Mordechai Anielewicz was the leader of the Jewish Fighting Organization, which led the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. His character was engraved as a symbol of courage and sacrifice, to this day his image represents Jewish resistance during the Holocaust. Mordechai Anielewicz was born to a Polish-Jewish family of Abraham and Cyryl née Zaltman, in the town of Wyszków near Warsaw where they met during the reconstitution of sovereign Poland. Shortly after Mordechai's birth, his family moved to Warsaw. Mordechai had a brother and two sisters: Pinchas and Frida, he finished Tarbut elementary with Hebrew instructions in 1933, at the age of 14. Mordechai was a member of the Betar youth movement from 1933 until 1935, he completed the private Jewish Laor Gimnazjum. He switched over to the left-leaning Hashomer Hatzair. At the age of 18 he went to a pre-military Polish training camp. On September 7, 1939, a week after the German invasion of Poland, Anielewicz traveled with a group from Warsaw to the east of the country in the hopes that the Polish Army would slow down the German advance.

When the Soviet Red Army invaded and occupied Eastern Poland in accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Anielewicz heard that Jewish refugees, other youth movement members and political groups had flocked to Wilno, under Soviet control. Anielewicz travelled to Wilno and attempted to convince his colleagues to send people back to other Polish occupied territories to continue the fight against the Germans, he attempted to cross the Romanian border in order to open a route for young Jews to get to the Mandate of Palestine, but was caught and thrown into the Soviet jail. He was released a short time and returned to Warsaw in January 1940 with his girlfriend, Mira Fuchrer. While there Anielewicz saw his father for the last time, pressed into forced labor. After returning to Warsaw, Anielewicz organized groups, seminars, secretly attended resistance groups in other cities, founded the underground newspaper Neged ha-zerem. At the beginning of April 1940, the construction of the Warsaw Ghetto began.

It stretched over an area of 3.4 km², a 3 m high wall with barbed wire was built around it. In mid-October, it was established, by mid-November the Germans had driven the Jews from the rest of Warsaw and its surroundings. An estimated 400,000 Jews, representing about 30% of all the city's population, were pushed into an area which took up 2.4% of the city's area. On top of extreme overcrowding, inadequate food supply and disease caused tens of thousands of deaths before deportation began. In October 1941, the German occupation administration in Poland issued a decree that every Jew, captured outside the ghetto without a valid permit, would be executed. After the first reports of the mass murder of the Jews spread at the end of 1941, Anielewicz began to organize defensive Jewish groups in the Warsaw Ghetto, his first attempt to join the Polish resistance, subject to the Polish exile government in London, ended in failure. In March 1942, Anielewicz was among the founders of the anti-fascist group.

It did not have a long duration and it was dissolved. In the summer of 1942, he visited the southwest region of Poland – annexed to Germany – attempting to organize armed resistance. At the same time German authorities launched an operation which aimed at the liquidation of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto into extermination camps, it was announced that 6,000 Jews were to be dispatched each day, irrespective of gender or age, to leave for labor camps to the east in the resettlement program. The first one set off on July 22, 1942, the eve of the Jewish holiday of Tisha B'Av, the saddest day of Jewish history. By September 12, 1942, German authorities from the Warsaw Ghetto deported 300,000 Jews. A total of 265,000 of them went to Treblinka. More than 10,000 Jews were murdered by the Germans during deportations and 11,850 Jews were sent by authorities to forced labor camps. After the first wave of deportations in mid-September 1942 55 to 60 thousand Jews remained in the ghetto. In October 1942, the Jewish Marine Corps managed to establish contact with the Polish Home Army, able to smuggle a small amount of weapons and explosives into the ghetto.

Since the end of September 1942, the Jews started building fortified bunkers and shelters in the Warsaw Ghetto, there were 600 by January 1943. Each fighter had several hand grenades or Molotov cocktails. There was however a lack of ammunition and heavier weapons – only a few rifles, ground mines, one machine gun were available. On January 18, 1943, the Germans resumed deportation. Anielewicz, together with other members of ŻOB and ŻZW, decided to act. Twelve of them joined a group of evacuated Jews, attacked the German soldiers on the contracted signal. In the subsequent confusion, part of the deported Jews managed to escape. Most of the resistance in the attack died. Anielewicz, who commanded the operation, managed to escape; this first case of armed resistance was of great importance. Among other things, it led to the greater willingness of the Polish underground to provide weapons to the Jewish resistance. Not all weapons, came from underground groups; some of them ŻOB bought from arms dealers.

The beginning of the revolt was a prelude to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising that began on April 19. Durin

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