1.
Latter Day Saint movement
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The Latter Day Saint movement is the collection of independent church groups that trace their origins to a Christian primitivist movement founded by Joseph Smith in the late 1820s. Collectively, these churches have over 15 million members, the vast majority of adherents belong to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, with their predominant theology being Mormonism. The LDS Church self-identifies as Christian, based on the teachings of this book and other revelations, Smith founded a Christian primitivist church, called the Church of Christ. The Book of Mormon attracted hundreds of followers, who later became known as Mormons, Latter Day Saints. In 1831, Smith moved the headquarters to Kirtland, Ohio. After the church in Ohio collapsed due to dissensions, in 1838, Smith and the body of the moved to Missouri. After Smiths death in 1844, a crisis led to the organization splitting into several groups. The largest of these, the LDS Church, migrated under the leadership of Brigham Young to the Great Basin, the LDS Church officially renounced this practice in 1890, and gradually discontinued it, resulting in the Utah Territory becoming a U. S. state. This change resulted in the formation of a number of small sects who sought to maintain polygamy and other 19th-century Mormon doctrines and practices, other groups originating within the Latter Day Saint movement followed different paths in Missouri, Illinois, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. For the most part these groups rejected plural marriage and some of Smiths later teachings, the largest of these, the Community of Christ, was formed in Illinois in 1860 by several groups uniting around Smiths son, Joseph Smith III. Most existing denominations that adhere to the teachings of Smith have some relationship with the movement. The driving force behind and founder of the Latter Day Saint movement was Joseph Smith, Smith and Cowdery also explained that the angels John the Baptist, Peter, James, and John visited them in 1829 and gave them priesthood authority to reestablish the Church of Christ. The first Latter Day Saint church was formed on April 6,1830, consisting of a community of believers in the western New York towns of Fayette, Manchester, the church was formally organized under the name of the Church of Christ. In 1844, William Law and several other Latter Day Saints in church leadership positions publicly denounced Smiths secret practice of polygamy in the Nauvoo Expositor, the city council of Nauvoo, Illinois, led by Smith, subsequently had the printing press of the Expositor destroyed. In spite of Smiths later offer to pay damages for destroyed property, critics of Smith, some called for the Latter Day Saints to be either expelled or destroyed. These various claims resulted in a succession crisis, many supported Brigham Young, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, others Sidney Rigdon, the senior surviving member of the First Presidency. These various groups are referred to under two geographical headings, Prairie Saints and Rocky Mountain Saints. Today, the vast majority of Latter Day Saints belong to the Utah-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the second-largest denomination is the Missouri-based Community of Christ which reports over 250,000 members
2.
Mormons
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After Smiths death in 1844, the Mormons followed Brigham Young to what would become the Utah Territory. Today, most Mormons are understood to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, some Mormons are also either independent or non-practicing. The center of Mormon cultural influence is in Utah, and North America has more Mormons than any other continent, Mormons have developed a strong sense of communality that stems from their doctrine and history. Mormons dedicate large amounts of time and resources to serving in their church, Mormons have a health code which eschews alcoholic beverages, tobacco, coffee, tea, and other addictive substances. They tend to be very family-oriented, and have connections across generations and with extended family. Mormons also have a law of chastity, requiring abstention from sexual relations outside of heterosexual marriage. Mormons self-identify as Christian, although some non-Mormons consider Mormons non-Christian, Mormons believe in the Bible, as well as other books of scripture, such as the Book of Mormon. They have a view of cosmology, and believe that all people are spirit-children of God. Mormons believe that returning to God requires following the example of Jesus Christ and they believe that Christs church was restored through Joseph Smith and is guided by living prophets and apostles. Central to Mormon faith is the belief that God speaks to his children, due to their high birth and conversion rates, the Mormon population has grown significantly in recent decades rising from around three million in 1970 to over 15 million in 2015. The term Mormons has been embraced by most adherents of Mormonism, most notably Mormon fundamentalists, while other Latter Day Saint denominations, both LDS Church members and members of fundamentalist groups commonly use the word Mormon in reference to themselves. The LDS Church, however, disagrees with this self-characterization, Church leaders also encourage members to use the churchs full name to emphasize its focus on Jesus Christ. Today, polygamy is practiced within Mormonism only by people that have broken with the LDS Church, the history of the Mormons has shaped them into a people with a strong sense of unity and communality. From the start, Mormons have tried to establish what they call Zion, in the first period, Smith had tried literally to build a city called Zion, in which converts could gather. During the pioneer era, Zion became a landscape of villages in Utah, in modern times, Zion is still an ideal, though Mormons gather together in their individual congregations rather than a central geographic location. Mormons trace their origins to the visions that Joseph Smith reported having in the early 1820s while living in upstate New York, in 1823, Smith said an angel directed him to a buried book written on golden plates containing the religious history of an ancient people. Smith published what he said was a translation of these plates in March 1830 as the Book of Mormon, named after Mormon, on April 6,1830, Smith founded the Church of Christ. The early church grew westward as Smith sent missionaries to proselytize, in 1833, Missouri settlers, alarmed by the rapid influx of Mormons, expelled them from Jackson County into the nearby Clay County, where local residents were more welcoming
3.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
4.
Community of Christ
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Community of Christ is an American-based international church with roots in the Latter Day Saint movement. The church reports approximately over 250,000 members in 60 nations, the church traces its origins to Joseph Smiths establishment of the Church of Christ on April 6,1830, with the church formally reorganizing on April 6,1860, following the death of Smith in 1844. The Community of Christ is rooted in Restorationist traditions, although in some respects it is congruent with mainline Protestant Christian attitudes, it is in many ways theologically distinct, continuing such features as prophetic revelation. It is the second-largest denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement, Community of Christ follows a largely non-liturgical tradition based loosely on the Revised Common Lectionary. From its headquarters in Independence, Missouri, the church offers a focus on evangelism, peace and justice ministries, spirituality and wholeness, youth ministries. Church teachings emphasize that all are called as persons of worth to share the peace of Christ, the church was legally organized on April 6,1830, in Fayette, New York. The formal reorganization occurred on April 6,1860, in Amboy, Illinois, as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, adding the word Reorganized to the church name in 1872. The Community of Christ today considers the period from 1830 to 1844 to be a part of its history and from 1844. Since 1844, the doctrines and practices of the Community of Christ have evolved separately from the denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. Since the 1960s, the churchs proselytizing outside North America forced a re-assessment, howard estimated that 25,000 members had left to join such groups. Between the mid-1960s and the late 1990s, there was a decline in new baptisms in the United States along with a 50 percent drop in contributions in the decade before 1998. The church owns two temples, the Kirtland Temple, dedicated in 1836 in Kirtland, Ohio, and the relatively new Independence Temple and these structures are open to the public and are also used for education and gatherings. The church also owns and operates some Latter Day Saint historic sites in Lamoni, Iowa, the Auditorium in Independence houses the Childrens Peace Pavilion and is the site of the major legislative assembly of the Community of Christ, which convenes during the World Conference. The church sponsors Graceland University, with a campus in Lamoni and another in Independence, where the School of Nursing, in its mission statement, the church declares that e proclaim Jesus Christ and promote communities of joy, hope, love and peace. The vision statement states that We will become a church dedicated to the pursuit of peace, reconciliation. The Community of Christ states that it recognizes that perception of truth is qualified by human nature and experience. Nevertheless, the Community of Christ offers a number of the commonly held beliefs of its members and leaders as the generally accepted beliefs of the church. As Stephen M. Veazey, current president of the church states, the Community of Christ generally accepts the doctrine of the Trinity and other commonly held Christian beliefs
5.
Mormon fundamentalism
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Mormon fundamentalists seek to uphold tenets and practices no longer held by mainstream Mormons. The principle most often associated with Mormon fundamentalism is plural marriage, a form of polygyny first taught in the Latter Day Saint movement by Joseph Smith, a second and closely associated principle is that of the United Order, a form of egalitarian communalism. Mormon fundamentalists believe that these and other principles were abandoned or changed by the LDS Church in its efforts to become reconciled with mainstream American society. Today, the LDS Church excommunicates any of its members who practice plural marriage or who otherwise closely associate themselves with Mormon fundamentalist practices, There is no single authority accepted by all Mormon fundamentalists, viewpoints and practices of individual groups vary. Fundamentalists have formed numerous small sects, often within cohesive and isolated communities in the Western United States, Western Canada, and northern Mexico. At times, sources have claimed there are as many as 60,000 Mormon fundamentalists in the United States, however, others have suggested that there may be as few as 20,000 Mormon fundamentalists with only 8,000 to 15,000 practicing polygamy. The largest Mormon fundamentalist groups are the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, the LDS Church began prohibiting the contracting of plural marriages within the United States in 1890 after a decree by the president of the church, Wilford Woodruff. However, the practice continued underground in the U. S. and openly in Mormon colonies in northern Mexico and southern Alberta. According to some sources, many men in the United States continued to live with their plural wives with the approval of church presidents Woodruff, Lorenzo Snow. They make their argument based upon evidence and the fact that the Manifesto is not worded in accordance with similar revelations in the LDS scriptures. The LDS Church prevents any of its members who sympathize with Mormon fundamentalist teachings from entering its temples, during the 1920s, a church dissenter named Lorin C. Woolley claimed a line of priesthood authority from the LDS Churchs hierarchy. Most of the Mormon polygamous groups can trace their roots to Woolleys legacy, for the most part, the Utah state government has left the Mormon fundamentalists to themselves unless their practices violate laws other than those prohibiting bigamy. For example, there have been recent prosecutions of men who belong to fundamentalist groups for marrying underage girls, in one highly publicized case, a man and one of his polygamist wives lost custody of all but one of their children until the wife separated herself from her husband. The largest government effort to crack down on the practices of fundamentalist Mormons was carried out in 1953 in what is today Colorado City, Arizona, most Mormon fundamentalists embrace the term Fundamentalist. Mormon fundamentalists share certain commonalities with other fundamentalist movements, but also possess some clear distinctions of their own, in this view, ordination lineage becomes all-important and an external organization such as a church may lose its theological authority while the priesthood may continue via an alternative lineage. Mormon fundamentalists frequently assert that priesthood is prior to the Church, Mormon fundamentalists dislike the term polygamy and view polygyny as a term used only by outsiders. They also refer to plural marriage generically as the Principle, celestial marriage, the practice of plural marriage usually differs little from the manner in which it was practiced in the nineteenth century
6.
Apologetics
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Apologetics is the religious discipline of defending or proving the truth of religious doctrines through systematic argumentation and discourse. Early Christian writers who defended their beliefs against critics and recommended their faith to outsiders were called Christian apologists, in 21st century usage, apologetics is often identified with debates over religion and theology. The term apologetics derives from the Ancient Greek word apologia, in the Classical Greek legal system, two key technical terms were employed, the prosecution delivered the kategoria, and the defendant replied with an apologia. To deliver an apologia meant making a speech or giving an explanation to reply and rebut the charges, as in the case of Socrates Apologia defense. This term appears in the Koine Greek of the New Testament, the Apostle Paul employs the term apologia in his trial speech to Festus and Agrippa when he says I make my defense in Acts 26,2. A cognate form appears in Pauls Letter to the Philippians as he is defending the gospel in Philippians 1,7, many apologetic books have been written in defence of the history or teachings of the Baháí Faith. The religions founders wrote several books presenting proofs of their religion, among them are the Bábs Seven Proofs, later Baháí authors wrote prominent apologetic texts, such as Mírzá Abul-Fadls The Brilliant Proof and Udo Schaefer et al. s Making the Crooked Straight. In the mid-19th century, encounters between Buddhists and Christians in Japan prompted the formation of a Buddhist Propagation Society. In recent times, A. L. De Silva, an Australian convert to Buddhism, has written a book, Beyond Belief, providing Buddhist apologetic responses, gunapala Dharmasiri wrote an apologetic critique of the Christian concept of God from a Theravadan Buddhist perspective. Christian apologetics combines Christian theology, natural theology, and philosophy to present a basis for the Christian faith, to defend the faith against objections. Christian apologetics has taken many forms over the centuries, in the Roman Empire, Christians were severely persecuted, and many charges were brought against them. J. David Cassel gives several examples, Tacitus wrote that Nero fabricated charges that Christians started the burning of Rome, other charges included cannibalism and incest. Saul of Tarsus, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus and others often defended Christianity against charges that were brought to justify persecution, later apologists have focused on providing reasons to accept various aspects of Christian belief. Christian apologists of many traditions, in common with Jews, Muslims, theodicy is one important aspect of such arguments, and Alvin Plantingas arguments have been highly influential in this area. Many prominent Christian apologists are scholarly philosophers or theologians, frequently with additional work in physics, cosmology, comparative religions. Others take a popular or pastoral approach. Christian apologists employ a variety of philosophical and formal approaches, including ontological, cosmological, the Christian presuppositionalist approach to apologetics utilizes the Transcendental argument for the existence of God. Tertullian was a notable early Christian apologist and he was born, lived and died in Carthage
7.
Mormon Studies Review
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Mormon Studies Review is an annual academic journal covering Mormon studies published by the Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship at Brigham Young University. The Review of Books on the Book of Mormon was established in 1989 by the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, under Petersons editorship, the journal specialized in LDS apologetics. When FARMS joined with BYU in 1997, Peterson said to the Salt Lake Tribune, FARMS has often had a polemical edge, in 2012, Peterson was removed as editor and the journal entered hiatus as it sought to become more mainstream to Mormon studies. In March 2013, the Maxwell Institute announced the journal would relaunch as a new religious studies review journal, J. Spencer Fluhman, from BYUs department of history, was appointed editor-in-chief with a new broad-based advisory board. The new Review changed from biannual to annual publication, and restarted its numbering, beginning at volume 1 in 2014, signifying its change in editorial direction as a new publication
8.
Anti-Mormonism
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Anti-Mormonism is discrimination, persecution, hostility or prejudice directed at members of the Latter Day Saint movement, particularly The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The term is used to describe persons or literature that are critical of their adherents, institutions, or beliefs. Opposition to Mormonism began before the first Latter Day Saint church was established in 1830, republican Party as one of the twin relics of barbarism along with slavery. The term, anti-Mormon first appears in the record in 1833 by the Louisville Daily Herald in an article, The Mormons. In 1841, it was revealed that an Anti-Mormon Almanac would be published, Anti-Mormon became, on the lips of the churchs critics, a proud and politically charged self-designation. Today, the term is used as a descriptor for persons and publications that oppose the LDS Church. It is used by some to describe anything perceived as critical of the LDS Church, Stephen Cannon elaborates, It is also helpful to know that Mormons are a group of people united around a belief system. Therefore, to be anti-Mormon is to be against people, Christians who desire to communicate the Gospel of Jesus Christ to Mormons are never to come against people of any stripe. Yes, evangelical Christians do have strong disagreements with Mormonism, but the argument is with a belief system, the LDS people are no better or no worse than any other group of people. Any dispute is to be a disagreement with the ism, not the Mormon, James White, meanwhile, rejects the term because of a lack of reciprocal terminology. He wrote to one LDS apologist, If you will identify yourself as an anti-Baptist, even some members of the church who write negatively about it, especially those who call into question its divine nature, have had their writings labeled anti-Mormon. Ex-Mormons who write about the church are likewise frequently labeled anti-Mormon, the debate on who is anti-Mormon frequently arises in Mormon discussions of authors and sources. Stephen Cannon has argued that use of the label is a campaign by Latter-day Saints to disavow the facts presented by simply labeling the source as anti-Mormon, Mormons often respond to these accusations by questioning whether critics like Johnson and Cannon really have Mormons best interests at heart. For Brigham Young Universitys 100 Hour Board, the anti-Mormon label serves the purpose of warning Latter-day Saints away from individuals who espouse hatred and it is better, says the Board, for a confused Saint to talk to someone. That has your best interests at heart, and actually understands what the Church teaches. Mormonism, or the Latter Day Saint movement, arose in western New York, Smith claimed to have several visions involving God, Jesus and angelic Native American prophets. These claims were not received well by those in the community. In Ohio, anti-Mormons focused on the ill-fated banking efforts of the Kirtland Safety Society, three days later, a renegade militia unit attacked a Mormon settlement at Hauns Mill, resulting in the death of 18 Mormons and no militiamen
9.
History
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History is the study of the past as it is described in written documents. Events occurring before written record are considered prehistory and it is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Scholars who write about history are called historians and their works continue to be read today, and the gap between the culture-focused Herodotus and the military-focused Thucydides remains a point of contention or approach in modern historical writing. In Asia, a chronicle, the Spring and Autumn Annals was known to be compiled from as early as 722 BC although only 2nd-century BC texts survived. Ancient influences have helped spawn variant interpretations of the nature of history which have evolved over the centuries, the modern study of history is wide-ranging, and includes the study of specific regions and the study of certain topical or thematical elements of historical investigation. Often history is taught as part of primary and secondary education, the word history comes ultimately from Ancient Greek ἱστορία, meaning inquiry, knowledge from inquiry, or judge. It was in that sense that Aristotle used the word in his Περὶ Τὰ Ζῷα Ἱστορίαι, the ancestor word ἵστωρ is attested early on in Homeric Hymns, Heraclitus, the Athenian ephebes oath, and in Boiotic inscriptions. History was borrowed from Latin into Old English as stær, and it was from Anglo-Norman that history was borrowed into Middle English, and this time the loan stuck. In Middle English, the meaning of history was story in general, the restriction to the meaning the branch of knowledge that deals with past events, the formal record or study of past events, esp. human affairs arose in the mid-fifteenth century. With the Renaissance, older senses of the word were revived, and it was in the Greek sense that Francis Bacon used the term in the sixteenth century. For him, historia was the knowledge of objects determined by space and time, in an expression of the linguistic synthetic vs. analytic/isolating dichotomy, English like Chinese now designates separate words for human history and storytelling in general. In modern German, French, and most Germanic and Romance languages, which are synthetic and highly inflected. The adjective historical is attested from 1661, and historic from 1669, Historian in the sense of a researcher of history is attested from 1531. Historians write in the context of their own time, and with due regard to the current dominant ideas of how to interpret the past, in the words of Benedetto Croce, All history is contemporary history. History is facilitated by the formation of a discourse of past through the production of narrative. The modern discipline of history is dedicated to the production of this discourse. All events that are remembered and preserved in some authentic form constitute the historical record, the task of historical discourse is to identify the sources which can most usefully contribute to the production of accurate accounts of past. Therefore, the constitution of the archive is a result of circumscribing a more general archive by invalidating the usage of certain texts and documents
10.
Social anthropology
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In the USA, social anthropology is commonly subsumed within cultural anthropology. Differences among British, French, and American sociocultural anthropologies have diminished with increasing dialogue, Social and cultural anthropologists, and some who integrate the two, are found in most institutes of anthropology. Thus the formal names of institutional units no longer necessarily reflect fully the content of the disciplines these cover, most retain the name under which they were founded. It is differentiated from sociology, both in its methods, and in its commitment to the relevance and illumination provided by micro studies. It extends beyond strictly social phenomena to culture, art, individuality, many social anthropologists use quantitative methods, too, particularly those whose research touches on topics such as local economies, demography, human ecology, cognition, or health and illness. The subject has been enlivened by, and has contributed to, approaches from other disciplines, such as philosophy, the history of science, psychoanalysis, the subject has both ethical and reflexive dimensions. An example of this is the effect, whereby those being studied may alter their behaviour in response to the knowledge that they are being watched and studied. Social anthropology has historical roots in a number of 19th-century disciplines, including ethnology, folklore studies, thus, savages from the colonies were displayed, often nudes, in cages, in what has been called human zoos. Penniman to write a history of the discipline entitled A Hundred Years of Anthropology, at the time, the field was dominated by the comparative method. It was assumed that all societies passed through an evolutionary process from the most primitive to most advanced. Non-European societies were seen as evolutionary living fossils that could be studied in order to understand the European past. Scholars wrote histories of prehistoric migrations which were sometimes valuable but often also fanciful and it was during this time that Europeans first accurately traced Polynesian migrations across the Pacific Ocean for instance - although some of them believed it originated in Egypt. Finally, the concept of race was actively discussed as a way to classify -, Tylor and James George Frazer are generally considered the antecedents to modern social anthropology in Britain. Tylor advocated strongly for unilinealism and a form of uniformity of mankind, Frazer, a Scottish scholar with a broad knowledge of Classics, also concerned himself with religion, myth, and magic. His comparative studies, most influentially in the editions of The Golden Bough, analyzed similarities in religious belief. Neither Tylor nor Frazer, however, were interested in fieldwork, nor were they interested in examining how the cultural elements. The Golden Bough was abridged drastically in subsequent editions after his first, the findings of the expedition set new standards for ethnographic description. As a subject of the Austro-Hungarian Empire resident on a British colonial possession, theoretically, he advocated a functionalist interpretation, which examined how social institutions functioned to satisfy individual needs
11.
Mormonism: A Historical Encyclopedia
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Reeve is a professor of history at the University of Utah and Parshall is an independent historian, newspaper columnist, and freelance researcher. It is published by ABC-CLIO, a Santa Barbara, California-based publisher of reference works, school Library Journal contributor Donna Cardon wrote, Controversial issues, such as polygamy, are handled objectively and explored more extensively than other topics. Non-Mormon Views of Mormonism and Mormonism and Other Faiths are also considered, occasional use of church-specific jargon occurs without explanation
12.
Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
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Dialogue, A Journal of Mormon Thought is an independent quarterly journal of Mormon thought that addresses a wide range of issues on Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint Movement. The journal publishes peer-reviewed academic articles that run the gamut from anthropology and sociology to theology, history, the journal also publishes fiction, poetry, and graphic arts. Dialogue authors regularly include both members of the Mormon community and non-Mormon scholars interested in Mormon Studies, douglas Davies and Jan Shipps are some of the non-Mormon academics that publish in Dialogue. Examples of Mormon authors are Eugene England, Richard Bushman, Claudia Bushman, Gregory Prince, Dialogue, A Journal of Mormon Thought, is the oldest independent journal in Mormon Studies. Dialogue was originally the creation of a group of young Mormon scholars at Stanford University led by Eugene England, Dialogues original offices were located at Stanford. Brent Rushforth aided in Dialogues initiation, oaks, Cherry Silver, Karen Rosenbaum, and Laurel Thatcher Ulrich. Dialogue is known for publishing groundbreaking articles from respected Mormon scholars and writers such as Armand Mauss, Hugh Nibley, Lester Bush, and D. Michael Quinn. Two key sponsors and advisors from the beginning were Lowell L. Bennion, of the LDS Institute at the University of Utah, Dialogue has nevertheless remained totally independent of church auspices over the years thanks to loyal readers and the generosity of its donors. The founding and subsequent editorial boards have been composed mainly of scholars, the Mormon History Association was founded in 1966, and for the first 6–7 years of its existence, MHA members published their Mormon-related studies principally in Dialogue. MHA then founded the Journal of Mormon History, since then, Dialogue and The Journal of Mormon History, along with BYU Studies Quarterly have been some of the main venues for historical studies of Mormonism. Both BYU Studies Quarterly and Sunstone Magazine are periodicals that, like Dialogue, in 2005 Dialogue dipped its toe into the Bloggernacle with several of its editorial and board members participating as long-term guest contributors to the Mormon blog By Common Consent. Then in early 2006 Dialogue introduced Dialogue Paperless at Dialoguejournal. com, with sections for ePapers, News, Letters, the e-Papers section intended to supplement the printed journal by housing digital documents that qualify as papers. complete pieces, duly refereed and edited and hitherto unpublished. In 2005, Dialogue received 1,332 responses to a subscriber survey, Dialogue reports the following responses, The geographic location of respondents was, Utah, California, other Western states—Rockies to the Coast, the Northeast, elsewhere. Less than 1% lived outside the U. S. though there is indication that the availability of the on-line subscriptions may be changing the level of international readership. The terminal education degree of respondents was, doctoral degree, Master’s, Bachelor’s degree, 66% of respondents attend worship service every week, another 12% attend “most weeks”. 59% of today’s readers are returned missionaries, 90% of respondents are members of the LDS Church. Around 6% of respondents described themselves as having left the LDS Church, 81% of respondents either “strongly” or “somewhat” agreed that Dialogue contributes to their personal spiritual or religious enrichment. 84% of respondents viewed the Book of Mormon as “authentic in any sense. ”In collaboration with the University of Utahs J. Willard Marriott Library, the librarys Special Collections now hosts the digital archive in pdf and text-searchable form
13.
International Journal of Mormon Studies
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Its 2008 volume was renamed retroactively. It is published in Staffordshire, England by the European Mormon Studies Association and its general editor is David M. Morris. The European Mormon Studies Association also sponsors academic conferences (such as one in 2013, list of Latter Day Saint periodicals Online archive
14.
John Whitmer Historical Association
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The John Whitmer Historical Association is an independent, nonprofit organization promoting study, research, and publishing about the history and culture of the Latter Day Saint movement. It is especially focused on the Community of Christ, other midwestern Restoration traditions, JWHA membership numbers around 400 and is open to all, fostering cooperation with LDS and non-Mormon scholars. Before the founding of the JWHA, scholarship in the field of Mormon history had been developing. In the 1950s, scholars like Fawn Brodie, Juanita Brooks, Thomas ODea, in this spirit, Robert Flanders, a professor at the RLDS-affiliated Graceland College, published Nauvoo, Kingdom on the Mississippi in 1965. The book presented controversies, like Joseph Smiths polygamy, that were in contrast to faith-promoting teachings of the RLDS Church, then Richard P. Howard, another proponent of the New Mormon History, was appointed Church Historian in 1966, further upsetting some traditional believers. Howard opened the archives and was optimistic about historical challenges. This progressive approach to Mormon studies inspired Courage, A Journal of History, Thought and Action, contrasting with conservative RLDS publishing, Courage ventured a fresh look at RLDS issues and historical problems, often diverging from traditional interpretations. The independent journal closed in 1973, by which several of its team had started the JWHA. Throughout this time, Mormon historical scholarship was developing within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah, in 1965 the Mormon History Association was founded, which included RLDS historians amongst its officers. The periodicals BYU Studies and Dialogue, A Journal of Mormon Thought published articles from MHA members, MHA founder Leonard Arrington was appointed LDS Church Historian in 1972, forming a new Church Historical Department which was active in the historical community. Despite positive experiences, RLDS historians in the midwest found MHA participation difficult due to the distance to Utah, some had organizational expertise from their service as MHA officers. Most of these were members of the MHA, and the JWHA was founded with the intent to continue the collaboration. Richard Howard won an MHA award in 1970 and was interested in exchanging ideas between LDS and RLDS scholars, from its beginning the JWHA board of directors included LDS members, and Utah historians were invited to join. The first JWHA meeting was held in September 1973 in Nauvoo, founded as an independent group, not under the direction of any church, the JWHA would be free to explore historical controversies. Participants supported the New Mormon History, cultivating a tradition of exploring controversy in Mormonism. Some traditionalists and religious leaders warned that this approach could damage faith, while questioning and liberal Latter Day Saints found community, through the JWHA, RLDS members confronted Joseph Smiths historical link with Mormon polygamy, a defining issue for the RLDS Church. On direction from President Wallace B, smith, Howard undertook a five-year study which was then edited and softened by RLDS leaders and historians in 1982. The First Presidency recommended it be presented at the JWHA, but after some blowback the First Presidency denied involvement, saying the JWHA Journal did not speak for the church
15.
University of Utah
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The University of Utah is a public coeducational space-grant research university in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. As the states flagship university, the university more than 100 undergraduate majors. The university is classified in the highest ranking, R-1, Doctoral Universities – Highest Research Activity by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, the Carnegie Classification also considers the university as selective, which is its second most selective admissions category. Quinney College of Law and the School of Medicine, Utahs only medical school, as of Fall 2015, there are 23,909 undergraduate students and 7,764 graduate students, for an enrollment total of 31,673. The university was established in 1850 as the University of Deseret by the General Assembly of the provisional State of Deseret and it received its current name in 1892, four years before Utah attained statehood, and moved to its current location in 1900. The university ranks among the top 50 U. S. universities by total research expenditures with over $486 million spent in 2014, in addition, the universitys Honors College has been reviewed among 50 leading national Honors Colleges in the U. S. The university has also ranked the 12th most ideologically diverse university in the country. The universitys athletic teams, the Utes, participate in NCAA Division I athletics as a member of the Pac-12 Conference and its football team has received national attention for winning the 2005 Fiesta Bowl and the 2009 Sugar Bowl. A Board of Regents was organized by Brigham Young to establish a university in the Salt Lake Valley, early classes were held in private homes or wherever space could be found. The university closed in 1853 due to lack of funds and lack of feeder schools, the university moved out of the council house into the Union Academy building in 1876 and into Union Square in 1884. Additional Fort Douglas land has granted to the university over the years. Upon his death in 1900, Dr. John R. Park bequeathed his fortune to the university. One third of the faculty resigned in protest of these dismissals, the controversy was largely resolved when Kingsbury resigned in 1916, but university operations were again interrupted by World War I, and later The Great Depression and World War II. Student enrollment dropped to a low of 3,418 during the last year of World War II, ray Olpin made substantial additions to campus following the war, and enrollment reached 12,000 by the time he retired in 1964. Growth continued in the decades as the university developed into a research center for fields such as computer science. During the 2002 Winter Olympics, the university hosted the Olympic Village, the University of Utah Asia Campus opened as an international branch campus in the Incheon Global Campus in Songdo, Incheon, South Korea in 2014. Three other European and American universities are also participating, the Asia Campus was funded by the South Korean government. Campus takes up 1,534 acres, including the Health Sciences complex, Research Park and it is located on the east bench of the Salt Lake Valley, close to the Wasatch Range and approximately 2 miles east of downtown Salt Lake City
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Utah State University
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Utah State University is a public doctorate-granting university in Logan, Utah, United States. The coeducational, space-grant, land-grant, research university is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities, with nearly 18,000 students living on or near campus, USU is the largest public residential campus in Utah. As of Fall 2015, there were 28,622 total students enrolled including 25,259 undergraduate students and 3,363 graduate students of whom 735 were doctoral students. The university has the highest percentage of students of any public university in Utah totaling 23% of the student body. Founded in 1888 as Utahs agricultural college, USU focused on agriculture, domestic arts, the university now offers programs in liberal arts, engineering, business, economics, natural resource sciences, as well as nationally ranked elementary & secondary education programs. It offers masters and doctoral programs in humanities, social sciences and it received its current name in 1957. A professor from the university has been named Utahs sole Carnegie Professor of the year 14 of the last 20 years, USU has nine colleges and offers a total of 176 bachelors degrees,97 masters degrees, and 38 doctoral degrees. USUs main campus is located in Logan with regional campuses in Brigham City, Tooele, in 2010, the College of Eastern Utah, located in Price, Utah joined the USU system becoming Utah State University College of Eastern Utah. Throughout Utah, USU operates more than 20 distance education centers, Regional campuses, USU Eastern, and distance education centers provide degrees to more than 40% of the students enrolled. In total, USU has more than 220,000 alumni in all 50 states, USUs athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the Utah State Aggies. They are a member of the Mountain West Conference, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act into effect in July of the following year. Meanwhile, after visiting a few agricultural schools in his native Denmark. Now there came the question of location, citizens in Logan, Cache County, banded together and successfully lobbied representatives for the honor. The bill to establish the Agricultural College of Utah was passed on March 8,1888, in its early years, the college narrowly dodged two major campaigns to consolidate its operations with the University of Utah. Much controversy arose in response to President William J. Kerrs expansion of the scope beyond its agricultural roots. Detractors in Salt Lake City feared that such an expansion would come at the expense of the University of Utah, in 1907, an agreement was struck to instead limit the curricula of the Agricultural College strictly to agriculture, domestic science, and mechanic arts. This meant closing all departments in Logan, including the music department. The bulk of the restrictions were lifted during the next two decades, with the exception of law and medicine, which have since remained the sole property of the University of Utah
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Claremont Graduate University
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Claremont Graduate University is a private, all-graduate research university located in Claremont, California, a city 35 miles east of downtown Los Angeles. Founded in 1925, CGU is a member of the Claremont Colleges which includes five undergraduate, adjoining and within walking distance of one another, design was based on that of Oxford University and Cambridge University. CGU is the oldest all-graduate institution in the United States, with many alumni in different fields all over the world. Founded in 1925, CGU was the second of the Claremont Colleges to form, following Pomona College, Claremont Graduate University is the oldest remaining all-graduate university in the United States. The school has several name changes since its inception. After being called Claremont University College for thirty-seven years, in 1962 the school became known as Claremont Graduate School. Five years later, in 1967, the name was changed to Claremont University Center. The Claremont Colleges were designed to incorporate the Oxford Model of higher education, instead of one large university composed of several separate schools, the Claremont Colleges are made up of different institutions designed around differing theories of pedagogy. CGU was founded upon the principle that education is separate. This is called Transdisciplinarity, and is a component of Claremont Graduate University’s functioning theory of pedagogy. The school is home to about 2,200 masters and PhD students, as well as approximately 200 full, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching has classified Claremont Graduate University as a CompDoc/NMedVet, Comprehensive doctoral with high research activity. Its five academic schools and one independent department award masters or/and doctoral degrees in 31 disciplines, enrollment is limited and classes are small. Among the contiguous CGU, Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, cross-registration is free, and the members share libraries, health care, security, and other facilities. The School of Arts and Humanities includes departments in the fields of Art, Religion, Music, English, Cultural studies, Archival studies, History, Applied Womens studies and these subjects have an interest in interdisciplinary studies that provide disciplinary depth as well as cross-disciplinary flexibility. SSSPE encompasses the Division of Politics and Economics and the Division of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences and these departments aspire to transcend sharp division between politics and economics and to create a synergy between the two. SSSPE offers the first Ph. D. and M. A. concentrations in the Western United States focused on the Science of Positive Psychology. An innovative program also offers the first Ph. D. degree in the field of neuroeconomics which bridges economics, psychology. The school offers a Ph. D. in Health Promotion Sciences, program, which has a variety of concentrations, is fully accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health
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Utah Valley University
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Utah Valley University, or UVU, is a publicly funded university located in Orem, Utah, United States with a Fall 2016 enrollment of 34,978 students. Utah Valley University is the largest public university in the State of Utah, previously called Utah Valley State College, the school attained university status in July 2008, changing to Utah Valley University. Matthew S. Holland, appointed as the first president of UVU, UVU was founded in the fall of 1941, when the Utah State Vocational Office consolidated federal work program classes into one campus in Provo. At this time, the school was known as Central Utah Vocational School, growth brought numerous changes to UVU over the following decades, and the school was renamed several times to reflect its changing role. In 1963, the name was changed from Central Utah Vocational School to Utah Trade Technical Institute, in 1967, the school became Utah Technical College at Provo, and was given the authority to confer associate degrees for the first time. In 1977, the institution began moving to its present location, in 1987, it became Utah Valley Community College. In 1993 the school was named Utah Valley State College and began awarding four-year degrees, UVU is the largest employer in Orem, with over 1,400 full-time faculty and staff and over 3,200 part-time faculty and staff. When it was a community college, the school had 8,000 students enrolled, the university had 32,670 students enrolled for the 2010 fall semester. 31,556 students enrolled in Fall 2012 UVU was accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Northwest Association of Schools in 1969, and had its accreditation renewed in 1984,1995, and 2005. Vocational accreditation was granted in 1976, and renewed in 1990 and 1995 by the Utah State Office of Vocational Education, in December 2006, the UVU School of Business received initial accreditation from the AACSB with that accreditation being maintained in 2011. About 88% of UVU students come from Utah but a number of students come from other states. In 2009, UVU students represented all 50 US states and 67 countries, UVUs in-state tuition and fees cost roughly $5,530, out-of-state tuition and fees are $15,690. UVU is regionally accredited which is the standard of academic accreditation. Matthew Holland is the current president of Utah Valley University, UVU has chosen not to participate in U. S. News & World Report college and university rankings. Since 2001, UVU student teams have placed first or second overall in the national SkillsUSA competition, prior to 2011, students from UVU place well in national Phi Beta Lambda and Delta Epsilon Chi business competitions. At the 2008 national Phi Beta Lambda conference in Atlanta, Georgia, more recently, students from the Woodbury School of Business have earned top finishes in the American Marketing Association competitions and various Personal Financial Planning competitions. UVUs main campus is in Orem with satellite campuses in Heber City, Spanish Fork, North Orem, Provo Municipal Airport, UVUs main campus encompasses 228 acres and includes 48 buildings. Each building has been using the same style of unfinished concrete with all ten of the major buildings on campus connected by 30-foot-wide concourses
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University of Virginia
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The University of Virginia, frequently referred to simply as Virginia, is a public research university and the flagship for the Commonwealth of Virginia. Founded in 1819 by Declaration of Independence author Thomas Jefferson, UVA is known for its foundations, student-run honor code. UNESCO designated UVA as Americas first and only collegiate World Heritage Site in 1987, the university was established in 1819, and its original governing Board of Visitors included Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe. Monroe was the sitting President of the United States at the time of its foundation, former Presidents Jefferson and Madison were UVAs first two rectors and the Academical Village and Jefferson conceived and designed the original courses of study. The universitys research endeavors are highly recognized, in 2015, Science honored UVA faculty for discovering two of its top 10 annual scientific breakthroughs, from the fields of Medicine and Psychology. UVA is one of 62 institutions in the Association of American Universities and it is the only AAU member university in Virginia. UVA is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation, the university was the first non-founding member, and the first university of the American South, to attain AAU membership in 1904. UVAs academic strength is broad, with 121 majors across the eight undergraduate, students compete in 26 collegiate sports and UVA leads the Atlantic Coast Conference in mens NCAA team national championships with 17. UVA is second in womens NCAA titles with 7, UVA was awarded the Capital One Cup in 2015 after fielding the top overall mens athletics programs in the nation. Students come to attend the university in Charlottesville from all 50 states and 147 countries, the historic 1, 682-acre campus is internationally protected by UNESCO and considered one of the most beautiful collegiate grounds in the country. UVA additionally maintains 2,913 acres southeast of the city, the university also manages the College at Wise in Southwest Virginia, and until 1972 operated George Mason University and the University of Mary Washington in Northern Virginia. In 1817, three Presidents and Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court John Marshall joined 24 other dignitaries at a meeting held in the Mountain Top Tavern at Rockfish Gap, after some deliberation, they selected nearby Charlottesville as the site of the new University of Virginia. Farmland just outside Charlottesville was purchased from James Monroe by the Board of Visitors as Central College, the school laid its first buildings cornerstone late in that same year, and the Commonwealth of Virginia chartered the new university on January 25,1819. John Hartwell Cocke collaborated with James Madison, Monroe, and Joseph Carrington Cabell to fulfill Jeffersons dream to establish the university, Cocke and Jefferson were appointed to the building committee to supervise the construction. The universitys first classes met on March 7,1825, another innovation of the new university was that higher education would be separated from religious doctrine. Jefferson opined to philosopher Thomas Cooper that a professorship of theology should have no place in our institution, Jefferson was intimately involved in the university to the end, hosting Sunday dinners at his Monticello home for faculty and students until his death. Thus, he eschewed mention of his accomplishments, such as the Louisiana Purchase. This was a source of frustration for Jefferson, who assembled the students during the schools first year, on October 3,1825, to such behavior
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University of Wyoming
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It is known as UW to people close to the university. The university was founded in March 1886, four years before the territory was admitted as the 44th state, the University of Wyoming is unusual in that its location within the state is written into the states constitution. The university also offers education in communities throughout Wyoming and online. The University of Wyoming consists of seven colleges, agriculture and natural resources, arts and sciences, business, education, engineering and applied sciences, health sciences, the university offers over 190 undergraduate, graduate and certificate programs including Doctor of Pharmacy and Juris Doctor. The University of Wyoming was featured in the 2011 Princeton Review Best 373 Colleges, in addition to on-campus classes in Laramie, the university’s Outreach School offers more than 41 degree, certificate and endorsement programs to distance learners across the state and beyond. These programs are delivered through the use of technology, such as online, the Outreach School has nine regional centers across the state, with several on community college campuses, to give Wyoming residents access to a university education without relocating to Laramie. On September 27,1886, the cornerstone of Old Main was laid marking the beginning of the University of Wyoming, the stone is inscribed Domi Habuit Unde Disceret, which is often translated, He need not go away from home for instruction. The following year, the first class of 42 men and women began their college education, for the next decade the building housed classrooms, a library and administration offices. The style of Old Main set a precedent for all future University buildings, the main stone used is rough-cut sandstone from a quarry east of Laramie and the trim stone is smooth Potsdam Sandstone from a quarry near Rawlins. Old Main was designed to be a structure and was designed to be a symmetrical building with a prominent central spire as the focal point. The building was designed to reflect the character of Wyoming. The design of Old Main had an effect on university structures. In 1916, the spire was removed due to structural concerns. In 1949, the building was thoroughly remodeled—the auditorium and exterior stairs were completely removed and it also became officially known as Old Main and the name was carved above the east entrance. Currently, Old Main houses university administration including the Presidents Office, Prexys Pasture is a large grassy area located within a ring of classroom and administrative buildings and serves as the center mall of the campus. The name is attributed to a rule that the university president. During the administration of Arthur G. Crane the name, Prexys Pasture, was formally declared, Prexys, as it is often called today, is also known for the unique pattern formed by concrete pathways that students and faculty use to cross the pasture. When the University of Wyoming first opened its doors in 1887, the football team played their games on the pasture until 1922, when Corbett Field opened at the southeast corner of campus
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University of Southern California
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The University of Southern California is a private research university founded in 1880 with its main campus in Los Angeles, California. As Californias oldest private university, USC has historically educated a large number of the regions business leaders. In recent decades, the university has also leveraged its location in Los Angeles to establish relationships with research and cultural institutions throughout Asia, an engine for economic activity, USC contributes $8 billion annually to the economy of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and California. For the 2014–15 academic year, there were 18,740 students enrolled in undergraduate programs. USC also has 23,729 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs, including business, law, engineering, social work, and medicine. The university is one of the top fundraising institutions in the world, consistently ranking among the top 3 in external contributions, multiple academic rankings list the University of Southern California as being among the top 25 universities in the United States. With an acceptance rate of 16 percent, USC is also among the most selective academic institutions in the nation. USC maintains a tradition of innovation and entrepreneurship, with alumni having founded companies such as Lucasfilm, Myspace, Salesforce. com, Intuit, Qualcomm, Box, Tinder. As of 2014, the university has produced the fourth largest number of billionaire alumni out of all institutions in the world. USC is home to the world’s most powerful computer, which is presently housed in a super-cooled. The only other commercially available quantum computing system is operated jointly by NASA, USC was also one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System. Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing, dynamic programming, image compression, VoIP, USC sponsors a variety of intercollegiate sports and competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association as a member of the Pac-12 Conference. Members of the teams, the Trojans, have won 102 NCAA team championships, ranking them third in the nation. Trojan athletes have won 288 medals at the Olympic games, more than any university in the United States. If USC were a country, its athletes would have received the 12th-most Olympic gold medals in history. In 1969, it joined the Association of American Universities, the University of Southern California was founded following the efforts of Judge Robert M. Hellman. The three donated 308 lots of land to establish the campus and provided the seed money for the construction of the first buildings. Originally operated in affiliation with the Methodist Church, the school mandated from the start that no student would be denied admission because of race, the university is no longer affiliated with any church, having severed formal ties in 1952
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Graduate Theological Union
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The Graduate Theological Union is a consortium of eight private independent American theological schools and eleven centers and affiliates. Seven of the schools are located in Berkeley, California. Additionally, some of the GTU consortial schools are part of other California universities such as Santa Clara University, many of the GTUs constituent seminaries were established at various locations throughout the Bay Area in the early 20th or even the late 19th centuries. Because of the foundation of the University of California, several of them relocated to Berkeley, in the wake of the formation of the World Council of Churches and the Second Vatican Council, Bay Area seminaries began negotiations to form a cooperative degree program. In 1964, the Pacific School of Religion, St. Alberts College (now the Dominican School of Philosophy and Theology, in 1966, Alma College relocated to Berkeley and was renamed the Jesuit School of Theology at Berkeley. By 1971, the GTU was fully accredited by the Association of Theological Schools, in 1969, the GTU common library was established and the individual libraries of the seminaries were merged into one collection. In the 1970s, construction began on a Louis I, kahn-designed building to house the GTU library. The main library building was completed in 1987 and was named the Flora Lamson Hewlett Library in honor of the Hewlett Foundation, the dean of the GTU is the chief academic officer. The dean also chairs the GTUs council of deans composed of the deans of consortial member schools. Traditionally, deans have held the John Dillenberger Professorship in their field of specialization. The fifith dean, Margaret Miles, was the John Dillenberger Professor of Historical Theology while the sixth dean, dinner Center for Jewish Studies Center for Swedenborgian Studies The Francisco J. The GTU offers Doctor of Philosophy cooperatively with the University of California at Berkeley and Doctor of Theology, GTU consortial seminaries variously offer M. Th. As such, students have collaborated with UC-B faculty members in the anthropology, critical theory, ethnic studies, history, philosophy, sociology, there are four doctoral departments, with more than 30 concentrations, encompassing the breadth of religious and theological scholarship at the GTU. The Sacred Texts and Interpretation department focuses on Hebrew Bible, New Testament, Rabbinic Literature, Historical and Cultural Studies of Religions encompasses studies in history of religions, art and religion, interreligious studies, and sociology of religion. Theology and Ethics focuses on theological and ethical reflections in the Christian, Jewish, Islamic, other concentrations include comparative theology/ethics, philosophical theology, theology and science, and aesthetics. Religion and Practice focuses on homiletics, liturgical studies, missiology, practical theology, only Ph. D. students have unrestricted access to registering for UCB classes, Th. D. and M. A. students can only take a maximum of 1 class per semester. Ph. D. students taking courses at UCB are able to obtain Cal 1 Cards, cross-registration opportunities are also available for GTU students at Dominican University of California, Holy Names University, and Mills College. The GTUs in-house academic journal is the Berkeley Journal of Religion, the journal is managed by current doctoral students, although peer-reviewers include members of the consortial doctoral faculty
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Academic freedom at Brigham Young University
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Academic freedom at Brigham Young University has been the subject of several controversies regarding the school, mostly focusing on its religious nature. Cecilia Konchar Farr, David Knowlton, Gail T. Houston, are among the more notable controversies, on another side of the issue James D. In a 1971 speech to a BYU faculty group, Martin B, in 1992, the university drafted a new Statement on Academic Freedom. After receiving comment from faculty and others, the document was implemented by BYU administrators on September 14,1992, also in 1992, the university began including a clause in its faculty contracts requiring LDS faculty to accept the spiritual and temporal expectations of wholehearted Church membership. In 1993, contracts further required LDS faculty to maintain standards of conduct consistent with qualifying for temple privileges, in 1996, LDS faculty were required, as a condition of employment, to obtain the yearly endorsement of their local ecclesiastical leaders certifying that the faculty were temple-worthy. BYU also does not allow off-campus groups to use the campus for protests or demonstrations, on-campus groups and students must apply for a permit. In 1996, the Northwest Association of Schools and of Colleges and Universities reviewed the Universitys academic freedom statement, the Northwest Association specifically approved the Universitys academic freedom statement. Such accreditation standards permit religious colleges and universities to place limitations on academic freedom so long as they publish those limitations candidly, BYUs academic freedom policies have been criticized by the American Association of University Professors. In particular, BYU compared itself to Gonzaga University, a Jesuit institution which prohibited open espousal of viewpoints which contradict explicit principles of Catholic faith, BYU also stated that the academic freedom judgement process lacked transparency and objectivity. In 1965, the AAUP had stated that conditions of academic freedom. In 1998, the AAUP voted to censure BYU, which remains on a list of censured institutions together with 46 other universities. Soon after adopting their statement on academic freedom in 1992, BYU took actions which some have viewed as related to the implementation of the new academic freedom policy. For example, in 1993, BYU revoked the status to Cecilia Konchar Farr. Farr was hired as an English instructor and some felt her positions of pro-choice were irrelevant to her assignment with the school, and to David Knowlton, who had discussed the churchs missionary system at an independent Mormon forum, as well as making disparaging remarks about LDS architecture. In 1996, BYU dismissed Gail T. Houston, an English professor, despite positive votes from her English Department, one of the reasons for this action was her advocacy of prayer to Heavenly Mother. Also in 1996, professor Brian Evenson resigned in protest after receiving a warning from BYU administration over some violent images in one of his short stories, also in early 2006, BYU discontinued the contract of Darron Smith, another part-time faculty instructor. Smith was one of the few African Americans teaching on BYU campus and he claims that his contract was not continued because he called for the LDS Church to address lingering issues of racism. Smith was co-editor of the book Black and Mormon, which has received favorable reviews, although Smith was let go, Gordon B
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Brigham Young University
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Brigham Young University is a private research university in Provo, Utah, United States. Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church, many students either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries. An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities, BYU offers a variety of academic programs, including liberal arts, engineering, agriculture, management, physical and mathematical sciences, nursing, and law. The university is organized into 11 colleges or schools at its main Provo campus, with certain colleges. The universitys primary focus is on education, but it also has 68 masters and 25 doctoral degree programs. BYUs athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the BYU Cougars. Their college football team is an NCAA Division I Independent, while their other teams compete in either the West Coast Conference or Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. BYUs sports teams have won a total of fourteen national championships, on October 16,1875, Brigham Young, then president of the LDS Church, personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper, Utah, in 1867. Hence, October 16,1875, is held as BYUs founding date. The school broke off from the University of Deseret and became Brigham Young Academy, warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April 1876 when Brigham Youngs choice for principal arrived—a German immigrant named Karl Maeser. Under Maesers direction the school educated many luminaries including future U. S. Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland, the school, however, did not become a university until the end of Benjamin Cluffs term at the helm of the institution. At that time, the school was still privately supported by members of the community and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18,1896. A series of odd managerial decisions by Cluff led to his demotion, however, in his last official act, he proposed to the Board that the Academy be named Brigham Young University. The suggestion received an amount of opposition, with many members of the Board saying that the school wasnt large enough to be a university. One opponent to the decision, Anthon H. Lund, later said, in 1903 Brigham Young Academy was dissolved, and was replaced by two institutions, Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University. The Board elected George H. Brimhall as the new President of BYU and he had not received a high school education until he was forty. Nevertheless, he was an excellent orator and organizer, under his tenure in 1904 the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres of land from Provo called Temple Hill. After some controversy among locals over BYUs purchase of property, construction began in 1909 on the first building on the current campus
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BYU Jerusalem Center
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Owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the center provides a curriculum that focuses on Old and New Testament, ancient and modern Near Eastern studies, and language. Classroom study is built around field trips that cover the Holy Land, plans to build a center for students were announced by LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball in 1979. By 1984, the church had obtained a 49-year lease on the land and had begun construction, the centers prominent position on the Jerusalem skyline quickly brought it notice by the religious conservatives, or Haredim, of Israel. Protests and opposition to the building of the center springing from the Haredim made the issue of building the center a national, after several investigative committees of Israels Knesset reviewed and debated the issue, Israeli officials decided to allow the centers construction to continue in 1986. The center opened to students in May 1988 and was dedicated by Howard W. Hunter on May 16,1989 and it did not admit students from 2001 to 2006 due to security issues during the Second Intifada but continued to provide tours for visitors and weekly concerts. After his visit, LDS presence in the city was virtually non-existent, by 1971, the city saw enough LDS visitors for the church to lease a building in East Jerusalem for church services. BYUs study abroad program to Jerusalem, which began in 1968, the LDS presence in the area soon grew too large for the leased space to provide adequate space for worship, so the church began looking into building a center for students. In 1972, David B. Galbraith became the director of BYUs program in Jerusalem and he remained in this position until 1987 when the churchs First Presidency asked him to organize the BYU Jerusalem Center. On October 24,1979, church president Spencer W. Kimball visited Jerusalem to dedicate the Orson Hyde Memorial Gardens, the church had donated money to beautify the Jerusalem area, and officials of the Jerusalem government were present at the occasion. It was at this dedication that Kimball announced the intent to build a center for BYU students in the city. Negotiations between the church and the Israeli government stretched from 1980-1984, the church decided to obtain a lease on the land instead. Leasing the land also prevented the politically controversial problem of the owning a piece of Jerusalem land. Israeli officials saw the building of the center on the land as a way of solidifying control over land ownership was ambiguous under international law. By August 1984, the church had the land on a 49-year lease, building permits had been obtained, the 1980s saw not only Mormons, but many Christian groups vying for representation and space in the city. These groups constantly faced opposition from a political minority of Orthodox Jews living in the city. Neither major political party in Israel could achieve a majority vote in the Knesset without support from the religious parties. Religious parties used this situation to pass laws in favor of Jewish Orthodoxy in exchange for their support on other issues, larger parties faced loss of a majority if they stood opposite on this issue. Because of its prominent location in the Jerusalem skyline, construction was quickly noticed, the Haredim led the opposition, their main concern being that the building would be used not as a school, but as a center for Mormon proselyting efforts in Jerusalem
26.
Church History Library
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The Church History Library in downtown Salt Lake City, Utah houses materials chronicling the history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. This new building opened to the public on June 22,2009, a new archives building was originally planned in 1960, as an 11-story home for the offices and libraries of the Church Historian and the Genealogical Society of Utah. Following the completion of the Church Office Building in 1972, the Church Historians Office, in April 2005, plans were announced to construct a new Church History Library to be completed in late 2007. The site was then a Temple Square parking lot, and was the site as in the 1960 plan, northeast of the intersection of Main. This new facility houses the Church History Department and the historical archives. The building was dedicated on June 20,2009 and became open to the public on June 22 with extended hours, improved technology, assistance staff and additional educational and training programs. The LDS Church History Library preserves materials related to its history, from the 1820s in upstate New York, materials are stored in two types of archival storage rooms. The 10 main storage rooms are kept at 55 °F with 35 percent relative humidity, there are also two special rooms that will be kept at minus four degrees Fahrenheit for color motion picture films, photographs, and records of special significance. The building has areas for conservation, collections development, and research, the Church’s conservation efforts involve 300 to 500 books and documents and 3,000 to 4,000 audiovisual recordings every year. Collections development staff acquire and catalog 500 to 700 new collections annually, other staff members housed in the new building will be responsible for publications, historic sites, and web content. After construction, the project will be eligible for certification, all research facilities opened to the public on June 22. Some resources are available online, including the Mormon Pioneer Overland Travel database. This database is the most complete listing of LDS pioneer emigrants, in September 2010 the Church History Library began posting some of their digital collections online in partnership with the Internet Archive. Church History Library Church History Library LDS Church History Department LDS Church History resources Online Archive
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Harold B. Lee Library
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The Harold B. Lee Library, located in Provo, Utah, is the main academic library of Brigham Young University, the largest religious and private university in the United States. The library has approximately 98 miles of shelving for the more than 6 million items in its various collections, as well as a seating capacity for 4,600 people. With over 10,000 patrons entering the building each day, The Princeton Review consistently ranks the HBLL in the nations Top Ten University Libraries–#1 in 2004 and #3 in 2012. Lee, former president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the HBLL began with the books Karl G. Maeser kept in his office during his time as principal of then-Brigham Young Academy. The small library was formed from donations and free materials from the U. S. government, when Maesers office was destroyed by a fire in 1884, his library collection went with it. In 1892 the new Education Building included a library on the second floor, the academy later became a university, which spurred the librarys growth until it filled the third floor and much of the second floor of the Education building. In July 1924, the association reported that $125,000 were set aside to construct a new library building on University Hill. The new Heber J. Grant Library was subsequently dedicated on October 15,1925 with 40,000 books and 35,000 pamphlets, alice Louise Reynolds, a popular English professor, helped raise funds to purchase over 1,000 books for the library. She was faculty chairperson of a committee to establish the library from 1906 to 1925 and her fan club donated over 10,000 volumes in the 1930s. By 1950, the large collection no longer fit in the Grant Library, the Physical Science Library was housed in the Eyring Science Center from the opening of that building in 1950. In 1957 when the Joseph F. Smith Family Living Center was opened, it contained the life science library on the first floor, the pre-1940 bound periodicals were being stored in the basement of BYUs Joseph Smith Memorial Building. The reserve library was located in the David O. McKay Building, while the attics of the Maeser Building and the womens gymnasium used for storage as well as a warehouse in downtown Provo. As a result of a study by a faculty committee in January 1953, in 1961, the Clark Libary housed 300,000 volumes, although the building was not dedicated until October 10,1962. The new library was designed by Lorenzo Snow Young with Keyes D. Metcalf and it was built by the Garff, Ryberg, and Garff Construction Company. Another key figure in the planning and building of the library was S. Lyman Tyler, with the expansion of the library building came the expansion of the library collection. In 1971 the library celebrated the acquisition of their millionth volume with a conference on library acquisition for donors. In 1973, the name of the J. Reuben Clark Library was changed to the Harold B. Lee Library, in honor of the former president of the LDS Church. In order to keep up with the needs of the academic community and this addition was occupied in the summer of 1976 and dedicated March 15,1977
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Huntington Library
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In addition to the library, the institution houses an extensive art collection with a focus in 18th and 19th-century European art and 17th to mid-20th-century American art. The property also includes approximately 120 acres of specialized botanical landscaped gardens, most notably the Japanese Garden, the Desert Garden, as a landowner, businessman and visionary, Henry Edwards Huntington, played a major role in the growth of southern California. Huntington was born in 1850, in Oneonta, New York, in 1892, Huntington relocated to San Francisco with his first wife, Mary Alice Prentice, and their four children. He was one of the founders of the City of San Marino, before his death in 1927, Huntington amassed far and away the greatest group of 18th-century British portraits ever assembled by any one man. In accordance with Huntingtons will, the collection, then worth $50 million, was opened to the public in 1928. On October 17,1985, a fire erupted in a shaft of the Huntington Art Gallery. After a year-long, $1 million refurbishing project, the Huntington Gallery reopened in 1986, with its artworks cleaned of soot and stains. Most of the funds for the cleanup and refurbishing of the Georgian mansion and its artworks came from donations from the Michael J. Connell Foundation, corporations and individuals. Both the Federal art-supporting establishment of the National Endowment for the Arts, the Library building was designed in 1920, by the southern California architect Myron Hunt in the Mediterranean Revival style. Hunts previous commissions for Mr. and Mrs. Huntington included the Huntingtons residence in San Marino in 1909, and the Huntington Hotel in 1914. The library contains a collection of rare books and manuscripts, concentrated in the fields of British and American history, literature, art. Spanning from the 11th century to the present, the librarys holdings contain 7 million items, over 400,000 rare books, and over a million photographs, prints, and other ephemera. Highlights include one of 11 vellum copies of the Gutenberg Bible known to exist,1410, and letters and manuscripts by George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Abraham Lincoln. The Librarys Main Exhibition Hall showcases some of the most outstanding rare books and manuscripts in the collection, the Dibner Hall of the History of Science is a permanent exhibition on the history of science with a focus on astronomy, natural history, medicine, and light. Use of the collection for research is restricted to qualified scholars, generally requiring a degree or at least candidacy for the PhD. Through a rigorous program, the institution awards approximately 150 grants to scholars in the fields of history, literature, art. Through the Huntington Library Press, the produces the Huntington Library Quarterly. Scholarly pursuits lead to best-selling books, Pulitzer prizes, acclaimed documentary films, the Huntington also hosts numerous scholarly events, lectures, conferences, and workshops
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Fuller Theological Seminary
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Fuller Theological Seminary is a seminary in Pasadena, California, with several regional campuses in the western United States. The seminary has approximately 4,000 students from 90 countries and 110 denominations. Fuller Theological Seminary was founded in 1947 by Charles E. Fuller, a radio evangelist known for his Old Fashioned Revival Hour show, and Harold Ockenga, with its founding, the seminarys founders sought to reform fundamentalism from its separatist and sometimes anti-intellectual stance of the 1920-40 era. Fuller envisaged that the seminary would become a Caltech of the evangelical world, most of the earliest faculty held to theologically and socially conservative views, though professors with differing perspectives arrived in the 1960s and 1970s. There were tensions in the late 1950s and early 1960s as some faculty members became uncomfortable with staff and this led to the people associated with the seminary playing a role in the rise of neo-evangelicalism. Richard Mouw served as president of Fuller from 1993 to 2013, in 2006, a Los Angeles Times article labeled him as one of the nations leading evangelicals. In July 2013, Mark Labberton took over as the new president of Fuller, Mouw remains at Fuller as Professor of Faith and Public Life. Fuller is accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada, Fullers student body of approximately 4,000 includes students from 90 countries and 110 denominational backgrounds. The seminary is also frequently at the center of debate among religious and secular intellectuals on issues ranging from politics, religion, science, Fuller Theological Seminary is organized into three schools of theology, psychology, and intercultural studies. The seminary emphasizes the integration of the three and many students take courses in more than one school, the School of Theology is the oldest school at Fuller and blends academic theology and practical ministry training. Many graduates from the School of Theology serve in roles as pastors, teachers, or lay ministers at churches of almost every denomination—throughout the U. S. and the world. The MA, ThM, and DMin degrees are offered in the Korean language. Fullers School of Psychology opened in 1965 and is the first seminary-based psychology program to receive accreditation from the American Psychological Association, the School of Psychology consists of two different departments, Clinical Psychology and Marriage and Family. Research in the School of Psychology takes place within the context of Travis Research Institute, named after the schools founding Dean, the School of Intercultural Studies was founded as the School of World Mission in 1965. The school equips students to serve in ministries and organizations with a cross-cultural focus, in May 2009, Fuller opened its 90, 000-square-foot David Allan Hubbard Library that incorporated the former McAlister Library building at its main campus in Pasadena, California. The seminary also offers a number of distance learning courses, either online or in hybrid formats. While Fuller has its own statements, the seminary is very open to difference in opinion among students. The seminarys current president, Mark Labberton, marched in favor of immigration reform
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Graceland University
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Graceland University is a private liberal arts university of about 2300 students and 150 faculty. Graceland has campuses in Lamoni, Iowa and Independence, Missouri, Graceland offers degree completion and master’s programs at satellite campuses in Centerville and Cedar Rapids and Trenton. Graceland also offers undergraduate and graduate programs online, though non-sectarian, Graceland was established by, and is affiliated with, the Community of Christ, formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Gracelands main campus is in Lamoni, Iowa and this residential campus offers over 50 academic programs, including 9-preprofessional programs and 35 undergraduate majors. The Lamoni campus also offers 19 varsity sports, campus-wide activities, the Independence campus offers graduate and undergraduate programs in the School of Nursing and the Edmund J. Gleazer School of Education. The campus is home to programs in the Community of Christ Seminary. Dr. John D. Sellars is Gracelands president and he assumed his role July 15,2007. Graceland University was established as Graceland College in 1895 by the RLDS Church in Lamoni, land for the college was donated by church members, with the first 20 acres given by Marietta Walker. The name Graceland was selected by Col. George Barrett, land surveyor for the college, until the administration building was completed, classes were conducted in a building in downtown Lamoni. The first day of classes was September 17,1895, in 1917, Graceland received accreditation from the states of Iowa and Missouri and from the North Central Association of Colleges, making it the first fully accredited junior college in Iowa. Graceland became a college in 1960. Gracelands nursing program began in 1910 as a program with the Independence Sanitarium and Hospital, Independence. The Graceland campus was extended to Independence with the establishment of the bachelors degree program in 1968-69. The Graceland Partnership Program, offering degree-completion programs on community college campuses, was established in 1989, in 1995, Graceland acquired SkillPath, a business training company that offers seminars and classes. Graceland College became Graceland University on June 1,2000, Graceland has been ranked ‘first tier’ in the U. S. News & World Report’s America’s “Best Colleges” in 2011,2012 and 2013. Graceland falls in the “Private University” category, “Midwest Region. ”In 2012, Graceland was ranked 91, Graceland has also been recognized by the Princeton Review as a top school in the Midwest. Graceland is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges, the teacher education programs are accredited by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education. The nursing programs are accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education and have full approval status with the Iowa Board of Nursing, Graceland’s College of Liberal Arts and Science holds classes only on the Lamoni campus
