all in 1861. The United States Board on Geographic Names settled on Tygart River as the name in 1902
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Pocahontas County, West Virginia
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Pocahontas County is a county located in the U. S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 8,719, the county was established in 1821 and is named after the Native American chiefs daughter from Jamestown, Virginia. Pocahontas County is the home to the National Radio Astronomy Observatory Green Bank Telescope and is part of the National Radio Quiet Zone and they had come from Frederick, Maryland, in 1749 and are considered the first settlers west of the Alleghenies. The move Westward by settlers was not met well by the Indians as this was one of their many favored hunting areas, a treaty of 1758 confirmed the land west of the Allegheny Mountains to the Indians and forbidding any of his Majesty’s subjects to settle or hunt. As the white settlers encroached onto the Indian land, there were many raids, after the Revolution, the Indian squabbles quieted and the settlers’ land claims were secured in an orderly manner. In June 1863, West Virginia became the 35th state of the Union, when Virginia seceded from the Union in 1861, the residents of the western counties, few of whom owned slaves, decided to stay with the Union. The railroads came late to Pocahontas County as building rails over the mountains was not only a tedious job and it was not until 1899 that construction began but after that, the task moved with startling speed. The 1900 census of the county indicates that many Europeans came to the region to build the railroads, commercial timbering quickly began upon completion of the railroads, including a large mill owned by the West Virginia Pulp & Paper Company at Cass. By the end of 1920, dozens of small railroading towns dotted the landscape along the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway line. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 942 square miles. It is the third-largest county in West Virginia by area, the highest point is Thorny Flat on Cheat Mountain in the northwestern part of the county, elevation 4848 feet. The Monongahela National Forest protects much of the headwaters, thereby helping to ensure improved downstream water quality. Monongahela National Forest Cranberry Glades Botanical Area Gaudineer Scenic Area As of the census of 2000, there were 9,131 people,3,835 households, the population density was 10 people per square mile. There were 7,594 housing units at a density of 8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 38% White,0. 78% Black or African American,0. 07% Native American,0. 14% Asian,0. 05% from other races,0. 43% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 29. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.83. In the county, the population was out with 20. 90% under the age of 18,7. 00% from 18 to 24,27. 50% from 25 to 44,27. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 106.20 males
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West Fork River
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The West Fork River is a principal tributary of the Monongahela River,103 miles long, in north-central West Virginia in the United States. Via the Monongahela and Ohio Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, the river is formed near the community of Rock Cave in southwestern Upshur County by the confluence of small headwaters tributaries known as Straight Fork and Whites Camp Fork. Among other tributaries, it collects Stonecoal Creek in Weston, Hackers Creek in southern Harrison County, Elk Creek in Clarksburg, the West Fork has a low gradient and is slow-moving throughout its course. It is locally popular for fishing, and is stocked with muskellunge by the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources. Other fish species in the river include carp, channel and flathead catfish, golden and rainbow trout, largemouth, smallmouth, and spotted bass, sauger, and walleye. Jacksons Mill was established along the north of Weston around the year 1800 by Edward Jackson, his grandson. The site has been operated as a 4-H facility since the 1920s, a walking trail parallels the river for 1.2 miles in Veterans Park in Clarksburg. For much of its length between Clarksburg and Fairmont, the West Fork is paralleled by a pair of rail trails on the route of a mid-19th century line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The Harrison County Trail extends northward from Clarksburg, and the West Fork River Trail connects Shinnston to Fairmont. A long-term closure of the connection between the two trails is anticipated, due to the presence of waste at an industrial site near the community of Spelter in northern Harrison County. The West Fork River is not navigable by barge traffic, it is classified by the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources as recreationally navigable for canoes. Construction of a system of locks, dams, and chutes was begun by the Monongahela Navigation Company in 1817, three miles south of Weston, the river is dammed by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers to form Stonewall Jackson Lake. Construction of the dam was delayed by the opposition of residents and began in the mid-1980s at an ultimate cost of $208 million. The dam is 95 feet tall and forms a 2, 650-acre lake, land along the lake is leased as a wildlife management area and Stonewall Jackson Lake State Park. While the dams in later years have come to be regarded as good fishing areas, the United States Board on Geographic Names settled on West Fork River as the streams name in 1902
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Upshur County, West Virginia
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Upshur County is a county in the U. S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 24,254, the county was formed in 1851 from Randolph, Barbour, and Lewis counties and named for Abel Parker Upshur, a distinguished statesman and jurist of Virginia. Upshur served as United States Secretary of State and Secretary of the Navy under President John Tyler. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 355 square miles. The county falls within the United States National Radio Quiet Zone, the highest elevation in Upshur County is 3160 feet, near Sugar Run on the Randolph and Upshur County lines just outside Palace Valley and Hemlock. It is reported there is a marker at the site. U. S. Highway 33 U. S. Highway 48 U. S, the population density was 68.4 people per square mile. There were 11,099 housing units at a density of 31.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 6% White,0. 7% Black or African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 2% Asian,0. 2% from other races, 1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 26. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.4 and the average family size was 2.88. In the county, the population was out with 24. 7% from age 0 to 19,7. 60% from 20 to 24,22. 6% from 25 to 44,28. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 97 males. The median income for a household in the county was $39,381, males had a median income of $36,517 versus $25,420 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,498, about 14. 1% of families and 19. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26. 7% of those under age 18 and 14. 1% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 24,254 people,9,619 households, the population density was 68.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 11,099 housing units at a density of 31.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 6% white,0. 7% black or African American,0. 4% Asian,0. 2% American Indian,0. 2% from other races, and 1. 0% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1. 0% of the population, in terms of ancestry,18. 1% were German,13. 8% were American,10. 6% were Irish, and 8. 6% were English
24.
Fairmont, West Virginia
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Fairmont is a city in Marion County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 18,704 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Marion County. Prior to the founding of Fairmont, the land that would become Marion County was part of Monongalia, in the 1700s, the earliest development of this area consisted of subsistence farming settlements. In 1789, Boaz Fleming, a Revolutionary War veteran, migrated to this area, oral history indicates that in 1808, Fleming made his annual trek to Clarksburg to pay his brothers Harrison County taxes. While in Clarksburg, Fleming attended a gathering that included his cousin, Dolly Madison. Fleming complained to Mrs. Madison about having to travel over a hundred each year from his home to pay his Monongalia County taxes. Mrs. Madison supposedly suggested that he create his own county to him all that travel. In 1814, Fleming circulated a petition to do precisely that, naming the proposed county Madison County, in honor of Dolly, Milford was the only town within the borders of Flemings proposed county, so Fleming decided to make Milford the seat of Madison County. However, Milfords citizens preferred to remain part of Monongalia County, as a result, Flemings petition failed to gain sufficient support to be presented to the Virginia General Assembly. Fleming then focused on creating a new town near his farm, in 1817, Flemings sons—William and David—began to clear land on part of their fathers farm to make way for the new town, this part of the farm would later become downtown Fairmont. In 1819, a road was built from Clarksburg to Morgantown, Flemings new town was about halfway between the two cities, making it a good resting point. The town was incorporated as Middletown on January 19,1820, the current borders of Marion County were established in 1842, and Middletown was named the countys seat. At that time, William Haymond, Jr. suggested that the name be changed to Fairmont because the town had a beautiful overlook of the Monongahela River. The Borough of Fairmont was incorporated in 1843 by the Virginia General Assembly, many of the first buildings in Fairmont were poorly constructed. By 1852—little more than 30 years after the citys founding—a large portion of Fairmont was reported to be run-down, reports from 1873 indicate that these buildings had continued to fall into disrepair. On April 2,1876, a fire destroyed a portion of the citys business district. The continuing dilapidation of the buildings may have contributed to the fire. Between 1891 and 1901—in a span of only 10 years—Fairmonts population had increased from 1,000 to 7,000, the City of Fairmont was chartered in 1899, as a result of the charter, the city absorbed the surrounding towns of Palatine and West Fairmont
25.
Ohio River
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The Ohio River, which streams westward from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Cairo, Illinois, is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River in the United States. The 981-mile river flows through or along the border of six states, through its largest tributary, the Tennessee River, the basin includes many of the states of the southeastern U. S. It is the source of drinking water for three million people and it is named in Iroquoian or Seneca, Ohi, yó, lit. Good River or Shawnee, Pelewathiipi and Spelewathiipi, the river had great significance in the history of the Native Americans, as numerous civilizations formed along its valley. For thousands of years, Native Americans used the river as a major transportation, in 1669, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle led a French expedition to the Ohio River, becoming the first Europeans to see it. After European-American settlement, the served as a border between present-day Kentucky and Indian Territories. It was a transportation route for pioneers during the westward expansion of the early U. S. In his Notes on the State of Virginia published in 1781–82, Thomas Jefferson stated and its current gentle, waters clear, and bosom smooth and unbroken by rocks and rapids, a single instance only excepted. During the 19th century, the river was the boundary of the Northwest Territory. Where the river was narrow, it was the way to freedom for thousands of slaves escaping to the North, many helped by free blacks and whites of the Underground Railroad resistance movement. The Ohio River is a transition area, as its water runs along the periphery of the humid subtropical. It is inhabited by fauna and flora of both climates, in winter, it regularly freezes over at Pittsburgh but rarely further south toward Cincinnati and Louisville. At Paducah, Kentucky, in the south, near the Ohios confluence with the Mississippi, Paducah was founded there because it is the northernmost ice-free reach of the Ohio. The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at Point State Park in Pittsburgh, from there, it flows northwest through Allegheny and Beaver counties, before making an abrupt turn to the south-southwest at the West Virginia–Ohio–Pennsylvania triple-state line. From there, it forms the border between West Virginia and Ohio, upstream of Wheeling, West Virginia, the river then follows a roughly southwest and then west-northwest course until Cincinnati, before bending to a west-southwest course for most of its length. The course forms the borders of West Virginia and Kentucky. The Ohio drains parts of 15 states in four regions, northeast New York, a small area of the southern border along the headwaters of the Allegheny. Pennsylvania, a corridor from the corner to north central border
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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Braddock, Pennsylvania
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Braddock is a borough located in the eastern suburbs of Pittsburgh in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania,10 miles upstream from the mouth of the Monongahela River. The population was 2,159 at the 2010 census, the town is named for General Edward Braddock. This battle, now called the Battle of the Monongahela, was a key event at the beginning of the French, the area surrounding Braddocks Field was originally inhabited by the Lenape, ruled by Queen Allequippa. In 1742, John Fraser and his family established the area at the mouth of Turtle Creek as the first permanent English settlement west of the Allegheny Mountains, George Washington visited the area in 1753-1754. It was the site of Braddocks Defeat on July 9,1755, Braddocks first industrial facility, a barrel plant, opened in 1850. The borough was incorporated on June 8,1867, the towns industrial economy began in 1873, when Andrew Carnegie built the Edgar Thomson Steel Works on the historic site of Braddocks Field in what is now North Braddock, Pennsylvania. This was one of the first American steel mills which used the Bessemer process, as of 2010, it continues operation as a part of the United States Steel Corporation. This era of the history is depicted in Thomas Bells novel Out of This Furnace. Braddock is also the location of the first of Andrew Carnegies 1,679 public libraries in the US, designed by William Halsey Wood of Newark, New Jersey, and dedicated on March 30,1889. The Braddock Library included an entrance for Carnegies millworkers to enter a bathhouse in the basement to clean up before entering the facilities. An addition in 1893, by Longfellow, Alden and Harlow, added a pool, indoor basketball court. The building was rescued from demolition in 1978 by the Braddocks Field Historical Society, the bathhouse has recently been converted to a pottery studio, the music hall is currently under restoration. During the early 1900s many immigrants settled in Braddock, primarily from Croatia, Slovenia, Braddock lost its importance with the collapse of the steel industry in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s. This coincided with the crack epidemic of the early 1980s. In 1988, Braddock was designated a distressed municipality. The entire water system was rebuilt in 1990-1991 at a cost of $4.7 million. From its peak in the 1920s, Braddock has since lost 90% of its population, since 2005, colorful mayor John Fetterman has launched a campaign to attract new residents to the area from the artistic and creative communities. He has also initiated various efforts, including the nonprofit organization Braddock Redux
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Masontown, Pennsylvania
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Masontown is a borough in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Pittsburgh Metro Area, the population of the borough was 3,450 at the 2010 census. It is served by the Albert Gallatin Area School District, Masontown is a small crossroads for the rural portions of western Fayette County, and it contains a small shopping center and a grocery store within its business district. Fort Mason was built as a blockhouse from 1774 to 1778 by John Mason, Masontown became a town in 1798. He later moved to Ohio and is buried on a farm in Columbiana County. Masontown is located in southwestern Fayette County at 39°50′46″N 79°54′13″W, the boroughs western border is the Monongahela River, which forms the Washington County line, but the main settled part of the borough is 1 mile east of and 200 feet higher than the river. Pennsylvania Route 21 passes through the northern and western part of the borough, leading east 12 miles to Uniontown, the Fayette county seat, and west across the Monongahela 16 miles to Waynesburg. Pennsylvania Route 166 passes through the center of Masontown as Main Street and leads south 10 miles to Point Marion at the confluence of the Monongahela and Cheat rivers. According to the United States Census Bureau, Masontown has an area of 1.54 square miles, of which 1.51 square miles is land and 0.03 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,611 people,1,536 households, the population density was 2,376.6 people per square mile. There were 1,701 housing units at a density of 1,119.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 93. 27% White,5. 59% African American,0. 22% Native American,0. 03% Asian,0. 30% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 22% of the population. 33. 1% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.90. In the borough the population was out, with 23. 0% under the age of 18,7. 8% from 18 to 24,23. 2% from 25 to 44,23. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 83.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.2 males, the median income for a household in the borough was $24,049, and the median income for a family was $27,609. Males had an income of $35,948 versus $18,194 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $13,875, about 19. 7% of families and 25. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37. 2% of those under age 18 and 16. 6% of those age 65 or over
29.
River
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A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water, small rivers can be referred to using names such as stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill. There are no official definitions for the term river as applied to geographic features. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location, examples are run in parts of the United States, burn in Scotland and northeast England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always, Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle. Potamology is the study of rivers while limnology is the study of inland waters in general. Extraterrestrial rivers of liquid hydrocarbons have recently found on Titan. Channels may indicate past rivers on other planets, specifically outflow channels on Mars and rivers are theorised to exist on planets, a river begins at a source, follows a path called a course, and ends at a mouth or mouths. The water in a river is confined to a channel. In larger rivers there is also a wider floodplain shaped by flood-waters over-topping the channel. Floodplains may be wide in relation to the size of the river channel. This distinction between river channel and floodplain can be blurred, especially in areas where the floodplain of a river channel can become greatly developed by housing. Rivers can flow down mountains, through valleys or along plains, the term upriver refers to the direction towards the source of the river, i. e. against the direction of flow. Likewise, the term describes the direction towards the mouth of the river. The term left bank refers to the bank in the direction of flow. The river channel typically contains a stream of water, but some rivers flow as several interconnecting streams of water. Extensive braided rivers are now found in only a few regions worldwide and they also occur on peneplains and some of the larger river deltas. Anastamosing rivers are similar to braided rivers and are quite rare
30.
Allegheny Plateau
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It is divided into the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau and the glaciated Allegheny Plateau. The plateau extends southward into western West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, the plateau terminates in the east at the Allegheny Mountains, which are the highest ridges just west of the Allegheny Front. The Front extends from central Pennsylvania through Maryland and into eastern West Virginia, the plateau is bordered on the west by glacial till plains in the north, generally north of the Ohio River, and the Bluegrass region in the south, generally south of the Ohio River. In the glaciated Allegheny Plateau, relief may only one hundred feet or less. In the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau in southeastern Ohio and westernmost West Virginia, absolute highest elevations in this area are often in the range of 900 to 1,500 feet. By the Allegheny Front, however, elevations may reach well over 4,000 feet, one of the more notable geologic areas within the Allegheny Plateau is the Hocking Hills region of southeast Ohio. The Allegheny Plateau is a section of the larger Appalachian Plateau province. Allegheny Front — transition escarpment from the Allegheny Plateau to the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, a Geologic History of the North-Central Appalachians, Part 1, Orogenesis from the Mesoproterozoic through the Taconic Orogeny. A Geologic History of the North-Central Appalachians, Part 2, The Appalachian Basin from the Silurian through the Carboniferous, a Geologic History of the North-Central Appalachians, Part 3, The Alleghany Orogeny. Photographs of the Allegheny Plateau and the Allegheny River watershed region
31.
North Central West Virginia
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North Central West Virginia is a region of the U. S. State of West Virginia. The regions largest city is Morgantown, Monongalia County Marion County Harrison County Taylor County Doddridge County These counties are sometimes also included into the region depending on who is asked. Morgantown Fairmont Mannington Clarksburg Bridgeport Grafton West Union Note, These cities are included within the region. Free transfers are provided at the Marion County courthouse, all routes within the county have a flat rate of $0.75, but for all routes, children under the age of 6 ride free. CENTRA is a service based at the end of the region, serving the areas around Clarksburg. Travel is facilitated by 16 individual lines that run weekdays from 6 AM to 6 PM, the Mountain Line Transit Authority provides bus routes in and around Monongalia County and WVU campuses. When WVU is in session,18 routes around Morgantown provide service from as early as 6 AM to as late as 2,30 AM, during summer these hours are slightly reduced, and some routes are eliminated altogether. The Grey Line is an intercity service connecting the area to Pittsburgh for a flate rate of $25.00 per ride. For regular routes, standard fare is $0.75. Transfers are $0.75, and children 5 and under ride free, Interstate 79 Interstate 68 U. S. Route 50 U. S. Route 19 U. S. Route 119 U. S
32.
Western Pennsylvania
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Western Pennsylvania refers to the western third of the state of Pennsylvania in the United States. Pittsburgh is the principal city, with a metropolitan area population of about 2.4 million people. Erie, Altoona, and Johnstown are its other metropolitan centers, as of the 2010 census, Western Pennsylvanias total population is nearly 4 million. In the 18th century, this caused some to rally for the formation of a 14th state in this region named Westsylvania. The strong cultural identity of Western Pennsylvania is reinforced by the supreme court holding sessions in Pittsburgh, in addition to Harrisburg. In alphabetical order those counties are, Long recognized as a powerhouse of American industry, Western Pennsylvania is a large geophysical and it encompasses that portion of the state to the west of the Appalachian divide and included within the Mississippi drainage system of rivers. The largest rivers in this area are the Allegheny River, which flows southward from the New York border, and the Monongahela River, which flows northward from West Virginia. These two rivers meet in Downtown Pittsburgh and join to form the Ohio River, which from that point flows an additional 981 miles southwest to the Mississippi River. The juncture of the Allegheny and Monongahela was historically regarded as strategic, at various times this juncture has been called the Forks of the Ohio, Fort Duquesne, Fort Pitt, the Golden Triangle, and today, at its apex, Point State Park. To the west and north of this point lies the Allegheny Plateau, Western Pennsylvania is home to more than two dozen institutions of higher learning, including those listed below. Perhaps the best known transportation innovation to simplify access to this area is the famous Pennsylvania Turnpike, the initial problem was economic marketing of a limited number of goods that could stand such high freight costs. Later marketing arrangements turned to access via the Ohio River, with Pittsburgh a barge, locally, a system of agriculture arose suitable to Western Pennsylvanias rugged terrain, emphasizing animal husbandry and dairying but with few exportable vegetable crops. The search for exploitable resources first resulted with the development of huge bituminous coal or soft coal deposits in the area for use in an iron foundry sector. The region also had large glass, pottery, brickmaking, and ceramic industries, which took advantage of the coal, the local glass industry produced 45 percent of the nations output in glass by the 1860s and more than 80 percent of the output by the 1920s. Other necessary economic concepts for description could well include economies of scale, diseconomies of scale, monopoly price equilibrium, other exploitable resources in Western Pennsylvania were also distinct. One was the drilling of the first oil well in the world at Titusville, during this time of intensive exploitation of forests a whole new sector, the wood chemistry industry, appeared and then later vanished. Finally, mention should also be made of management in the areas of a large animal population which supports the famous Pennsylvania deer-hunting cultural ethos. Since the early 1950s, a renaissance occurred in the development of institutions and abatement of pollution in Pittsburgh
33.
Allegheny River
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The Allegheny River /ælᵻˈɡeɪni/ is a principal tributary of the Ohio River, it is located in the Eastern United States. The Allegheny River joins with the Monongahela River to form the Ohio River at the Point of Point State Park in Downtown Pittsburgh, the Allegheny River is, by volume, the main headstream of the Ohio River. The river is approximately 325 miles long, running through the U. S. states of New York and it drains a rural dissected plateau of 11,580 square miles in the northern Allegheny Plateau, providing the northeastern most drainage in the watershed of the Mississippi River. Its tributaries reach to within 8 miles of Lake Erie in southwestern New York, the Allegheny Valley has been one of the most productive areas of fossil fuel extraction in U. S. history, with its extensive deposits of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. The name Allegheny probably comes from Lenape welhik hane or oolikhanna, there is a Lenape legend of a tribe called Allegewi who used to live along the river. The river itself, however, is called Alligewi Sipo, the whites have made Alleghene out of this, the Six Nations calling the river the Ohio. The Geographic Names Information System lists O-hee-yo and O-hi-o as variant names, the river is called Ohi, i, o in the Seneca language. In New York, areas around the river are named with the alternate spelling Allegany in reference to the river, for example. Port Allegany, located along the river in Pennsylvania near the border with New York, the Allegheny River rises in north central Pennsylvania, on Cobb Hill in central Potter County, approximately 10 miles south of the New York border. South of Franklin it turns southeast across Clarion County in a course, then turns again southwest across Armstrong County, flowing past Kittanning, Ford City, Clinton. The river enters both Allegheny and Westmoreland counties, the Pittsburgh suburbs, and the City of Pittsburgh from the northeast, the Allegheny joins with the Monongahela River at the Point in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to form the Ohio River. Water from the Allegheny River eventually flows into the Gulf of Mexico via the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. In its upper reaches, the Allegheny River is joined from the south by Potato Creek 1.7 miles downstream of Coryville, Pennsylvania and from the north by Olean Creek at Olean, many additional streams enter or join with the Allegheny River along its course. The Allegheny River has eight locks and dams, which form corresponding pools, the Seneca Pumped Storage Generating Station is associated with Kinzua Dam. Numerous bridges and tunnels span the river throughout its course, the Allegheny River Tunnel, utilized by Pittsburgh Light Rail, went into service in 2012. In the 16th century, control of the river valley passed back-and-forth between Algonquian-speaking Shawnee and the Iroquois, the conflict over the expansion of British settlement into the Allegheny Valley and the surrounding Ohio Country was a primary cause of the French and Indian War in the 1750s. During the war, the village of Kittanning – the principal Shawnee settlement on the river – was completely destroyed by British reprisal raids from Central Pennsylvania. Nevertheless, the British, after gaining control of the area in the 1763 Treaty of Paris, kept the area closed to settlement, in part to repair
34.
Unami language
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It is one of the two Delaware languages, the other being Munsee. The last fluent speaker in the United States, Edward Thompson, of the Delaware Tribe of Indians and his sister Nora Thompson Dean provided valuable information about the language to linguists and other scholars. Lenape is from /lənaːpːe/, a word in the Unami dialect whose most literal translation into English would be common person, Unami is an Eastern Algonquian language. The hypothetical common ancestor language from which the Eastern Algonquian languages descend is Proto-Eastern Algonquian, the International Encyclopedia of Linguistics lists Tla Wilano as one of the Delaware or Unami related languages. Until recently, Tla Wilano was spoken by members of the Ani-Stohini/Unami Nation in Virginia, now there is only one speaker. Compared to Munsee, Unami has undergone extensive phonological innovation, coupled with morphological regularization, the PEA vowel system consisted of four long vowels *i·, *o·, *e·, *a·, and two short vowels *a and ə. The vowel history is as follows, *i· (from PEA merger of Proto-Algonquian, *o·, *e·, and *a· (from Proto-Algonquian *a·, the short vowels are*ə and this system was continued down to Common Delaware, but Munsee and Unami have innovated separately with respect to the vowel systems. The dominant modern version of the Southern Unami dialect called Lenape is taught by the Delaware Tribe of Indians, headquartered in Bartlesville and they have the Lenape Language Preservation Project. The same dialect was spoken by the Delaware Nation in Anadarko in the part of Oklahoma. Both Oklahoma Delaware tribes have recorded native speakers and produced written lessons for instruction and these efforts, in conjunction with other community efforts comprise an attempt to preserve the language. Some descriptions of the Northern Unami dialect as spoken during the 18th century are given by Moravian missionary John Heckewelder, Unami has been analyzed as having contrastive geminate and non-geminate obstruent consonants, although this contrast is relatively weak. A full analysis of the status of the geminates, also known as long consonants, is not available, the long consonants are described as having low functional yield, that is they differentiate relatively few pairs of words but do occur in contrasting environments. There are also rules that lengthen consonants in certain environments, in the following chart, the usual transcription used in the sources is given with the IPA in brackets. Unami vowels are presented as organized into contrasting long–short pairs, one asymmetry is that high short /u/ is paired with long /oː/, and the pairing of long and short /ə/ is noteworthy. It is worth noting that /ə/ and /o/ are not distinguishable before /w/, /m/, additionally, vowels are classified as strong and weak, which plays an important role in determining stress. Long vowels and vowels before consonant clusters are automatically strong, certain short vowels, which are differentiated with a breve – /ǐ, ě, ǒ/ – are also strong vowels because they are treated morphophonemically as long vowels, even though they are pronounced as short. In a sequence of syllables containing a vowel followed by a consonant or consonant and /w/, the odd-numbered vowels are weak. Furthermore, some vowels are strong even in a weakening environment
35.
Moravian Church
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The modern Unitas Fratrum, with about 750,000 members worldwide, continues to draw on traditions established during the eighteenth century. The Moravians continue their tradition of missionary work, for example in the Caribbean. This is reflected in their global distribution. The Church places a value on ecumenism, personal piety, missions. The Church’s emblem is the Lamb of God with the flag of victory, surrounded by the Latin inscription, Vicit agnus noster, eum sequamur. The Hussite movement that was to become the Moravian Church was started by Jan Hus in early 15th century Bohemia, since these actions predate the Protestant Reformation by a century, some historians claim the Moravian Church was the first Protestant church. The movement gained support in the Crown of Bohemia, however, Hus was summoned to attend the Council of Constance, which decided that he was a heretic and had him burned at the stake on 6 July 1415. In 1434, an army of Utraquists and Catholics defeated the Taborites at the Battle of Lipany, the Utraquists signed the Compacts of Basel on 5 July 1436. Within fifty years of Hus death, a contingent of his followers had become independently organised as the Bohemian Brethren or Unity of the Brethren, a brother known as Gregory the Patriarch was very influential in forming the group, as well as the teachings of Peter Chelcicky. This group held to a strict obedience to the Sermon on the Mount, which included non-swearing of oaths, non-resistance, because of this, they considered themselves separate from the majority Hussites that did not hold those teachings. They received episcopal ordination through the Waldensians in 1467 and these were some of the earliest Protestants, rebelling against Rome some fifty years before Martin Luther. By the middle of the 16th century as many as 90 per cent of the inhabitants of the Bohemian Crown were Protestant, the majority of nobility was Protestant, the schools and printing-shops established by the Moravian Church were flourishing. Protestantism had an influence to the education of the population. Even in the middle of the 16th century there was not a town without a Protestant school in the Bohemian crown lands. With the University of Prague also firmly in hands of Protestants, therefore, the Jesuits were invited, with the backing of the Catholic Habsburg rulers, to come to the Bohemian Crown and establish a number of Catholic educational institutions. One of these is the university in the Moravian capital of Olomouc, in 1582 they forced closure of local Protestant schools. The Revolt started by unplanned second Defenestrations of Prague and was defeated in 1620 in the Battle of White Mountain near Prague, as consequence the local Protestant noblemen were either executed or expelled from the country while the Habsburgs placed Catholic nobility in their place. The war, plague, and subsequent disruption led to a decline in the population from over 3 million to some 800,000 people, by 1622 the entire education system was in the hands of Jesuits and all Protestant schools were closed
36.
David Zeisberger
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David Zeisberger was a Moravian clergyman and missionary among the Native Americans in the Thirteen Colonies. He established communities of Munsee converts to Christianity in the valley of the Muskingum River in Ohio, however, when his family migrated to the newly established English colony in Georgia, Zeisberger remained in Europe to complete his education. In 1738, he came to Georgia in the United States and he later rejoined his family in the Moravian community at Savannah, Georgia. At the time, the United Brethren had begun a settlement, from there he moved to Pennsylvania, and assisted at the commencment of the settlements of Nazareth and Bethlehem. In 1739, Zeisberger was influential in the development of a Moravian community in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, four years later, at the invitation of Hendrick Theyanoguin, he came to live among the Mohawk. He became fluent in the Onondaga language and assisted Conrad Weiser in negotiating an alliance between the English and the Iroquois in Onondaga, Zeisberger also produced dictionaries and religious works in Iroquoian and Algonquian. Zeisberger began as a missionary to Native American peoples following his ordination as a Moravian minister in 1749 and he was the senior missionary of the United Brethren among the Indians. His relations with British authorities worsened during the American Revolutionary War and in 1781 he was arrested, while he was imprisoned, ninety-six of his Native converts in Gnadenhutten, Ohio were brutally murdered by Pennsylvania militiamen, an event known as the Gnadenhutten Massacre. A large group of Munsee moved there in 1782, but Zeisberger later returned to live the rest of his life among the Native converts remaining near the village of Goshen. Zeisberger spent a period of 62 years, excepting a few short intervals and he died on November 17,1808 at Goshen, Ohio, on the river Tuscarawas, at the age of 87 years. F. Ratzel, Zeisberger, David, Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie,45, Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, pp. 1–2
37.
Lenape language
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It is one of the two Delaware languages, the other being Munsee. The last fluent speaker in the United States, Edward Thompson, of the Delaware Tribe of Indians and his sister Nora Thompson Dean provided valuable information about the language to linguists and other scholars. Lenape is from /lənaːpːe/, a word in the Unami dialect whose most literal translation into English would be common person, Unami is an Eastern Algonquian language. The hypothetical common ancestor language from which the Eastern Algonquian languages descend is Proto-Eastern Algonquian, the International Encyclopedia of Linguistics lists Tla Wilano as one of the Delaware or Unami related languages. Until recently, Tla Wilano was spoken by members of the Ani-Stohini/Unami Nation in Virginia, now there is only one speaker. Compared to Munsee, Unami has undergone extensive phonological innovation, coupled with morphological regularization, the PEA vowel system consisted of four long vowels *i·, *o·, *e·, *a·, and two short vowels *a and ə. The vowel history is as follows, *i· (from PEA merger of Proto-Algonquian, *o·, *e·, and *a· (from Proto-Algonquian *a·, the short vowels are*ə and this system was continued down to Common Delaware, but Munsee and Unami have innovated separately with respect to the vowel systems. The dominant modern version of the Southern Unami dialect called Lenape is taught by the Delaware Tribe of Indians, headquartered in Bartlesville and they have the Lenape Language Preservation Project. The same dialect was spoken by the Delaware Nation in Anadarko in the part of Oklahoma. Both Oklahoma Delaware tribes have recorded native speakers and produced written lessons for instruction and these efforts, in conjunction with other community efforts comprise an attempt to preserve the language. Some descriptions of the Northern Unami dialect as spoken during the 18th century are given by Moravian missionary John Heckewelder, Unami has been analyzed as having contrastive geminate and non-geminate obstruent consonants, although this contrast is relatively weak. A full analysis of the status of the geminates, also known as long consonants, is not available, the long consonants are described as having low functional yield, that is they differentiate relatively few pairs of words but do occur in contrasting environments. There are also rules that lengthen consonants in certain environments, in the following chart, the usual transcription used in the sources is given with the IPA in brackets. Unami vowels are presented as organized into contrasting long–short pairs, one asymmetry is that high short /u/ is paired with long /oː/, and the pairing of long and short /ə/ is noteworthy. It is worth noting that /ə/ and /o/ are not distinguishable before /w/, /m/, additionally, vowels are classified as strong and weak, which plays an important role in determining stress. Long vowels and vowels before consonant clusters are automatically strong, certain short vowels, which are differentiated with a breve – /ǐ, ě, ǒ/ – are also strong vowels because they are treated morphophonemically as long vowels, even though they are pronounced as short. In a sequence of syllables containing a vowel followed by a consonant or consonant and /w/, the odd-numbered vowels are weak. Furthermore, some vowels are strong even in a weakening environment
38.
Monongah, West Virginia
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Monongah is a town in Marion County, West Virginia, USA, situated where Booths Creek flows into the West Fork River. The population was 1,044 at the 2010 census, Monongah was chartered in 1891 based on Chapter 47 of West Virginia code. Its name is derived from the nearby Monongahela River, the Adena and Hopewell peoples dwelt in what is now northern West Virginia 1,500 –2, 000+ years ago. By the time of the early European traders and settlers, the population is thought to have been nil. Monongah was known as Briar Town and was part of the Grant Magisterial District in 1886 and it was later known as Camdensburg, named after Johnson N. Camden, United States Senator from West Virginia. The Protestant Episcopal Church at Camdensburg described Camdensburg in 1889 as a new mining and coking town which promises to be a place of importance in a few years. Monongah suffered the loss of all 358 miners underground and an engineer on the surface when Fairmont Coal Company Mines No 6, the dead consisted of 171 Italians,85 Americans,52 Hungarians,31 Russians,15 Austrians, and 5 Turks. Three more persons died in the aftermath, yielding a total of 361 victims and this mining accident left approximately 250 widows and 1,000 fatherless children. Mayor W H Moore, D F Morris, William Gaskins, mayor Moore headed the Monongah Mines Relief Committee after Monongah and Fairmont decided to merge their committees into a joint effort. Memorials were erected in the center of town to recognize the centennial of the disaster on December 7,2007. One memorial, titled Monongah Heroine, consists of a statue of a holding a baby with a young child beside her. It is dedicated to the widows and mothers of the miners who died, the inspiration for the statue was from a specific woman widowed following the disaster named Catarina Davia. She didnt only do once every day but she did it twice. Her house was standing until an accidental fire burned the house down on September 10,2010. A second memorial, consisting of a metal bell and plaque, was placed by the Italians to recognize the many victims from Molise in southern Italy. Father Everett Francis Briggs, a Maryknoll missionary, oversaw the memorial project, fathers Day is thought by some to have been established in the US in the wake of the loss of so many fathers in this incident. Fairmont Coal Company, of Fairmont, West Virginia, bought 36 mines in June 1901, the towns local cement block factory went out of business in 2002 and was torn down in 2003. The broadcast tower for the Fairmont AM radio station, WMMN, was constructed in the middle 1930s atop Tower Hill in Monongah, north Marion was constructed to replace Farmington High School, which closed in 1975
39.
Monongahela, Pennsylvania
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The population was 4,300 at the 2010 census. The City is served by Ringgold School District, Monongahela is located at 40°12′2″N 79°55′42″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.1 square miles. The city receives 37.65 inches of rainfall annually and has an annual temperature of 63 °F. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,761 people,2,139 households, the population density was 2,472.4 people per square mile. There were 2,382 housing units at a density of 1,237.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 94% White,3. 26% African American,0. 08% Native American,0. 19% Asian,0. 42% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 71% of the population. 36. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.87. In the city, the population was out with 20. 1% under the age of 18,6. 9% from 18 to 24,27. 4% from 25 to 44,22. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42 years, for every 100 females there were 85.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.6 males, the median income for a household in the city was $29,060, and the median income for a family was $36,528. Males had an income of $31,250 versus $23,911 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,903, about 11. 1% of families and 13. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25. 9% of those under age 18 and 7. 2% of those age 65 or over. What is now the City of Monongahela was founded in 1769 on a tract of land near the confluence of Pigeon Creek and it is the oldest settlement in the Monongahela River Valley and most likely the oldest in Washington County. The original tract of land was owned by three different men, who named their land areas Eden, Paradise, and Gloucester. Joseph Parkison, who operated a ferry on the west bank of the Monongahela River, is recognized as the founder of Monongahela, Parkison built the town’s first post office, and in 1782 the town was officially recognized as Parkison’s Ferry. Adam Wickerham took claim to 130 acres on the Parkison Ferry tract, on this tract he laid out Georgetown in 1807. Georgetown was made part of Williamsport by him on February 23,1816, in 1833 the first borough officers were elected for Williamsport
40.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
41.
Confluence
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In geography, a confluence is the meeting of two or more bodies of water. The term is used to describe the meeting of tidal or other non-riverine bodies of water. A one-mile portion of the Industrial Canal in New Orleans accommodates the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada is at the confluence of the Niagara River and Lake Ontario. The junction of the Green River and Colorado River forms the heart of Canyonlands National Park in Utahs Canyon Country, the Sangam, near Allahabad, India, where the sacred rivers Ganges and Yamuna meet to create one of the holiest places in Hinduism. The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, located in Pittsburgh, the Madison, Jefferson and Gallatin Rivers in Three Forks, Montana form the confluence of the Missouri River, one of the longest rivers in the United States. Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia, is at the confluence of the Gombak River and the Klang River. Passau known also as the Dreiflüssestadt, because the Danube River is joined there by the Inn River from the South, manaus, Brazil is on the Rio Negro near its confluence with the Amazon. It is the port and a hub for the regions extensive river system. Osijek, Croatia, is on the bank of the river Drava 25 km upstream of its confluence with the Danube. Belgrade, the capital of Serbia lies at the confluence of the Sava, the Hochelaga Archipelago, including the island and city of Montreal, is located at the confluence of the St. Lawrence River and Ottawa River in Quebec, Canada. Winnipeg, Canada, is at the confluence of the Red River, the area is referred to as The Forks by locals, and has been an important trade location for over 6000 years. The confluence of the rivers Danube and Morava in Devín on the border between Slovakia and Austria, triangle of Three Emperors, former tripoint in Europe. Cairo, Illinois, in the United States, where the Ohio River flows into the Mississippi River, St. Louis, Missouri, is built just south of the confluence of the Mississippi River and the Missouri River. Lyon, France is located on the confluence of the Saône and Rhone rivers, lytton, British Columbia, Canada, is located at the confluence of the muddy Fraser River and the clearer Thompson River. The confluence between the Franklin River and Gordon River in south-western Tasmania The confluence of the Snake and Columbia River at the Tri-Cities of Washington, the confluence of the rivers Pivka and Rak is one of the largest subterranean confluences in Europe. The confluence at Lokoja, Nigeria, where the Niger and Benue rivers merge, the Sudanese capital of Khartoum, located at the confluence of the White Nile and the Blue Nile. This merging point is the beginning of the Nile, columbus, Ohio, in the United States is at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers. Luang Prabang in Laos is at the confluence of the Mekong, River Kabul and River Swat at Attock, in Pakistan
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Tributary
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A tributary or affluent is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream or main stem river or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean, tributaries and the main stem river drain the surrounding drainage basin of its surface water and groundwater, leading the water out into an ocean. A confluence, where two or more bodies of water together, usually refers to the joining of tributaries. The opposite to a tributary is a distributary, a river or stream that branches off from, distributaries are most often found in river deltas. Right tributary and left tributary are terms stating the orientation of the relative to the flow of the main stem river. These terms are defined from the perspective of looking downstream, where tributaries have the same name as the river into which they feed, they are called forks. These are typically designated by compass direction, for example, the American River receives flow from its North, Middle, and South forks. The Chicago Rivers North Branch has the East, West, and Middle Fork, the South Branch has its South Fork, forks are sometimes designated as right or left. Here, the handedness is from the point of view of an observer facing upstream, for instance, Steer Creek has a left tributary which is called Right Fork Steer Creek. Tributaries are sometimes listed starting with those nearest to the source of the river, the Strahler Stream Order examines the arrangement of tributaries in a hierarchy of first, second, third, and higher orders, with the first-order tributary being typically the least in size. For example, a second-order tributary would be the result of two or more first-order tributaries combining to form the second-order tributary, another method is to list tributaries from mouth to source, in the form of a tree structure, stored as a tree data structure
43.
Point Marion, Pennsylvania
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Point Marion is a borough in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,159 at the 2010 census, down from 1,333 at the 2000 census and it is served by the Albert Gallatin Area School District. Point Marion is located at the confluence of the Monongahela and Cheat rivers, approximately 3 miles north of Point Marion is Friendship Hill National Historic Site, home of early American politician Albert Gallatin. Point Marion was settled in the century and named in 1842 for its geographic location and Revolutionary War hero Francis Marion, the Swamp Fox. Houze Glass Co. located in the borough, was the primary employer, the company was founded by Leon Houze, a Belgian immigrant, in 1902 as a glassware manufacturer, but later branched into silkscreen printing and decorating. The company closed in 2004 and the plant was auctioned off. The Albert Gallatin Memorial Bridge across the Monongahela River was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Marion Bridge in 1988 and it was demolished November 16,2009, and replaced with a new bridge. In November 2013, the town disbanded its police department. The departments insurer dropped coverage after settling a case involving Officer Kevin Lukart, Lukart arrested a man who was recording the policeman. This resulted in a lawsuit and then the end of the policy, Point Marion is located near the southwest corner of Fayette County at 39°44′9″N 79°53′59″W. U. S. Route 119 passes through the borough, crossing the Cheat River and leading northeast 17 miles to Uniontown, the Fayette County seat, the West Virginia border is 1.5 miles south of the center of town. Pennsylvania Route 88 crosses the Monongahela River leaving town and leads north 14 miles to Carmichaels. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough of Point Marion has an area of 0.47 square miles, of which 0.39 square miles is land and 0.07 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,333 people,572 households, the population density was 3,141.9 people per square mile. There were 682 housing units at a density of 1,607.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 99. 10% White,0. 08% Native American,0. 08% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 60% of the population. 31. 6% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.87. In the borough the population was out, with 22. 3% under the age of 18,6. 8% from 18 to 24,28. 8% from 25 to 44,21. 8% from 45 to 64
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McKeesport, Pennsylvania
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McKeesport is a city in Allegheny County in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania, it is situated at the confluence of the Monongahela and Youghiogheny rivers and is part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. The population was 19,731 at the 2010 census, by population, it is Allegheny Countys second-largest city, after Pittsburgh. Settled in 1795 and named in honor of John McKee, its founder, large deposits of bituminous coal existed. McKeesport was incorporated as a borough in 1842 and as a city in 1891 and its population grew steadily until the mid-20th century, when it peaked in the 1940s. The citys population in 1900 was 34,227, in 1910,42,694, in 1920,45,975, the decrease in the population since the 1940s is attributable to the general economic malaise that descended upon the region when the steelmaking industry moved elsewhere. The major employer was the National Tube Works, a manufacturer of iron pipes, McKeesport was the site of the first G. C. Murphy five-and-ten-cent store. John McKee, a settler of Philadelphia and son of David McKee, built a log cabin near the confluence of the Monongahela and Youghiogheny rivers. After taking over his fathers local river ferry business, he devised a plan for a city to be called McKees Port, John set out his proposal in the Pittsburgh Gazette, as part of a program under which new residents could purchase plots of land for $20.00. Around the time of the French and Indian Wars, George Washington often came to McKeesport to visit his friend, Queen Alliquippa, after being settled by the McKee family in 1795, McKeesport began to grow in 1830 when coal mining began. The first schoolhouse was built in 1832, with James E. Huey as its schoolmaster, the citys first steel mill was established in 1851. The National Tube Company opened in 1872 and became part of U. S. Steel, in the years directly following the opening of the National Tube Company, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, McKeesport was the fastest growing municipality in the nation. Families arrived from other parts of the eastern United States, Italy, Germany, Russia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, McKeesport rose to national importance during the 1900s as a center for manufacturing steel. The citys population reached a peak of 55,355 in 1940 National Tube closed in the 1980s, the city with the help of regional development agencies has conducted efforts to revitalize the former mill sites. McKeesport is located at 40°20′38″N 79°50′56″W, McKeesport is about 12 miles upstream from Pittsburgh, at the confluence of the Monongahela and Youghiogheny rivers. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.4 square miles, of which 5.0 square miles is land and 0.4 square miles. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, McKeesport has a humid continental climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. The population has fallen to little more than a third of its wartime high, as of the census of 2000, there were 24,040 people,9,655 households, and 5,976 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,806.9 people per square mile, there were 11,124 housing units at an average density of 2,224.3 per square mile
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Whitewater kayaking
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Whitewater kayaking is the sport of paddling a kayak on a moving body of water, typically a whitewater river. Whitewater kayaking can range from active, moving water, to demanding, paddling on rivers, lakes and oceans is as old as the Stone Age. The raft, the catamaran, the canoe and the kayak evolved depending on the needs and environment of the indigenous peoples in different parts of the world. The modern day kayak most likely originated about 8,000 years ago along the Siberian coast line by the Yupik and then transformed from the canoe, via the Aleut and Inuit. The first boats made were hard to sink because they contained inflated seal bladders, the Greek, Herodotus, 484-425 BC, wrote in his travel diaries about boats with which merchandise was brought from Armenia to Babylon. The boats were made of a framework that was covered with animal skins. Mules hauled the precious skins back to Armenia, the Russian, Grigori Ivanovitch Langsdorff, reported from his trip around the world on the ease and elegance of paddling Eskimo kayaks/canoes. In 1866 he published the book A Thousand Miles in the Rob Roy Canoe, the timing was right and the book became a resounding success. 1905, Alfred Heurich, a student from Leipzig, Germany, invented the Faltboot. Heurich went on to paddle over 100,000 km on rivers,1907, Alfred Klepper, a master seamster from Rosenheim, bought the patent, improved the rigidity with a lever system and started production. The design made it not only suitable for whitewater but also easy to travel with, World War I stopped any progress. 1920s, boating on WW with Folboats developed, boaters flocked to rivers and lakes by train or bus. During that time, the Austrian, Edi Hans Pawlata reinvented the Eskimo roll,1927, Franz von Alber, and then, Klaus and Arndt von Rautenfeld, claimed to have independently developed a roll with their sea kayaks. Early 1930s, Walter Frentz, Herbert Rittlinger and a handful of others became pioneers and advocates of WW kayaking with documentaries,1933, Adolf Hitler started to dissolve kayak clubs. They did not serve his plan and the impact on the sport was devastating, World War II brought the paddle sport to a total halt. 1946/48, Depending on the region, the Allies gradually lifted the ban on travel in Germany. Paddle clubs were allowed to form. 1952, Walter Frentz, published an inspiring book In den Schluchten Europas that gained popularity, the book was based on his river trips prior to World War II
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Rafting
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Rafting and white water rafting are recreational outdoor activities which use an inflatable raft to navigate a river or other body of water. This is often done on whitewater or different degrees of rough water, dealing with risk and the need for teamwork is often a part of the experience. It is considered a sport, and can be fatal. The International Rafting Federation, often referred to as the IRF, is the body which oversees all aspects of the sport. Otherwise known as the International Scale of River Difficulty, below are the six grades of difficulty in white water rafting and they range from simple to very dangerous and potential death or serious injuries. Class 1, Very small rough areas, might require slight maneuvering, Class 2, Some rough water, maybe some rocks, might require some maneuvering. Class 3, Small waves, maybe a small drop, Class 6, Class 6 rapids are considered to be so dangerous that they are effectively unnavigable on a reliably safe basis. Traversing a Class 6 rapid has an increased likelihood of ending in serious injury or death compared to lesser classes. Rafts in white water are very different vehicles than canoes or kayaks and have their own techniques to maneuver through whitewater obstacles. Punching – Rafts carry great momentum, and on rivers hydraulics that are dodged by canoes and this involves the rafting crew paddling the raft to give it enough speed to push through the hydraulic without getting stopped. High siding – If a raft is caught in a hydraulic it will quickly go sideways. In this position the rafters may be able to use the draw stroke to pull the raft out of the head, low siding- more of a professional maneuver sometimes used at LOW water to slide through a channel less than the size of your craft. Dump truck – Rafts are inherently stable craft because of their size and low center of mass, in the industry, if a raft dumps some or all of its passengers but remains upright, it is said to have dump-trucked. Left over right or right over left – Rafts almost always flip side over side, If the left tube rises over the right tube, the raft is said to have flipped left over right and vice versa. Taco – If a raft is soft, or under-inflated, it may taco, Rafts are said to have tacoed if the middle of the raft buckles and the front of the raft touches or nearly touches the back of the raft. This is often a result of surfing in a hydraulic, a reverse taco is when the nose or stern of the raft is pulled down under water and buckles to touch the middle, back or nose of the raft. End over end – Occasionally rafts will flip end over end and this is usually after the raft has dump-trucked to lighten the load, allowing the water to overcome the weight of the boat, flipping it vertically before it lands upside down. Rafts will more often taco and turn sideways, making an end-over-end flip very rare in most rafts, downstream flip – A raft capsizes after encountering an obstacle, such as a rock, a feature like a hydraulic, or even another raft
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Ohiopyle, Pennsylvania
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Ohiopyle is a borough in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 59 at the 2010 census. C, the borough of Ohiopyle is served by the Uniontown Area School District. The first known group of people to inhabit the Ohiopyle area were the Monongahela and these Native Americans disappeared from the scene just as European colonists were beginning to arrive in North America. As the east coast was settled, the Native Americans who lived closer to the Atlantic Ocean were exterminated or forced to flee to the west, various tribes inhabited the Ohiopyle area at this time, preceding their ultimate removal following the French and Indian War. One of the few remnants of American Indian culture that can be found in the area is in the name, Ohiopyle is derived from the Lenape phrase ahi opihəle which means it turns very white, referring to the frothy waterfalls. The colonial powers of New France and the British Thirteen Colonies fought for control of the routes in the Ohio River Valley in what was at the time the northwestern frontier of America. The French were the first to explore the reaches of the Ohio. They built several forts in what is now western Pennsylvania, including Fort Duquesne in what is now Pittsburgh, Fort Duquesne was built on the remains of Fort Prince George which the French had seized from the British. George Washington was sent by the governor of Virginia to try to retake the all-important fort at the confluence of the Allegheny. He was on two expeditions that passed through the Ohiopyle area, Washington tried to use the Youghiogheny River as a means to reach Fort Duquesne quickly, but was forced to abandon the river passage by the waterfalls in the Ohiopyle area. Still Washington pressed on to the Pittsburgh area and his troops encountered and routed a small party of French soldiers in the Battle of Jumonville Glen. One of these escaped to Fort Duquesne. Washington was forced to build a fort to prepare for the oncoming French attack. Fort Necessity is just to the southwest of Ohiopyle State Park, the colonial forces of Washington were overwhelmed by the French and their Indian allies in the Battle of the Great Meadows at Fort Necessity. These battles are considered the opening shots of the French and Indian War which would spread to the Old World, the loss at Fort Necessity marked Washingtons only military surrender. The British ultimately won the French and Indian war and the French were forced to leave western Pennsylvania, in 1763 King George III declared the area an Indian reserve and required all European settlers to leave. The settlers refused to leave, and King George bought the land from the Iroquois in 1768, the land was claimed by both Pennsylvania and Virginia. The dispute of the territory lasted through the American Revolution and was not resolved until 1784, the Whiskey Rebellion was a major test for the new government of the United States following the Revolution
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Friendsville, Maryland
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Friendsville is a town in Garrett County, Maryland, United States. The population was 491 at the 2010 census, Friendsville is located at 39°39′44″N 79°24′19″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 0.91 square miles. The Youghiogheny River flows through the town and is renowned by the whitewater kayaking/rafting community as the take-out for the famous Upper Yough run, Friendsville is named after its first European settler, John Friend, who came to what is now Garrett County before the American Revolution. Many of Friends descendants live in Garrett County today, and the headquarters, as of the census of 2010, there were 491 people,219 households, and 128 families residing in the town. The population density was 539.6 inhabitants per square mile, there were 272 housing units at an average density of 298.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 99. 6% White,0. 2% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 6% of the population. 34. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.85. The median age in the town was 44.6 years. 19. 6% of residents were under the age of 18,11. 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24,19. 8% were from 25 to 44, 33% were from 45 to 64, and 16. 5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48. 1% male and 51. 9% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 539 people,232 households, and 134 families residing in the town. The population density was 580.6 people per square mile, there were 266 housing units at an average density of 286.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 96% White,0. 56% African American,0. 74% Native American,0. 19% Asian,0. 19% Pacific Islander,0. 19% from other races, and 0. 19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 37% of the population,39. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the family size was 3.05. In the town, the population was out with 25. 4% under the age of 18,8. 3% from 18 to 24,27. 1% from 25 to 44,22. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.2 males, the median income for a household in the town was $24,286, and the median income for a family was $28,750
Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "Monongahela". The New Student's Reference Work. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.
Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914). "