Mormon studies

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Mormon studies is the interdisciplinary academic study of the beliefs, practices, history and culture of those known by the term Mormon and denominations belonging to the Latter Day Saint movement whose members do not generally go by the term "Mormon". The Latter Day Saint movement includes not only The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) but also the Community of Christ (CoC) and other groups, as well as those falling under the umbrella of Fundamentalist Mormonism.

Before 1903, writings about Mormons were mostly orthodox documentary histories or anti-Mormon material. The first dissertations on Mormons, published in the 1900s, had a naturalistic style that approached Mormon history from economic, psychological, and philosophical theories. While their position within Mormon studies is debated, Mormon apologetics have a tradition dating back to Parley P. Pratt's response to an anti-Mormon book in 1838.

The amount of scholarship in Mormon studies increased after World War II. From 1972–1982, while Leonard Arrington was a church historian in the history department, the LDS Church Archives were open to Mormon and non-Mormon researchers. Researchers wrote detached accounts for Mormon intellectuals in the "New Mormon history" style. Many new publications started to publish history in this style, including Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, BYU Studies, and Exponent II. Some general authorities in the church did not like the New Mormon history style, and Arrington and his remaining staff were transferred to Brigham Young University (BYU) in 1982, where they worked in the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History. The institute continued to support scholarship in Mormon history until 2005, when the institute closed and employees transferred to the LDS Church Office Building. In the late 1980s and 1990s, several other incidents made BYU faculty reluctant to voice unorthodox ideas about church history. Around 1990, BYU professors were asked not to contribute to Dialogue or Sunstone. Two historians were excommunicated in 1993, probably for their published unorthodox views. BYU Studies and other LDS church-sponsored publishers published more "faithful" scholarship at this time. Presses outside of Utah started to publish more books in Mormon studies.

Mormon scholars engaging in Mormon studies still feel they must be careful about what they write, especially if they work with material from the Church History Library archives. Non-Mormon scholars are often suspicious of Mormon scholars' work. This is gradually changing as Mormon scholars find employment outside of church-sponsored institutions. Universities without affiliation to the LDS Church have endowed chairs for Mormon studies. Emerging trends in "Newer" Mormon History are an increase in interdisciplinary work and women's history. The LDS Church History Department hired a women's history specialist in 2011 and has recently published books focusing on women's history. Blogs focusing on Mormon history have helped make Mormon history more accessible and provided a safe space for unorthodox ideas, though they may be superficial at times.

Pre-1903 writings about Mormons[edit]

Before World War II, church histories were mostly either orthodox Mormon or anti-Mormon and written by faithful Mormons or hostile non-Mormons, respectively.[1] A few writers in the first era of church history (1830-1905) wrote about Mormons as a curiosity and focused on their peculiar ways.[2]

Anti-Mormon literature[edit]

Non-Mormons wrote for a non-Mormon public about how "primitive and dangerous" Mormons were in "extreme terms."[3] Eber D. Howe published Mormonism Unvailed, or a Faithful Account of that Singluar Imposition and Delusion in 1834, which claimed that Sidney Rigdon was the original author of the Book of Mormon and that Joseph Smith was a "vile wretch." Howe included affidavits from people who knew Joseph Smith collected by ex-Mormon Philastus Hurlbut.[4] The book influenced future anti-Mormon literature. (by La Roy Sunderland, John Bennett, and John A. Clark).[5] Origen Bachelor examined the Book of Mormon itself in Mormonism Exposed Internally and Externally, arguing that the book was inconsistent with the Bible and was written by Joseph Smith himself.[6] In the 1960s, Ex-Mormons Jerald and Sandra Tanner continued that anti-Mormon tradition by reprinting anti-Mormon works in the public domain as well as important but unflattering documents from LDS history through Utah Light House Ministry. They published their own criticisms of the LDS church as well, which, unlike early anti-Mormon works, cites historical documents.[7] Ed Decker, an excommunicated Mormon, made two anti-Mormon films: The God Makers (1982) and The God Makers II (1993). The films described Mormons as being a cult, abusing women and children, manipulating news outlets, and practicing Satanism. The God Makers II received criticism from other anti-Mormons, including Jerald and Sandra Tanner, who stated it contained inaccuracies.[8]

Official Church records and early histories[edit]

Mormons wrote accounts for other Mormons, often published in church-sponsored venues like The Juvenile Instructor and in church-published lesson manuals. These writings were written for a Mormon audience in order to support their existing beliefs. Brigham H. Roberts was an associate editor of the Salt Lake Herald and while on a mission to England, was the editor of the Millenial Star. Upon returning to Utah, he became a General Authority. After an invitation from Americana, Brigham H. Roberts wrote a chapter each month from 1909 to 1915 in what later became the Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Century One.[3] The history had some of the first historical analysis of events in church history.[9] It was serialized in Americana 1909-1915.[10]

Andrew Jenson wrote the LDS Biographical Encyclopedia

Official recorders have existed since the day the Mormon church was first organized on April 6, 1830. Church records continue to the present and are kept in the LDS church archives. The first official church history was published in 1842, when Joseph Smith and his associates began writing History of Joseph Smith as an official diary of Joseph Smith. This history was published in Times and Seasons in Nauvoo, and then in Deseret News and Latter-day Saints' Millennial Star up until 1863. History of Joseph Smith was followed by History of Brigham Young, which was also published in Deseret News and Millennial Star over the next two years. Church Historians and their assistants edited the material, which was published in official publications. [11] Andrew Jenson made sizeable contributions to documentary church history with the LDS Biographical Encyclopedia (1901-36), Encyclopedic History of the Church (1941), and an unpublished "Journal History of the Church" containing over 1,500 scrapbooks filled with published and unpublished records of daily activities in the church.[11] Jenson made a special report on the Mountain Meadows Massacre, and parts of the report were not openly used until Massacre at Mountain Meadows (2008) by Richard E. Turley, Ronald W. Walker, and Glen M. Leonard.[12]

The first historian to attempt to summarize Mormon history on a large scale was Edward Tullidge, who wrote Life of Brigham Young: or Utah and Her Founders (1876), History of Salt Lake City (1886), and History of Northern Utah and Southern Idaho (1889). Hubert How Bancroft wrote History of Utah (1889) with the help of the Historian's Office.[10] Bancroft's history of Utah portrayed Mormons favorably. Critics say that he wasn't objective since he allowed LDS Church authorities to read the book before publication. Perhaps his favorable treatment was how he obtained access to the church records.[13] Expanding on Bancroft's history, Orson F. Whitney wrote History of Utah (1898-1904) in four volumes. Joseph Fielding Smith wrote Essentials of Church History in 1922. Most of these accounts combined various testimonies into a single narrative without questioning the validity of the eyewitnesses or other observers, especially those of church authorities. [10]

Early Mormon studies[edit]

Great Basin Desert

Early academic writers on Mormon topics had a "naturalistic" approach to history, using theory from economics, psychology, and philosophy to guide their study.[14] Richard Ely contributed to the professionalization of Mormon studies with his early dissertation "Economic Aspects of Mormonism" (1903). In the work, he praised Mormon irrigation and communalism as a good model of economic development.[15] He influenced Leonard Arrington's interest in economics and Mormons.[16] Andrew Love Neff wrote "The Mormon Migration to Utah," which he finished in 1918 but had started over ten years earlier. He was interested in how Mormons helped colonize the West.[17] Mormon Ephraim Edward Ericksen wrote "The Psychological and Ethical Aspects of Mormonism" (1922) while studying at the University of Chicago. His dissertation, influenced by functionalist theory, argued that Mormonism was a product of conflicts with non-Mormons and harsh environments.[18] Lowry Nelson, also a Mormon, studied at the University of Wisconsin in the 1920s. He worked in agriculture and was dean of BYU's College of Applied Science and director of the Utah Agriculture Experiment stations. He wrote articles about how the Mormon village was designed to promote unity and sociability, which allowed Mormon settlers to colonize the Great Basin Desert. He left Utah in 1937.[19] Nels Anderson studied at the University of Chicago, and studied hobos in Utah, where he converted to Mormonism. His book Desert Saints (1944) recounted the history of saints in the St. George, Utah area.[20] Other scholars publishing on Mormonism from this time period include I. Woodbridge Riley, Walter F. Prince, Franklin D. Daines, Hamilton Gardner, Joseph Geddes, Feramorz Fox, Arden Beal Olsen, William McNiff, Kimball Young, Austin Fife and Alta Fife.[21]

In the 1950s after World War II, an increasing number of Mormons studied history professionally and wrote dissertations about Mormon history. Non-Mormon sociologist Thomas F. O'Dea wrote a dissertation entitled "Mormon Values: The Significance of a Religious Outlook for Social Action" after living in a rural Mormon farming village in New Mexico for six months and subsequently teaching at Utah State University.[22] This study of Mormon culture "stunned Mormon readers with its objectivity and sympathetic insight," according to Mormon scholar Richard Bushman.[23] Bernard DeVoto, Dale L. Morgan, Fawn McKay Brodie, Stuart Ferguson, and Juanita Brooks did not have graduate degrees in history, but made significant contributions to the foundations of Mormonism's "New History" movement.[24][21] Brodie wrote No Man Knows My History (1945), which contemporary reviews praised as definitive and scholarly. Other LDS scholars, notably Hugh Nibley, criticized Brodie's biography.[24] In 1950, Juanita Brooks, an educated Mormon housewife, published a scholarly book on the Mountain Meadows Massacre, which is well-researched and balanced even by contemporary standards. Brooks's Mormon neighbors did not like "the frankness" of her book.[25]

Apologetics and polemics[edit]

See also: Apologetics § Mormonism, and Criticism of Mormonism

Mormon scholars are divided on whether apologetics should be considered part of Mormon studies or not. Brian D. Birch argues that it should be a part of Mormon studies, as long as apologetic authors concede that their arguments are objective and subject to academic debate.[26] Apologists write defensively, and view their polemical responses to criticism as a battle for their faith.[27] Parley P. Pratt responded to Mormonism Unveiled in detail in his 1838 pamphlet Mormonsim Unveiled: Zion's Watchman Unmasked and Its Editor Mr. L.R. Sunderland Exposed, Truth Vindicated, the Devil Mad, and Priestcraft in Danger! Pratt argued against Sunderland's character, quoting Hurlbut, who stated that Sunderland has a "notorious character."[28]

Hugh Nibley's No Ma'am, That's Not History set a standard for apologetics to use academic language, and criticized Brodie's use of sources in her controversial biography of Joseph Smith, No Man Knows My History.[29] The Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS) aimed to support the historical authenticity of the Book of Mormon and respond to criticism, and used Nibley's style[29] to counter research that contradicted the Book of Mormon's ancient origins.[30] FARMS collaborated with Deseret Book to publish the complete works of Hugh Nibley starting in 1984.[29] In 1997, LDS church president Gordon B. Hinckley invited FARMS to be officially affiliated at BYU, and in 2006 it was subsumed by the Neal A. Maxwell Institute of Religious Scholarship.[29] In 2012, Daniel C. Petersen, the editor of FARMS Review, started publishing a new journal called Interpreter.[31] The Foundation for Apologetic Information and Research (FAIR), a group including both laypeople and academics, attempts to answer criticisms of the Mormon faith.[30] in 2013, it changed its name to FairMormon.[32]

Some other Mormon "insiders" countered the Book of Mormon's ancient origins through the Smith-Pettit Foundation in Salt Lake City and George Smith's Signature Books publishing company. Signature Books published New Approaches to the Book of Mormon by Brent Metcalfe and American Apocrypha by Dan Vogel and Metcalfe.[33] These insider views of the Book of Mormon's origins were diverse. American Aporcrypha described the Book of Mormon as a work of fiction reflecting its environment. Ostler argued that the Book of Mormon was partially inspired.[34] FARMS's responses were at times patronizing, and even descending into veiled name-calling in William Hamblin's 1994 critique of a Metcalfe essay.[35]

In the 1990s and 2000s, Evangelicals Carl Mosser and Paul Owen encouraged other Evangelicals to respond to Mormon apologetics. Evangelical Craig L. Blomberg discussed whether or not Mormons were Christian with Mormon Stephen E. Robinson in How Wide the Divide? A Mormon and Evangelical in Conversation[36] Richard Bushman encouraged fellow Mormon historians to be less defensive and more open to criticism, and also to do research on Mormon history from a consciously Mormon point of view.[37]

New Mormon history[edit]

In the 1960s, a new generation of Mormon scholars emerged. The publication of Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, the newly-established Mormon History Association, and the professionalization of LDS and RLDS history departments provided spaces for historians to do new research in Mormon topics.[38] RLDS scholars founded the John Whitmer Historical Association in 1972.[39] In 1974, Claudia Bushman and Laurel Thatcher Ulrich founded the magazine Exponent II.[40] The first issue of BYU Studies was published in 1959.[41]

Leonard Arrington

Also in 1972, the LDS Church hired Leonard Arrington as their historian.[42] During Arrington's time as historian, Mormon and non-Mormon historians were allowed to access the LDS Church Archives. Much of the research in the 1970s used these newly-available sources to examine church history, sometimes in great detail.[43] Leonard Arrington influenced important scholars of Mormon history, including Richard Jensen, William Hartley, and Ronald Walker.[40] In 1969, Jewish historian Moses Rischin named the increasing amount of Mormon scholarship "the New Mormon history."[23] The "New Mormon History" movement included non-Mormons Thomas F. O'Dea, P.A.M. Taylor, Mario De Pillis, Lawrence Foster, Community of Christ member Robert Flanders, and Mormon scholar Kalus Hansen.[44][39] Maureen Ursenbach Beecher was a leading researcher in women's studies.[45][46] Most New Mormon historians were LDS.[47] Their audience was Mormon intellectuals[44] and non-Mormons.[48] They maintained their respect for the Mormon faith, admitted to flaws in people and policies, and avoided taking a defensive stance,[48] a tone which non-Mormon historian Jan Shipps wrote "made them seem more secular than they actually were."[49] Mormon history by non-Mormons at this time had a similar detached tone.[48] New Mormon historians often published with the University of Illinois Press in order to publish for an academic audience independent of the church.[50] Charles S. Peterson argued in The Great Basin Kingdom Revisited that Arrington took an exceptionalist view of Mormon history, which he then taught to other New Mormon Historians. This exceptionalist view was that they could believe in both secular history and orthodox Mormon views of the restoration.[51]

LDS church reaffirms orthodoxy and New Mormon Faith Historians[edit]

The LDS church stopped funding so much research and limited access to the church archives.[52] Apostle Ezra Taft Benson warned employees in the Church Educational System against New Mormon History in a 1976 speech. He said that writing history in a neutral style undermined "prophetic history." Boyd K. Packer's 1981 article, "The Mantle is Far, Far Greater than the Intellect" was published in BYU Studies. He wrote that contemporary historians were too eager to focus on the faults of church leaders and dismiss spiritual inspiration.[53] In 1982, historians from Arrington's department were transferred to Brigham Young University, where they were assigned to teach in the history department and worked in the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History.[54]

Carol Cornwall Madsen

After Arrington's death in 1999, Ronald K. Esplin and Jill Mulvay Derr led the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History at BYU. Carol Cornwall Madsen led research in the Women's History Initiative at the institute, where she wrote an important biographical study of Emmeline B. Wells.[55] In 2001,[56] Richard Bushman retired from full-time teaching at Columbia University and was a research director at the Smith Institute.[57] Dean C. Jessee started editing Joseph Smith's papers in The Personal Writings of Joseph Smith. The Smith Institute closed in 2005, and institute staff along with the Smith papers project moved to the Church Office Building.[55] The Joseph Smith Papers project, started by the LDS church in 2001, aimed to publish Joseph Smith's papers with rigorous accuracy, and was validated by the National Historic Public Records Commission.[58]

Jan Shipps asserts that this reluctance to support new Mormon history was a response to the Mark Hofmann document forgeries. Also, some church authorities disliked the books and articles produced by the history department, which noted flaws as well as strengths of people in church history.[52] Shipps states that the increase in new converts to the LDS Church led General Authorities to emphasize the need for "palatable" versions of church history in museums and historic sites rather than in-depth articles in church-sponsored publications.[59] Mormon sociologist Armand Mauss argued that Mormonism was a struggle between remaining distinctive and assimilating to accepted American cultural practices; scholar Ronald Helfrich speculates that the change in General Authority's reception to Arrington's research was because they feared assimilating too much.[60] General interest in Mormon studies continued during the 1980s, with over 2,000 books, articles, and other material published on Mormon history during that decade.[39]

BYU Studies and Deseret Books published more "New Mormon Faith Historians" after General Authority pushback against New Mormon History. One of these New Mormon Faith Historians was Louis Midgely, who argued that from a relativist, postmodern theory, the Mormon view that the LDS Church had divine origins was just a valuable and valid as others. New Mormon Faith Historians said that the New Mormon scholars left faith out of their analyses.[61] Many were members of FARMS, and often saw writers of New Mormon History as the same as other anti-Mormons, even though most writers of New Mormon History were Mormon.[62] The difference between the New Mormon Faith Historians and New Mormon scholars was hard to define.[61]

Along with Arrington's transfer and a subsequent increase in restrictions in the LDS Church Archives, several other incidents led to an intellectual chilling of Mormon history by Mormons in the 1990s.[63] In 1992, Arrington wrote that "the church cannot afford to place its official stamp of approval on any 'private' interpretation of its past," and this kind of history must be not sponsored by the LDS Church.[64] In September 1993, the LDS church excommunicated the September Six, which included two historians: Lavina Fielding Anderson and D. Michael Quinn. These excommunications served as a warning to other Mormon historians.[52] Quinn's excommunication was perhaps tied to his idea that Mormon women had been given the priesthood in 1843, which he published in an essay in Women and Authority: Re-emerging Mormon Feminism.[65] In 2003, he was scheduled to give a speech at a conference at Yale which was co-sponsored by BYU, and BYU stated they would withdraw their funding if Quinn presented his paper. That same year, Quinn applied to work as a professor at the University of Utah and Arizona State University. He was not hired as a professor, possibly because of fears that LDS people in power would retaliate against the university.[66] In 1986, administrators were asked not to contribute to Dialogue or present at the Sunstone symposium; around 1990, BYU professors were asked not to contribute to Dialogue or Sunstone.[67] Eugene England, one of the founders of Dialogue and then a professor at BYU, spoke out against these prohibitions. He was asked not to write for the Encyclopedia of Mormonism in 1990, and in 1998 he was asked to retire from BYU without justification. England saw this as stemming from his publicly anti-war stance, and for his attention to Mormon racism and sexism. He viewed his differences as a potential source of learning for himself and others. After retiring from BYU, he started one of the first Mormon studies programs at Utah Valley State College. According to a 1997 report by the American Association of University Professors on academic freedom at BYU, Alan Wilkins was questioned about his motives for contributing to Dialogue and Sunstone in a tenure review. The report also mentioned other incidents where BYU administration criticized speakers and articles for criticism of the church, among other complaints.[68]

In 1997, Joanna Brooks argued that the goal of Mormon studies was to critically examine Mormonism, not to determine religious truths.[69] She postulated that Mormon studies done as a type of cultural studies will help scholars in the field feel less defensive and more productive.[70] Outside of Brigham Young University and Utah, the University of North Carolina Press, Knopf, and the University of Oklahoma Press published books on Mormonism.[39] In the 2000s, Jan Shipps was a large influence on news articles about Mormons; often she is the only expert cited for an entire article.[39] In 2005, the National Endowment for the Humanities held a seminar at Brigham Young University on the centennial of Joseph Smith's birth.[71] Terryl Givens, a comparative literature scholar, analyzed discourse about the Book of Mormon in By the Hand of Mormon: The American Scripture that Launched a New World Religion in 2002. [72]

Newer Mormon history[edit]

Non-Mormon scholars are still often suspicious of LDS scholars' work.[73] That is gradually changing as non-Mormon scholars increase and universities not affiliated with the LDS Church have endowed chairs for Mormon studies.[74] Kathleen Flake is the first Richard L. Bushman Chair of Mormon Studies at University of Virginia, and Patrick Mason is the Howard W. Hunter Chair of Mormon Studies at Claremont Graduate University in California.[75]

Church History Library in Salt Lake City

The Church History Library still restricts access to certain documents for most scholars. Scholars may self-censor their research for fear of losing access to documents from the Church History Library. Previous excommunications of Mormon historians give Mormon researchers the sense that they are being watched.[74] Scholars from various disciplines see the "New Mormon History" movement as ending, bring replaced by "Post New Mormon History" or "Newer Mormon History." This emerging movement is interdisciplinary and endeavors to place Mormon studies in a broader historical context, further eroding boundaries between disciplines.[76] Mormon women's history has not been well-integrated with other Mormon studies topics.[77] Contemporary historians like R. Marie Griffith, Grant Wacker, and Robert Orsi encourage the use of interdisciplinary tools in Mormon studies.[78]

Included in these interdisciplinary tools are oral histories. In 1972, an the Charles Redd Center for Western Studies was established at BYU, where Jessie L. Embry directed an extensive oral history project.[79][80] Claudia L. Bushman and her students started the Claremont Oral History collection in 2009, and papers using the oral history data were published in Mormon Women Have Their Say: Essays from the Claremont Oral History Collection.[81]

The LDS Church History Department hired a specialist in women's history in 2011, Kate Holbrook. She co-authored The First Fifty Years of Relief Society: Key Documents in Latter-Day Saint Women's History with Jill Mulvay Derr, Carol Cornwall Madsen, and Matthew J. Grow. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich said the book was "the most important work to emerge from a Mormon Press in the last 50 years." Jenny Reeder, specializing in 19th century women's history, was hired in 2013. Brittany Chapman Nash and Lisa Tait also specialize in women's history and work in the LDS Church history department. Nash works in public services and helps researchers to be aware of women's sources the archive offers. She co-authored Women of Faith in the Latter Days with Richard Turley. Tait works on the web team, helping to add a "Women of Conviction" section to church history website.[82] In 2017, Reeder and Holbrook edited a compilation of women's speeches called At the Pulpit: 185 Years of Discourses by Latter-day Saint Women. [83]

Blogs and Mormon studies[edit]

The Mormon blogosphere influences Mormon studies. In 2011, Patrick Mason surveyed 113 Mormon blog readers who were also graduate students.[84] Most respondents viewed blogs as a way to democratize Mormon studies. Since blogs are independent from Church institutions, many felt that blogs were a safe space to test more unorthodox ideas.[85] A few observed that men's voices are more prominent in the blogging community, though a few prominent blogs have all-women authors.[86] Other respondents felt that blogs made Mormon studies "more of an echo chamber," and were "superficial," and "glorified navel-gazing."[87] One of the most popular blogs, By Common Consent, had over two million page visitors in 2011. It and other blogs are influential on Mormon studies.[88]

Archives[edit]

Archives with significant Mormon collections include the L. Tom Perry Special Collections at BYU, the Church Archives in Salt Lake, the J. Willard Marriott Library at the University of Utah in Salt Lake, Utah State University Libraries, and the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale in New Haven, Connecticut.[89]

Awards[edit]

Awards for writing or service in the field of Mormon studies are presented annually by scholarly societies. The Mormon History Association (MHA) and the John Whitmer Historical Association (JWHA) each present annual awards for various categories within Mormon history, such as books, biographies, documentary history, journal articles, and lifetime achievement.[90][91] The MHA also gives awards for theses and student papers.[90] The Utah State Historical Society (USHS), which frequently engages Mormon history, also presents awards for books, articles, and student papers.[92] Literary awards are presented by the Association for Mormon Letters, often awarding Mormon publications in biography, criticism, and special categories. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought honors the best contributions to its journal[93] and Interpreter: A Journal of Mormon Scripture awards the best article submitted by a woman.[94]

Universities also present awards. The University of Utah gives the Juanita Brooks Prize in Mormon Studies[95][96] and offers a Mormon Studies Fellowship.[97] Utah State University's Evans Biography Awards focus on biographies significant to "Mormon Country".[98] Student writing competitions are held by Utah State University,[99] the MHA,[90] and the JWHA.[100] BYU Religious Education presents annual awards to its faculty for teaching, research, and service, as well as books in the categories of church history or ancient scripture.[101][102]

Academic programs[edit]

Several universities have programs in the study of Mormonism, with professors named to oversee coursework, research, and events on Mormon studies. While independent academic programs have emerged in recent years, devotional religious education programs have existed far longer. Additional colleges have also taught courses on Mormonism without having institutionally sponsored programs,[103] but they are not included in the list below.

Independent[edit]

Denominationally affiliated[edit]

See also: Academic freedom at Brigham Young University

Other institutions[edit]

Print resources[edit]

Multi-volume document compilations[edit]

Brief reference works[edit]

Journals[edit]

Publishers[edit]

The following primarily publish books on Mormon studies:

Several publishers within the devotional religious market also occasionally publish in Mormon studies, including the LDS publishers Cedar Fort, Inc., Covenant Communications, and Deseret Book (which is owned by the LDS Church), as well as Herald House (which is owned by the Community of Christ).

In addition, certain general book publishers or university presses have also published significant Mormon studies. These include:

See also[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Shipps 2007, p. 504.
  2. ^ Arrington 1966, p. 16.
  3. ^ a b Bushman 2013a, pp. 199–200.
  4. ^ Helfrich 2011, pp. 53–54.
  5. ^ Helfrich 2011, p. 55.
  6. ^ Helfrich 2011, pp. 56–57.
  7. ^ Helfrich 2011, pp. 60–62.
  8. ^ Helfrich 2011, pp. 62–63.
  9. ^ Helfrich 2011, p. 140.
  10. ^ a b c Arrington 1992, pp. 3.
  11. ^ a b Arrington 1992, pp. 1–2.
  12. ^ Walker 2008, p. 25.
  13. ^ Helfrich 2011, pp. 144–145.
  14. ^ Helfrich 2011, p. 155.
  15. ^ Helfrich 2011, pp. 146–147.
  16. ^ Helfrich 2011, p. 160.
  17. ^ Arrington 1966, p. 19.
  18. ^ Helfrich 2011, pp. 147–148.
  19. ^ Helfrich 2011, pp. 149–150.
  20. ^ Helfrich 2011, pp. 150–151.
  21. ^ a b Helfrich 2011, pp. 151–154.
  22. ^ Arrington 1966, p. 22.
  23. ^ a b Bushman 2013a, p. 203.
  24. ^ a b Shipps 2007, pp. 499–500.
  25. ^ Bushman 2013a, p. 202.
  26. ^ Birch 2014.
  27. ^ Bushman 2007, pp. 518–519.
  28. ^ Helfrich 2011, p. 69.
  29. ^ a b c d Helfrich 2011, pp. 70–72.
  30. ^ a b Bushman 2007, p. 517.
  31. ^ Peterson, Daniel C. (December 14, 2012), "The Role of Apologetics in Mormon Studies", Mormoninterpreter.com, retrieved 2013-09-04  — Note: this is a reprint of Peterson's August 2012 FAIR speech "Of 'Mormon Studies' and Apologetics".
  32. ^ "About FairMormon - FairMormon". FairMormon. Retrieved 2018-07-25. 
  33. ^ Helfrich 2011, pp. 73–74.
  34. ^ Helfrich 2011, p. 75.
  35. ^ Helfrich 2011, pp. 76–77.
  36. ^ Helfrich 2011, p. 79.
  37. ^ Bushman 2007, p. 521.
  38. ^ Shipps 2007, pp. 498–499.
  39. ^ a b c d e Barlow 2004.
  40. ^ a b Helfrich 2011, p. 164.
  41. ^ Arrington, Leonard (1959). "An Economic Interpretation of the "Word of Wisdom"". BYU Studies. 1 (1). Retrieved 27 October 2016. 
  42. ^ Shipps 2007, p. 501.
  43. ^ Shipps 2007, p. 502.
  44. ^ a b Newell 2013, p. 5.
  45. ^ Whittaker 2013.
  46. ^ Cope 2012, p. 102.
  47. ^ Newell 2013, p. 6.
  48. ^ a b c Bushman 2013a, p. 204.
  49. ^ Shipps 2007, pp. 504–505.
  50. ^ Bushman 2013a, p. 206.
  51. ^ Helfrich 2011, pp. 234–235.
  52. ^ a b c Shipps 2007, p. 510.
  53. ^ Helfrich 2011, p. 215.
  54. ^ Anderson 2005.
  55. ^ a b Shipps 2007, p. 512.
  56. ^ Bushman & 2009 137.
  57. ^ Shipps 2007, p. 513.
  58. ^ Bushman 2013a, p. 205.
  59. ^ Shipps 2007, p. 511.
  60. ^ Helfrich 2011, p. 218.
  61. ^ a b Helfrich 2011, pp. 219–220.
  62. ^ Helfrich 2011, p. 221–222.
  63. ^ Schuessler 2012.
  64. ^ Arrington 1992, pp. 4–5.
  65. ^ Helfrich 2011, pp. 224–225.
  66. ^ Helfrich 2011, pp. 227–228.
  67. ^ Hansen 2010, pp. 40–41.
  68. ^ Pratt 1997, p. 63.
  69. ^ Brooks 1997, p. 135.
  70. ^ Brooks 1997, p. 138.
  71. ^ Bushman 2013a, p. 197.
  72. ^ McLemee 2002.
  73. ^ Newell 2013, p. 3.
  74. ^ a b Newell 2013, p. 4.
  75. ^ Walker 2013.
  76. ^ Newell 2013, pp. 6–7.
  77. ^ Coles 2018.
  78. ^ Cope 2012, p. 100.
  79. ^ Murphy, John; Ainsworth, GlendaLynn; Casper, Zann; Balif, Elizabeth. "Charles Redd Center for Western Studies oral history project records". findingaid.lib.byu.edu. L. Tom Perry Special Collections. Retrieved 30 July 2018. 
  80. ^ Ainsworth, GlendaLynn; Murphy, John. "Jessie L. Embry papers". findingaid.lib.byu.edu. L. Tom Perry Special Collections. Retrieved 30 July 2018. 
  81. ^ Bushman & Kline 2013b.
  82. ^ Walch 2016.
  83. ^ Walch 2017.
  84. ^ Mason 2012, p. 13.
  85. ^ Mason 2012, p. 17.
  86. ^ Mason 2012, p. 18.
  87. ^ Mason 2012, p. 18–19.
  88. ^ Mason 2012, p. 20.
  89. ^ Helfrich 2011, p. 165.
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