1.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
2.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
3.
War memorial
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A war memorial is a building, monument, statue or other edifice to celebrate a war or victory, or to commemorate those who died or were injured in a war. The oldest war memorial in the United Kingdom is Oxford Universitys All Souls College itself and it was founded in 1438 with the provision that its fellows should pray for those killed in the long wars with France. War memorials for the Franco-Prussian War were the first in Europe to have rank-and-file soldiers commemorated by name, every soldier that was killed was granted a permanent resting-place as part of the terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt. To commemorate the millions who died in World War I, war memorials became commonplace in communities large, in modern times the main intent of war memorials is not to glorify war, but to honor those who have died. Sometimes, as in the case of the Warsaw Genuflection of Willy Brandt, using modern technology an international project is currently archiving all post-1914 Commonwealth war graves and Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorials to create a virtual memorial. During the First World War, many nations saw massive devastation, more people lost their lives in the east than in the west, but the outcome was different. Massive British monuments commemorating thousands of dead with no identified war grave, such as the Menin Gate at Ypres, the Liberty Memorial, located in Kansas City, Missouri, is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in the Great War. For various reasons connected with their character, the same may be said to apply to certain governmental memorials in the United Kingdom, after World War I, some towns in France set up pacifist war memorials. Instead of commemorating the dead, these memorials denounce war with figures of grieving widows. Such memorials provoked anger among veterans and the military in general, the most famous is at Gentioux-Pigerolles in the department of Creuse. Below the column which lists the name of the stands an orphan in bronze pointing to an inscription Maudite soit la guerre. Feelings ran so high that the memorial was not officially inaugurated until 1990, another such memorial is in the small town of Équeurdreville-Hainneville in the department of Manche. Here the statue is of a widow with two small children. There seems to be no exact equivalent form of a pacifist memorial within the United Kingdom, in many cases, World War I memorials were later extended to show the names of locals who died in the World War II in addition. Since that time memorials to the dead in other such as the Korean War and Vietnam War have also noted individual contributions. War memorials can differ significantly in type and composition, many war memorials often take the form of a traditional monument or statue, while others consist of entire buildings, often containing a museum, while yet others are simple plaques. War memorials can take a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, commemorative gardens, eternal flames, urban plazas, fountains and/or pools of water, military equipment. War memorials often serve as a place for commemorative services
4.
Whitehall
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Whitehall is a road in the City of Westminster, Central London, which forms the first part of the A3212 road from Trafalgar Square to Chelsea. It is the main thoroughfare running south from Trafalgar Square towards Parliament Square, consequently, the name Whitehall is used as a metonym for British civil service, and as the geographic name for the surrounding area. The name was taken from the Palace of Whitehall that was the residence of Kings Henry VIII through to William III, before its destruction by fire in 1698, only the Banqueting House survived. Whitehall was originally a road that led to the front of the palace. As well as government buildings, the street is known for its statues and monuments, including Britains primary war memorial. The Whitehall Theatre, now the Trafalgar Studios, has been a place for farce comedies since the mid-20th century. The name Whitehall was used for buildings in the Tudor period. It either referred to a made of light stone, or as a general term for any festival building. This included the Royal Palace of Whitehall, which in turn gave its name to the street, the street is about 0.4 miles long and runs through the City of Westminster. It is part of the A3212, a road in Central London that leads towards Chelsea via the Houses of Parliament. It runs south from Trafalgar Square, past numerous government buildings, including the old War Office building, Horse Guards, the Ministry of Defence, the Cabinet Office and it ends at the Cenotaph, the road ahead being Parliament Street. Great Scotland Yard and Horse Guards Avenue branch off to the east, the nearest tube stations are Charing Cross at the north end, and Westminster at the south. Numerous London bus routes run along Whitehall, including 12,24,53,88,159 and 453. It had become a street by the 16th century, and had become a popular place to live by the 17th, with residents including Lord Howard of Effingham. The Palace of Whitehall, to the east of the road, was originally named York Palace, the palace was redesigned in 1531–32 and became the Kings main residence later in the decade. He married Ann Boleyn here in 1533, followed by Jane Seymour in 1536, Charles I owned an extensive art collection at the palace and several of William Shakespeares plays had their first performances here. It ceased to be a residence after 1689, when William III moved to Kensington Palace. The palace was damaged by fire in 1691, following which the front entrance was redesigned by Sir Christopher Wren, in 1698, most of the palace burned to the ground owing to an accident started by a careless washerwoman
5.
The Cenotaph, Whitehall
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The Cenotaph is a war memorial on Whitehall in London, England. An annual Service of Remembrance is held at the site on Remembrance Sunday, Lutyens cenotaph design has been reproduced elsewhere in the UK and in other countries including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Bermuda and Hong Kong. The first cenotaph was a structure designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens. It was one of a number of structures erected for the London Victory Parade on 19 July 1919. It marked the end of the First World War that had taken place with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on 28 June 1919. As one of a series of temporary wooden monuments constructed along the route of the parade, following deliberations by the Peace Celebrations Committee, Lutyens was invited to Downing Street. The temporary wood-and-plaster structure had the shape as the later permanent stone structure. The wreaths at each end and on top were made from rather than the later carved stone sculptures. The location chosen along the route along Whitehall was between the Foreign Office and Richmond House. The unveiling took place the day before the Victory Parade, during the parade, those saluting the temporary cenotaph included the allied commanders John Pershing, Ferdinand Foch, Douglas Haig and David Beatty. For some time after the parade, the base of the memorial was covered with flowers, the announcement was made on 23 October 1919 that the Portland stone version would be a replica exact in every detail in permanent material of present temporary structure. Lutyens had first heard the term cenotaph in connection with Munstead Wood, Whitehalls Cenotaph was constructed from Portland stone between 1919 and 1920 by Holland, Hannen & Cubitts. It was undecorated apart from a wreath on each end. The words The Glorious Dead are inscribed twice, once below the wreaths on each end, above the wreaths at each end are inscribed the dates of the First World War in Roman numerals. The wreaths at each end are 5 feet in diameter, while the one on top is 3.6 feet in diameter and its sides are not parallel, but if extended would meet at a point about 300 metres above the ground. Similarly, the surfaces are sections of a sphere whose centre would be 900 feet below ground. This element of the design, called entasis, was not present in the structure and was added by Lutyens as a refinement when designing the permanent structure. It is 35 feet tall and weighs 120 tonnes, the architects waived their fee for designing the cenotaph, meaning that it cost £7,325 to build, a sum equivalent to £255,332 when adjusted by inflation in 2010
6.
John Mills (British sculptor)
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John William Mills PPRBS ARCA FRSA is an English sculptor. He studied at Hammersmith School of Art 1947-1954, and at the Royal College of Art 1956-1960 and he was a resident at Digswell House 1962-1966 and currently lives at Hinxworth Place in Hertfordshire. Various part-time teaching posts in UK from 1958-1962, full-time at St. Albans School of Art and Hertfordshire College of Art and Design 1962-1977. Visiting Associate Professor in Printmaking and Sculpture, Eastern Michigan University 1970-1971, visiting lecturer Detroit School of Creative Arts 1970-1971. Visiting Professor and Artist in Residence University of Michigan 1980, stopped teaching on a regular basis 1977. He was made Fellow of the Royal British Society of Sculptors 1982 and was awarded their Otto Beit medal in 1983 for the sculpture ‘Curved Neck Grace’. He was elected president of the Society in 1986 and again in 1997. He was made Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in 1993, awarded an Honorary Master of Arts Degree by University College Northampton 2000 William Blake Memorial. Blitz the National Firefighters Memorial London River Man, the Unicorn and Wellcome Wellcome Foundation, Beckenham, Kent, England). The Risen Christ, St Marys Church, Ashwell, Hertfordshire, jackie Milburn Memorial The Meeting, Harpur Square, Bedford, Bedfordshire, England. Quadriga, fountain Charleston Place Hotel, Charleston, SC USA Time, Cavendish Hotel Derbyshire, the Risen Christ, Church of Great St Mary, Sawbridgeworth, Essex, England. Campus Thoughts, University College Northampton, England, Memorial to Alan Turing, University of Surrey, Guildford, England. Lion and the Unicorn and Digitalis, William Harvey Centre, Charterhouse Square, Monument to the Women of World War II Whitehall, London. Winner of the competition for ‘The Topham Trophy’1961 and 1962. Winner of the RBS silver medal in 1991 for ‘Blitz’, winner of the Royal Mint design competition for the ‘D-Day fifty pence coin 1993’. Winner of the Royal Mint design competition for the ‘VE Day two pound coin 1994, winner of the Royal Mint design competition for the Euro Cup two pound coin 1995. Winner of the Coin of the Year award for the D-Day fifty pence 1994, winner of the Royal Mint design competition for the Euro Cent, British entry for the European Competition 1996. Winner of the Royal Mint design competition for the 25th anniversary of the our entry into the Common Market fifty pence coin 1997, winner of the Royal Mint design competition for the 50th anniversary of DNA Double Helix two pound coin. The Technique of Casting for Sculpture 1968, studio Bronze Casting 1969, this book was written in collaboration with Michael Gillespie ARBS
7.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
8.
Betty Boothroyd
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Betty Boothroyd, Baroness Boothroyd, OM, PC is a British politician, who served as a Labour Member of Parliament for West Bromwich and West Bromwich West from 1973 to 1992. From 1992 to 2000, she served as Speaker of the House of Commons and she was the first, and to date only, female Speaker of the House of Commons. She sits, by tradition, as a Crossbench peer in the House of Lords, Boothroyd was born in Dewsbury, Yorkshire, in 1929, the only child of Ben Archibald Boothroyd and his second wife Mary, née Butterfield, both textile workers. She was educated at schools and went on to study at Dewsbury College of Commerce. In the 1940s, she worked as a dancer, as a member of the Tiller Girls dancing troupe, during the late 1950s, she worked as secretary to Labour MPs Barbara Castle and Geoffrey de Freitas. In 1960, she travelled to the United States to see the Kennedy campaign and she subsequently began work in Washington as a legislative assistant for an American Congressman, Silvio Conte, between 1960 and 1962. When she returned to London she continued her work as secretary, in 1965, she was elected to a seat on Hammersmith Borough Council, in Gibbs Green ward, where she remained until 1968. In 1974, she was appointed an assistant Government Whip and she was a Member of the European Parliament from 1975–1977, in 1979, she became a member of the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs, until 1981, and of the Speakers Panel of Chairmen, until 1987. She was also a member of the Labour Party National Executive Committee from 1981–87 and she became a Deputy Speaker in 1987. In 1992 she was elected Speaker, being the first woman ever to hold the position, there was some debate as to whether or not Boothroyd should wear the traditional Speakers wig upon her election. She chose not to but also stated that any subsequent Speakers would be free to choose to wear the wig, in 1993, the Government won a vote on the Social Chapter of the Maastricht Treaty due to her casting vote. However, it was discovered that her casting vote was not required, as the votes had been miscounted. She was keen to get people interested in politics. On 12 July 2000, she announced in a statement to the House of Commons that she would resign as Speaker after the summer recess, both former Prime Ministers Tony Blair and John Major described her as an outstanding Speaker. Blair added that she was something of a national institution and she resigned as Speaker and as an MP on 23 October 2000. Boothroyd was chancellor of the Open University from 1994 until October 2006 and has donated some of her papers to the Universitys archives. She is an Honorary Fellow of St Hughs College, Oxford, in March 1995, she was awarded an Honorary Degree from the Open University as Doctor of the University. Boothroyd has also given an Award of Doctor of Civil Law honoris causa by City University London
9.
Game show
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Alternatively, a gameshow can be a demonstrative program about a game. In the former, contestants may be invited from a pool of public applicants, on some shows, contestants compete against other players or another team, while other shows involve contestants playing alone for a reward or a high score. Game shows often reward players with prizes such as cash, trips and goods and services provided by the shows sponsor prize suppliers, One of the reasons that television broadcasters make game shows is because they are substantially less costly than producing scripted drama shows. Some TV game shows fall under the category of reality television, Television game shows descended from similar programs on radio. The very first television show, Spelling Bee, was broadcast in 1938. Truth or Consequences was the first game show to air on commercially licensed television and its first episode aired in 1941 as an experimental broadcast. Over the course of the 1950s, as began to pervade the popular culture. Daytime game shows would be played for lower stakes to target stay-at-home housewives, higher-stakes programs would air in primetime. During the late 1950s, high-stakes games such as Twenty One, however, the rise of quiz shows proved to be short-lived. In 1959, many of the higher stakes game shows were discovered to be rigged, an early variant of the game show, the panel game, survived the quiz show scandals. On shows like Whats My Line, ive Got A Secret and To Tell The Truth, panels of celebrities would interview a guest in an effort to determine some fact about them, in others, celebrities would answer questions. Panel games had success in primetime until the late 1960s, when they were dropped from television because of their perceived “low budget” nature. Panel games made a comeback in American daytime television in the 1970s through comedy-driven shows such as Match Game, mock the Week, QI and 8 Out of 10 Cats, all of which put a heavy emphasis on comedy, leaving the points as mere formalities. The focus on quick-witted comedians has resulted in ratings, which. Game shows remained a fixture of US daytime television through the 1960s after the quiz show scandals, lower-stakes games made a slight comeback in daytime in the early 1960s, examples include Jeopardy. Which began in 1964 and the version of The Match Game first aired in 1962. Lets Make a Deal began in 1963 and the 1960s also marked the debut of Hollywood Squares, Password, The Dating Game, though CBS gave up on daytime game shows in 1968, the other networks did not follow suit. Color television was introduced to the game genre in the late 1960s on all three networks
10.
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)
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One contestant played at a time and originally had no time limit to answer questions. Contestants were presented with the question and possible answers before they decided whether to attempt an answer, use one of their lifelines, the show first aired on 4 September 1998 and aired its final episode on 11 February 2014. It was presented by Chris Tarrant and produced by Victory Television for the ITV network. It was based on a format devised by David Briggs, who, along with Steven Knight and Mike Whitehill, the original working title for the show was Cash Mountain. One of the most significant shows in British popular culture, it was ranked 23rd in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes, the show has been exported to many other countries, all of which follow the same general format. Rights to both the format and all UK episodes of the show were put up for sale by Celador in March 2006 and these were acquired by the Dutch company 2waytraffic. 2waytraffic was in turn acquired by Sony Pictures Entertainment in 2008, on 22 October 2013, it was announced that Tarrant had decided to quit the show after 15 years. Because of this, ITV decided to cancel Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, after the contract finished, stating that there would not be any further specials beyond the ones that had already been planned. Tarrants final live celebrity edition aired on 19 December 2013, on the day before, Tarrant pre-recorded two other celebrity episodes to be shown in early 2014. The final episode, a show entitled Chris Final Answer. Originally broadcast on evenings for around ten days, the series later appeared weekly on ITV in a primetime slot on Saturday evenings. The episodes lasted for one hour, the first contestant was Graham Elwell, who won £64,000. At its peak in 1999, the show pulled in up to 19 million viewers, often when it only had a half-hour timeslot, before declining to around 8 million by 2003. In a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000, voted for by industry professionals, Tarrants catchphrases on the show include Is that your final answer. But we dont want to give you that, more recently at the end of the show, But the cashpoint is now closed for tonight or when a contestant is relieved, he sometimes says Quite pleased, then. Variants on the format were screened from time to time as special episodes were produced, such as playing for charity, couples games, Mothers Day specials. The Clock Format is still used during live celebrity shows, however, during Series 29 in 2012, there were three The People Play specials that were broadcast live for three consecutive nights between 9 and 11 July. These specials featured non-celebrity contestants and allowed viewers to play along at home, a fourth The People Play special aired on 7 May 2013 with a further two broadcast the following Tuesday nights with the last ever Peoples Play episode for the contestants on 21 May 2013
11.
York Minster
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The Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Saint Peter in York, commonly known as York Minster, is the cathedral of York, England, and is one of the largest of its kind in Northern Europe. The minster is the seat of the Archbishop of York, the second-highest office of the Church of England, and is the church for the Diocese of York. It is run by a dean and chapter, under the Dean of York, the title minster is attributed to churches established in the Anglo-Saxon period as missionary teaching churches, and serves now as an honorific title. Services in the minster are sometimes regarded as on the High Church or Anglo-Catholic end of the Anglican continuum, the minster has a very wide Decorated Gothic nave and chapter house, a Perpendicular Gothic Quire and east end and Early English North and South transepts. The nave contains the West Window, constructed in 1338, and over the Lady Chapel in the east end is the Great East Window, in the north transept is the Five Sisters Window, each lancet being over 52 feet high. The south transept contains a window, while the West Window contains a heart-shaped design colloquially known as The Heart of Yorkshire. York has had a verifiable Christian presence from the 4th century, however, there is circumstantial evidence pointing to much earlier Christian involvement. Tradition speaks of 28 British bishops, one for each of the greater British cities, over whom presided the Archbishops of London, York and Caerleon-on-Usk. The first recorded church on the site was a structure built hurriedly in 627 to provide a place to baptise Edwin. Moves toward a substantial building began in the decade of the 630s. A stone structure was completed in 637 by Oswald and was dedicated to Saint Peter, the church soon fell into disrepair and was dilapidated by 670 when Saint Wilfrid ascended to the See of York. He repaired and renewed the structure, the attached school and library were established and by the 8th century were some of the most substantial in Northern Europe. In 741 the church was destroyed in a fire and it was rebuilt as a more impressive structure containing thirty altars. The church and the area then passed through the hands of numerous invaders. There was a series of Benedictine archbishops, including Saint Oswald of Worcester, Wulfstan and Ealdred, Ealdred died in 1069 and was buried in the church. The church was damaged in 1069 during William the Conquerors harrying of the North, the Danes destroyed the church in 1075, but it was again rebuilt from 1080. Built in the Norman style, it was 111 m long and rendered in white, the new structure was damaged by fire in 1137 but was soon repaired. The choir and crypt were remodelled in 1154, and a new chapel was built, the Gothic style in cathedrals had arrived in the mid 12th century
12.
Vera Lynn
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During the war she toured Egypt, India, and Burma as part of ENSA, giving outdoor concerts for the troops. The songs most associated with her are Well Meet Again, The White Cliffs of Dover, A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square and Therell Always Be an England. She remained popular after the war, appearing on radio and television in the UK and her last single, I Love This Land, was released to mark the end of the Falklands War. In 2009, at age 92, she became the oldest living artist to top the UK Albums Chart, with Well Meet Again and she has devoted much time and energy to charity work connected with ex-servicemen, disabled children, and breast cancer. She is held in affection by veterans of the Second World War to this day. Vera Margaret Welch was born in East Ham, London, on 20 March 1917, to parents Bertram Samuel Welch and Annie Martin, who had married in 1913. She began performing publicly at the age of seven and adopted her grandmothers maiden name, Margaret Lynn. Her first radio broadcast, with the Joe Loss Orchestra, was in 1935, at this point she was being featured on records released by dance bands including those of Loss and of Charlie Kunz. In 1936 her first solo record was released on the Crown label and this label was absorbed by Decca Records in 1938. After a short stint with Loss she stayed with Kunz for a few years during which she recorded several musical pieces. In 1937 she moved to the aristocrat of British dance bands, during the Phoney War, the Daily Express asked British servicemen to name their favourite musical performers, Vera Lynn came out on top and as a result became known as the Forces Sweetheart. In 1941, during the darkest days of the Second World War, Lynn began her own programme, Sincerely Yours. She and her quartet performed songs most requested by the soldiers, Lynn also visited hospitals to interview new mothers and send personal messages to their husbands overseas. Her other great wartime hit was The White Cliffs of Dover, words by Nat Burton, in 1943 she appeared in the film Well Meet Again. The album itself was a follow-up to Hits of the Blitz produced by Norman Newell, during the war years she joined ENSA and toured Egypt, India and Burma, giving outdoor concerts for the troops. In March 1944 she went to Shamshernagar airfield in Bengal to entertain the troops before the Battle of Kohima and her host and lifelong friend Captain Bernard Holden recalled her courage and her contribution to morale. In 1985 it was announced that she would receive the Burma Star for entertaining British guerrilla units in Japanese-occupied Burma, Lynns Auf Wiedersehn Sweetheart in 1952 became the first record by a British performer to top the charts in the United States, remaining there for nine weeks. She also appeared regularly for a time on Tallulah Bankheads US radio programme The Big Show, Auf Wiedersehn Sweetheart, along with The Homing Waltz and Forget-Me-Not, gave Lynn a remarkable three entries on the first UK Singles Chart, a top 12
13.
Anne, Princess Royal
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Anne, Princess Royal, KG KT GCVO GCStJ QSO GCL CD is the second child and only daughter of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of her birth, she was third in the line of succession, behind her mother – then Princess Elizabeth – and elder brother and she rose to second after her mothers accession, but is currently 12th in line. Anne is known for her work, and is patron of over 200 organisations. Princess Anne has held the title of Princess Royal since 1987 and is its seventh holder, Anne was married to Captain Mark Phillips in 1973, they divorced in 1992. They have two children and three grandchildren, in 1992, within months of her divorce, Anne married Vice Admiral Sir Timothy Laurence, whom she had met while he served as her mothers equerry between 1986 and 1989. Anne was born at Clarence House on 15 August 1950 at 11,50 am, as the child and only daughter of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh. She was the grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Anne was baptised in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 21 October 1950, by Archbishop of York, after the death of George VI, Annes mother ascended the throne as Queen Elizabeth II. Given her young age at the time, she did not attend the coronation, the Company was active until 1963, when Anne went to boarding school. Anne enrolled at Benenden School in 1963, in 1968 she left school with six GCE O-Levels and two A-Levels. In the next couple of years, Anne started dating, in 1970 her first boyfriend was Andrew Parker Bowles, who later became the first husband of Camilla Shand. Following the wedding, Anne and her husband lived at Gatcombe Park and he was made acting captain by the start of 1974 when he was appointed a personal aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II. By 1989, however, Princess Anne and Mark Phillips announced their intention to separate, the couple divorced on 23 April 1992. The Queen had offered Phillips an earldom on his wedding day, the couple had two children, Peter Phillips and Zara Phillips. As female-line descendants of royalty, the children have no title despite being the grandchildren of a monarch, Anne became a grandmother on 29 December 2010 when Peter and his wife Autumn had a daughter, Savannah. On 29 March 2012, the couple had daughter, Isla. Annes third granddaughter, Mia Grace, was born on 17 January 2014 to Zara and her husband Mike Tindall. As Princess Anne and Mark Phillips were returning to Buckingham Palace on 20 March 1974, from a charity event on Pall Mall, the driver of the Escort, Ian Ball, jumped out and began firing a pistol
14.
John Grogan (politician)
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John Timothy Grogan is a British Labour Party politician, who served as the Member of Parliament for Selby between 1997 and 2010. Grogan is currently chair of the Mongolian–British Chamber of Commerce, born in Halifax, West Riding of Yorkshire, Grogan was educated at St Michaels RC College, a Jesuit school in Leeds and St Johns College, Oxford. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Modern History and Economics in 1982 and he worked as a communications coordinator with the Leeds City Council from 1987 to 1994 before setting up his own conference business from 1996–7. He worked for the Labour Party in various capacities in both Leeds and Wolverhampton and he also acted as the Labour Party press officer in the European Parliament at Brussels in 1995. Grogan unsuccessfully contested the North Yorkshire seat of Selby at the 1987 general election against the Conservative MP Michael Alison and he again contested the seat for the second time at the 1992 General Election but was again defeated by Alison by 9,508 votes. Between the 1987 and 1992 elections, he stood unsuccessfully to become a Member of the European Parliament for York in 1989. Grogan was then elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 general election for Selby. As the incumbent Alison had retired at the election, Grogan defeated the former Conservative MP for West Lancashire, Kenneth Hind and he made his maiden speech on 7 July 1997. He led the campaign to save the Selby Coalfield in 2002, although the campaign was unsuccessful a monument has since been erected in Whitehall. In the 2005 general election, he retained his seat with a majority of 467 votes. During his time as in parliament, Grogan served as a member of the Northern Ireland Select Committee from 1997 until 2001, in 2009 John Grogan gained national coverage for his campaign against the proposed options for the privatisation of Royal Mail. While serving as an MP, he campaigned for reform of the licensing laws. Grogan also campaigned for the protection of the rights of agency workers and he was also the chairman of the All-Party Parliamentary Groups on the BBC, Beer and Mongolia. While serving as the MP for Selby, Grogan also supported the building of a new by-pass for Selby, as well as a new hospital, in 2006, Grogan confirmed he would not contest the next general election after boundary changes were made to his Selby Constituency. During and after the 2009 expenses scandal, Grogan was criticised by The Daily Telegraph for claiming £150.00 on parliamentary expenses for English language tuition for a Malaysian intern. It was reported by the newspaper to have been in order for the intern to be able to understand his constituents Yorkshire accents, in 2013, Grogan was selected as the Labour candidate for Keighley for the 2015 general election. He lost to the Conservative candidate Kris Hopkins by a margin of 3,053 votes, Grogan lives in Burley in Wharfedale, West Yorkshire. He is a supporter of Yorkshire County Cricket Club and Bradford City A. F. C and he is the honorary president of the University of York Labour Club
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Selby (UK Parliament constituency)
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Selby was a parliamentary constituency in North Yorkshire, represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election, the constituency existed from 1983 to 2010. This was a safe Conservative seat from 1983 to 1997 then became a Labour marginal for the remainder of its existence, 1983-1997, The District of Selby, and the District of Ryedale ward of Osbaldwick and Heworth. The constituency covered the district of Selby and the suburbs of the city of York. It included the University of York and the Drax and Eggborough power stations, following their review of parliamentary representation in York and North Yorkshire in the 2000s, the Boundary Commission for England created a new seat of Selby and Ainsty. The new seat consists of much of the former Selby constituency, list of Parliamentary constituencies in North Yorkshire
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Hugh Bayley
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After his studies in 1975 he became a District Officer and later a National Officer with NALGO until 1982. Bayley was elected as a Councillor in the London Borough of Camden in 1980, Bayley stepped down as a councillor and moved to York to take up a post as Research Officer in Health economics at the University of York from 1987–92. He was a lecturer in Social Policy at the University from 1986 until 1998, Hugh Bayley was nominated as the Labour candidate for York at the 1987 general election but was defeated by just 147 votes by the Conservative Conal Gregory. After the election, Hugh Bayley became a Health Economics Research Fellow at the University of York, Conal Gregory and Hugh Bayley again fought it out at the 1992 general election in York and this time Bayley won by a comfortable margin. After his election he made his speech on 7 May 1992. The name of the York constituency was changed and Bayley won a majority of over 20,000 at the 1997 general election, after the election, Bayley became the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Health Frank Dobson, who lived near York. He was dropped from government after the 2001 general election and he was President of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly from November 2012 to 2014. He was also a Chairman of the Public Bill Committee, the City of York constituency was abolished in 2010, with Bayley being elected in the 2010 general election to represent the successor constituency York Central. A loyal backbencher, Bayley rarely voted against his party whip, at the outset of the 2010 parliament, Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow appointed Bayley as a temporary Deputy Speaker to serve for two weeks until the election of Deputy Speakers. On 5 December 2014, Bayley announced his intention to stand down as a Labour MP at the 2015 general election, Bayley was knighted in the 2015 New Year Honours for his services to parliamentary engagement with NATO. Sir Hugh was active in the Anti-Apartheid Movement in his student days, on 22 December 1984, in Camden, he married Fenella Jeffers from Nevis, they have a son and a daughter
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City of York (UK Parliament constituency)
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The City of York was a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election and this constituency covered most of the city of York, though the outer parts of the city and local council area fell within the Selby, Vale of York and Ryedale constituencies. A borough constituency consisting of the city of York has been represented in every Parliament since the Model Parliament of 1295, until 1918, it returned two MPs, since then it has returned one. Until 1997, when its name became City of York with no boundary changes. Following their review of representation in North Yorkshire, the Boundary Commission for England recommended the creation of two new seats for the City of York. Both the City of York and Vale of York seats were abolished in 2010 and replaced by two new constituencies, namely York Central and York Outer
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ITV (TV network)
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ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 its legal name has been Channel 3, to distinguish it from the analogue channels at the time, namely BBC1, BBC2. ITV is a network of channels that operate regional television services as well as sharing programmes between each other to be displayed on the entire network. In recent years, several of companies have merged so currently the fifteen franchises are in the hands of two companies. With the exception of Northern Ireland, the ITV brand is the used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas. In Northern Ireland, ITV plc uses the brand name UTV, STV Group plc, uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland. The origins of ITV lie in the passing of the Television Act 1954, the act created the Independent Television Authority to heavily regulate the industry and to award franchises. The first six franchises were awarded in 1954 for London, the Midlands, the first ITV network to launch was Londons Associated-Rediffusion on 22 September 1955, with the Midlands and North services launching in February 1956 and May 1956 respectively. Following these launches, the ITA awarded more franchises until the country was covered by fourteen regional stations. Following the 1993 changes, ITV as a network began to consolidate with several companies doing so to save money by ceasing the duplication of services present when they were all separate companies. The ITV Network is not owned or operated by one company, since 2016 the fifteen licences are held by two companies, with the majority held by ITV Broadcasting Limited, part of ITV plc. The network is regulated by the media regulator Ofcom who is responsible for awarding the broadcast licences, the last major review of the Channel 3 franchises was in 1991, with all operators licences having been renewed between 1999 and 2002 and again from 2014 without a further contest. However, due to amalgamation of several of companies since the creation of ITV Network Limited. Approved by Ofcom, this results in ITV plc commissioning and funding the network schedule, all licensees have the right to opt out of network programming, however many do not due to pressures from the parent company or because of limited resources. The network also needs to produce accessible output containing subtitles, signing, in exchange for this programming, the ITV network is available on all platforms free to air and can be found at the top of the EPG of all providers. Since the launch of the platform in 1998, all of the ITV licensees have received gifted capacity on the terrestrial television platform. At present, the companies are able to broadcast additional channels and all choose to broadcast the ITV plc owned ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and CITV in their region. UTV and STV previously broadcast their own services – UTV2 in Northern Ireland and S2 in central and northern Scotland – until 2002, the broadcasters all make use of the Digital 3&4 multiplex, shared with Channel 4
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York
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York is a historic walled city at the confluence of the rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The municipality is the county town of Yorkshire to which it gives its name. The city has a heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events in England throughout much of its two millennia of existence. The city offers a wealth of attractions, of which York Minster is the most prominent. The city was founded by the Romans as Eboracum in 71 AD and it became the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and later of the kingdoms of Northumbria and Jórvík. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England. In the 19th century, York became a hub of the railway network, in recent decades, the economy of York has moved from being dominated by its confectionery and railway-related industries to one that provides services. The University of York and health services have become major employers, from 1996, the term City of York describes a unitary authority area which includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries. In 2011 the urban area had a population of 153,717, the word York derives from the Latinised name for the city, variously rendered as Eboracum, Eburacum or Eburaci. The first mention of York by this name is dated to circa 95–104 AD as an address on a wooden stylus tablet from the Roman fortress of Vindolanda in Northumberland, the toponymy of Eboracum is uncertain because the language of the pre-Roman indigenous population was never recorded. They are thought to have spoken a Celtic language related to modern Welsh, in his Historia Regum Britanniae the 12th century chronicler, Geoffrey of Monmouth, suggests the name derives from that of a pre-Roman city founded by the legendary king Ebraucus. Alternatively, the word already existed as an Old English word for wild swine. The Anglo-Saxon newcomers probably interpreted the part as eofor, and -rac as ric, while -um was a common abbreviation of the Saxon -heem. To them, it sounded as a home rich in boar, as is common in Saxon place names, the -um part gradually faded, eoforic. When the Danish army conquered the city in 866, its name became Jórvík, the Old French and Norman name of the city following the Norman Conquest was recorded as Everwic in works such as Waces Roman de Rou. The form York was first recorded in the 13th century, many company and place names, such as the Ebor race meeting, refer to the Roman name. The Archbishop of York uses Ebor as his surname in his signature, archaeological evidence suggests that Mesolithic people settled in the region of York between 8000 and 7000 BC, although it is not known whether their settlements were permanent or temporary. By the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, the area was occupied by a known to the Romans as the Brigantes
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Air Raid Precautions in the United Kingdom
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Air Raid Precautions was an organisation in the United Kingdom set up in 1937 dedicated to the protection of civilians from the danger of air raids. It included the Raid Wardens Service that was to report on bombing incidents, every local council was responsible for organising ARP wardens, messengers, ambulance drivers, rescue parties and liaison with police and fire brigades. From 1 September 1939, ARP Wardens enforced the blackout, with increased enemy bombing during the Blitz, the ARP services were central in reporting and dealing with bombing incidents. They managed the air raid sirens and ensured people were directed to shelters, from 1941 the ARP officially changed its title to Civil Defence Service to reflect the wider range of roles it then encompassed. During the war almost 7,000 Civil Defence workers were killed, in all some 1.4 million men and women served as ARP wardens during World War Two. The Civil Defence Service was stood down after the end of the war in Europe on 2 May 1945, in 1924 the Committee of Imperial Defence set up a subcommittee to look at what measure could be taken to protect the civil population from aerial attack. The new committee, known as Air Raid Precautions was headed by the then Lord Privy Seal, for the next ten years this committee looked into issues of new aerial weapons development and the possible impact on civilians. The use of gas attacks in the First World War played heavy on the decisions, every single person would need a gas mask which meant nearly 40 million would be required. Together with ideas around the building of air raid shelters, evacuations of people, with the rise of Hitler during the 1930s, a further Home Office committee, the Air Raid Precautions Department was created. From 1 April 1935 it was this department that was direct the British response to air defence. In April 1937 the Air Raid Wardens Service was created which aimed to seek some 800,000 volunteers, on 1 January 1938, the Air Raid Precautions Act came into force. This compelled all local authorities to begin creating their own ARP services, with the threat of war imminent in 1939, the Home Office issued dozens of leaflets advising people on how to protect themselves from the inevitable air war to follow. And to call in other services as required, central headquarters that received information from wardens and messengers and managed the delivery of the relevant services needed to deal with each incident. Often Boy Scouts or Boys Brigade members aged between 14 and 18 as messengers or runners would take messages from wardens and carry them to either the sector post or the Control Centre. Bombing would sometimes cut telephone lines and messengers performed an important role is giving the ARP services a fuller picture of events, trained to give first response first aid to those injured in bombing incidents. Casualties from bombing were taken to First Aid Posts or hospital by volunteer drivers, there were also stretcher parties that carried the injured to posts. The rescue services were involved in getting the dead and injured out of bombed premises, specialists to deal with and clean up incidents involving chemical and gas weapons. Following the destruction caused by the bombing of the City of London in late December 1940, all buildings in certain areas had to have a 24-hour watch kept
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Rationing in the United Kingdom
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Rationing was introduced temporarily by the British government several times during the 20th century, during and immediately after a war. The UK also imported more than 50 percent of its meat, the civilian population of the country was about 50 million. To deal with sometimes extreme shortages, the Ministry of Food instituted a system of rationing, to buy most rationed items, each person had to register at chosen shops and was provided with a ration book containing coupons. The shopkeeper was provided with food for registered customers. Purchasers had to take ration books with them when shopping, so the relevant coupon or coupons could be cancelled, in line with its business as usual policy during the First World War, the government was initially reluctant to try to control the food markets. It fought off efforts to try to introduce minimum prices in cereal production, when it did introduce changes, they were limited in their effect. In January 1917, Germany started using submarines to sink all ships headed to Britain in an attempt to starve Britain into submission, to meet this threat to the food supply voluntary rationing was introduced in February 1917. To facilitate the process, ration books were introduced in July 1918 for butter, margarine, lard, meat, for the most part, rationing benefited the health of the country. During the war, average energy intake decreased only three percent, but protein intake six percent, the government made preparations to ration food in 1925, in advance of an expected general strike and appointed Food Control Officers for each region. After the Second World War began in September 1939 the first commodity to be controlled was petrol, on 8 January 1940 bacon, butter and sugar were rationed. This was followed by successive ration schemes for meat, tea, jam, biscuits, breakfast cereals, cheese, eggs, lard, milk, and canned and dried fruit. In June 1942 the Combined Food Board was set up to coordinate the world supply of food to the Allies, with attention to flows from the U. S. Almost all foods apart from vegetables and bread were rationed by August 1942, strict rationing inevitably created a black market. Almost all controlled items were rationed by weight but meat was rationed by price, fresh vegetables and fruit were not rationed but supplies were limited. Some types of imported fruit all but disappeared, many people grew their own vegetables, greatly encouraged by the highly successful digging for victory motivational campaign. In 1942 numerous children between five and seven years old had become used to wartime restrictions, when questioned about bananas, many did not believe such items existed. Game meat such as rabbit and pigeon were not rationed but were not always available, a popular music-hall song, written 20 years previously but sung ironically, was Yes. During the food rationing, British biologists ate laboratory rat and this was partly in response to increasing public concerns that luxury off-ration foodstuffs were being unfairly obtained by those who could afford to dine regularly in restaurants
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Women's Land Army
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The Womens Land Army was a British civilian organisation created during the First and Second World Wars so women could work in agriculture, replacing men called up to the military. Women who worked for the WLA were commonly known as Land Girls, the name Womens Land Army was also used in the United States for an organisation formally called the Womans Land Army of America. In effect the Land Army operated to place women with farms that needed workers, the Board of Agriculture organised the Land Army during the Great War, starting activities in 1915. Towards the end of 1917 there were over 250,001 -260,000 women working as labourers, with 23,000 in the Land Army itself, doing chores such as milking cows. 3 million men away to fight in the First World War Britain was struggling for labour, the government wanted women to get more involved in the production of food and do their part to support the war effort. This was the beginning of the Women’s Land Army, many traditional farmers were against this so the board of trade sent agricultural organisers to speak with farmers to encourage them to accept women’s work on the farms. One goal was to attract women who would act as models for patriotic engagement in nontraditional duties. However the uniform of the Womens Land Army included trousers, which many at the time considered cross-dressing, the government responded with rhetoric that explicitly feminised the new roles. As the prospect of war became likely, the government wanted to increase the amount of food grown within Britain. In order to more food, more help was needed on the farms. The majority of the Land Girls already lived in the countryside but more than a third came from London, in the Second World War, though under the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, it was given an honorary head - Lady Gertrude Denman. At first it asked for volunteers and this was supplemented by conscription, so that by 1944 it had over 80,000 members. The WLA lasted until its disbandment on 21 October 1949. Land girls were formed to supply New Zealands agriculture during the war, city girls from the age of 17 and up were sent to assist on sheep, cattle, dairy, orchard and poultry properties. The Womens Land Army was the subject of, Angela Huths book Land Girls A film loosely based on Huths book, the Powell and Pressburger 1944 film A Canterbury Tale features as the female lead a Land Girl, portrayed by Sheila Sim. It also figured largely in, Series 3, Episode 3 of the ITV detective series Foyles War, the Womens Timber Corps worked in the forestry industry. Its members were known as Lumber Jills. During the First World War period a Good Service Ribbon was awarded to eligible women, the badge of honour was awarded in July 2008 to over 45,000 former Land Girls
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