1.
Mood ring
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A mood ring is a ring that contains a thermochromic element, such as liquid crystal, that changes colors based upon the temperature of the finger of the wearer. Most new rings come with a chart indicating the supposed mood of the wearer based upon the colors indicated on the ring. The mood ring was created in 1975 by two New York inventors, Josh Reynolds and Maris Ambats, who bonded liquid crystals with quartz stones set into rings. They initially retailed for $45 for a setting and $250 for gold. A mood ring is a liquid crystal thermometer, wearable on the finger. The ring is typically ornamented with a gemstone which is either a clear capsule filled with thermochromic liquid crystal. Changes in temperature cause the crystal to reflect different wavelengths of light changes the color of the stone. The liquid crystal used in mood rings is usually set up to display a color at the average human skin temperature
Mood ring
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A mood ring shown face front. Note the band of color change.
2.
Hip hop soul
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Hip hop soul is a subgenre of contemporary R&B music, most popular during the early and mid 1990s, which fuses rhythm and blues/gospel singing with hip hop musical production. The subgenre had evolved from a previous R&B subgenre, new jack swing, by contrast, hip hop soul is, as described in The Encyclopedia of African American Music, quite literally soul singing over hip hop grooves. The genre was most popular during the mid 1990s with artists such as Mary J. Blige, Mariah Carey, Jodeci, TLC, R. Kelly, and Montell Jordan. By the late 1990s, hip hop soul would lead to the creation of neo soul, which retained the hip-hop and R&B/gospel influences while also adding elements of classic 1970s soul music. Hip hop soul evolved directly from new jack swing, a form of contemporary R&B popularized by artists and producers such as Teddy Riley and his group Guy, Keith Sweat, and Bobby Brown. New jack swing had incorporated elements of hip-hop music—primarily hip-hop-inspired drum tracks, hip hop soul took the hip-hop/R&B synthesis further by having R&B singers sing directly over the types of sample-heavy backing tracks typically found in contemporary hip-hop recordings. The creation and evolution of hip hop led to an increasingly symbiotic relationship between its parent genres. It also increased the popularity of music and culture with older audiences. However, the creation of hip hop soul has been argued by music journalists, the term hip hop soul is attributed to record producer and later rapper Sean Puffy Combs, who came up with the term during the promotion of Whats the 411. The 1992 debut album of Uptown Records artist Mary J. Blige, Blige was promoted by the company as the Queen of Hip-Hop Soul, and her debut album, primarily produced by Combs, was filled with mid-tempo R&B ballads sung over hip-hop beats and samples. A large number of acts, both solo performers and groups, followed or competed with Jodeci, among them R. Kelly,112. Toné. and Blackstreet, a group formed by Teddy Riley. Ill Be There For You/Youre All I Need to Get By won the 1996 Grammy Award for Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group. The female vocal group TLC, made up of two singers and a rapper, had, like Jodeci, had their start in new jack swing with their debut album, Ooooooohhh. Their second album, Crazysexycool, to which Puffy Combs was a significant contributor, similar female acts of the time included SWV, Adina Howard, Faith Evans, and Total, the latter two acts signed to Puffy Combs own label, Bad Boy Entertainment. Examples of neo soul artists include Tony, dAngelo, Erykah Badu, and Lauryn Hill. Several newer artists continued to perform in the hip hop soul subgenre in its form from the 2000s forward, among them John Legend, Anthony Hamilton, K. Michelle
Hip hop soul
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R&B singer
Mary J. Blige is known as the "
queen of hip hop soul " due to her frequent collaborations with rappers and hip hop producers.
3.
Interscope Records
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Interscope Records is an American record company. At the time, it differed from most record companies by giving decision-making authority to its A&R staff and it had its first hit records less than a year after it was founded and achieved profitability in 1993. In 1992, Interscope acquired the rights to market and distribute the hardcore rap label Death Row. Albums by Death Row artists included rappers Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, as a result, Time Warner severed ties with Interscope by selling its 50 percent stake back to Field and Iovine for $115 million in 1995. In 1996, 50% of the label was acquired by the MCA Music Entertainment Group for a reported $200 million, Iovine served as chairman and CEO until May 2014. He was succeeded by John Janick, Interscope is headquartered in Santa Monica, California. The labels best-selling artists include U2, Eminem, Lady Gaga, in 1989, Ted Field began to build Interscope Records as a division of his film company, Interscope Communications. To run it, he hired John McClain, who had played a role in Janet Jacksons success at A&M Records, and Tom Whalley. Separately, Iovine, who had produced records by U2, Bruce Springsteen, I thought, Music is going to change, Iovine said in 1997. Young bands arent going to be asking for me, but I love working with the new thing. I always liked the part of the business thats the first time you hear something, Iovine and Field were introduced by Paul McGuinness, then U2s manager. After a series of negotiations led by David Geffen, they came to an agreement, in a 1997 article in Rolling Stone, David Wild wrote, Interscopes start-up coincided with a period of incredible change in the music world. Nirvana had ushered in the alternative revolution, based in Westwood, California, Interscope was run by music men. It was a departure from the industry practices of the 1970s and 1980s. A founding tenet of the label was that artists would have creative control. Interscopes first release was Rico Suave by Ecuadoran rapper Gerardo in December 1990, Primus Interscope debut was released in May, followed by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunchs Music for the People in July. It included the #1 single Good Vibrations, two days after first hearing his demo, Whalley signed Tupac Shakur, and in November 1991, Interscope released 2pacalypse Now, Shakurs studio debut. Interscope began to develop a significant presence in the genre in 1992
Interscope Records
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Interscope Records
4.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
Record producer
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Alan Parsons in an
ESO 50th anniversary video.
Record producer
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A
Danish recording session
Record producer
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Mixing Console
5.
Perspective Records
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Acts on Perspectives roster included Bobby Ross Avila, Smooth, Mint Condition, Lo-Key, Solo, Sounds of Blackness, Young Zee, and Ann Nesby. From 1993 to 1996, A&M Records released most of its own urban acts through Perspective, in 1997, Jam and Lewis resigned as the labels CEOs, but remained consultants. Over the next year, Perspective continued to release recordings by the current artists for the sake of fulfilling contractual obligations with them, the company was dismantled, and absorbed into A&M Records, in early 1999—per the merger of A&Ms PolyGram parent and Universal Music Group. The Evolution of Gospel Africa to America, The Journey of the Drum Time for Healing Where Dey At
Perspective Records
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Perspective Records logo
6.
Damon Elliott
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Damon William Elliott, also known as Buck 22, is an American producer and rapper. Damon has worked in genres of music including Pop, hip hop, rock, R&B, gospel and country as a writer, composer, producer. He is the co-founder and president of Confidential Records, damons first production project credits include rap group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony. Other credits include Destinys Child, Beyoncé, P. nk, Gwen Stefani, Jessica Simpson, Christina Aguilera, Macy Gray, Britney Spears, Mýa and Deana Carter, including the three scored films. He has amassed sales of over 150 million units, earning seven Grammy Award nominations. Damon has also written and produced songs for the television shows Hollys World, Kendra on Top. Founder/CEO of The Damon Elliott Music Group distributed by Caroline/Capitol Records, Damon Elliott was born on March 21,1973 to Dionne Warwick and Bill Elliott. He has one brother named David Elliott, mega-star Whitney Houston was his first cousin once removed and opera legend Leontyne Price is another cousin. He was the nephew of singer Dee Dee Warwick, Dionnes sister, Damon Elliott, the son of actor/jazz drummer Bill Elliott and pop legend Dionne Warwick is a big selling, Grammy Award-winning producer. Damon was raised by music, according to Dionne, whom Damon often accompanied to her studio. 7 Grammy Award Nominations 1 Grammy Award Lady Marmalade featured in the 2001 film Moulin Rouge Damon Elliott on Myspace Damon Elliott on Twitter Flesh-N-Bone – T. H. U. G. S
Damon Elliott
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Damon Elliott
7.
Missy Elliott
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Melissa Arnette Missy Elliott, often known professionally as Missy Misdemeanor Elliott, is an American rapper, dancer, and record producer. Following several collaborations and guest appearances, she launched her career in 1997 with her debut album Supa Dupa Fly. The album debuted at three on the Billboard 200, the highest-charting debut for a female rapper at the time. Elliotts following album Da Real World, produced the singles Shes a Bitch, All n My Grill, with the release of Miss E. So Addictive, Under Construction, and This Is Not a Test, Elliott established an international career that yielded hits including Get Ur Freak On, One Minute Man,4 My People, Gossip Folks, and Work It. The latter won her a Grammy Award for Best Female Rap Solo Performance, Elliott went on to win five Grammy Awards, melissa Arnette Elliott was born on July 1,1971, in Portsmouth, Virginia. She is the child of mother Patricia Elliott, a power-company dispatcher, and father Ronnie. Elliott grew up in a church choir family, and singing was a normal part of her youth. At the age of four in 1975, she wanted to be a performer, in later years, she feared no one would take her seriously, because she was always the class clown. While her father was an active Marine, the family lived in Jacksonville, North Carolina, Elliott blossomed during this part of her life. She enjoyed school for the friendships she formed though she had little interest in school work and she would later get well above average marks on intelligence tests, and she was advanced two years ahead of her former class. Her move in grades caused isolation, and she purposely failed, when her father returned from the Marines, they moved back to Virginia, where they lived in extreme poverty. Life in Virginia saw many hardships, Elliott tells of domestic abuse by her father. She refused to stay over at friends homes out of fear that, on her return home, when Elliott was eight, she was molested by a cousin. In one violent incident, Ronnie Elliott dislocated his wifes shoulders and, during another, at fourteen, Elliotts mother decided to end the situation, she fled with her daughter under the guise of taking a joyride on a local bus. In reality, the pair had found refuge at a members home where their possessions were stored in a loaded U-Haul truck. Elliott tells that she feared her father would kill them both for leaving and she later stated, When we left, my mother realized how strong she was on her own, and it made me strong. It took her leaving to realize, Elliott graduated from Woodrow Wilson High School in Portsmouth, Virginia, in 1990
Missy Elliott
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Elliott performing in 2010
Missy Elliott
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Missy Elliott performance at the
Wireless Festival 2010
8.
Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
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James Samuel Jimmy Jam Harris III and Terry Steven Lewis are an American R&B songwriting and record production team. They have enjoyed success since the 1980s with various artists. They have written 31 top ten hits in the UK and 41 in the US, Jimmy Jam is the son of Cornbread Harris, a Minneapolis blues and jazz musician. Jimmy Jam met Lewis while in school in Minneapolis. They did not meet in class, however, but while attending a TRIO Upward Bound program on the University of Minnesota campus and they formed a band called Flyte Tyme, which evolved into The Time. In 1981, they were joined by Morris Day and toured with Prince as his opening act, as members of The Time, they played instruments on two of the groups five albums. The pair asked Andrews to manage them, and through her relationships Andrews first introduced Jam and they produced their first masters for Avant for the SOS Band. Andrews set-up Jam and Lewiss company Flyte Tyme Productions as a business entity, the producers went on to produce several other masters for Avant under Dina Andrews Management for the SOS Band, Cherrelle, Alexander ONeal and Change. The pair was fired by Prince from a tour after a blizzard left them unable to rejoin during a break to produce music for The SOS Band. However, one of the tracks they were producing, Just Be Good to Me, became a hit and sealed the duos reputation, the duo would rejoin The Time for two albums, 1990s Pandemonium and the 2011 album Condensate under the name the Original 7ven. The duo was noted for use of the Roland TR-808 drum machine. Their collaboration on her album, 1989s Rhythm Nation 1814. In 1991, they founded a label, Perspective Records. Later that year, their newly minted label experienced success with a Minneapolis-based gospel/R&B collective of artists known as Sounds of Blackness and their debut single, Optimistic served as a groundbreaking anthem stressing positivity and encouragement. The song served as a summer and fall anthem and began propelling Jam, other successes followed with Blackness as well as music from labelmates Mint Condition, Lo-Key. and Solo. A highlight for Perspective was the opportunity to release the soundtrack for the 1992 motion picture Mo Money, Executive produced by Jam and Lewis, the soundtrack featured cuts from Mint Condition, Ralph Tresvant and Caron Wheeler, as well as a duet by Janet Jackson and Luther Vandross. Blige, Mariah Carey, Prince, Spice Girls, Vanessa Williams, George Michael, Melanie B, Rod Stewart, Kelly Price, Gwen Stefani, New Edition, Eric Benet, Pia Zadora, SOLO, and The Human League. In 1999, they produced the hit Open My Heart by Yolanda Adams which helped her popularity, Terry Lewis married R&B singer Karyn White, with whom he had a daughter, Ashley Nicole Lewis
Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
9.
Tricky Stewart
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Christopher Alan Tricky Stewart is an American songwriter, record producer, music publisher, executive producer, recording industry executive and recording studio owner. He is also a president of A&R at Epic Records. In a career spanning over 20 years, Stewart, at the helm of his company RedZone Entertainment, is responsible for over 25 million records sold and he is noted for producing many hip hop, R&B and pop chart topping singles, often with The-Dream. In 2012, he was included in Billboards 40 Under 40, Stewart was born in Markham, Illinois. Raised in a family, he was playing guitar, playing keyboards. Before graduating high school, Stewart had placements with artists such as Aaron Hall, rhythm and blues trio IMx, Stewart credits his work with Moore with opening many doors for him in his burgeoning music career. In 1994, Stewart produced Treat U Right for Blackgirl, around this time, Stewart met record producer and songwriter L. A. Reid, who offered him a deal to move his production company to Atlanta. Stewarts career and reputation continued to grow, achieving a breakthrough in 1999 when he co-wrote the single Who Dat for JT Money. Who Dat was a No.1 rap single, ASCAPs Song of the Year, as a talent scout and manager, Stewart and RedZone helped grow the careers of such artists as Solé and Sam Salter. In 2000, Tricky co-wrote and produced Interscope artist Mýas breakthrough single Case of the Ex and it peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in December 2000, and stayed in the Top 10 for three months. Around this time, Stewart discovered and signed Blu Cantrell, and it peaked at No.8 on the Billboard 200 album chart and spawned the No.2 hit Hit em Up Style. In 2002, Tricky co-produced and co-wrote B2Ks debut single, Uh Huh and it was No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for 10 weeks. In 2003, Blu Cantrells second album, Bittersweet, was released,2007 was a breakthrough year for Stewart and RedZone Entertainment. Rihannas single Umbrella, co-written with The-Dream and Kuk Harrell, garnered two Grammy nominations for Record of the Year and Song of the Year, and a Grammy for Best Rap/Song Collaboration and that was until he heard her on the record. The song also broke the music stores record for biggest debut ever. This writing and production team, composed of Tricky, The-Dream, Stewart executive produced The-Dreams debut album Love Hate, which included the hit single Shawty Is a 10, peaking at No.6 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. Stewart also co-wrote and produced Dreams, Falsetto and I Luv Your Girl. The single Touch My Body off Mariah Careys album E=MC², produced by Stewart, the achievement was attributed to a record-breaking digital sales debut, as 286,000 copies were sold in its first week of availability
Tricky Stewart
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Tricky Stewart
10.
Timbaland
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Timothy Zachery Tim Mosley, known professionally as Timbaland, is an American record producer, singer, songwriter, rapper and DJ. Timbalands first full credit production work was in 1996 on Ginuwine. the Bachelor for R&B singer Ginuwine, after further work on Aaliyahs 1996 album One in a Million and Missy Elliotts 1997 album Supa Dupa Fly, Timbaland became a prominent producer for R&B and hip hop artists. As a rapper he released several albums with fellow rapper Magoo. A Timbaland-owned imprint label, Mosley Music Group, featured such as Nelly Furtado. In 2007, Timbaland released an album, Shock Value. As a songwriter he has written as of 2014,85 UK hits and 99 hits Stateside, Timbaland has received widespread acclaim for his production style. Timothy Zachery Mosley was born on March 10,1972 in Norfolk, Virginia, to Latrice, who ran a shelter, and Garland Mosley. He graduated from Salem High School of Virginia Beach, Virginia, during his time as a DJ, he was known as DJ Tim or DJ Timmy Tim. His brother, Sebastian, is reportedly around nine years younger and his sister Courtney Rashon is a makeup artist and author from New Jersey. While attending high school, Timbaland began a collaboration with rapper Melvin Barcliff. The teenage Mosley also joined the production ensemble S. B. I. which also featured Neptunes producer Pharrell, Mosley was also high school friends with brothers Terrence and Gene Thornton, who would become known as Pusha T and Malice of the rap group Clipse, respectively. In 1986, when Timbaland was 14 years old, he was shot by a co-worker at a local Red Lobster restaurant and was partially paralyzed for nine months. During this time, he began to learn how to DJ using his left hand, singer and rapper Missy Elliott heard his material and began working with him. She and her R&B group, Sista, auditioned for DeVante Swing, DeVante signed Sista to his Swing Mob record label and Elliott brought Mosley and Barcliff along with her to New York, where Swing Mob was based. It was DeVante who renamed the young producer Timbaland, after the Timberland brand of construction boots. He and Magoo became part of SCI Zakys School stable of Swing Mob signees known as Da Bassment crew, joining artists such as R&B singer Ginuwine, male vocal group Playa, and the girl group Sugah. Timbaland did production work on a number of projects with DeVante, including the 1995 Jodeci LP The Show, The After-Party, The Hotel, Elliott began receiving recognition as a songwriter for artists such as R&B girl group 702 and MC Lyte. Due to Timbalands connection with her, he was contacted to produce remixes of her songs
Timbaland
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Timbaland performing in
West Hollywood in January 2010
11.
Diane Warren
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Diane Eve Warren is an American songwriter. She rose to prominence in 1983 and has written songs for and with multiple music artists. Warren has had nine songs and 32 Top 10 songs on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Additionally, two of the top 13 hits in the Hot 100s 57-year history were written by her, Warren is the first songwriter in the history of Billboard magazine to have seven hits, all by different artists, on the singles chart at the same time. Her success in the US has been paralleled in the UK, Warren has won a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, three consecutive Billboard Music Awards for Songwriter of the Year and several other accolades. She has been inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame and received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Warren owns a publishing company, Realsongs, which gives her control over her compositions. Her familys surname Warren was originally Wolfberg, but her father changed the name because it sounded too Jewish, Warren says she was rebellious as a child and told NPRs Scott Simon that she got into trouble and ran away as a teen but returned because she missed her cat. As a child, Warren loved listening to the radio and dreamed of performing on the radio herself and she was also influenced by music through her parents and her two older sisters who would play music. She began writing music when she was 11 but took a serious approach at 14. Warren has said that her mother asked her to give up her dream of a songwriting career, however, her father continued to believe in her and encouraged her. In addition, he bought her a 12-string guitar and a shed for her to practice. She wrote the song Because You Loved Me as a tribute to her father for his encouragement and she briefly attended college at Los Angeles Pierce College and California State University, Northridge but considered it a waste and spent more of her time writing songs while attending. Warrens first hit was Solitaire, which Laura Branigan took to No.7 in the US pop charts in 1983, shes actually more like the Emily Dickinson of Pop. As in the case of the great nineteenth-century reclusive New England poet known for her simple yet eloquent verses, the original name for her publishing company, Realsongs, was Warren Piece because War and Peace was already taken. In 1998, Realsongs and its partner, EMI Music Publishing, distributed A Passion For Music. EMI Musics London office assisted in distributing 1,200 copies of the box set primarily to the film and television industry for consideration in soundtracks and it was not marketed to consumers. As of 2011, Warrens music has appeared in the soundtracks of over 60 films and she was awarded a star in the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2001. The Diane Warren Foundation, in conjunction with the ASCAP Foundation, the initiative provides sheet music, band arrangements, folios, and method books to each of the schools that are already recipients of musical instruments from the VH1 Save the Music Foundation
Diane Warren
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Diane Warren at 2009 Pop Conference, Experience Music Project, Seattle
Diane Warren
12.
Fear of Flying (album)
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Fear of Flying is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Mýa Harrison. Released April 25,2000 on Interscope Records, recording sessions for the album took place during late 1999 to early 2000, Harrison worked with a wide range of producers and songwriters on the album. These included Rodney Jerkins, Swizz Beatz, Wyclef Jean, Knobody, Robin Thicke, Tricky Stewart, Harrison described Fear of Flying as a metaphor for the ups and downs of life. Themes of the album include handling things like an adult, Mýa experimented with many different genres of music, such as reggae, soul, and hip-hop, thus departing from the conventional structure of her debut studio album Mýa. It was the sound of a composer and song stylist discovering her creative voice and reflections of being in love for the very first time, experiencing success. Fear of Flying spawned three singles, the Swizz Beatz-produced street savvy anthem The Best of Me featuring Jadakiss, Case of the Ex, Fear of Flying debuted at number fifteen on the Billboard 200 chart on May 13,2000. Its first-week sales reached 72,000 copies, upon its release, the album seemed to be suffering from the dreaded sophomore slump. The first single, The Best of Me, under-performed on the charts, the follow-up, Case of the Ex, proved to be a different matter. Interscope Records issued a single for the song, which helped propel it to number two. This in turn solidified the album as a hit, and Fear of Flying was re-released on November 7,2000 including two unreleased tracks. Following the success of her debut studio album, Harrison quickly re-entered the recording studio to begin work on her second album. Her self-titled debut studio album spawned three Top 10 hits and garnered attention for her performances on Pras hit Ghetto Supastar. During her two years away, Mýa managed to tour some of the biggest names in the business. Originally scheduled to drop at the end of February 2000, Fear of Flying featured a number of guest vocalists on the project, including TLCs Lisa Left Eye Lopes, Jordan Knight, and Beenie Man. Harrison recorded with different producers for this album, including Shekspere, Knobody, Tricky Stewart. To help sign, seal, and deliver that promise, she enlisted such production mega-talent as Wyclef and Swizz Beatz of Ruff Ryders for the album, the albums title came from a song Harrison recorded by the same name—not from Erica Jongs 1973 novel. During an interview with Billboard, Harrison spoke on behalf of the title and said, I wasnt aware of the book. Ive just started reading it and have noticed a lot of similarities, Fear of Flying is a metaphor for the ups and downs of life
Fear of Flying (album)
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Fear of Flying
13.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
Single (music)
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45
rpm single record
14.
My Love Is Like...Wo
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Wo is a song by American recording artist Mýa, released as the lead single from her third studio album, Moodring. Mýa re-teamed up with rapper Missy Elliott after the success of Lady Marmalade to record the song. Before being released, it took Mýa a whole year to decide to record the song because of its lyrical content. The song was written by Elliott along with brothers Charles and Kenneth Bereal, lyrically, the mid-tempo song is about self-love. The song received mixed to positive reviews from contemporary music critics. My Love Is Like. Wo became a top twenty hit on the Billboard Hot 100 for week of September 6,2003 and it performed similarly on Billboards Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, where it peaked at number seventeen. Internationally, the single charted within the top forty in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, the songs accompanying music video was filmed by director Paul Hunter, who envisioned Harrison to perform a one-woman show. Recorded in 2001, My Love Is Like. Wo was written and produced by American rapper Missy Elliott along with production duo CKB, consisting of brothers Charles, additional production on the song was handled by Ron Fair. Before Harrison decided to release My Love Is. Wo as the first single from Moodring, she admitted she was not always comfortable with the song, I realized that I really couldnt worry about what people think of me. Im at that point in my life now where I can say, I wasnt even considering the song to be on the album at that time, but I later fought for it to be the single. My Love Is Like. Wo is a song composed in the key of G major. The songs tempo is set a slow moderate sixty-nine beats per minute in common time, Mýas vocal range spans from G3 to D5. The lyrics for My Love Is Like. Wo are composed in the traditional verse-chorus form, Mýa opens the song with brief spoken lyrics. She begins the first verse, followed by the chorus leading her into the second verse, the song continues to the bridge, chorus, then fades out with the piano and Mýa chanting Wo. An appropriately hip-swaying beat swirls around the vocal, courtesy of ever-hitworthy producer Missy Elliott and this is the record that will propel Mýa to the A-list among todays pop/R&B icons, throughout the song, she delivers womanly strength and sass with a knowing wink. Moodring sounds like a perfect fit, in the United States, My Love Is Like. Wo debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number eighty-one on the issue dated June 28,2003. The song reached its position of number thirteen on the chart dated September 6,2003. It spent twenty weeks altogether on the chart and became Mýas fifth non-consecutive top forty solo hit on that chart
My Love Is Like...Wo
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European cover
My Love Is Like...Wo
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"My Love Is Like...Wo"
15.
Studio album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
Studio album
–
Early record albums were packages of 78
RPM records in book form
Studio album
–
Two vinyl records with inner and outer album sleeves
Studio album
–
A blank compact cassette tape and case
Studio album
–
A compact disc within an open 'Jewel Case'
16.
Recording artist
–
A musician is a person who plays a musical instrument or is musically talented. Anyone who composes, conducts, or performs music may also be referred to as a musician, Musicians can specialize in any musical style, and some musicians play in a variety of different styles. Examples of a musicians possible skills include performing, conducting, singing, composing, arranging, in the Middle Ages, instrumental musicians performed with soft ensembles inside and loud instruments outdoors. Many European musicians of this time catered to the Roman Catholic Church, providing arrangements structured around Gregorian chant structure, vocal pieces were in Latin—the language of church texts of the time—and typically were Church-polyphonic or made up of several simultaneous melodies. Giovanni Palestrina Giovanni Gabrieli Thomas Tallis Claudio Monteverdi Leonardo da Vinci The Baroque period introduced heavy use of counterpoint, vocal and instrumental “color” became more important compared to the Renaissance style of music, and emphasized much of the volume, texture and pace of each piece. George Frideric Handel Johann Sebastian Bach Antonio Vivaldi Classical music was created by musicians who lived during a time of a middle class. Many middle-class inhabitants of France at the time lived under long-time absolute monarchies, because of this, much of the music was performed in environments that were more constrained compared to the flourishing times of the Renaissance and Baroque eras. This age included the initial transformations of the Industrial Revolution, a revolutionary energy was also at the core of Romanticism, which quite consciously set out to transform not only the theory and practice of poetry and art, but the common perception of the world. Some major Romantic Period precepts survive, and still affect modern culture, in 20th-century music, composers and musicians rejected the emotion-dominated Romantic period, and strove to represent the world the way they perceived it. Musicians wrote to be. objective, while objects existed on their own terms, while past eras concentrated on spirituality, this new period placed emphasis on physicality and things that were concrete. The advent of recording and mass media in the 20th century caused a boom of all kinds of music—popular music, rock music, electronic music, folk music. Singer Composer Music artist Tour Manager Media related to Musicians at Wikimedia Commons
Recording artist
–
Guy Pratt, a professional
session musician, playing bass guitar.
17.
Lady Marmalade
–
Lady Marmalade is a song written by Bob Crewe and Kenny Nolan. The song is famous for its sexually suggestive chorus of Voulez-vous coucher avec moi. which translates into English as Do you want to sleep with me, the song was originally recorded in 1974 by the group Eleventh Hour. It first became a hit when covered by the American girl group Labelle. Labelle held the spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for one week. The song has had many cover versions over the years, in 1998, girl group All Saints released a cover of the song that peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart. The 2001 version by singers Christina Aguilera, Mýa, Pink, soundtrack was a number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 for 5 weeks. Lady Marmalade was the song to reach number one by two different musical acts in America. The song was written by Bob Crewe and Kenny Nolan, and was inspired by Crewes experiences in New Orleans, a sex worker named Lady Marmalade shows up to a man named Joe, flirts with him and takes him home. Joe drinks wine and he screams French words while she is in the, the song was first recorded by The Eleventh Hour, a disco group made up of studio musicians fronted by Nolan on vocals. It was released in 1974 as a track on the Eleventh Hours Greatest Hits LP which did not chart, Crewe showed the song to Allen Toussaint in New Orleans, and Toussaint then decided to record the song with Labelle. Labelles version of Lady Marmalade was produced by Allen Toussaint and Vicki Wickham and it was released on August 3,1974 as the first single from Nightbirds, their first album after signing with Epic Records. Patti LaBelle sang lead vocals on Lady Marmalade with backing vocals being contributed by band mates Nona Hendryx, the song is best known for the French lyric Voulez-vous coucher avec moi ce soir. in the refrain. Although Lady Marmalade is about a prostitute, Patti LaBelle, the female vocal of the band, said. Nobody, I swear this is Gods truth, nobody told me what Id just sung a song about, steve Huey from AllMusic selected the song as one of the best tracks on Labelles 1995 compilation Lady Marmalade, The Best of Patti and Labelle. Critic Robert Christgau described it as great synthetic French-quarter raunch, Lady Marmalade is billed as the song that made Labelle one of the hottest girl groups of the 1970s. Along with the track, What Can I Do for You, Lady Marmalade peaked at number seven on the disco/dance charts. The single also charted at seventeen in the United Kingdom. Billboard ranked it as the No.22 song for 1975, Labelle performed Lady Marmalade on Soul Train on December 7,1974
Lady Marmalade
–
"Lady Marmalade"
Lady Marmalade
–
"Voulez-Vous Coucher avec Moi? (Lady Marmalade)"
Lady Marmalade
Lady Marmalade
18.
Moulin Rouge!
–
Is a 2001 Australian–American pseudo-pastiche jukebox musical film directed, produced, and co-written by Baz Luhrmann. It tells the story of a young English poet/writer, Christian and it uses the musical setting of the Montmartre Quarter of Paris, France. At the 74th Academy Awards, the film was nominated for eight Oscars, including Best Picture and Best Actress for Nicole Kidman and it was the first musical nominated for Best Picture in 10 years, following Disneys Beauty and the Beast. In the year 1900, a British writer named Christian, suffering from depression, as Christian narrates, the film flashes back to one year earlier upon Christians move to the Montmartre district of Paris to become a writer among members of the areas Bohemian movement. He soon discovers that his neighbours are a troupe of performers led by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. The group arrives at the Moulin Rouge as Zidler and his Diamond Dog Dancers perform for the audience, Satine mistakes Christian for the Duke, and dances with him before retiring to her private chamber with him to discuss things confidentially, but soon learns he is just a writer. The Duke interrupts them, Christian and Satine claim they were practicing lines for Spectacular Spectacular. With Zidlers help, Toulouse and the rest of the pitch the show to the Duke with an improvised plot about an evil maharajah attempting to woo an Indian courtesan who loves a poor sitar player. The Duke backs the show on the condition that only he may see Satine, Satine contemplates on Christian and her longing to leave the Moulin Rouge to become a real actress. Christian goes back to Satine to convince her that they should be together, as the cabaret is converted to a theater, Christian and Satine continue seeing each other under the pretense of rehearsing Satines lines. Zidler makes excuses to the Duke, claiming that Satine has gone to confession, Zidler learns that Satine does not have long to live. Satine tells Christian that their relationship endangers the show, but he counters by writing a love song to affirm their love. As the Duke watches Christian rehearsing with Satine, Nini, a performer, points out that the play is a metaphor for Christian, Satine. Enraged, the Duke demands the ending be changed with the choosing the maharajah. At the Dukes quarters, Satine sees Christian on the streets below, the Duke attempts to rape her, but she is saved by Le Chocolat, one of the cabaret dancers. Reunited with Christian, he urges her to run away with him, the Duke tells Zidler he will have Christian killed if Satine is not his. Zidler reiterates this warning to Satine, but when she refuses to return, Zidler tells Satine that to save Christians life, she has to tell him that she will be staying with the Duke and she doesnt love him. Christian tries following her, but is denied entry to the Moulin Rouge, the night of the show, Christian sneaks into the Moulin Rouge, intending to pay Satine to return his love just as the Duke paid for her
Moulin Rouge!
–
Theatrical release poster
19.
Chicago (2002 film)
–
Chicago is a 2002 American musical crime comedy film based on the musical of the same name, exploring the themes of celebrity, scandal, and corruption in Chicago during the Jazz Age. The film stars Catherine Zeta-Jones, Renée Zellweger and Richard Gere, Chicago centers on Velma Kelly and Roxie Hart, two murderesses who find themselves in jail together awaiting trial in 1920s Chicago. Velma, a vaudevillian, and Roxie, a housewife, fight for the fame that will keep them from the gallows. Directed and choreographed by Rob Marshall, and adapted by screenwriter Bill Condon, with music by John Kander and lyrics by Fred Ebb, Chicago won six Academy Awards in 2003, the film was critically lauded, and was the first musical to win Best Picture since Oliver. In 1924, Roxie Hart sees star Velma Kelly perform at a Chicago theater, wanting stardom for herself, she begins an affair with Fred Casely, who claims to know the manager. After the show, Velma is arrested for killing her husband Charlie and sister Veronica, a month later, Casely admits to Roxie that he has no showbiz connections and just wanted her body. She convinces her husband, Amos, to take the blame, as Amos confesses to the detective, Roxie fantasizes that she is singing a song devoted to her husband. However, when the detective brings up evidence that Roxie and Casely were having an affair, Amos recants, ambitious District Attorney Harrison announces he will seek the death penalty. At Cook County Jail, Roxie is sent to Murderess Row, Roxie meets her idol Velma, but her friendship is rudely rebuffed. She learns the backstories of the women there, including Velma Kelly. On Mortons advice, Roxie engages Velmas lawyer, the brilliant Billy Flynn, the press believe the story, praised by the public as a tragic heroine, Roxie becomes an overnight sensation. Meanwhile, Kitty Baxter, a heiress, is arrested for murdering her husband. To Velmas surprise, Roxie quickly steals back the fame by claiming to be pregnant. Amos is ignored by the press, and Flynn, to create sympathy for Roxie, convinces him that the child is Caselys. Roxie over-confidently fires Flynn, believing she can now win on her own, however, when Katalin Helinszki, a Hungarian woman from Murderess Row is hanged, she realizes the gravity of the situation and rehires Flynn. Roxies trial begins, and Billy turns it into a spectacle with the help of the sensationalist newspaper reporters. Billy discredits witnesses, manipulates evidence, and even stages a public reconciliation between Amos and Roxie when she says the child is his. The trial seems to be going Roxies way until Velma appears with Roxies diary, Billy discredits the diary, implying that Harrison was the one who planted the evidence
Chicago (2002 film)
–
Theatrical release poster
20.
Pop music
–
Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid 1950s. The terms popular music and pop music are used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular. Pop and rock were synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they were used in opposition from each other. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other such as urban, dance, rock, Latin. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a format, as well as the common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes. David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, according to Pete Seeger, pop music is professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music. Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music, the music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately, pop music continuously evolves along with the terms definition. The term pop song was first recorded as being used in 1926, Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music. The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pops earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience. Since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the meaning of non-classical mus, usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles. Grove Music Online also states that, in the early 1960s pop music competed terminologically with beat music, while in the USA its coverage overlapped with that of rock and roll. From about 1967, the term was used in opposition to the term rock music. Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of music, pop was more commercial, ephemeral. It is not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward, and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative. It is, provided from on high rather than being made from below, pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged. The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment, the lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions
Pop music
–
The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that the term "pop" refers to music performed by such artists as
the Rolling Stones (pictured here in a 2006 performance)
Pop music
–
According to several sources,
MTV helped give rise to
pop stars such as
Michael Jackson and
Madonna; and Jackson and Madonna helped make MTV.
Pop music
21.
Soul music
–
Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
Soul music
–
James Brown
Soul music
–
Al Green, influential soul performer
Soul music
–
Levi Stubbs singing lead with the Four Tops in 1966
Soul music
–
Isaac Hayes performing in 1973
22.
Techno (music)
–
Techno is a form of electronic dance music that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, in the United States during the mid-to-late 1980s. The first recorded use of the word techno in reference to a genre of music was in 1988. Many styles of techno now exist, but Detroit techno is seen as the foundation upon which a number of subgenres have been built. Added to this is the influence of futuristic and fictional themes relevant to life in American late capitalist society, pioneering producer Juan Atkins cites Tofflers phrase techno rebels as inspiring him to use the word techno to describe the musical style he helped to create. This unique blend of influences aligns techno with the referred to as afrofuturism. To producers such as Derrick May, the transference of spirit from the body to the machine is often a central preoccupation, in this manner, techno dance music defeats what Adorno saw as the alienating effect of mechanisation on the modern consciousness. Stylistically, techno is generally repetitive instrumental music, oftentimes produced for use in a continuous DJ set, the tempo tends to vary between approximately 120 to 150 beats per minute, depending on the style of techno. The creative use of production technology, such as drum machines, synthesizers. Many producers use retro electronic musical devices to create what they consider to be an authentic techno sound, drum machines from the 1980s such as Rolands TR-808 and TR-909 are highly prized, and software emulations of such retro technology are popular among techno producers. The Electrifying Mojo was the first radio DJ to play music by the Detroit techno producers Juan Atkins, Derrick May, Mojo refused to follow pre-established radio formats or playlists, and he promoted social and cultural awareness of the African American community. In exploring technos origins writer Kodwo Eshun maintains that Kraftwerk are to Techno what Muddy Waters is to the Rolling Stones, the authentic, the origin, the real. Juan Atkins has acknowledged that he had an enthusiasm for Kraftwerk and Giorgio Moroder, particularly Moroders work with Donna Summer. Atkins also mentions that around 1980 I had a tape of nothing but Kraftwerk, Telex, Devo, Giorgio Moroder and Gary Numan, and Id ride around in my car playing it. Regarding his initial impression of Kraftwerk, Atkins notes that they were clean, Derrick May identified the influence of Kraftwerk and other European synthesizer music in commenting that it was just classy and clean, and to us it was beautiful, like outer space. Living around Detroit, there was so little beauty, everything is an ugly mess in Detroit, and so we were attracted to this music. May has commented that he considered his music a direct continuation of the European synthesizer tradition and he also identified Japanese synthpop act Yellow Magic Orchestra, particularly member Ryuichi Sakamoto, and British band Ultravox, as influences, along with Kraftwerk. In 1980 or 1981 they met with Mojo and proposed that they provide mixes for his show, which they did end up doing the following year. These young promoters developed and nurtured the local music scene by both catering to the tastes of the local audience of young people and by marketing parties with new DJs
Techno (music)
–
Kraftwerk 's
Computer World (1981), first popularized in the U.S. by radio station
WLBS-FM, "Detroit’s version of New York’s
disco WBLS ".
Techno (music)
–
Roland TB-303: The
bass line synthesizer that was used prominently in
acid house.
Techno (music)
–
Cover art for the 1988 compilation album, Techno! The New Dance Sound of Detroit
Techno (music)
–
UR Featured on the cover of
The Wire, November 2007
23.
Reggae music
–
Reggae is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s. The term also denotes the modern music of Jamaica and its diaspora. A1968 single by Toots and the Maytals Do the Reggay was the first popular song to use the word reggae, effectively naming the genre, Reggae usually relates news, social gossip, and political comment. Reggae spread into a commercialized jazz field, being known first as ‘Rudie Blues’, then ‘Ska’, later ‘Blue Beat’ and it is instantly recognizable from the counterpoint between the bass and drum downbeat, and the offbeat rhythm section. The immediate origins of reggae were in ska and rock steady, from the latter, stylistically, reggae incorporates some of the musical elements of rhythm and blues, jazz, mento, calypso, African music, as well as other genres. One of the most easily recognizable elements is offbeat rhythms, staccato chords played by a guitar or piano on the offbeats of the measure, the tempo of reggae is usually slower than ska but faster than rocksteady. The concept of call and response can be found throughout reggae music, the genre of reggae music is led by the drum and bass. The bass guitar often plays the dominant role in reggae, the bass sound in reggae is thick and heavy, and equalized so the upper frequencies are removed and the lower frequencies emphasized. The guitar in reggae usually plays on the off beat of the rhythm and it is common for reggae to be sung in Jamaican Patois, Jamaican English, and Iyaric dialects. Reggae is noted for its tradition of criticism and religion in its lyrics, although many reggae songs discuss lighter, more personal subjects, such as love. Reggae has spread to countries across the world, often incorporating local instruments. Reggae en Español spread from the mainland South America countries of Venezuela, Caribbean music in the United Kingdom, including reggae, has been popular since the late 1960s, and has evolved into several subgenres and fusions. Many reggae artists began their careers in the UK, and there have been a number of European artists and bands drawing their inspiration directly from Jamaica, Reggae in Africa was boosted by the visit of Bob Marley to Zimbabwe in 1980. In Jamaica, authentic reggae is one of the biggest sources of income, the 1967 edition of the Dictionary of Jamaican English lists reggae as a recently estab. Sp. for rege, as in rege-rege, a word that can mean either rags, ragged clothing or a quarrel, a row. Reggae as a term first appeared in print with the 1968 rocksteady hit Do the Reggay by The Maytals which named the genre of Reggae for the world. Reggae historian Steve Barrow credits Clancy Eccles with altering the Jamaican patois word streggae into reggae, however, Toots Hibbert said, Theres a word we used to use in Jamaica called streggae. If a girl is walking and the look at her and say Man, shes streggae it means she dont dress well
Reggae music
–
Bob Marley in 1980.
Reggae music
–
Aston Barret
Reggae music
–
UB40 's former frontman
Ali Campbell performing in 2009.
Reggae music
–
UB40 perform in Birmingham, 2010
24.
Hip-hop (music)
–
It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
Hip-hop (music)
–
1520 Sedgwick Avenue, the Bronx, a venue used by Kool Herc that is often considered the birthplace of hip hop in 1973
Hip-hop (music)
–
DJ Kool Herc, recognized as one of the earliest hip hop artists
Hip-hop (music)
–
Grandmaster Flash
Hip-hop (music)
–
Afrika Bambaataa (left)
25.
Billboard 200
–
The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists, often, a recording act will be remembered by its number ones, those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart is based mostly on sales of albums in the United States, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week, the charts streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. Example, Friday January 1 – sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 – sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 – new chart published, New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are included in Billboard 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for sale in the United States are not eligible to chart. As of the issue dated April 15,2017, the album on the Billboard 200 is More Life by Drake. Billboard began an album chart in 1945, initially only five positions long, the album chart was not published on a weekly basis, sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated. A biweekly, 15-position Best-Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955, the position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums. The first number-one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte, the chart was renamed to Best-Selling Pop Albums later in 1956, and then to Best-Selling Pop LPs in 1957. Beginning on May 25,1959, Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums and these were renamed to Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts in 1960. In January 1961, they became Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic, three months later, they became Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural. On August 17,1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150-position chart called Top LPs, on April 1,1967, the chart was expanded to 175 positions, then finally to 200 positions on May 13,1967. In 1960, Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles and these Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums, and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts. In January 1961, the Action Charts became Action Albums—Monophonic, Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks, then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles, with no numerical ranking. This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963, in 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly basis, on May 25,1991, Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart
Billboard 200
–
Contents
26.
AllMusic
–
AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
AllMusic
–
AllMusic's
logotype and logo (since July 2013)
27.
Gold certification
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Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies. The threshold quantity varies by type and by nation or territory, almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials. The number of sales or shipments required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory in which the recording is released, typically, they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold. Different sales levels, some perhaps 10 times lower than others, the original gold record awards were presented to artists by their own record companies to publicize their sales achievements. The first of these was awarded by RCA Victor to Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in February 1942, another example of a company award is the gold record awarded to Elvis Presley in 1956 for one million units sold of his single Dont Be Cruel. The first gold record for an LP was awarded by RCA Victor to Harry Belafonte in 1957 for the album Calypso and these sales were restricted to U. S. -based record companies and did not include exports to other countries. For albums in 1968, this would mean shipping approximately 250,000 units, the platinum certification was introduced in 1976 for the sale of one million units, album or single, with the gold certification redefined to mean sales of 500,000 units, album or single. No album was certified platinum prior to this year, for instance, the recording by Van Cliburn of the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto from 1958 would eventually be awarded a platinum citation, but this would not happen until two decades after its release. In 1999, the certification was introduced for sales of ten million units. On 14 March 1958, the RIAA certified its first gold record, soundtrack was certified as the first gold album four months later. In 1976, RIAA introduced the platinum certification, first awarded to Johnnie Taylors single, Disco Lady, as music sales increased with the introduction of compact discs, the RIAA created the Multi-Platinum award in 1984. Diamond awards, honoring those artists whose sales of singles or albums reached 10,000,000 copies, were introduced in 1999 and this became much less common once the majority of retail sales became paid digital downloads and digital streaming. In most countries certifications no longer apply solely to physical media, in June 2006, the RIAA also certified the ringtone downloads of songs. Streaming from on-demand services such as Rhapsody and Spotify has been included into existing digital certification in the U. S since 2013, in the U. S. and Germany video streaming services like YouTube, VEVO, and Yahoo. Music also began to be counted towards the certification, in both cases using the formula of 100 streams being equivalent to one download, other countries, such as Denmark and Spain, maintain separate awards for digital download singles and streaming. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry was founded in 1996, and grants the IFPI Platinum Europe Award for album sales over one million within Europe, multi-platinum Europe Awards are presented for sales in subsequent multiples of one million. Eligibility is unaffected by time, and is not restricted to European-based artists, IMPALA sales awards were launched in 2005 as the first sales awards recognising that success on a pan-European basis begins well before sales reach one million. The award levels are Silver, Double Silver, Gold, Double Gold, Diamond, Platinum, below are certification thresholds for the United States and United Kingdom
Gold certification
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A gold record for
The Beatles '
Hey Jude
Gold certification
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Gold record presented to
Artie Schroeck for his arrangement on "
Can't Take My Eyes Off You ", 1967
Gold certification
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Boy band
Plus One displaying their gold records.
Gold certification
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Somali singer
Saado Ali Warsame receiving a gold record Lifetime Achievement Award.
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Recording Industry Association of America
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The Recording Industry Association of America is a continental North and South American trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says create, the RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D. C. The RIAA was formed in 1952 and its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm,45 rpm. Since 2001, the RIAA has spent $2 to $6 million each year on lobbying in the United States, the RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States. Cary Sherman has been the RIAAs chairman and CEO since 2011, Sherman joined the RIAA as its general counsel in 1997 and became president of the board of directors in 2001, serving in that position until being made chairman and CEO. Mitch Glazier has been the RIAAs senior executive vice president since 2011 and he served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. The past RIAA chairman and CEO is Mitch Bainwol, who served from 2003 to 2011 and he left in 2011 to become president and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, the RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles, the criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales, the awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a program for Latin music sales. Currently, a Disco De Oro is awarded for 30,000 units, the RIAA defines Latin music as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish. In 2006, digital ringtones were added to branch of certification. In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for digital recordings in Spanish and this release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is different from other styles. Gold,50,000 Platinum,100,000 Multi-Platinum,200,000 copies The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music, studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible to moderate. The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers and it has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children
Recording Industry Association of America
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Recording Industry Association of America
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