1.
Banff National Park
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Banff National Park /ˈbæmf/ is Canadas oldest national park, established in 1885 in the Rocky Mountains. The Icefields Parkway extends from Lake Louise, connecting to Jasper National Park in the north, Provincial forests and Yoho National Park are neighbours to the west, while Kootenay National Park is located to the south and Kananaskis Country to the southeast. The main commercial centre of the park is the town of Banff, the Canadian Pacific Railway was instrumental in Banffs early years, building the Banff Springs Hotel and Lake Louise Chalet, and attracting tourists through extensive advertising. In the early 20th century, roads were built in Banff, at times by war internees from World War I, since the 1960s, park accommodations have been open all year, with annual tourism visits to Banff increasing to over 5 million in the 1990s. Millions more pass through the park on the Trans-Canada Highway, as Banff has over three million visitors annually, the health of its ecosystem has been threatened. In the mid-1990s, Parks Canada responded by initiating a two-year study, which resulted in management recommendations, Banff National Park has a subarctic climate with three ecoregions, including montane, subalpine, and alpine. The forests are dominated by Lodgepole pine at lower elevations and Engelmann spruce in higher ones below the treeline, above which is primarily rocks and ice. Mammal species such as the grizzly, cougar, wolverine, elk, bighorn sheep and moose are found, reptiles and amphibians are also found but only a limited number of species have been recorded. The mountains are formed from rocks which were pushed east. Erosion from water and ice have carved the mountains into their current shapes, throughout its history, Banff National Park has been shaped by tension between conservationist and land exploitation interests. Archaeological evidence found at Vermilion Lakes indicates the first human activity in Banff to 10,300 B. P. Prior to European contact, aboriginals, including the Stoneys, Kootenay, Tsuu Tina, Kainai, Peigans, with the admission of British Columbia to Canada on 20 July 1871, Canada agreed to build a transcontinental railroad. Construction of the began in 1875, with Kicking Horse Pass chosen, over the more northerly Yellowhead Pass. Ten years later, on 7 November 1885, the last spike was driven in Craigellachie, under the Rocky Mountains Park Act, enacted on 23 June 1887, the park was expanded to 674 km2 and named Rocky Mountains Park. This was Canadas first national park, and the established in North America, after Yellowstone. The Canadian Pacific Railway built the Banff Springs Hotel and Lake Louise Chalet to attract tourists, the Stoney First Nations were removed from Banff National Park between the years 1890 and 1920. The park was designed to appeal to sportsmen, and tourists, the exclusionary policy met the goals of sports hunting, tourism, and game conservation, as well as of those attempting to civilize the Indians. Early on, Banff was popular with wealthy European and American tourists, some visitors participated in mountaineering activities, often hiring local guides
2.
Alberta
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Alberta is a western province of Canada. With an estimated population of 4,196,457 as of July 1,2015, it is Canadas fourth-most populous province and its area is about 660,000 square kilometres. Alberta and its neighbour Saskatchewan were districts of the Northwest Territories until they were established as provinces on September 1,1905, the premier has been Rachel Notley since May 2015. Alberta is bounded by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the U. S. state of Montana to the south. Alberta is one of three Canadian provinces and territories to only a single U. S. state and one of only two landlocked provinces. About 290 km south of the capital is Calgary, the largest city in Alberta, Calgary and Edmonton centre Albertas two census metropolitan areas, both of which have populations exceeding one million, while the province has 16 census agglomerations. Tourist destinations in the province include Banff, Canmore, Drumheller, Jasper, Alberta is named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, the fourth daughter of Victoria, Queen of Canada, and Albert, Prince Consort. Princess Louise was the wife of John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, Lake Louise and Mount Alberta were also named in her honour. Alberta, with an area of 661,848 km2, is the fourth largest province after Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia. To the south, the borders on the 49th parallel north, separating it from the US state of Montana. The province extends 1,223 km north to south and 660 km east to west at its maximum width, with the exception of the semi-arid steppe of the south-eastern section, the province has adequate water resources. There are numerous rivers and lakes used for swimming, fishing, there are three large lakes, Lake Claire in Wood Buffalo National Park, Lesser Slave Lake, and Lake Athabasca which lies in both Alberta and Saskatchewan. The longest river in the province is the Athabasca River which travels 1,538 km from the Columbia Icefield in the Rocky Mountains to Lake Athabasca, the largest river is the Peace River with an average flow of 2161 m3/s. The Peace River originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows through northern Alberta and into the Slave River, Albertas capital city, Edmonton, is located approximately in the geographic centre of the province. It is the most northerly city in Canada, and serves as a gateway. The region, with its proximity to Canadas largest oil fields, has most of western Canadas oil refinery capacity, Calgary is located approximately 280 km south of Edmonton and 240 km north of Montana, surrounded by extensive ranching country. Almost 75% of the population lives in the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The land grant policy to the served as a means to populate the province in its early years
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Inflow (hydrology)
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In hydrology, the inflow of a body of water is the source of the water in the body of water. It can also refer to the volume of incoming water in unit time. All bodies of water have multiple inflows, but often, one inflow may predominate, however, in many cases, no single inflow will predominate and there will be multiple primary inflows. For a lake, the inflow may be a river or stream that flows into the lake. Inflow may also be, strictly speaking, not flows, but rather precipitation, inflow can also be used to refer to groundwater recharge. The dictionary definition of inflow at Wiktionary
5.
Discharge (hydrology)
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In hydrology, discharge is the volume rate of water flow that is transported through a given cross-sectional area. It includes any suspended solids, dissolved chemicals, or biologic material in addition to the water itself, GH Dury and MJ Bradshaw are two hydrologists who devised the models showing the relationship between discharge and other variables in a river. The units that are used to express discharge include m³/s, ft³/s and/or acre-feet per day. For example, the discharge of the Rhine river in Europe is 2,200 cubic metres per second or 190,000,000 cubic metres per day. A commonly applied methodology for measuring, and estimating, the discharge of a river is based on a form of the continuity equation. In storm hydrology, an important consideration is the streams discharge hydrograph, the stream rises to a peak flow after each precipitation event, then falls in a slow recession. Because the peak flow also corresponds to the water level reached during the event. The amount of precipitation correlates to the volume of water that flows out of the river. The relationship between the discharge in the stream at a given cross-section and the level of the stream is described by a rating curve, average velocities and the cross-sectional area of the stream are measured for a given stream level. The velocity and the give the discharge for that level. After measurements are made for different levels, a rating table or rating curve may be developed. Once rated, the discharge in the stream may be determined by measuring the level, if a continuous level-recording device is located at a rated cross-section, the streams discharge may be continuously determined. Larger flows can transport more sediment and larger particles downstream than smaller flows due to their greater force, larger flows can also erode stream banks and damage public infrastructure
6.
Drainage basin
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A drainage basin or catchment area is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water. Drainage basins connect into other drainage basins at elevations in a hierarchical pattern, with smaller sub-drainage basins. Other terms used to describe drainage basins are catchment, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin and water basin. In closed drainage basins the water converges to a point inside the basin, known as a sink, which may be a permanent lake. The drainage basin acts as a funnel by collecting all the water within the covered by the basin. Each drainage basin is separated topographically from adjacent basins by a perimeter, drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units, which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system. Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks, in a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. Drainage basins of the oceans and seas of the world. Grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the oceans, the following is a list of the major ocean basins, About 48. 7% of the worlds land drains to the Atlantic Ocean. The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic, The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U. S. The Mediterranean Sea basin includes much of North Africa, east-central Africa, Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe, Turkey, and the areas of Israel, Lebanon. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Oceans drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earths land. It drains the eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent, Burma, antarctica comprises approximately eight percent of the Earths land. The five largest river basins, from largest to smallest, are the basins of the Amazon, the Río de la Plata, the Congo, the Nile, and the Mississippi. The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganga, endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Around 18% of all land drains to endorheic lakes or seas or sinks, the largest of these consists of much of the interior of Asia, which drains into the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and numerous smaller lakes. Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, in endorheic bodies of standing water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this is the Dead Sea, drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important
7.
Lake
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A lake is an area of variable size filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, and therefore are distinct from lagoons, Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing. Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams, natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas, rift zones, and areas with ongoing glaciation. Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers, in some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age. All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them. The word lake comes from Middle English lake, from Old English lacu, from Proto-Germanic *lakō, cognates include Dutch laak, Middle Low German lāke as in, de, Moorlake, de, Wolfslake, de, Butterlake, German Lache, and Icelandic lækur. Also related are the English words leak and leach, none of these definitions completely excludes ponds and all are difficult to measure. For this reason, simple size-based definitions are used to separate ponds. One definition of lake is a body of water of 2 hectares or more in area, however, others have defined lakes as waterbodies of 5 hectares and above, or 8 hectares and above. Charles Elton, one of the founders of ecology, regarded lakes as waterbodies of 40 hectares or more. The term lake is used to describe a feature such as Lake Eyre. In common usage, many bear names ending with the word pond. One textbook illustrates this point with the following, In Newfoundland, for example, almost every lake is called a pond, whereas in Wisconsin, the majority of lakes on Earth are fresh water, and most lie in the Northern Hemisphere at higher latitudes. Canada, with a drainage system has an estimated 31,752 lakes larger than 3 square kilometres and an unknown total number of lakes. Finland has 187,888 lakes 500 square metres or larger, most lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a river or stream, which maintain a lakes average level by allowing the drainage of excess water. Some lakes do not have an outflow and lose water solely by evaporation or underground seepage or both. Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for power generation, aesthetic purposes, recreational purposes, industrial use. Globally, lakes are greatly outnumbered by ponds, of an estimated 304 million standing water bodies worldwide, 91% are 1 hectare or less in area
8.
Lake Louise, Alberta
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Lake Louise is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada within Improvement District No.9 Banff. The hamlet was originally called Laggan, and was a station along the Canadian Pacific Railway route, the rail station building was preserved and moved into Heritage Park in Calgary. The hamlet is separated into two communities, the main community, referred to as The Village is at a lower elevation adjacent to the Trans-Canada Highway. It has a shopping centre, Samson Mall, which includes a park visitor centre, grocery store, bakery, deli, grill, bar. The ski area, Lake Louise Mountain Resort, is located across Highway 1, the second community is at a higher elevation and is centered on the Chateau Lake Louise, adjacent to Lake Louise. The community is located on Alberta Highway 1A, and just south of the Icefields Parkway. As of 2001, Lake Louise had a population of 1,041 living in 273 dwellings. Statistics Canada did not publish a population for Lake Louise from the 2006 census under its area or designated place programs. However, its 2006 population is approximately 777 based on data aggregated from the block level. The hamlet is located in census division No.15 and in the riding of Wild Rose. It is administered by the Improvement District No.9 and is located beside the Trans-Canada Highway,180 km west of Calgary, the background of Lake Louise is filled with views of several snow-capped mountains including Mount Temple, Mount Whyte and Mount Niblock. Lake Louise experiences a subarctic climate, annual snowfall averages 3. 3m and winter temperatures below −50 °C have been recorded. Summers consist of frosty mornings and crisp, cool days, snow can occur in any month of the year. List of communities in Alberta List of hamlets in Alberta Media related to Lake Louise, Alberta at Wikimedia Commons Parks Canada - Banff National Park
9.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
10.
Valley of the Ten Peaks
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Valley of the Ten Peaks is a valley in Banff National Park in Alberta, Canada, which is crowned by ten notable peaks and also includes Moraine Lake. The valley can be reached by following the Moraine Lake road near Lake Louise, the ten peaks were originally named by Samuel Allen, an early explorer of the region, who simply referred to them by using the numerals from one to ten in the Stoney First Nations Language. He may have learned the terms from his Native American guides, the secluded Valley of the Ten Peaks was part of their original homeland. Gradually, though, all but three of the mountains were renamed in honour of noteworthy individuals, including Allen himself. Mount Hungabee was not included in the original peak list by Allen, even though it is higher than Wenkchemna Peak, the latter of which is really an extension of Hungabee. The ten peaks, in order of how they are numbered from east to west, are, There are other peaks visible from within the valley as well, including Mount Temple, Fay Glacier is developed between Mount Babel, Mount Fay, Mount Little and Mount Bowlen. The Valley of the Ten Peaks was featured on the side of the 1969 and 1979 issues of the Canadian twenty dollar bill. The Neil Colgan Hut, a destination, can be reached in 8 to 12 hours climbing the Perren Route from Moraine Lake
11.
Refraction
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Refraction is the change in direction of wave propagation due to a change in its transmission medium. The phenomenon is explained by the conservation of energy and the conservation of momentum, due to the change of medium, the phase velocity of the wave is changed but its frequency remains constant. This is most commonly observed when a wave passes from one medium to another at any other than 0° from the normal. In optics, refraction is a phenomenon that occurs when waves travel from a medium with a given refractive index to a medium with another at an oblique angle. At the boundary between the media, the phase velocity is altered, usually causing a change in direction. Its wavelength increases or decreases, but its frequency remains constant, for example, a light ray will refract as it enters and leaves glass, assuming there is a change in refractive index. A ray traveling along the normal will change speed, but not direction, refraction still occurs in this case. Understanding of this led to the invention of lenses and the refracting telescope. Refraction can be seen looking into a bowl of water. Air has a index of about 1.0003. If a person looks at an object, such as a pencil or straw, which is placed at a slant, partially in the water. This is due to the bending of light rays as they move from the water to the air, once the rays reach the eye, the eye traces them back as straight lines. The lines of sight intersect at a position than where the actual rays originated. This causes the pencil to appear higher and the water to appear shallower than it really is, the depth that the water appears to be when viewed from above is known as the apparent depth. This is an important consideration for spearfishing from the surface because it will make the fish appear to be in a different place. Conversely, an object above the water has a higher apparent height when viewed from below the water, the opposite correction must be made by an archer fish. For small angles of incidence, the ratio of apparent to real depth is the ratio of the indexes of air to that of water. But, as the angle of incidence approaches 90o, the apparent depth approaches zero, albeit reflection increases, the diagram on the right shows an example of refraction in water waves
12.
Rock flour
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Rock flour, or glacial flour, consists of fine-grained, silt-sized particles of rock, generated by mechanical grinding of bedrock by glacial erosion or by artificial grinding to a similar size. Because the material is very small, it suspended in meltwater making the water appear cloudy. When the sediments enter a river, they turn the colour grey, light brown, iridescent blue-green. If the river flows into a lake, the lake may appear turquoise in colour as a result. Examples of this phenomenon may be seen at Lake Pukaki and Lake Tekapo in New Zealand, Lake Louise, Moraine Lake and Peyto Lake in Canada, multiple cycles create a greater amount. Although clay-sized, the particles are not clay minerals, but typically ground up quartz. Rock flour is carried out from the system via meltwater streams, Rock flour particles may travel great distances either suspended in water or carried by the wind, in the latter case, forming deposits called loess. Some agronomists believe that rock flour has an effect in restoring trace minerals to soil. An early experimenter was the German miller, Julius Hensel, author of Bread from Stones and his ideas were not taken up due to technical limitations and, according to proponents of his method, because of opposition from the champions of conventional fertilisers. John D. Hamaker argued that widespread remineralization of soils with rock dust will be necessary to reverse soil depletion by current agriculture, department of Agriculture exists at the Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. The SEER Centre in Scotland is a source of information on the use of rock dusts. The Soil Remineralization Forum was established with sponsorship from the Scottish Environment Protection Agency and has commissioned a portfolio of research into the benefits of using mineral fines, the Forum provides an interface among research, environmentalists, and industry. John D. Hamaker Diatomaceous earth Remineralize the Earth - non-profit organization incorporated to disseminate ideas, Earth Regeneration Society Official Site On a Fad Diet of Rock Dust, How the Garden Does Grow Henry Homeyer, June 24,2004, New York Times. Soil remineralization, a market for aggregate industry fines, Robert J. Able, June 1995. Julius Hensel Julius Hensel by John Mann Global Warming Triggers Ice Age Remineralization Connection in Living Nutrition magazine, the USGS Glossary of Glacial Terminology
13.
Moraine
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A moraine is any glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris that occurs in both currently and formerly glaciated regions on Earth, through geomorphological processes. Moraines are formed from debris previously carried along by a glacier, lateral moraines are formed at the side of the ice flow and terminal moraines at the foot, marking the maximum advance of the glacier. Other types of moraine include ground moraines, till-covered areas with irregular topography, moraines may be composed of debris ranging in size from silt-sized glacial flour to large boulders. The debris is typically sub-angular to rounded in shape, moraines may be on the glacier’s surface or deposited as piles or sheets of debris where the glacier has melted. Moraines may form through a number of processes, depending on the characteristics of sediment, the dynamics on the ice, moraine forming processes may be loosely divided into passive and active. Passive processes involve the placing of chaotic supraglacial sediments onto the landscape with limited reworking and these moraines are composed of supraglacial sediments from the ice surface. Active processes form or rework moraine sediment directly by the movement of ice and these form push moraines and thrust-block moraines, which are often composed of till and reworked proglacial sediment. Moraine may also form by the accumulation of sand and gravel deposits from glacial streams emanating from the ice margin and these fan deposits may coalesce to form a long moraine bank marking the ice margin. Several processes may combine to form and rework a single moraine, moraines can be classified either by origin, location with respect to a glacier or former glacier, or by shape. Some moraine types are only from ancient glaciers, while medial moraines of valley glaciers are poorly preserved. Lateral moraines are parallel ridges of debris deposited along the sides of a glacier, the unconsolidated debris can be deposited on top of the glacier by frost shattering of the valley walls and/or from tributary streams flowing into the valley. The till is carried along the glacial margin until the glacier melts, lateral moraines stand high because they protect the ice under them from the elements, causing it to melt or sublime less than the uncovered parts of the glacier. Multiple lateral moraines may develop as the glacier advances and retreats, ground moraines are till-covered areas with irregular topography and no ridges, often forming gently rolling hills or plains. They are accumulated at the base of the ice as lodgment till, in alpine glaciers, ground moraines are often found between the two lateral moraines. Ground moraines may be modified into drumlins by the overriding ice, Rogen moraines or ribbed moraines are a type of basal moraines that form a series of ribs perpendicular to the ice flow in an ice sheet. The depressions between the ribs are sometimes filled with water, making the Rogen moraines look like tigerstripes on aerial photographs, Rogen moraines are named after Lake Rogen in Härjedalen, Sweden, the landform’s type locality. End moraines, or terminal moraines, are ridges of unconsolidated debris deposited at the snout or end of the glacier and they usually reflect the shape of the glaciers terminus. Glaciers act much like a belt, carrying debris from the top of the glacier to the bottom where it deposits it in end moraines
14.
Canadian twenty-dollar note
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The Canadian $20 note is one of the most common banknote of the Canadian dollar, it is the main banknote dispensed from Canadian automatic banking machines. The newest version, the Frontier Series polymer note, was released to the public on November 7,2012. The present $20 banknote was replaced on November 7,2012 by a polymer-based note featuring Queen Elizabeth II on the face, the window displays the Peace Tower. All Canadian banknotes underwent a redesign in 1991, partially to incorporate some of the latest anti-forgery methods. Notes continue to be improved, with another design revealed on August 25,2004, notes were printed on paper composed of pure cotton at two Ottawa companies contracted for the purpose. They are the Canadian Bank Note Company and BA International Inc. a part of the Giesecke & Devrient GmbH group of companies, each note in the 1991 series was sprinkled with special green ink dots, called planchettes, that glow when exposed to ultraviolet light. The ink can be scraped off, so worn notes tend to have fewer, if any and these were replaced with more permanent ultraviolet-detected threads in the new notes, as well as an ink imprint of the coat of arms. Introduced in 2004 and circulated until its replacement in 2012, the Canadian Journey Series 20-dollar note was predominantly green, the face featured a portrait of Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, the Royal Arms of Canada, and a picture of the Centre Block of the Parliament buildings. The back depicted artworks by Bill Reid, notably his sculptures Raven, the back also had a visible security feature, an interleaved metallic strip, reading 20 CAN repeatedly along its length. Yellow dots representing the EURion constellation could be found on both sides, as well as textured printing, the 2004 design incorporates a special tactile feature similar to Braille dots for the blind indicating the denomination. The 2004 $20 note was awarded Bank Note of the Year by the International Bank Note Society in 2005, as with all modern Canadian banknotes, all text is in both English and French. The view of Moraine Lake in Banff National Park from the top of the rockpile is one of the most photographed locations in all of Canada. Bank of Canadas banknote site Bank Note Series, Polymer International Bank Note Society 2005 Bank Note of the Year
15.
Neil Colgan Hut
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The Neil Colgan Hut is an alpine hut located on the Fay Glacier in Kootenay National Park in British Columbia, Canada. It is situated in a col between Mount Little and Mount Bowlen, which is one of the peaks overlooking The Valley of the Ten Peaks, the hut is maintained by the Alpine Club of Canada and is the highest permanent structure in Canada. The hut sleeps 18 in the summer and 16 in the winter and is equipped with propane-powered lamps, there is one outdoor drum toilet at this facility. Reaching the hut from Fay Hut requires approximately 4 to 6 hours of glacier travel, Valley of the Ten Peaks Fay Hut Neil Colgan Hut at the Alpine Club of Canada
16.
Google
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Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, software, Google was founded in 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph. D. students at Stanford University, in California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares, and they incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4,1998. An initial public offering took place on August 19,2004, in August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, Alphabets leading subsidiary, will continue to be the company for Alphabets Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond Googles core search engine. The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, the Google Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS, the new hardware chief, Rick Osterloh, stated, a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience. Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier, alexa, a company that monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google. com as the most visited website in the world. Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including YouTube, Googles mission statement, from the outset, was to organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful, and its unofficial slogan was Dont be evil. In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase Do the right thing, Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California. They called this new technology PageRank, it determined a websites relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine BackRub, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. Originally, Google ran under Stanford Universitys website, with the domains google. stanford. edu, the domain name for Google was registered on September 15,1997, and the company was incorporated on September 4,1998. It was based in the garage of a friend in Menlo Park, craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was incorporated. At least three other investors invested in 1998, Amazon. com founder Jeff Bezos, Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton. Author Ken Auletta claims that each invested $250,000, early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million, vinod Khosla, one of Excites venture capitalists, talked the duo down to $750,000, but Bell still rejected it. Googles initial public offering took place five years later, on August 19,2004, at that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024
17.
Android (operating system)
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Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition to devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars. Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, beginning with the first commercial Android device in September 2008, the operating system has gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 7.0 Nougat, released in August 2016. Android applications can be downloaded from the Google Play store, which features over 2.7 million apps as of February 2017, Android has been the best-selling OS on tablets since 2013, and runs on the vast majority of smartphones. In September 2015, Android had 1.4 billion monthly active users, Android is popular with technology companies that require a ready-made, low-cost and customizable operating system for high-tech devices. The success of Android has made it a target for patent, Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are aware of its owners location. The early intentions of the company were to develop an operating system for digital cameras. Despite the past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly and that same year, Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope. In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million and its key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was known about Android at the time, with Rubin having only stated that they were making software for mobile phones, at Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system, Google had lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation. Speculation about Googles intention to enter the communications market continued to build through December 2006. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony, the first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream, also known as T-Mobile G1, announced on September 23,2008. Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have improved the operating system, adding new features. Each major release is named in order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called Cupcake, Donut, Eclair. In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions
18.
BlackBerry Pearl
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The BlackBerry Pearl was a series of smartphones developed by Research In Motion the first BlackBerry device with a camera and media player. It was originally released on September 12,2006, t-Mobile was the first US carrier to release the phone as a carrier device. The last BlackBerry Pearl released was the 9100 series on May 13,2010, after this model was cleared out, RIM discontinued the Pearl series. Its advertising campaign features several people including Mariska Hargitay and Douglas Coupland, the BlackBerry Pearl provides Quad-Band network support on 850/900/1800/1900 MHz GSM/GPRS and EDGE networks to allow for international roaming between North America, Europe and Asia Pacific. The BlackBerry 8130 includes EV-DO high speed CDMA data capabilities and the BlackBerry 8120 is the first Pearl model to support Wi-Fi, BlackBerry Pearl 8110,8120 and 8130 use the Antioch chip from Cypress Semiconductor, a Westbridge peripheral controller enabling direct connection between peripherals, creating ultra-fast transfers. This speed significantly surpasses that of the earlier iPhone, Motorola RAZR or Sony Ericsson Walkman, in mid-2010, the Pearl 81xx had a successor with 3g capabilities-9100. The BlackBerry Pearl 8220 is RIMs first flip phone and it is thus often referred to as the Pearl Flip or BlackBerry Flip. The phone has been known by names, from the original codename BlackBerry Kickstart name to the current BlackBerry Pearl 8220 Smartphone name. A CDMA version is available for Verizon and Alltel known as the 8230, the Pearl Flip is very similar to the original Pearl and uses the same predictive text input that the Pearl uses. It has a 2. 0-megapixel camera and video recording and it is the first BlackBerry to feature Wi-Fi and mobile calling in a new flip design. Games - Yes Picture Messaging - Yes Video - Yes Internet - Yes, HTML Browser Voice Memo - Yes Voice Dialing - Yes Bluetooth - Yes Music Player - Yes Three-Way Calling - Yes Call Waiting - Yes SD Card - Yes. 16 GB SIM Card - Yes Polyphonic Ringtones - Yes Real Ringtones - Yes, any song on the phone can be used. GPS - Yes This 3G line came with 360 x 400,2.25 TFT display, most BlackBerry devices have a full keyboard. The Pearl uses a modified QWERTY layout on a 4-row, 5-column keypad, the 9105 features a traditional alphanumeric keypad and also utilises the SureType facility for predictive text with the option to use the traditional typing method. The Pearl supports the full range of BlackBerry enterprise functionality, unlike previous BlackBerry devices, the Pearl includes a music player, camera, as well as other multimedia functions. It requires the purchase of a MicroSD memory card to support storage of multimedia files beyond the 64 MB provided internally, most notably, the Pearl uses a translucent trackball, which facilitates horizontal and vertical scrolling, instead of the traditional BlackBerry scroll wheel. The backlit color of the 8100 trackball is controlled by a series of LEDs and may be changed by software loaded on the phone, the color customization capabilities also extend to the notification LED in the top right corner of the device. This LED can be programmed to blink different colors depending on which contact has called, texted or emailed, tigo, Comcel in Colombia, Movistar, Digicel, Claro and Cable & Wireless in Panama For a list of all Pearl models, see List of BlackBerry Products
19.
Palm Pre
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The Palm Pre /ˈpriː/, styled as palm prē, is a multitask smartphone that was designed and marketed by Palm with a multi-touch screen and a sliding keyboard. The smartphone was the first to use Palms Linux based mobile operating system, the Pre functions as a camera phone, a portable media player, and has location and navigation capabilities. The Pre also serves as a personal manager, has a number of communication and collaboration applications. The Pre was launched in the United States of America on June 6,2009 with Sprint, a GSM version of the original Pre was launched later in 2009 on a number of networks in Europe and in Mexico. The third generation of Palm Pre, the Palm Pre 2, the Palm Pre became the fastest selling phone in Sprints history. Prior to the launch, it was known internally by the codename Castle. On May 19,2009, Sprint and Palm announced the Pre would be available beginning June 6,2009 in the United States, on May 28,2009, Verizon Wireless announced that it would also carry the Palm Pre in about six months. A later comment from a Sprint spokesperson indicated that the carrier would have US exclusivity rights to the Pre through 2009. Sprints CEO, Dan Hesse, commented that his company and Palm had agreed not to discuss the length of the exclusivity deal, the Palm Pre was available on O2 but is no longer available in the UK. On July 27,2009, during the second quarter conference call. News coverage of the noted that the sales quantity was a record for any Sprint phone launch, and estimated sales of approximately 50,000 units for the day. However, reports stated that sales of the Pre in July, on August 27,2009, Bell Canada made the Palm Pre available, with Bell supporting the data services on the EVDO Network. On November 11,2009, Palm announced that the Pre would be available in Mexico, sales in Mexico began on November 27. A new version of the smartphone, the Palm Pre Plus, was announced at CES2010, differences included removal of the center button,16 GB storage memory, doubling the RAM from 256 MB to 512 MB, and the back cover is now already Touchstone compatible. The keyboard and slider mechanism were also refined, in the US, it was initially sold exclusively along with the Pixi Plus by Verizon Wireless. On March 22,2010, Palm announced that it would be releasing both the Pre Plus and the Pixi Plus on the AT&T network in the coming months. O2 launched the Palm Pre Plus on May 16,2010, on October 19,2010, HP announced the third generation of Palm Pre, the Palm Pre 2, which uses HP webOS2.0. The device has a 1 GHz processor,512 MB RAM, a 5-megapixel camera and includes Adobe Flash Player 10.1 Beta, the phone was released to consumers in France, Canada, and the U. S. and is also available unlocked from HP
20.
Windows 7
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Windows 7 is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft. It is a part of the Windows NT family of operating systems, Windows 7 was released to manufacturing on July 22,2009, and became generally available on October 22,2009, less than three years after the release of its predecessor, Windows Vista. Windows 7s server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same time, Windows 7 continued improvements on Windows Aero with the addition of a redesigned taskbar that allows applications to be pinned to it, and new window management features. Other new features were added to the system, including libraries, the new file sharing system HomeGroup. A new Action Center interface was added to provide an overview of system security and maintenance information. Windows 7 also shipped with updated versions of several applications, including Internet Explorer 8, Windows Media Player. Windows 7 was a success for Microsoft, even prior to its official release. Originally, a version of Windows codenamed Blackcomb was planned as the successor to Windows XP, major features were planned for Blackcomb, including an emphasis on searching and querying data and an advanced storage system named WinFS to enable such scenarios. However, an interim, minor release, codenamed Longhorn, was announced for 2003, by the middle of 2003, however, Longhorn had acquired some of the features originally intended for Blackcomb. Development of Longhorn was also restarted, and thus delayed, in August 2004, a number of features were cut from Longhorn. Blackcomb was renamed Vienna in early 2006, as such, adoption of Vista in comparison to XP remained somewhat low. In July 2007, six months following the release of Vista, it was reported that the next version of Windows would then be codenamed Windows 7. Bill Gates, in an interview with Newsweek, suggested that Windows 7 would be more user-centric, Gates later said that Windows 7 would also focus on performance improvements. Senior Vice President Bill Veghte stated that Windows Vista users migrating to Windows 7 would not find the kind of device compatibility issues they encountered migrating from Windows XP, an estimated 1,000 developers worked on Windows 7. These were broadly divided into core operating system and Windows client experience, in October 2008, it was announced that Windows 7 would also be the official name of the operating system. The first external release to select Microsoft partners came in January 2008 with Milestone 1, at PDC2008, Microsoft demonstrated Windows 7 with its reworked taskbar. On December 27,2008, the Windows 7 Beta was leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent. According to a performance test by ZDNet, Windows 7 Beta beat both Windows XP and Vista in several key areas, including boot and shutdown time and working with files, such as loading documents
21.
Bing (search engine)
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Bing is a web search engine owned and operated by Microsoft. The service has its origins in Microsofts previous search engines, MSN Search, Windows Live Search, Bing provides a variety of search services, including web, video, image and map search products. Bing, Microsofts replacement for Live Search, was unveiled by Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer on May 28,2009, at the All Things Digital conference in San Diego, California, in July 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo. announced a deal in which Bing would power Yahoo. Search global customers and partners made the transition by early 2012, the deal was altered in 2015, meaning Yahoo. was only required to use Bing for a majority of searches. In October 2011, Microsoft stated that they were working on new back-end search infrastructure with the goal of delivering faster, known as Tiger, the new index-serving technology had been incorporated into Bing globally since August that year. In May 2012, Microsoft announced another redesign of its engine that includes Sidebar. As of November 2015, Bing is the second largest search engine in the US with a volume of 20. 9%. Search, which Bing largely powers, has 12. 5%, Microsoft originally launched MSN Search in the third quarter of 1998, using search results from Inktomi. It consisted of an engine, index, and web crawler. In early 1999, MSN Search launched a version which displayed listings from Looksmart blended with results from Inktomi except for a time in 1999 when results from AltaVista were used instead. Since then Microsoft upgraded MSN Search to provide its own search engine results. The upgrade started as a program in November 2004. Image search was powered by a party, Picsearch. The service also started providing its search results to other search engine portals in an effort to compete in the market. The first public beta of Windows Live Search was unveiled on March 8,2006, the new search engine used search tabs that include Web, news, images, music, desktop, local, and Microsoft Encarta. On March 21,2007, Microsoft announced that it would separate its search developments from the Windows Live services family, Live Search was integrated into the Live Search and Ad Platform headed by Satya Nadella, part of Microsofts Platform and Systems division. As part of change, Live Search was merged with Microsoft adCenter. A series of reorganisations and consolidations of Microsofts search offerings were made under the Live Search branding, soon after, Windows Live Expo was discontinued on July 31,2008
22.
The Last of Us
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The Last of Us is an action-adventure survival horror video game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was released for the PlayStation 3 worldwide on June 14,2013, players control Joel, a smuggler tasked with escorting a teenage girl named Ellie across a post-apocalyptic United States. In the games multiplayer mode, up to eight players engage in co-operative and competitive gameplay. Development of The Last of Us began in 2009, soon after the release of Naughty Dogs previous game, Uncharted 2, the relationship between Joel and Ellie became the central focus of the game, with all other elements developed around it. The original score was composed and performed by Gustavo Santaolalla, following its announcement in December 2011, The Last of Us was widely anticipated. Upon release, it received critical acclaim, with praise directed at its narrative, gameplay, visual and sound design, characterization. The Last of Us became one of the games on the PlayStation 3, selling over 1.3 million units in its first week. After the games release, Naughty Dog released several downloadable content additions, The Last of Us, Left Behind adds a single-player campaign following Ellie, an enhanced edition of the original game, The Last of Us Remastered, was released for the PlayStation 4 in July 2014. A sequel, The Last of Us Part II, was announced in December 2016, the Last of Us is an action-adventure survival horror game played from a third-person perspective. Players traverse post-apocalyptic environments such as towns, buildings, and sewers to advance the story, players use firearms, improvised weapons, and stealth to defend against hostile humans and cannibalistic creatures infected by a mutated strain of the Cordyceps fungus. For most of the game, players control Joel, a man tasked with escorting a young girl, Ellie, across the United States, Ellie, players also control Ellie throughout the games winter segment. In combat, players can use long-ranged weapons, such as rifles, shotguns, and bows, players can scavenge limited-use melee weapons, such as pipes and baseball bats, and throw bottles and bricks to distract, stun, or attack enemies. Players can upgrade weapons at workbenches using collected items, equipment such as health kits and Molotov cocktails can be found or crafted using collected items. Attributes such as the meter and crafting speed can be upgraded by collecting pills. Health can be recharged through the use of health kits, though players can attack enemies directly, they can also use stealth to attack undetected or sneak by them. Listen Mode allows players to locate enemies through a sense of hearing and spatial awareness, indicated as outlines visible through walls. In the dynamic system, players crouch behind obstacles to gain a tactical advantage during combat. The game features periods without combat, often involving conversation between the characters, players solve simple puzzles, such as using floating pallets to move Ellie, who is unable to swim, across bodies of water, and using ladders or dumpsters to reach higher areas
23.
Until Dawn
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Until Dawn is an interactive drama survival horror adventure video game developed by Supermassive Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 4. Shortly after arriving, the gang find themselves under attack by a psychopath, until Dawn was met with a positive critical response upon release, with praise directed at the visuals, choice mechanic, horror elements, music, characters, voice acting, and gameplay design. Most of the criticism the game drew concerned the second half of the story, the angles, character movement. Until Dawn is designed to be played multiple times, as players cannot see all content with a single play-through. For example, locating a weapon in a chapter may allow the player to pick it up down the line when a chase scene leads back to the same room. Throughout the game, players will make decisions during ethical or moral dilemmas. Until Dawn has a strict auto-save system to prevent players from reloading a save file to an earlier point in the game if they regret an in-game decision they have made. The only way to change the choice is to restart the game from the beginning or continue to the end. The developer has stated that Until Dawn has hundreds of endings, different endings have different variations depending on the combination of characters alive at the end of the game. The gameplay is focused on exploration, quick-time events and discovering clues as well as making decisions, in terms of the gameplay mechanics and theme, Until Dawn has been noted to be similar to Heavy Rain and Beyond, Two Souls. Mike, Ashley, Emily, Jess, and Matt trick Hannah into opening her shirt for Mike while they hide and they then come out of hiding, embarrassing Hannah and causing her to flee into the forest. As Beth follows, they are hunted by an unknown pursuer that corners them to a cliff, a year later, the group are invited again by Josh to the lodge for reconciliation and to put the past behind. Now, Mike and Jess are in a relationship, as are Matt and Emily. As they arrive, Emily and Jess bicker, with Jess deciding to go with Mike to stay at the guest cabin, while Emily and Matt go back to retrieve Emilys bag at a cable car station. Jess is taken after she and Mike arrive at the cabin, meanwhile, Chris and Ashley are attacked by Psycho, a masked assailant, who ties Ashley and Josh into a sawblade deathtrap. They force Chris to choose to save Ashley or Josh, Sam is stalked by Psycho and is knocked unconscious or escapes into a workshop. The Psycho is revealed to be an unstable and deranged Josh, while he confirms having set up the traps, he denies presumably killing Jess as he never wanted to kill. Mike, in disbelief, ties up Josh and leaves him, meanwhile, Emily and Matt head to a radio tower, contacting a ranger who will send rescue helicopters when the storm subsides
24.
Calgary
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Calgary is a city in the Canadian province of Alberta. It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province, in an area of foothills and prairie, the city anchors the south end of what Statistics Canada defines as the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. The city had a population of 1,239,220 in 2016, making it Albertas largest city, also in 2016, Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609, making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area in Canada. The Calgary CMA is home to the second-highest number of head offices in Canada among the countrys 800 largest corporations. In 1988, Calgary became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games, Calgary was named after Calgary on the Isle of Mull, Scotland. In turn, the name originates from a compound of kald and gart, similar Old Norse words, meaning cold and garden, alternatively, the name might be Gaelic Cala ghearraidh, meaning beach of the meadow, or Gaelic for either clear running water or bay farm. The Calgary area was inhabited by people whose presence has been traced back at least 11,000 years. Before the arrival of Europeans, the area was inhabited by the Blackfoot, Blood, Peigan, in 1787, cartographer David Thompson spent the winter with a band of Peigan encamped along the Bow River. He was a Hudsons Bay Company trader and the first recorded European to visit the area, John Glenn was the first documented European settler in the Calgary area, in 1873. The site became a post of the North-West Mounted Police, the NWMP detachment was assigned in 1875 to protect the western plains from US whisky traders, and to protect the fur trade. Originally named Fort Brisebois, after NWMP officer Éphrem-A, Brisebois, it was renamed Fort Calgary in 1876 by Colonel James Macleod. When the Canadian Pacific Railway reached the area in 1883, over a century later, the Canadian Pacific Railway headquarters moved to Calgary from Montreal in 1996. Calgary was officially incorporated as a town in 1884, and elected its first mayor, in 1894, it was incorporated as The City of Calgary in what was then the North-West Territories. The Calgary Police Service was established in 1885 and assumed municipal, local duties from the NWMP, the Calgary Fire of 1886 occurred on November 7,1886. Fourteen buildings were destroyed with losses estimated at $103,200, although no one was killed or injured, city officials drafted a law requiring all large downtown buildings to be built with Paskapoo sandstone, to prevent this from happening again. After the arrival of the railway, the Dominion Government started leasing grazing land at minimal cost, as a result of this policy, large ranching operations were established in the outlying country near Calgary. Already a transportation and distribution hub, Calgary quickly became the centre of Canadas cattle marketing and meatpacking industries. By the late 19th century, the Hudsons Bay Company expanded into the interior and established posts along rivers that later developed into the cities of Winnipeg, Calgary
25.
Windows 10
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Windows 10 is a personal computer operating system developed and released by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was officially unveiled in September 2014 following a brief demo at Build 2014, privacy concerns were also voiced by critics and advocates, as the operating systems default settings and certain features require the transmission of user data to Microsoft or its partners. Up to August 2016, Windows 10 usage was increasing, with it then plateauing, the operating system is running on more than 400 million active devices and has an estimated usage share of 27. 72% on traditional PCs and 12. 53% across all platforms. We won’t have an ecosystem for PCs, and one for phones, in December 2013, technology writer Mary Jo Foley reported that Microsoft was working on an update to Windows 8 codenamed Threshold, after a planet in Microsofts Halo video game franchise. Similarly to Blue, Foley called Threshold a wave of operating systems across multiple Microsoft platforms and services, Foley reported that among the goals for Threshold was to create a unified application platform and development toolkit for Windows, Windows Phone and Xbox One. The new Start menu takes after Windows 7s design by using only a portion of the screen, the second column displays Windows 8-style app tiles. Myerson said that changes would occur in a future update. Windows Phone 8.1 would share nearly 90% of the common Windows Runtime APIs with Windows 8.1 on PCs, despite these concessions, Myerson noted that the touch-oriented interface would evolve as well on 10. He also joked that they could not call it Windows One because Windows 1.0 already existed.1, further details surrounding Windows 10s consumer-oriented features were presented during another media event held on January 21,2015, entitled Windows 10, The Next Chapter. Additional developer-oriented details surrounding the Universal Windows Platform concept were revealed and discussed during Microsofts developers conference Build, among them were the unveiling of Islandwood, which provides a middleware toolchain for compiling Objective-C based software to run as universal apps on Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile. On June 1,2015, Microsoft announced that Windows 10 would be released on July 29,2015. The commercials focused on the tagline A more human way to do, the campaign culminated with launch events in thirteen cities on July 29, which celebrated the unprecedented role our biggest fans played in the development of Windows 10. Windows 10 harmonizes the user experience and functionality between different classes of device, and addresses shortcomings in the interface that were introduced in Windows 8. Windows 10 Mobile, the successor to Windows Phone 8.1, shares some user interface elements, the Windows Runtime app ecosystem was revised into the Universal Windows Platform. These universal apps are made to run across platforms and device classes, including smartphones, tablets, Xbox One consoles. Developers can allow cross-buys, where purchased licenses for an app apply to all of the users compatible devices, on Windows 10, Windows Store serves as a unified storefront for apps, Groove Music, and Movies & TV. Windows 10 also allows web apps and desktop software to be packaged for distribution on the Windows Store, desktop software distributed through Windows Store is packaged using the App-V system to allow sandboxing. A new iteration of the Start menu is used on the Windows 10 desktop, with a list of places and other options on the left side, the menu can be resized, and expanded into a full-screen display, which is the default option in Tablet mode
26.
Natural environment
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The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally. The term is most often applied to the Earth or some part of Earth and this environment encompasses the interaction of all living species, climate, weather, and natural resources that affect human survival and economic activity. Even acts which seem less extreme, such as building a mud hut or a system in the desert. Though many animals build things to provide an environment for themselves, they are not human, hence beaver dams. People seldom find absolutely natural environments on Earth, and naturalness usually varies in a continuum, more precisely, we can consider the different aspects or components of an environment, and see that their degree of naturalness is not uniform. If, for instance, in a field, the mineralogic composition and the structure of its soil are similar to those of an undisturbed forest soil. Natural environment is used as a synonym for habitat. For instance, when we say that the environment of giraffes is the savanna. Earth science generally recognizes 4 spheres, the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere as correspondent to rocks, water, air, and life respectively. Some scientists include, as part of the spheres of the Earth, Earth science, is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. There are four major disciplines in sciences, namely geography, geology, geophysics. These major disciplines use physics, chemistry, biology, chronology, the Earths crust, or lithosphere, is the outermost solid surface of the planet and is chemically and mechanically different from underlying mantle. It has been generated greatly by igneous processes in which magma cools, beneath the lithosphere lies the mantle which is heated by the decay of radioactive elements. The mantle though solid is in a state of rheic convection and this convection process causes the lithospheric plates to move, albeit slowly. The resulting process is known as plate tectonics, volcanoes result primarily from the melting of subducted crust material or of rising mantle at mid-ocean ridges and mantle plumes. An ocean is a body of saline water, and a component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the Earths surface is covered by ocean, a body of water that is customarily divided into several principal oceans. More than half of area is over 3,000 meters deep
27.
Nature
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Nature, in the broadest sense, is the natural, physical, or material world or universe. Nature can refer to the phenomena of the world. The study of nature is a part of science. Although humans are part of nature, human activity is understood as a separate category from other natural phenomena. The word nature is derived from the Latin word natura, or essential qualities, innate disposition, and in ancient times, literally meant birth. Natura is a Latin translation of the Greek word physis, which related to the intrinsic characteristics that plants, animals. This usage continued during the advent of scientific method in the last several centuries. Within the various uses of the word today, nature often refers to geology, for example, manufactured objects and human interaction generally are not considered part of nature, unless qualified as, for example, human nature or the whole of nature. Depending on the context, the term natural might also be distinguished from the unnatural or the supernatural. Earth is the planet known to support life, and its natural features are the subject of many fields of scientific research. Within the solar system, it is third closest to the sun, it is the largest terrestrial planet and its most prominent climatic features are its two large polar regions, two relatively narrow temperate zones, and a wide equatorial tropical to subtropical region. Precipitation varies widely with location, from several metres of water per year to less than a millimetre,71 percent of the Earths surface is covered by salt-water oceans. The remainder consists of continents and islands, with most of the land in the Northern Hemisphere. Earth has evolved through geological and biological processes that have left traces of the original conditions, the outer surface is divided into several gradually migrating tectonic plates. The interior remains active, with a layer of plastic mantle. This iron core is composed of a solid phase. Convective motion in the core generates electric currents through dynamo action, the atmospheric conditions have been significantly altered from the original conditions by the presence of life-forms, which create an ecological balance that stabilizes the surface conditions. Geology is the science and study of the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the Earth, the geology of an area evolves through time as rock units are deposited and inserted and deformational processes change their shapes and locations
28.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
29.
Hydrography
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The origins of hydrography lay in the making of charts to aid navigation, by individual mariners as they navigated into new waters. These were usually the property, even closely held secrets. National organizations, particularly navies, realized that the collection, systematization and distribution of this gave it great organizational. Thus were born dedicated national hydrographic organizations for the collection, organization, publication and distribution of hydrography incorporated into charts, prior to the establishment of the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, Royal Navy captains were responsible for the provision of their own charts. In practice this meant that ships often sailed with inadequate information for safe navigation, and that when new areas were surveyed, the Admiralty appointed Alexander Dalrymple as Hydrographer in 1795, with a remit to gather and distribute charts to HM Ships. Within a year existing charts from the two centuries had been collated, and the first catalogue published. The first chart produced under the direction of the Admiralty, was a chart of Quiberon Bay in Brittany, under Captain Thomas Hurd the department received its first professional guidelines and the first catalogues were published and made available to the public and to other nations as well. In 1829, Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort, as Hydrographer, developed the eponymous Scale, and introduced the first official tide tables in 1833, the word hydrography comes from the Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, water and γράφω, to write. The science of oceanography is, in part, an outgrowth of classical hydrography, in many respects the data are interchangeable, but marine hydrographic data will be particularly directed toward marine navigation and safety of that navigation. Marine resource exploration and exploitation is a significant application of hydrography, hydrographical measurements include the tidal, current and wave information of physical oceanography. Bottom measurements also include collection of the nature of the bottom as it pertains to effective anchoring, unlike oceanography, hydrography will include shore features, natural and manmade, that aid in navigation. Hydrography, mostly for reasons of safety, adopted a number of conventions that have affected its portrayal of the data on nautical charts, the former are the mariners tools to avoid accident. The latter are best representations of the seabed, as in a topographic map, for scientific. Trends in hydrographic practice since c, 2003–2005 have led to a narrowing of this difference, with many more hydrographic offices maintaining best observed databases, and then making navigationally safe products as required. This has been coupled with a preference for multi-use surveys, so that the data collected for nautical charting purposes can also be used for bathymetric portrayal. For instance, if there is an area that can not be reached because it is surrounded by shallow water. The color filled areas that show different ranges of water are not the equivalent of contours on a topographic map since they are often drawn seaward of the actual shallowest depth portrayed. A bathymetric chart does show marine topology accurately, details covering the above limitations can be found in Part 1 of Bowditchs American Practical Navigator
30.
Athabasca River
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The Athabasca River originates from the Columbia Glacier of the Columbia Icefield in Jasper National Park in Alberta, Canada. The impressive and scenic Athabasca Falls is located upstream about 30 km from the Jasper townsite, the name Athabasca comes from the Woods Cree word aðapaskāw, which means there are plants one after another, likely a reference to the spotty vegetation along the river. Sekani, Shuswap, Kootenay, Salish, Stoney and Cree tribes hunted and fished along the river prior to the European colonization, david Thompson and Thomas the Iroquois travelled through Athabasca Pass in 1811. In 1862, the Athabasca Springs area was crossed during the Cariboo Goldrush by the Overlander Party. This river was designated a Canadian Heritage River for its importance to the fur trade, the river flows along icefields and through gorges, offering wildlife habitat on its shores and adjacent marshes. Its course is marked by rapids, impeding navigation southwest of Fort McMurray, the Athabasca River travels 1,231 km before draining into the Peace-Athabasca Delta near Lake Athabasca south of Fort Chipewyan. The cumulative drainage area is 95,300 km2, numerous communities are located on the banks of the Athabasca River, including Jasper, Brule, Entrance, Hinton, Whitecourt, Fort Assiniboine, Smith, Athabasca, Fort McMurray, and Fort MacKay. An independent study has concluded that the Athabasca River contains elevated levels of pollution downstream of the Athabasca oil sands, testing has shown this portion of the river contains mercury, lead and 11 other toxic elements. On October 31,2013, one of Obed Mountain coal mines pits failed, the plume of waste products then joined the Athabasca River, travelling downstream for a month before settling in Lake Athabasca near Fort Chipewyan, over 500 km away. Owing to its proximity to the Athabasca Oil Sands, the river has significant amounts of energy infrastructure constructed along its course. On June 6,1970, a pipeline operated by Great Canadian Oil Sands, the precursor to Suncor, the total spill volume was estimated by Great Canadian Oil Sands at approximately 1,190 barrels of oil. The Canadian Heraldic Authority named the position of Athabaska Herald after the river, Oil sands development contributes elements toxic at low concentrations to the Athabasca River and its tributaries
31.
Battle River
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Battle River is a river in central Alberta and western Saskatchewan. It is a tributary of the North Saskatchewan River. The Battle River flows for 570 kilometres and has a drainage area of 30,300 square kilometres. The mean discharge is 10 m³/s at its mouth, the river did not gain its current name until relatively recently. When Anthony Henday passed through the region in the 1750s, he did not mention a river with this name. But by 1793 Peter Fidler mentions arriving at the Battle or Fighting River, the headwaters of Battle River is Battle Lake in west-central Alberta, east of Winfield. The river meanders through Alberta eastward into Saskatchewan, where it discharges into the North Saskatchewan River at Battleford, over its course, the river flows through Ponoka and by Hardisty and Fabyan within Alberta. Big Knife Provincial Park is situation on the bank of the river west of Highway 855. The Fabyan Trestle Bridge crosses the river, List of rivers of Alberta List of rivers of Saskatchewan Battle River No. 438, Saskatchewan, rural municipality Battle River Watershed Alliance - designated Watershed Planning and Advisory Council Fish Species of Saskatchewan
32.
Beaver River (Canada)
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Beaver River is a large river in east-central Alberta and central Saskatchewan, Canada. It flows east through Alberta and Saskatchewan and then turns north to flow into Lac Île-à-la-Crosse on the Churchill River which flows into Hudson Bay. The Alberta part is in the Cold Lake oil sands, Beaver River has a catchment area of 14,500 square kilometres in Alberta, where it drains the lake system in Lac La Biche County. The total length is 491 kilometres and it was first documented on the Turnor map of 1790, and then confirmed on the Harmon map of 1820. The Beaver River Basin is part of the Churchill River basin and is east of the Athabasca River basin, the east-flowing part passes in and out of the forest zone several times and is approximately parallel to Alberta Highway 55 and Saskatchewan Highway 55. Its source, Beaver Lake is just south of Lac la Biche which drains into the Athabasca and it exits Beaver Lake on the west side and flows south until it receives from the west the Amisk River. The outflow of Moose Lake comes in from the south and it enters Saskatchewan just south of Cold Lake and from Cold Lake the Waterhen River runs just north of and parallel to it. In Saskatchewan it receives from the southwest the outflow of Minnistikwan Lake and then the outflow of Meadow Lake, at the great bend it receives from the south a river from Green Lake, Saskatchewan. The north-flowing part flows through thinly populated boreal forest, Saskatchewan Highway 155 follows its west bank. It receives from the east a river draining Cowan Lake and Deleronde Lake, from the west the Waterhen River, the highway leaves the river at Beauval Forks and near Beauval, Saskatchewan it receives the outflow of Lac la Plonge from the east. It continues northward east of the arm of the lake. Crews had to drag their canoes over the parts and there was little game. The mouth of the Beaver River is on the axis of the fur trade. The upper Beaver is about 80 kilometres north of the North Saskatchewan, from at least 1795 buffalo pemmican was brought north to feed the voyageurs on their way to the Athabasca Country. One route led south to the bend of the Beaver, through Green Lake, Saskatchewan. In 1875–76 this was replaced by a road at about the time steamboats appeared on the Saskatchewan. Another route went further up the Beaver to Moose Lake and by route to Fort George. The first European to reach the Beaver may have Louis Primeau in 1767, about 1768 William Pink was on the river
33.
Bow River
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The Bow River is a river in the Canadian province of Alberta. It begins in the Rocky Mountains and winds through the Alberta foothills onto the prairies where it meets the Oldman River and these waters ultimately flow through the Nelson River into Hudson Bay. The Bow River runs through the city of Calgary, taking in the Elbow River at the site of Fort Calgary near downtown. The Bow River pathway, developed along the banks, is considered a part of Calgarys self-image. First Nations peoples made varied use of the river for sustenance before settlers of European origin arrived, such as using its valleys in the buffalo hunt. The name Bow refers to the reeds that grew along its banks and were used by the local First Nations peoples to make bows, the river is an important source of water for irrigation and drinking water. Between the years 1910 and 1960, the Bow River and its tributaries were engineered to provide hydroelectric power and this significantly altered the rivers flow and certain ecosystems. The rivers source is from the Bow Glacier, which is part of the Wapta Icefield, the outflow from this source flows into Bow Lake in the Canadian Rockies. It flows south to the village of Lake Louise then turns east, the Ghost Lake reservoir is formed upstream from the town of Cochrane. The Bow then flows eastward to the city of Calgary, it continues on to form the South Saskatchewan River when the Bow joins with the Oldman River near Grassy Lake in southern Alberta. Its waters are shed in the Hudson Bay through the Saskatchewan River, Lake Winnipeg. Communities along the Bow include Lake Louise, Banff, Canmore, Cochrane, Calgary, the Bow Falls are on the rivers course, near Banff. The Bow River has a length of 587 km and a drainage area of 26,200 km2. The fur trader James Gaddy and the Hudsons Bay Company explorer David Thompson are traditionally considered to be the first people of European origin to discover the Bow River and they camped along the Bow with a group of Piikani during the 1787–88 winter. Before they arrived, First Nations populations had lived in the Bow region for thousands of years, among them were the Nakoda, Tsuu Tina, and the Blackfoot Confederacy, consisting of the Kainai, Piikanai, and Siksika peoples. The Kutenai had migrated westwards, possibly in the eighteenth century. First Nations used the valleys for the buffalo hunt, in which herds of buffalo were driven over cliffs or into valleys where they could be killed more easily with bows and arrows. Of all the First Nations groups that lived in the Bow River area, while other groups likely caught fish during harder times, they primarily hunted buffalo during the summer season when fishing would have been most plentiful
34.
Brazeau River
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The Brazeau River is a river in western Alberta, Canada. It is a tributary of the North Saskatchewan River. The river was named for Joseph Brazeau, a linguist associated with the Palliser Expedition, the upper course runs eastwards from Jasper National Park into the Brazeau Canyon Wildland park. The OChiese Indian Reserve is established at the confluence with Nordegg River, the total length of the river is 210 kilometres. The river, and various other geographic features, were named after Joseph Brazeau. The Brazeau River has long seen as a potential site for hydroelectric power generation. The earliest scheme to harness the power of the river was hatched in 1913 and involved a dam and storage on Brazeau Lake. The potential power generation was estimated at 5,000 to 10,000 kVA, the plan was scuttled after the discovery of a large underflow at Brazeau Lake, precluding its use as a storage facility. The 99 square kilometres Brazeau Reservoir was created on the course through the construction of the Brazeau Dam. Its hydroelectric power plant is Albertas largest with a capacity of 355 MW and an annual production of about 394,000 MW·h of electrical energy
35.
Clearwater River (Alberta)
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Clearwater is a river of southern Alberta, Canada. Situated entirely in the Canadian Rockies and the Rocky Mountain foothills of Alberta, the upper reach of the Clearwater has become popular for equestrian travelers due to the natural setting along the river. When measuring from Trident Lake, the Clearwater River has a length of 203 kilometres, the river begins in Banff National Park on the southern slope of Mount Wellington immediately into the Devon Lakes at Clearwater Pass. From the Devon Lakes it flows 11 kilometres and descends 400 metres to Clearwater Lake, about 2 kilometres after Clearwater Lake and 50 metres down the river hits Trident Lake, where it becomes navigable by canoe. After traveling 15 kilometres east and descending 120 metres, the river exits Banff National Park, the river travels east 18 kilometres more and descends 150 metres before turning north and exiting the Ram Range in the Rocky Mountain Foothills. About 20 kilometres further along, the river turns east again, about 70 kilometres later, the river turns northwest. About 30 kilometres further, the river empties into the North Saskatchewan River, list of rivers of Alberta Wild Rivers. Clearwater River Expedition - A journal log with photos describing a hike along the Clearwater River
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Elbow River
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The Elbow River is a river in southern Alberta, Canada. It flows from the Canadian Rockies to the city of Calgary, the Elbow River is popular among canoers, rafters, campers and hikers and runs through several features including Allen Bill Pond, Forgetmenot Pond, and Elbow Falls. Sections of the river are closed to fishing, or are catch-and-release waters, the water flow of the Elbow River fluctuates significantly, and in June 2005 a flood occurred that was so severe that the water flowed over the Glenmore Dam. Approximately 1,500 Calgarians living downstream were evacuated, another, more extensive flood began on 20 June 2013, with tens of thousands of evacuations. A dozen municipalities in Southern Alberta declared local states of emergency on June 20 as water levels rose, the Elbow River passes under Highway 22 and then travels through the rural community of Springbank and the Tsuu Tina Nation 145 Indian reserve directly west of Calgary. The river enters the City of Calgary at the Weaselhead Flats, an inland delta. Fort Calgary was located at the confluence of the Bow and Elbow rivers, the river has a total length of 120 kilometres, and drains an area of over 1,200 square kilometres. From its origin in the Elbow Pass at approximately 2,100 metres, it drops 1,060 metres at a 1 percent slope to its mouth at the Bow River, at an elevation of 1,040 metres. Canyon Creek Iron Creek Bragg Creek Harris Creek Pirmez Creek Millburn Creek Springbank Creek Cullen Creek May Creek Lott Creek List of rivers of Alberta Alberta Sportfishing Regulations
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Hay River (Canada)
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The Hay River is a large river in northern Alberta and southern Northwest Territories, Canada. After passing over two waterfalls, the Alexandra Falls and Louise Falls, it flows through the town of Hay River. From there, its waters are carried to the Arctic Ocean by the Mackenzie River, Hay River has a total length of 702 kilometres and a drainage area of 48,200 square kilometres. Tributaries of the Hay River are the Chinchaga River, Meander River, Steen River, Melvin River, the Hay River effectively flows through the Hay-Zama Lakes. Rainbow Lake is a widening of the river itself, communities in the Hay River basin include Rainbow Lake, Zama City, Steen River, Indian Cabins in Alberta and Enterprise and the homonymous Hay River in the Northwest Territories. There are two first nations communities in the basin, Chateh and Meander River. At the Alberta – Northwest Territories border, the discharge is 3,630,000 cubic decametres. The only official campground along the river is at the 60th Parallel Campground, List of rivers of Alberta List of rivers of the Northwest Territories List of longest rivers of Canada Hay River
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North Saskatchewan River
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The North Saskatchewan River is a glacier-fed river that flows east from the Canadian Rockies to central Saskatchewan. It is one of two rivers that join to make up the Saskatchewan River. The Saskatchewan River system is the largest shared between the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan and it includes most of southern Alberta and southern Saskatchewan, before crossing into central Manitoba. North Saskatchewan River has a length of 1,287 kilometres, at its end point at Saskatchewan River Forks it has a mean discharge of 245 cubic metres per second. The yearly discharge at the Alberta–Saskatchewan border is more than 7 cubic kilometres, the river begins above 1,800 metres at the toe of the Saskatchewan Glacier in the Columbia Icefield, and flows southeast through Banff National Park alongside the Icefields Parkway. At the junction of the David Thompson Highway, it turns northeast for 10 kilometres before switching to a more direct eastern flow for about 30 kilometres. At this point, it turns north where it arrives at Abraham Lake. Bighorn Dam constricts the north end of Abraham Lake, where the North Saskatchewan emerges to track eastward to Rocky Mountain House, at Rocky Mountain House, the river abruptly turns north again for 100 kilometres where it switches east towards Edmonton, Alberta. From the border, the river flows southeast between North Battleford and Battleford and on in the direction of Saskatoon, about 40 kilometres northwest of Saskatoon, near Langham, the river veers to the northeast where it passes through the City of Prince Albert. About 30 kilometres downstream of Prince Albert, the North Saskatchewan River joins the South Saskatchewan River at Saskatchewan River Forks to become the Saskatchewan River, from there, the river flows east to Tobin Lake and into Manitoba, eventually emptying into Lake Winnipeg. The river course can be divided into five distinct sections, the first, the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, is the smallest area geographically, although the largest in terms of run-off and contributed water flow. The glaciers and perpetual snows of the mountain feed the river year-round. Mountains, with vegetation, experience fast-melting snow cover. The second section of the river comprises the foothills region, the terrain is hilly and rough, with a deeper and more defined valley. This area is covered with forest and muskeg, and run-off into the river is much more constant. From Edmonton to the mouth of the Vermilion River, the North Saskatchewan flows through the plains-parkland divide, the North Saskatchewan River valley parks system, the largest expanses of urban parkland in Canada. Cutting across Edmonton and the Capital Region, the valley of the river is much wider, and the river itself spreads out across shallow water and flows over many shifting sand bars. Low-lying, flat areas, border the river for much of this section, the final section of the river, from Prince Albert to the Saskatchewan River Forks, has many rapids
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Oldman River
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The Oldman River is a river in southern Alberta, Canada. Oldman River has a length of 362 kilometres and a drainage area of 26,700 square kilometres. In 1991, the Alberta government finished construction of the Oldman River Dam, the Piikani renegade, led by Milton Born With A Tooth, had attempted to divert the Oldman River away from the Lethbridge Northern Irrigation District canal intake, leading to an armed standoff. The dam was constructed where the Oldman, Crowsnest, and Castle river systems converge, the Peigan Timber Limit B and Peigan 147 Indian reserves of the Piikani Nation. A dozen municipalities in Southern Alberta declared local states of emergency on June 21 as water levels rose, downstream it flows through Bob Creek Wildland Park and Black Creek Heritage Rangeland. Oldman Dam and Oldman River are other Provincial Recreation Areas established along the river, the river and some of its tributaries have formed coulees in Southern Alberta, and the strata revealed by these formations guide local prospectors to ammolite deposits. Oldman River valley parks system List of rivers of Alberta Oldman Watershed Council, www. oldmanwatershed. ca
40.
Peace River
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The Peace River is a river in Canada that originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows to the northeast through northern Alberta. The Peace River flows into the Slave River, a tributary of the Mackenzie River, the Mackenzie is the 12th longest river in the world, preceded by the Mekong and followed by the Niger River. The Finlay River, the headwater of the Peace River, is regarded as the ultimate source of the Mackenzie River. The regions along the river are the home of the Danezaa people. The fur trader Peter Pond is believed to have visited the river in 1785, in 1788 Charles Boyer of the North West Company established a fur trading post at the rivers junction with the Boyer River. In 1792 and 1793, the explorer Alexander Mackenzie travelled up the river to the Continental Divide, Mackenzie referred to the river as Unjegah, from a native word meaning large river. The decades of hostilities between the Danezaa and the Cree, ended in 1781 when a smallpox epidemic decimated the Cree, the Treaty of the Peace was celebrated by the smoking of a ceremonial pipe. The treaty made the Peace River a border, with the Danezaa to the North, in 1794, a fur trading post was built on the Peace River at Fort St. John, it was the first non-native settlement on the British Columbia mainland. The rich soils of the Peace River valley in Alberta have been producing wheat crops since the late 19th century, the Peace River region is also an important centre of oil and natural gas production. There are also pulp and paper plants along the river in Alberta, the Peace River has two navigable sections, separated by the Vermilion Chutes, near Fort Vermilion. The first steam-powered vessel to navigate the Peace River was the Grahame, brothers of the Oblate Order of Mary Immaculate built the St. Charles to navigate the upper reaches of the River, from Fort Vermilion to Hudsons Hope. Approximately a dozen vessels were to navigate the river, most of the early vessels were wood-burning steamships, fueled by wood cut from the rivers shore. The last cargo vessel was the Watsons Lake, retired in 1952 and this river is 1,923 kilometres long. It drains an area of approximately 302,500 square kilometres, at Peace Point, where it drains in the Slave River, it has an annual discharge of 68.2 billion cubic metres. A large man-made lake, Williston Lake, has formed on the upper river by the construction of the W. A. C. Bennett Dam for hydroelectric power generation. The river then flows into Dinosaur Lake, which serves as a reservoir for the Peace Canyon Dam. After the dams, the river flows east into Alberta and then north and east into the Peace-Athabasca Delta in Wood Buffalo National Park. Water from the flows into the Slave River east of Peace Point and reaches the Arctic Ocean via the Great Slave Lake
41.
Pembina River (Alberta)
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The Pembina River is a tributary of the Athabasca River in central Alberta, Canada. Pembina /ˈpɛmbɪnə/ is a Canadian French name for the high bush cranberry, the river gives the name to the Pembina oil field, an oil and gas producing region centered on Drayton Valley. The environmentalist group Pembina Institute also took its name from the river, the Pembina River originates in the Canadian Rockies foothills, south of Cadomin, at Pembina Forks. It flows eastwards for 547 kilometres before it merges with the Athabasca River 64 kilometres west of the town of Athabasca, water originating in the Pembina River goes through numerous merges until reaching the Mackenzie River, discharging into the Arctic Ocean. Communities located along the Pembina River include Westlock, Sangudo, Entwistle, Pembina River Provincial Park is along the gorges of the river between Evansburg and Entwistle. Another protected area along the river is the Pembina River Natural Area,20 kilometres northeast of Cherhill in aspen parkland
42.
Red Deer River
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The Red Deer River is a river in Alberta and a small portion of Saskatchewan, Canada. It is a tributary of the South Saskatchewan River and is part of the larger Saskatchewan-Nelson system that empties into Hudson Bay. Red Deer River has a length of 724 kilometres and a drainage area of 45,100 square kilometres. Its mean discharge is 70 cubic metres per second, the river got its name from the translation of Was-ka-soo which means elk river in the Cree. Communities located along the Red Deer River include Sundre, Red Deer, Drumheller, a glacial flood about 18,000 years ago eroded out a portion of this basin and apparently all or most of the scenic badlands bearing the dinosaur and other Cretaceous fossils. Joseph Tyrrell discovered a coal seam here in 1883, besides large dinosaur skeletons. Twenty-four municipalities declared local states of emergency as water levels rose, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police stated four people may have drowned near High River. Over 100,000 people have been displaced throughout the region, at Drumheller it has a south-east direction, and while it flows through Dinosaur Provincial Park it turns east and flows to the Alberta/Saskatchewan border, which it crosses at Empress. It flows for 16 kilometres through Saskatchewan before it merges into the South Saskatchewan River, the waters of Ewing Lake, Little Fish Lake also flow into the Red Deer River. Sport fish include, northern pike, sauger, lake whitefish, yellow perch, burbot, lake sturgeon, mountain whitefish, goldeye, brown trout, bull trout, rainbow trout, brook trout, and cutthroat trout. The Red Deer River is the source for the City of Red Deer, Alberta. Pipelines cross under the river and there have been leaks disrupting access to potable water, about 75 to 125 barrels of crude oil flowed upstream from the breakpoint under a Red Deer River channel, leaving an oily sheen on Gleniffer Reservoir and 6800 kilograms of oil-soaked debris. The remediation was not completed until 2011, List of crossings of the Red Deer River List of longest rivers of Canada List of rivers of Alberta List of rivers of Saskatchewan Glacial Lake Bassano
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Slave River
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The Slave River is a Canadian river that flows from the confluence of the Rivière des Rochers and Peace River in northeastern Alberta and empties into Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories. The rivers name is thought to derive from the name for the Slavey group of the Dene First Nations, Deh Gah Gotine, the Chipewyan had displaced other native people from this region. The Slave River and the rapids around Fort Smith are some of the best whitewater kayaking in the world, there are four sets of rapids, Pelican, Rapids of the Drowned, Mountain Portage, and Cassette. The rapids range from easy class I on the International Scale of River Difficulty to unrunnable killer class VI holes, huge volume, massive waves, and the home of the northern most river pelican colony in North America characterize this river. The pelicans nest on many of the islands at the aptly named Mountain Portage Rapids and these islands serve as a sanctuary to the birds and are closed to human traffic from April 15 to September 15. It is very important to respect these regulations as human intrusions into the nesting area cause widespread nest abandonment. Boaters have been killed in the Slave River rapids, the earliest recorded fatalities occurred as a part of Cuthbert Grants ill fated expedition of 1786 at the Rapids of the Drowned. A more recent fatality occurred in the Land of a Thousand Holes, the Slave River originates in the Peace-Athabasca Delta, at the forks of Peace River and Rivière des Rochers, which drains the Athabasca River and Lake Athabasca. The Slave River flows north into the Northwest Territories and into the Great Slave Lake north of Fort Resolution, from there the water reaches the Arctic Ocean through the Mackenzie River. The river is 434 kilometres long and has a drainage area of 616,400 square kilometres. Prior to the extension of service to Hay River, Northwest Territories. Locally built wooden vessels were navigating the river into the late 19th century, the rapids required a portage of 26 kilometres. Tractors were imported from Germany to assist in hauling goods around the rapids, tugs and barges of the Northern Transportation Companys Radium Line were constructed in the south and disassembled
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Smoky River
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The Smoky River is a river in western Alberta, Canada. It is a tributary of the Peace River. The descriptive name refers to the presence of smouldering beds of coal in the riverbank noted by the Cree Indians and it drains an area of 50,300 km2. From its headwaters to the Peace River, the Smoky River has a length of 492 kilometres. The Smoky River originates in the Canadian Rockies, in the area of Jasper National Park from Adolphus Lake. It then flows north east through the Willmore Wilderness Park until it passes near the town of Grande Cache and it continues north, passes Watino and merges into the Peace River south of the Town of Peace River, Alberta
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South Saskatchewan River
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The South Saskatchewan River is a major river in Canada that flows through the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. At least one bridge in Saskatoon was destroyed by ice carried by the river, the construction of the Gardiner Dam in the 1960s, however, lessened the power of the river by diverting a substantial portion of the South Saskatchewans natural flow into the QuAppelle River. By the 1980s many permanent sandbars had formed due to the lowering of the level of the river, from the headwaters of the Bow River, the South Saskatchewan flows for 1,392 kilometres. The river originates at the confluence of the Bow and Oldman Rivers near Grassy Lake, the waters of these two rivers, in turn, originate from glaciers in the Rocky Mountains near the British Columbia and Montana border. The Red Deer River is a tributary of the South Saskatchewan merging 16 kilometres east of the Alberta-Saskatchewan border. The Lake Diefenbaker reservoir was created with the construction of the Gardiner, water from the South Saskatchewan flowing through the dams provides approximately 19 percent of the hydro-electricity generated by SaskPower. Downstream from the dam the river north through Saskatoon and joins the North Saskatchewan River east of Prince Albert at the Saskatchewan River Forks — thus forming the Saskatchewan River. For approximately 60 kilometres near Saskatoon, the Meewasin Valley Authority is responsible for conservation of the river environment, numerous lakes in the Saskatoon area were formed by oxbows of the South Saskatchewan River, most notably Moon Lake and Pike Lake. A2009 report, produced by WWF-Canada which analysed the river flow on 10 major Canadian rivers reported that the South Saskatchewan River was the most at risk. Climate change, agricultural and urban water use, and dams producing hydroelectricity, have all combined to reduce the flow of the South Saskatchewan River by 70 percent. Developers and governments have been cautioned to protect and restore the river with sustainable projects, mary Headworks System manage water flow downstream of the Oldman River. The proposed Meridian dam 30 kilometres west of Leader and 95 kilometres north east of Medicine Hat was cancelled due to project costs outweighing the irrigation benefits
46.
Waterfall
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A waterfall is a place where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of drops in the course of a stream or river. Waterfalls also occur where meltwater drops over the edge of an iceberg or ice shelf. Waterfalls are commonly formed in the course of a river. At these times the channel is narrow and deep. When the river courses over resistant bedrock, erosion happens slowly, as the watercourse increases its velocity at the edge of the waterfall, it plucks material from the riverbed. Whirlpools created in the turbulence as well as sand and stones carried by the increase the erosion capacity. This causes the waterfall to carve deeper into the bed and to recede upstream, often over time, the waterfall will recede back to form a canyon or gorge downstream as it recedes upstream, and it will carve deeper into the ridge above it. The rate of retreat for a waterfall can be as high as one, eventually, the outcropping, more resistant cap rock will collapse under pressure to add blocks of rock to the base of the waterfall. Waterfalls normally form in an area due to erosion. After a long period of being formed, the water falling off the ledge will retreat. Eventually, as the pit grows deeper, the waterfall collapses to be replaced by a steeply sloping stretch of river bed, a river sometimes flows over a large step in the rocks that may have been formed by a fault line. Waterfalls can occur along the edge of a trough, where a stream or river flowing into a glacier continues to flow into a valley after the glacier has receded or melted. The large waterfalls in Yosemite Valley are examples of this phenomenon, another reason hanging valleys may form is where two rivers join and one is flowing faster than the other. Waterfalls can be grouped into ten classes based on the average volume of water present on the fall using a logarithmic scale. Class 10 waterfalls include Niagara Falls, Paulo Afonso Falls and Khone Falls, young Wrote Waterfalls, form and process this work made waterfalls a much more serious topic for research for modern Geoscientists. Ledge waterfall, Water descends vertically over a cliff, maintaining partial contact with the bedrock. Block/Sheet. Classical, Ledge waterfalls where fall height is equal to stream width. Curtain, Ledge waterfalls which descend over a larger than the width of falling water stream
