1.
Mornington Peninsula
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The Mornington Peninsula is a peninsula located south-east of Melbourne, Australia. It is surrounded by Port Phillip to the west, Western Port to the east and Bass Strait to the south, geographically, the peninsula begins its protrusion from the mainland in the area between Pearcedale and Frankston. The area was home to the Mayone-bulluk and Boonwurrung-Balluk clans. Much of the peninsula has been cleared for agriculture and settlements, however, small areas of the native ecology remain in the peninsulas south and west, some of which is protected by the Mornington Peninsula National Park. The peninsula is primarily a local tourist region, with natural attractions such as the variety of beaches both sheltered and open-sea and many scenic sights and views. Other popular attractions include the various wineries, mazes and the array of water sports made available by the diversity of beaches and calm waters of Port Phillip. Most visitors to the peninsula are residents of Melbourne who camp, rent villas, the peninsula was formed by the flooding of Port Phillip Bay after the end of the Ice Age about 10000 BC. It may have extended into Port Phillip at various times, most recently between 800 BC and 1000 AD when Port Phillip Bay may have dried out, indigenous Australians of the Mayone-bulluk and Boonwurrung-Balluk clans lived on the peninsula as part of the Boonwurrung Peoples territory prior to European settlement. The territory hosted six clans who lived along the Victorian coast from the Werribee River across to Western Port Bay, the peninsula may have been home to between 100 –500 people prior to European settlement. The first European settlement on the Mornington Peninsula was also the first settlement in Victoria, the Sullivans Bay settlement was a short-lived penal colony established in 1803,30 years before the establishment of Melbourne, by Lieutenant-Colonel David Collins. At the time of European settlement in 1803 much of the Mornington Peninsula was covered with she-oak forests and these were quickly cleared to provide firewood for the growing city of Melbourne, and much of the peninsula was then covered with fruit orchards. Nevertheless, much natural vegetation still exists, especially in an area of bushland in the known as Greens Bush. Most large areas of bushland are now included within the Mornington Peninsula National Park, as serious farming has declined, hobby farmers with an interest in the aesthetic and the natural environment have taken over much of the peninsula. This has led to an expansion of natural bushland on private property, the local council also has a slight lean towards sustainable practices. On 17 December 1967, Prime Minister Harold Holt went swimming at Cheviot Beach on what is now Point Nepean National Park, at the time this was still a restricted area. Mr. Holt, who was 59 and had had a recent shoulder injury and he disappeared from view and was never seen again. Despite an extensive search his body was never found and he was officially presumed dead on 19 December 1967. The peninsula extends from the mainland between Pearcedale and Frankston in a direction for about 40 km at a width of about 15–20 kilometres
2.
Victoria (Australia)
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Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
3.
International Union for Conservation of Nature
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The International Union for Conservation of Nature is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, lobbying. IUCNs mission is to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of resources is equitable. Over the past decades, IUCN has widened its focus beyond conservation ecology and now incorporates issues related to equality, poverty alleviation. Unlike other international NGOs, IUCN does not itself aim to mobilize the public in support of nature conservation and it tries to influence the actions of governments, business and other stakeholders by providing information and advice, and through lobbying and partnerships. The organization is best known to the public for compiling and publishing the IUCN Red List. IUCN has a membership of over 1200 governmental and non-governmental organizations, some 11,000 scientists and experts participate in the work of IUCN commissions on a voluntary basis. It employs approximately 1000 full-time staff in more than 60 countries and its headquarters are in Gland, Switzerland. IUCN has observer and consultative status at the United Nations, and plays a role in the implementation of several conventions on nature conservation. It was involved in establishing the World Wide Fund for Nature, in the past, IUCN has been criticized for placing the interests of nature over those of indigenous peoples. In recent years, its relations with the business sector have caused controversy. It was previously called the International Union for Protection of Nature, establishment In 1947, the Swiss League for the Protection of Nature organised an international conference on the protection of nature in Brunnen. It is considered to be the first government-organized non-governmental organization, the initiative to set up the new organisation came from UNESCO and especially from its first Director General, the British biologist Julian Huxley. At the time of its founding IUPN was the international organisation focusing on the entire spectrum of nature conservation Early years. Its secretariat was located in Brussels and its first work program focused on saving species and habitats, increasing and applying knowledge, advancing education, promoting international agreements and promoting conservation. Providing a solid base for conservation action was the heart of all activities. IUPN and UNESCO were closely associated and they jointly organized the 1949 Conference on Protection of Nature. In preparation for this conference a list of endangered species was drawn up for the first time
4.
National park
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A national park is a park in use for conservation purposes. Often it is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns, although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, there is a common idea, the conservation of wild nature for posterity and as a symbol of national pride. An international organization, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, although Yellowstone was not officially termed a national park in its establishing law, it was always termed such in practice and is widely held to be the first and oldest national park in the world. The first area to use national park in its legislation was the USs Mackinac Island. Australias Royal National Park, established in 1879, was the third official national park. In 1895 ownership of Mackinac Island was transferred to the State of Michigan as a state park, as a result, Australias Royal National Park is by some considerations the second oldest national park now in existence. The largest national park in the meeting the IUCN definition is the Northeast Greenland National Park. According to the IUCN,6,555 national parks worldwide met its criteria in 2006, IUCN is still discussing the parameters of defining a national park. National parks are almost always open to visitors, in 1971, these criteria were further expanded upon leading to more clear and defined benchmarks to evaluate a national park. In 1810, the English poet William Wordsworth described the Lake District as a sort of property, in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive. It was known as Hot Springs Reservation, but no authority was established. Federal control of the area was not clearly established until 1877, John Muir is today referred to as the Father of the National Parks due to his work in Yosemite. He published two articles in The Century Magazine, which formed the base for the subsequent legislation. President Abraham Lincoln signed an Act of Congress on July 1,1864, ceding the Yosemite Valley, according to this bill, private ownership of the land in this area was no longer possible. The state of California was designated to manage the park for use, resort. Leases were permitted for up to ten years and the proceeds were to be used for conservation, a public discussion followed this first legislation of its kind and there was a heated debate over whether the government had the right to create parks. The perceived mismanagement of Yosemite by the Californian state was the reason why Yellowstone at its establishment six years later was put under national control, in 1872, Yellowstone National Park was established as the United States first national park, being also the worlds first national park. In some European countries, however, national protection and nature reserves already existed, such as Drachenfels, Yellowstone was part of a federally governed territory
5.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
Point Nepean
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Point Nepean marks the southern point of The Rip and the most westerly point of the Mornington Peninsula, in Victoria, Australia. It was named in 1802 after the British politician and colonial administrator Sir Evan Nepean by John Murray in HMS Lady Nelson and its coast and adjacent waters are included in the Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park, while its land area is part of the Point Nepean National Park. Cheviot Beach is located on Point Nepean, where the SS Cheviot was wrecked in 1887 and Prime Minister of Australia, Harold Holt, disappeared on 17 December 1967, evidence of Australian Aboriginal settlement of the area dates back 40,000 years. Point Nepean was a place for women of the Boonerwrung People. There are 70 registered Aboriginal archaeological sites within the Point Nepean National Park, limestone was mined from the coastal cliffs from the early days of British settlement and two lime kilns were built around 1840. The Point Nepean Quarantine Station was opened in 1852 and is the second oldest intact quarantine station in Australia, the Quarantine Station operated until 1980. Point Nepean Post Office opened on 1 April 1859 but was closed by 1865, gun batteries were installed at Fort Nepean in 1886 and Eagles Nest in 1888. A gun battery was constructed at Fort Pearce in 1911, with the removal of coastal artillery after World War II, the facilities housed the Officer Cadet School Portsea and later the School of Army Health from 1951 to 1998. Parts of Point Nepean were declared as a park in 1988. The Australian Government offered to sell the land to the Victorian Government in 1998 and again in 2001, in 2002 the Department of Defence proposed selling 311 hectares of land for development, retaining 1.6 hectares which contained contaminated soil and unexploded ordnance. The proposed sale was abandoned in 2003 following strong community protest, the Commonwealth also transferred 205 hectares of bushland to Parks Victoria and the remaining 17.6 hectares to the Shire of Mornington Peninsula for community use. Fortifications were built on land from 1878 onwards, gun batteries were installed at Fort Nepean in 1886 and Eagles Nest in 1888. Barracks were constructed at Fort Pearce, with the removal of coastal artillery after World War II, the facilities housed the Officer Cadet School Portsea from 1951-1985 and later the School of Army Health until 1998. 3,544 officer cadets graduated as Army officers from OCS Portsea with 20 graduates killed in action overseas including Malaya, Borneo, South Vietnam, Cambodia, the Government of Victoria called for tenders to develop the site in 2013/14 and a local developer was selected. Point Nepean National Park Parks Victoria Parks Victoria, Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park Management Plan
8.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
9.
Arthurs Seat, Victoria
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Arthurs Seat is a hill and locality on the Mornington Peninsula, within the Shire of Mornington Peninsula, about 75 km south east of Melbourne, Australia. The Aboriginal Boonwurrung name for the hill is Wonga and it is a major tourist attraction, owing to its natural bushland, sweeping views and man-made attractions. The hill rises to 314 m above sea level, the underlying rocks are Devonian granite, bounded to the west by the Selwyn Fault. The vegetation consists of dry open forest of mixed eucalypt species, the indigenous vegetation on the north-west face has been heavily infested with noxious weed and much of the natural vegetation has been cleared away, although several large stands still remain. Wonga was home to the Boonwurrung prior to European settlement, the lower slopes of the hill were known as Wango, and were a place where corroborees were held. Three Boonwurrung names have been recorded for this hill, Momo, Wonga and Tubberrubberbil and it was named by Acting Lieutenant John Murray when he entered Port Phillip in HMS Lady Nelson in February 1802, for an apparent resemblance to the hill of Arthurs Seat in Edinburgh. I ascend the hill and took a set of bearings from the cleared place to be found on the north western bluff part of the hill. Another notable ascent was in 1844 Sir John Franklin climbed Arthurs seat with Andrew McCrae and it was not until 1853 That a structure was placed on the summit, a trigonometrical station, for survey purposes. In 1913 the Flinders Shire Council cut and formed a track for vehicles to the summit and it offered attractions such as a dance hall, camera obscura, telescopes, swimming pool, fish-pond, hexagonal kiosk and wishing well. The lookout tower opened in 1934, Tourism at the summit has been in decline since both the closure of the chairlift in 2006 and the closure and subsequent removal of the lookout tower in 2012. Current attractions at Arthurs Seat include Arthurs Seat State Park, a maze, the viewing area near the summit has disrupted views of Port Phillip with the Melbourne City skyline and the You Yangs visible on the horizon on a clear day from some of the lookouts. The summit is connected to nearby Dromana by a winding tourist road which opened in 1929, the road provides access to the Dromana cemetery on the way to the summit. Due to frequent vandalism the higher view points have had their Carved wooden signage replaced by smaller metal signage in an attempt to lower maintenance, the current occupation of housing is reflective of the locations original intention as a holiday destination with 40% of private dwellings listed as unoccupied. Arthurs seat boasts an expansive network of marked and unmarked walking tracks, the large number of Bush tracks and open bush land can make navigating the officially marked tracks confusing at times. The two bays walking track runs the length of Arthurs seat state park from Bunurong Track to Waterfall Gully Road. The Entire track runs from Dromana to Cape Schanck and is the longest continuous track on the Mornington Peninsula and was first proposed as a part of celebrating Victorias 150th Celebrations. Parks Victoria Does not recommend visitors attempt the entire track in a single visit, picturesque walk suitable for most levels of walker. The Kings Falls Circuit walk starts at the car park on Waterfall Gully Road, initially the walk is along a dirt track but this changes in some places to a boardwalk with steps making it easy on the steeper sections
10.
Register of the National Estate
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The Register of the National Estate was a heritage register that listed natural and cultural heritage places in Australia that was closed in 2007. It has been replaced by the Australian National Heritage List and the Commonwealth Heritage List, the register was initially compiled between 1976 and 2003 by the Australian Heritage Commission, after which the register was maintained by the Australian Heritage Council. The expression national estate was first used by the British architect Clough Williams-Ellis and it was incorporated into the Australian Heritage Commission Act and is used to describe a collection of buildings and sites that are worthy of preservation for a variety of reasons. It covers natural environments as well as European history and Aboriginal culture, anyone could suggest that a certain site should be listed on the Register of the National Estate. A nomination form was provided and was submitted to an expert group for evaluation. If a place was accepted for listing, the nomination is declared in the Commonwealth Gazette, the Heritage Council eventually made a decision after the public has had time to comment and raise possible objections. The listing, if it took place, was based on an assessment of the values of the place, whether aesthetic, historic, scientific, or social significance. The listing did not impose any legal obligations on private owners, companies, the Australian Heritage Council had to be consulted if any government wanted to take a course of action that might have an adverse effect on a listed subject. The Council itself could not make decisions on a course of action. The Register of the National Estate was frozen in February 2007
11.
Trail
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A trail is usually a path, track or unpaved lane or road, though the term is also applied, in North America, to routes along rivers, and sometimes to highways. In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland path or footpath is the term for a walking trail. There are also unpaved trails used by dirt bikes and other off-road vehicles, in some places, like the Alps, trails are used for moving cattle and other livestock. In the US, the term was used for a route into or through wild territory used by emigrants. In Australia, the track can be used interchangeably with trail. Walkway is used similarly in St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada, in the United Kingdom, the term trail is in common usage. Longer distance walking routes, and government-promoted long distance paths, collectively known as National Trails, are frequently called ways, as in the Pennine Way. Generally the term footpath is preferred for pedestrian routes, including long distance trails, track is used for wider paths, often used for hiking. The terms bridleway, byway, restricted byway are all recognised legal terms, the increased popularity of mountain biking has led to a proliferation of mountain bike trails in many countries. Often these will be grouped to form complexes, known as trail centers. A particularly unusual use of the term is in the Canadian province of Alberta, Shared use may be achieved by sharing a trail easement, but within it maintaining segregated and sometimes also separated trail treads. This is common in rail trails, Shared use may also refer to alternate day arrangements, whereby two uses are segregated by being permitted on alternate days. The Trans Canada Trail can be used by hikers, walkers, cyclists, horseback riders, the network makes use of towpaths on river banks and disused railway or vicinal tramway lines. Old railway lines have been leased by the Walloon Government for 99 years using emphyteutic lease contracts, where necessary, new paths are created to link parts of the network. Thus the right to cycle exists even though it may be difficult to exercise on occasion, Cyclists using a bridleway are obliged to give way to other users on foot or horseback. The seawall in Stanley Park, Vancouver, Canada is popular for walking, running, cycling, there are two paths, one for skaters and cyclists and the other for pedestrians. The lane for cyclists and skaters goes one-way in a counterclockwise loop, foreshoreway is a term used in Australia for a type of greenway that provides a public right-of-way along the edge of the sea open to both walkers and cyclists. A forest road is a type of access road, built mainly for the forest industry
12.
Cape Schanck
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Cape Schanck is a locality in the Australian state of Victoria. It is the southernmost tip of the Mornington Peninsula and separates the ocean waters of Bass Strait from the slightly calmer waters of Western Port. The most recognisable symbol of Cape Schanck is the Cape Schanck Lighthouse, the lighthouse was built in 1859 and was the second lighthouse built in Victoria. A prominent rock outcrop is Pulpit Rock and stands out at the tip of the cape. Cape Schanck is also home to the RACV Resort Cape Schanck on Boneo Road which includes a golf course. British-Australian artist Georgiana McCrae produced many of her paintings at Cape Schanck, the location was named in 1800 after Captain John Schank, R. N. by Lieutenant James Grant sailing on the Lady Nelson. Shanck had designed the keel on the Lady Nelson. Nicolas Baudin called it Cap Richelieu when he sailed past on the Géographe on 30 March 1802, Cape Schanck Post Office opened around March 1879 and closed in 1962. In 1893 a steamship, the SS Alert, sank off the coast at Cape Schanck during a storm and it was rediscovered after 113 years on the ocean floor in June 2007. Albatrosses are occasionally spotted off the cliffs as are short-tailed shearwaters, black-faced and pied cormorants, kelp gulls, the shrubs decorating the area are frequently home to brown thornbills, singing honeyeaters and a number of other passerines. The elusive striated fieldwren has also known to inhabit the area
13.
Portsea, Victoria
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Portsea is a resort town suburb of Melbourne, Australia, located across Port Phillip from the Melbourne CBD. Its local government area is the Shire of Mornington Peninsula, Portsea is a popular vacation spot, located near the end of the Mornington Peninsula, between the calm waters of Port Phillip and the wild surf of Bass Strait. Portsea Post Office opened on 10 February 1877 and closed in 1987, OCS Portsea, an army establishment, was located just outside the town. Portsea is named after Portsea Island which is an island incorporated by Portsmouth, England, Portsmouth is where the first settlers to Australia set sail from. Portsea is considered by many to be the hub of Melbournes recreational scuba diving activities, no less than four scuba-related shops operate from its otherwise modest main street. Dive boats travel to both inside Port Phillip and outside Port Phillip Heads, also known as The Rip. The Portsea Pier is the home to the weedy sea dragon, as well as many other fish species. Boating traffic is frequent, and divers should be careful to avoid main boating routes, Portsea Back Beach is a big attraction in Portsea, due to its great surfing conditions and long stretch of sand. Portsea Surf Life Saving Club patrols the popular beach, as patrols are always needed during the summer period given the large waves. Corsair Rock, just at the entrance to Port Philip, is a surf spot to locals. However, it is not advised to surf there unless you are an experienced surfer and and it is considered a very dangerous location. The rip can run out as fast as 8-10 knots, golfers play at the revered Portsea Golf Club on Relph Avenue. According to the 2011 Australian Bureau of Statistics Census, Portsea had 446 residents, prominent residents include trucking magnate Lindsay Fox, Kate Baillieu and Rupert Murdochs grandson businessman David Calvert Jones, other well known residents are Eddie McGuire and Ron Walker. Several properties in Portsea have broken the Victorian price record and this occurred as recently as last year. The Australian Crawl song Hoochie Gucci Fiorucci Mama was written about Portsea, officer Cadet School, Portsea Portsea Island, Portsmouth, England, United Kingdom Portsea, a district of Portsmouth, England, United Kingdom Point Nepean
14.
Sorrento, Victoria
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Sorrento is a township in Victoria, Australia, located on the shores of Port Phillip on the Mornington Peninsula, about one and a half hours by car south of Melbourne. It is a largely upper-class, seaside resort area, but is also a seaside township in the off-peak months of the year. It was named by the Italian founders after the southern Italian town, in 1803,30 years before the founding of Melbourne, Sullivan Bay in Sorrento became the site of Victorias first mainland European settlement. Due to a lack of water the settlement was short lived. Victorias first magistrates court, public hospital, postal service and government printing office were established in Sorrento, the first Victorian wedding, christening and funeral services were held at Sullivan Bay. The first settlement site overlooking Sullivan Bay includes graves believed to be of first settlers, Sorrento Post Office opened on 10 January 1871. A horse and steam powered tram which ran between the foreshore and the beach opened in 1890 and closed in 1920. The town has a number of historic homes and hotels which date back to the 1860s. The Australia ICOMOS charter for the conservation of places of significance in the practice of local heritage protection has listed 30 properties. Mechanics Institute, Sorrento was built in 1877 using local limestone and the building, other notable limestone buildings still standing include, Sorrento Hotel, Anglican Church, Athenaeum Theatre, Continental Hotel, Whitehall Guest House. The sandstone Presbyterian Church was built around 1880, ophir House, opposite the Masonic Lodge, a miniature Whitehall, was replaced by contemporary units. Stringers Store and Sorrento has regular bus routes and a ferry, Peninsula Searoad Transport. The Sorrento Park, established in 1870, contains a variety of trees, troy played with Sorrento in about 9 matches during 2012 when not required in the AFL, and the finals series. Ben McCormack took over the captaincy from Dave Lawson when Dave was appointed coach at Crib Point 3 years ago and its first and only Provincial First XI premiership was 1971/72 under ex-Northcote and Collingwood player Graham Burt. Forty years on, the seniors had their opportunity in a Provincial Grand Final losing to rivals Baxter in 2011/12. Sadly, a second grand final appearance failed. In 2010/2011 Ryan OConnor became the first player to win the W. B. Wedgwood medal for Sorrento, the original Macfarlan Reserve pavilion was erected in 1935 with a terraced grandstand upstairs. It was demolished and completely rebuilt in 1984 and re-opened as the Robert Keegan pavilion in 1985, several balconies have been added since
15.
Cape Schanck Lighthouse
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The Cape Schanck Lighthouse was built in 1859 as the second coastal lighthouse in the Australian state of Victoria. It is located on the southernmost tip of the Mornington Peninsula, the tower was built from limestone, it is 21 metres tall. The lights focal plane is situated 100 metres above sea level, the characteristic is the Morse Code letter N. Depending on the bearing of the light, the colours are white or red. Due to its powerful lantern of one million candela and a first order Fresnel lens, which was installed in 1915, the lighthouse was not only one of the first such buildings in Victoria, it was moreover Australias first lighthouse tower with stone stairs. During the 1970s and 1980s the facility was restored and has become an attraction for tourists. Today there is a museum in the old assistants quarters, accommodation is available in the old residences of the lighthouse keeper. List of lighthouses and lightvessels in Australia Cape Schanck Lighthouse - official site Rowlett, university of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
16.
St Andrews, Victoria
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St Andrews is a town in Victoria, Australia,36 km north-east of Melbournes Central Business District. Its local government area is the Shire of Nillumbik, at the 2011 Census, St Andrews had a population of 1,138. St Andrews is well known for its market, which is open every Saturday from 8am to 2pm. It also contains a hotel, primary school, bakery, CFA, general store, originally called Queenstown, the area was surveyed in 1858 and a town proclaimed on 25 February 1861. St Andrew Post Office had opened earlier on 1 January 1856 and was renamed St Andrews in 1923 and it experienced population growth during the Victorian gold rush, when prospectors mined the hills around the town. The first discovery of gold in Queenstown was recorded in The Herald on 9 and 11 March 1855 and was attributed to a George Boston, in April 2015, it was named Victorias Wealthiest Town, as a result of ATO statistios. The town beat Toorak and Portsea, traditional leaders in this ranking, St Andrews has a great community feel and is much loved by its residents and visitors alike. On 7 February 2009 a major bushfire destroyed houses on Ninks, Muller, Jacksons and Wild Dog Creek Roads, as well as Buttermans Track and Olives Lane. Its progression toward the centre was halted by a southerly wind change, which saved the rest of the town. Shire of Eltham - the former local government area of which St Andrews was a part St Andrews Queenstown Historical Society Victorias wealthiest town, St Andrews remains rich in community spirit St Andrews the highest earning postcode in Victoria, beating Toorak and Portsea St Andrews Community Market
17.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
18.
Alfred National Park
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The Alfred National Park is a national park located in the East Gippsland region of the Australian state of Victoria. The 3, 050-hectare national park is situated approximately 388 kilometres east of Melbourne and was declared in 1925, the park is dissected by the Princes Highway, between Cann River and Genoa. The park reserves examples of temperate rainforest, particularly the jungle of Mount Drummer. Compared to the rainforests of Queensland and New South Wales. This region is biogeographically interesting as the point between the subtropical flora of the north of Australia and the cool temperate and arid zone floras of the south. The rainforest community consists of a canopy of Lilly Pilly Acmena smithii with numerous lianas, ferns. The park is known for occurrence of four varieties of tree ferns and of epiphytic orchids such as the orange-blossom orchid Sarcochilus falcatus. The park was burnt quite badly in the 1983 Ash Wednesday bushfires, protected areas of Victoria Lind and Alfred National Parks Management Plan
19.
Alpine National Park
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The Alpine National Park is a national park located in the Central Highlands and Alpine regions of Victoria, Australia. The 646, 000-hectare national park is located northeast of Melbourne, the parks north-eastern boundary is along the border with New South Wales, where it abuts the Kosciuszko National Park. On 7 November 2008 the Alpine National Park was added to the Australian National Heritage List as one of eleven areas constituting the Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves. Ecologically, alpine refers to areas where the environment is such that trees are unable to grow and vegetation is restricted to dwarfed shrubs, alpine grasses, in Victoria this is roughly those areas above 1,800 metres AHD . Below this is the zone, an area of open forest dominated by snow-gums. This zone includes basins where cold air settles, restricting tree growth, in wetter areas these basins form Sphagnum bogs, which play an important role in the water cycle. Water enters the alps as snow or rain, Bogs and frost hollows collect the water as snow melt and run off. A key element of these bogs is Sphagnum Moss, which acts as a sponge and these bogs then release the water over summer, ensuring creeks flow throughout most of the year maintaining the alps’ creeks and streams. The greatest risk to this system is damage to the Sphagnum bogs, fire can remove riparian vegetation, also increasing run-off and erosion. Below the sub-alpine zone is the montane zone, on the alps southern fall, this exists as wet forest and rainforest, a consequence of the higher rainfall on this side of the park. Tall forests of Alpine Ash and Mountain Ash grow in deep soils while species like Mountain Gum are found in soils or drier sites. The understory is usually shrubby, with a dense ground-layer of grasses, lilies, ferns, rainforests are areas where the canopy cover is high, greater than 70%. The tree species are specialists, such as Myrtle Beech in Cool Temperate Rainforest. Rainforest species are tolerant and able to regenerate below an undisturbed canopy or in small gaps created when a tree falls. Rainforest often merges with the surrounding, usually damp or wet and these forests are home to a diverse bird life and many mammals, some of which are restricted to a particular ecological niche within the ecosystem. This can include particular vegetation for foraging, or the presence of trees with their larger hollows. Rainforest species regenerate without fire and may be intolerant to fire, fire can also affect the breeding of some mammals. Fire in Spring, for example, is considered to put juvenile Spot-tailed Quolls at risk, the montane zone on the alps drier, northern fall consists of dry forest and woodland with eucalypt species such as stringybarks, boxes and peppermints
20.
Barmah National Park
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The Barmah National Park is a national park located in the Hume region of the Australian state of Victoria. The 28, 500-hectare park is located adjacent to the Murray River near the town of Barmah, the park consists of River Red Gum forest and wetlands. The area is subject to flooding from natural and irrigation water flows. Barmah National Park was originally utilised by Indigenous Australians to find food, shelter, following the settlement of Europeans into the area, the Barmah National Park became an important fishing and logging area, with surrounding land cleared for agriculture and grazing. Rabbits, foxes, sheep, cattle and horses were introduced into the area, to this day, the Barmah National Park is home to small herds of horses, known as Barmah horses, a type of brumby. However plans exist to remove the horses from the park, hardwood timber was harvested from the Barmah region from around 1870 and logging was an important industry in the region. The park was one of four established by the Victorian Government in 2010 to protect remnant River Red Gum forest, the other parks created were the Gunbower National Park, Lower Goulburn National Park and the Warby-Ovens National Park. In July 2010, the Government of New South Wales declared the Millewa Forest, on the banks of the Murray River. The combined parks are the largest continuous red gum forest in the world, the Barmah National Park is a popular camping, fishing, bird watching and recreation destination. The Barmah National Park is known as a temperate region, with low rainfall. Average temperature maximums for the year are around 30 °C in January and February, average rainfall for the year is 400 millimetres, with the most rain falling in winter with an average monthly rainfall of 40 millimetres. The Barmah National Park is a River Red Gum forest, consisting of a storey of red gums, no shrub layer or middle storey. The edges of the forest merge into a eucalypt-box woodland, the park is a large flood plain and wetland area, with flooding of the Murray River occurring sporadically, both naturally and due to flow regulation of the river. The main fauna type found within the park are waterbirds, the area is a rich breeding, nesting and foraging area for over 200 bird species. It is also one of the largest breeding grounds of birds in Victoria. Reptiles and amphibians are found within the river red gum forest, as well as many native fish species in the river. The main native mammals include the grey kangaroo, koala, emu. Introduced animals such as rabbits, foxes and horses can also be seen throughout the park, following European settlement of the area, land was extensively cleared to allow for farming and agriculture
21.
Baw Baw National Park
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The Baw Baw National Park is a national park located on the boundaries between the Central Highlands and Gippsland regions of Victoria, Australia. The 13, 530-hectare national park is situated approximately 120 kilometres east of Melbourne and 50 kilometres north of the Latrobe Valley, the park contains the Baw-Baw Plateau and Mount Baw Baw, a small ski resort. Much of the slopes of the plateau within the park form the catchment area for the Thomson River and the Thomson Reservoir. The traditional custodians of the land surrounding Baw Baw National Park are the Wurundjeri people of the Kulin Nation, through their cultural traditions, the Gunaikurnai people identify the Baw Baw National Park as their traditional country. The area was first explored by Europeans in 1860 by botanist Ferdinand von Mueller, the area was settled in the 1880s and 1890s, after the discovery of gold in the area. Baw Baw National Park was declared in April 1979, on 7 November 2008 the park was added to the Australian National Heritage List as one of eleven areas constituting the Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves. The Baw Baw National Park represents the extent of the sub-alpine environment on mainland Australia. The typical vegetation in the park is low-lying grasses, heathlands and snow gums, fauna abounds on the foothills to Baw Baw Plateau, including Leadbeaters possum, which is highly endangered and Victorias state fauna emblem. The critically endangered Baw Baw frog, listed on the IUCN Red List, is native to the region, the deciduous Baw Baw berry may be found on the plateau. The national park draws its name from Mount Baw Baw, in the Australian Aboriginal Woiwurrung language the name for the mountain was thought to be variously bo-ye, meaning ghost, or bo-bo, meaning bandicoot. In the Bunurong language, the mountain was thought to be named Bore Bore and in the Gunai language, Bo Bo, the major uses of the park are skiing in winter and bushwalking in summer. It is popular for cross country skiing, downhill skiing, summer bushwalking, rafting and canoeing, fishing, scenic drives, the Australian Alps Walking Track traverses its entire length, starting at Walhalla and continuing north towards the Alpine National Park. The Baw Baw section takes a bit less than three days to walk with plenty to see for those interested in botany or geology, the highest peak in the park is Mount St Phillack, a granite plateau standing at 1,566 metres. There is popular ski touring along the Baw Baw Plateau between Mount Baw Baw, past Mount St Phillack to Mount St Gwinear, there is a volunteer ski patrol group who run on weekends and patrol around the St Gwinear portion of the national park. They access the park from the side of the plateau to the ski resort at Mount Baw Baw. Other popular skiing is Nordic skiing at Mount Baw Baw, introduced in 1972 including championship races, Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves List of reduplicated Australian place names Protected areas of Victoria Baw Baw National Park. Map of Baw Baw National Park, VIC
22.
Brisbane Ranges National Park
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The park covers part of the Brisbane Ranges, an area of hills of moderate elevation. The park features a number of walking tracks, of which the walk through Anakie Gorge is the most popular, other attractions include the Ted Errey Nature Circuit and Wadawurrung walk. Relatively flat and suitable for those of moderate fitness, the walk features views of the Gorge itself, some of the resident wallabies are relatively unafraid of tourists and may often study the passing visitors. In January 2006, lightning sparked a bushfire in the Steiglitz historical area which spread throughout the Brisbane Ranges. A subsequent bushfire one year later also threatened much of the national park, protected areas of Victoria Parks Victoria official Brisbane Ranges site Friends of Brisbane Ranges
23.
Burrowa-Pine Mountain National Park
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The Burrowa-Pine Mountain National Park is a national park in the Hume region of Victoria, Australia. The 18, 400-hectare national park is situated approximately 315 kilometres northeast of Melbourne and 120 kilometres east of Albury-Wodonga, the Pine Mountain, one of the largest monoliths in Australia, is located within the park and is believed to be 1.5 times the size of Uluru. The highest peak in the park is Mount Burrowa at an elevation of 1,300 metres above sea level
24.
Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park
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The Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park is a national park that is located in the Hume region of Victoria, Australia. The park was established under the National Parks Act,2002 to protect a range of threatened species. The park is used for a number of activities including bushwalking, hiking, trail riding, rock climbing, picnicking, camping. At the time of European settlement, box-ironbark forests covered approximately 3,000,000 hectares or 13% of Victoria, as a result of settlement, nearly 80% of these forests were cleared and the remaining areas were badly degraded by grazing. The forests of the Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park are living testament to these claims with some of its natural systems deteriorated as a result of grazing, clearing, logging and mining. When gold was discovered in the area during the mid 1800s, extensive alluvial and reef mining, quartz mining, fossicking, prospecting and gem hunting are still permitted within the park today. Evidence of these activities including disturbed ground, mullock heaps, dams, pastoralists driving cattle through Chiltern, known at the time as Black Dog Creek, discovered the forests of box and ironbark during the 1930s. The species were renowned for their strong durable timber and soon felled for fencing, construction, in fact, firewood collection continued until 2002 when the National Park was formed. A landscape that was dominated by large, mature trees. The clearing of land for agriculture and grazing impacted negatively on this landscape, grazing continued through the Chiltern section of the park until the 1980s and the Mt Pilot section until the 1990s. Common problems associated with activities including the introduction of pest species, soil compaction and erosion, increased salinity. The Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park is an amalgamation of two parks, each with distinct geological, historical and ecological profiles. The Chiltern Regional Park, first known as the Chiltern State Park, was a 4, the Mt Pilot Multipurpose Park was also established under the 1977 LCC recommendations. The Environment Conservation Council replaced the LCC in 1997 and gave rise to the Chiltern Box-ironbark National Park of 4,320 hectares, when the Victorian State parliament gave assent to the National Parks Act,2002 it initiated the creation of a highly protected system of parks and reserves. The Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park falls within the Victorian Riverina and Northern Inland Slopes sub-bioregions, the Chiltern section of the park comprises low-lying hills formed from Ordovician sedimentary rock which are distinctly contrast to the rugged Devonian granite of the Mt Pilot section. The park protects a total 18 ecological vegetation classes of which four are threatened, Box-Ironbark, Spring-soak Woodland, Gilgai Plain Woodland/Wetland Mosaic and the Valley Grassy Forest. The park supports over 600 native species of flora and has the most intact assemblage of fauna with more birds, mammals, most notably, the Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park provides a critical habitat for the recovery of the barking owl and brush-tailed phascogale. The park supports a range of native fauna with 276 different species of mammals, birds
25.
Churchill National Park
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The Churchill National Park is a national park located in the Greater Melbourne region of Victoria, Australia. The national park is near the Monash Freeway and Stud Road, established on 12 February 1941 as the Dandenong National Park, the park was renamed in 1944 in honour of Sir Winston Churchill. There are tracks throughout the Churchill National Park for walking, cycling and jogging, one recommended walking track for a very peaceful walk is Channel Track, surrounded by thick woodland and it runs beside the old aqueduct. The eastern boundary track is good for cycling and jogging. Bird watching is spectacular within the park especially by the dam along the northern boundary track, the picnic ground has gas barbecues, a unisex toilet and a shelter. Picnic grounds are provided on the end of the access road, Churchill National Park is famous for its 173 different species of birds, such as the Australian wood duck and the Pacific black duck. Most mammals are only active at night, so if you arrive early or leave late, you might be enough to see one, such as echidnas, wallabies. Echidnas are also active during the day, searching for ants, the park that is now Churchill National Park was once the police corps headquarters for blacktrackers and provided grazing land for the police horses. Many years later it was known as the Dandenong Police Paddocks, in the 1920s, metropolitan development brought some change to the parklands, which was still known as Police Paddocks. Local stone was dug up for road metal and building material, a water channel was cut to Dandenong. Fire and the clearing of the area took place, in 1939 the area was set aside as the Dandenong National Park, gazetted in February 1941, and later renamed Churchill National Park in 1944. An old quarry is located in the north west corner of the park, remains of the associated tramway, the tramway was known as the Scoresby Tramway. The tramway was used to transport crushed rock from the quarry, the wagons travelled by gravity for most of the distance, when the topography leveled out, horses were used to draw the waggons. The quarry operated for three years, the tramway was removed after the cessation of quarrying
26.
Coopracambra National Park
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The Coopracambra National Park is a national park located in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. The 38, 800-hectare national park is situated approximately 460 kilometres east of Melbourne and 250 kilometres south of Canberra, the northern boundary of the park is defined by the Black-Allan Line that marks part of the border between Victoria and New South Wales. The Monaro Highway defines the western boundary. Within the confines of the park, the Genoa River flows eastwards to the Tasman Sea, protected areas of Victoria Media related to Coopracambra National Park at Wikimedia Commons Coopracambra National Park
27.
Croajingolong National Park
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The Croajingolong National Park is a coastal national park located in the East Gippsland region of the Australian state of Victoria. The 88, 355-hectare national park is situated approximately 450 kilometres east of Melbourne and 500 kilometres south of Sydney, the name Croajingolong derives from the Australian Aboriginal Krauatungalung words galung, meaning belonging to and kraua, meaning east. The park is linear in shape and bordered on the side by the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean, the western side by Bemm River. Its northern boundary consists of bushland and low hills. The dimensions of the park are approximately 80 kilometres by 20 kilometres, the 100 kilometres Wilderness Coast Walk stretches the entire length of the park along beaches, through heathland and round rocky headlands. Croajingolong National Park, with the adjoining Nadgee Nature Reserve in New South Wales and it contains ecosystems, habitats and gene pools that are managed sustainably. The park encloses the Sandpatch Wilderness Area and is contiguous with the Cape Howe Wilderness Area, the Nadgee Nature Reserve, croajingolongs landscapes are so spectacular and environmentally significant that the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation nominated it a World Biosphere Reserve in 1977. The park houses impressive biodiversity, including almost 1,000 native plant species and 315 animal species, the camp sites at Mueller Inlet and Thurra River are privately managed. Most campgrounds are equipped with facilities and fireplaces. Nearby towns are Mallacoota, Genoa, Cann River, Bemm River, book created by Sandi Rigby and copy no.5 held by the Australian Library of Art, State Library of Queensland Croajingolong featured in the song Croa-jingo-long by Harold Williams in 1923
28.
Dandenong Ranges National Park
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The Dandenong Ranges National Park is a national park located in the Greater Melbourne region of Victoria, Australia. The park was proclaimed on 13 December 1987, amalgamating the Ferntree Gully National Park, Sherbrooke Forest, in 1997 the Olinda State Forest, Mt. Evelyn and Montrose Reserve were formally added to the national park. Dandenong Ranges National Park is divided into five sections, Doongalla Forest – Containing Mount Dandenong itself, the park contains the Thousands Steps trail leading to One Tree Hill. The very steep walking trail includes over 700 steps over 2.5 kilometres and commemorates the battle for the Kokoda track in Territory of Papua during World War II, the steps are a popular destination for sightseers and fitness enthusiasts alike. During the AFL pre-season a number of Melbourne Australian Rules football League, there is no specific creation date of the steps, however they are believed to be built during the early 1860s when they provided the only means of accessing the One Tree Hill Summit. According to a Tourist Guide published in 1868, all other areas contained thick forest vegetation, a survey of the park found that over 82% of visitors use the park for fitness-related walking. It is also a spot for picnics. Mount Evelyn Forest is the most northerly section of the park, Olinda Forest occupies the eastern slopes of Mount Dandenong. Sherbrooke Forest Because the park is located in an urban area, a cat-curfew was introduced in the entire Dandenong Ranges area some years ago, and since then the numbers and variety of lyrebirds and other native species have climbed dramatically. Protected areas of Victoria Parks Victoria, Dandenong Ranges National Park page
29.
Errinundra National Park
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The Errinundra National Park is a national park located in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. The Errinundra National Park preserves the largest remaining temperate rainforest in Victoria. There are also many rare and threatened species of flora and fauna, including owls, tiger quolls. Cool and warm temperate rainforest, wet open forest, montane forests, there is also a sub-alpine wetland. The majority of the park is only in the drier months. In winter, rain and snow generally make the roads impassable. In addition logging occurred in areas before the national park was established. Protected areas of Victoria Errinundra National Park
30.
Grampians National Park
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The Grampians National Park, commonly referred to as The Grampians, is a national park located in the Grampians region of Victoria, Australia. The Grampians feature a series of sandstone mountain ranges. After a two-year consultation process, the park was renamed Grampians National Park in 1991 and this area is a distinct physiographic section of the larger Western Victorian Highlands province, which in turn is part of the larger East Australian Cordillera physiographic division. The general form that the take is, from the west. The most popular walking area for day trippers is the Wonderland area near Halls Gap, in summer the ranges can get very hot and dry. Winter and spring are the best times for walking, the Wonderland area is also host to The Grand Canyon on the Wonderland Loop on one of the tracks to the Pinnacle. In spring the Grampians wildflowers are a major attraction, the area is a noted rock climbing destination, and it is popular with campers and bushwalkers for its many spectacular views and unspoilt nature. Mount William is known within the community as the epicentre of the Grampians Wave. This predominantly occurs during the months of May, June, September and October when strong westerly winds flow at right angles to the ridge, the rock material that composes the high peaks is sandstone which was laid down from rivers during the Devonian period 380 million years ago. This sediment slowly accumulated to a depth of 7 km, this was raised and tilted for its present form. The highest peak is Mount William at 1167 metres, numerous waterfalls are found in the park and are easily accessible via a well-developed road network. Motifs painted in numerous caves include depictions of humans, human hands, animal tracks, notable rock art sites include, Billimina Jananginj Njani Manja Larngibunja Ngamadjidj Gulgurn Manja. The significance of the hand prints at Gulgurn Manja is now unknown. The town is located towards the side of the park. Grampians National Park is home to one of Australias longest running food and wine festivals, Grampians Grape Escape, held over the first weekend of May in Halls Gap every year. Launched in 1992, the Grampians Grape Escape is an event for Victoria and provides food and wine offerings by more than 100 local artisan producers, live music. A major bushfire burned out about 50% of the Grampians National Park in January 2006, soon afterwards the first signs of regeneration were already visible with, for example, regrowth of the eucalyptus trees. Many trees exhibit epicormic growth, where a mass of young shoots re-sprout along the length of the trunk to the base of the tree
31.
Great Otway National Park
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The Great Otway National Park, located in the Barwon South West region of Victoria, Australia. The 103, 185-hectare national park is situated approximately 162 kilometres southwest of Melbourne and it contains a diverse range of landscapes and vegetation types and is situated within the Otway Ranges. The parks were combined after a campaign by the local community, the park is a popular area for interstate and international tourists, with companies operating tours in the region. It contains three camping areas at Johanna, Aire River and Blanket Bay, the park is accessed from the east via Apollo Bay, from the north via Forrest or Beech Forest, or from the west via Princetown. The park covers both coastline and hinterland in the Otway Ranges and so includes both beaches and forest, accessible via walking trails, the park and the Aire River campground are home to a significant koala population. The Cape Otway Lighthouse is adjacent to the park and is open to tourists throughout the week, migrating whales and dolphins such as southern right and southern humpback, and bottlenose dolphins can be observed from the coasts. The Great Otway National Park is extremely rich in fungal diversity, although hundreds of species of flora and fauna are listed in the Great Otway National Park Management Plan, there is only a single reference to fungi. The reference is to the pathogen, Chalara australis that affects myrtle beech. However, the majority of fungi in the Park perform beneficial ecological roles. In fact, most fungi perform positive rather than negative roles, even parasitic fungi – often regarded only negatively – are a vital part of healthy ecosystems, regulating ecosystem functions. As primary recyclers of organic matter, saprobic fungi break down fallen branches and leaf litter, other fungi form symbiotic relationships with other organisms. Although rarely acknowledged, the majority of plants in the Great Otway National Park form mutually beneficial mycorrhizal relationships with fungi. Given the great diversity of plants, specialist habitats and micro-climates in the park, two hundred and seventy-eight species of fungi are listed in the Atlas of Living Australia. This is likely to be only a fraction of the number of fungal species that grow in the Park. Despite their essential roles in underpinning terrestrial ecosystems, fungi are barely recognised as a part of Australias biodiversity. Although Australia has national and state level biodiversity conservation strategies and has ratified international conventions, there is currently no statewide biodiversity strategy for managing biodiversity in Victoria and the Colac Otway Shire Environment Strategy makes no reference to fungi. There is however, a deal of interest in fungi among the local community. The Australian citizen-science organisation, Fungimap is also documenting and mapping the distribution of fungi including those that occur in the Great Otway National Park, one of the tiniest yet conspicuous species found in the wetter parts of the park is the ruby bonnet
32.
Hattah-Kulkyne National Park
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The Hattah-Kulkyne National Park is a national park in the Mallee district of Victoria, Australia. The 48, 000-hectare national park is situated adjacent to the Murray River, the national park was proclaimed on 7 June 1960 and is a popular destination for bushwalkers and school camping trips. The park is in the Mallee district, famous for its red dirt and semi-arid shrub-like vegetation, there are several lakes in the area, the largest of which is Lake Hattah. During the dry season most of the lakes and their streams dry out completely, although there are limited road and tracks, there are several major high tension power and telegraph lines that run through or near the park, around which large areas are cleared. Protected areas of Victoria Hattah-Kulkyne and Murray-Kulkyne Biosphere Reserve Hattah Lakes
33.
Kara Kara National Park
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The Kara Kara National Park is a national park located in the Wimmera/Goldfields region of Victoria, Australia. The 13, 990-hectare national park is situated approximately 190 kilometres north-west of Melbourne, west of the Sunraysia Highway, Kara Kara National Park protects one of the most intact remnants of Victorias box-ironbark forests. Parts of the park are relatively unmodified in comparison to areas of forest in the central goldfields and are a fine example of the type of vegetation that once covered almost 13% of Victoria. The park is of importance to the Dja Dja Wurrung people, most of the park lies within the Northern Grampians Shire and the southern part of the park is within the Pyrenees Shire. The national park was proclaimed on 30 October 2002 as the St Arnaud Range National Park and it incorporated the former Kara Kara State Park and most of the St Arnaud Range State Forest. The park lies within the St Arnaud Box-Ironbark Region Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for swift parrots, protected areas of Victoria List of reduplicated Australian place names
34.
Kinglake National Park
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The Kinglake National Park is a national park in Central Victoria, Australia. The 23, 210-hectare national park is situated 50 kilometres northeast of Melbourne and includes tracks, the national park includes Masons Falls, a picnic area with falls and natural flora. Layered sediment forms the valley, containing fossils from when the area was covered by the sea. Natural fauna includes wallaby, kangaroo, wombat, possum and echidna and it also includes varieties of birds including cockatoos, king parrots, the rosella and the lyrebird. Prior to the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires, the park was renowned for being home to the tallest tree in Victoria, the specimen of Eucalyptus regnans stood 91.6 metres tall in 2002 and was suspected to have originated after the 1851 Black Thursday bushfires. It was located in the Wallaby Creek closed catchment area in the north-west regions of the park, the area was logged in the early part of the 20th century, and some remnants of logging remain. In January 2006, parts of the park to the north of the Kinglake township were devastated by a bushfire started by lightning during a severe thunderstorm, the blaze threatened to engulf the town, advancing to within a few hundred metres of the northern fringe. The town was saved by further thunderstorms, along with Country Fire Authority volunteers, in 2009 98% of the national park was severely burnt by the devastating Black Saturday bushfires. Much of the town of Kinglake was destroyed and nearly a hundred lives were lost, as of 2010, rehabilitation work is continuing and sections of the park are gradually being reopened. Protected areas of Victoria Disappointment Reference Area Toorourrong Reservoir
35.
Lake Eildon National Park
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The Lake Eildon National Park is a national park in the Central Highlands region of Victoria, Australia. The 27, 750-hectare national park is set in the foothills of the Central Highlands, approximately 111 kilometres northeast of Melbourne. The Goulburn River Valley supported a population of hundreds of members of the Australian Aboriginal Taungaurung people, cultural sites belonging to these people would have been flooded with the creation of Lake Eildon. The park includes a number of mine shafts related to Victoria’s gold rush of the 1860s, the park also contains relics from early pastoral use. In the 1950s, the Victorian Government purchased farming properties along the Goulburn, an area of 2,670 hectares that wasn’t flooded was declared Fraser National Park in 1957. An area of 24,000 hectares of state forest adjacent to the lake was reserved as Eildon State Park in 1980 to protect the catchment of Lake Eildon, in 1997, the two parks were combined to create Lake Eildon National Park. The caldera is evident in a few places as granite outcrops, the park’s vegetation is generally dry, open eucalypt forest with areas of riparian forest and montane forest. Main eucalypt species are stringybarks, peppermints, Red Box and Candlebark with areas of Mountain Ash, the park’s known native fauna includes 34 species of mammals,89 birds,17 reptiles,10 amphibians, three freshwater fish and wild edens. Threatened fauna recorded in the include the Brush-tailed Phascogale and Spotted Tree-Frog. Eastern Grey Kangaroos are very common in the camping places Most visitors use the park as a base for water-based activities on Lake Eildon, such as power boating. Deer hunting is permitted in season in some sections of the park, protected areas of Victoria Parks Victoria official website
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Little Desert National Park
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The Little Desert National Park is a national park in the Western District of Victoria, Australia. The Little Desert National Park is divided into three sections, Western Block, Central Block and Eastern Block, organised tours are available to the Eastern Block – the oldest and most accessible part of the park – from Melbourne and Dimboola, the nearest town in Victoria. The park was established in the late 1960s after the Victorian state government announced an intention to subdivide eighty thousand hectares of Crown Land in the region for agriculture. The area in question held a great deal of relatively undisturbed mallee bushland, the Little Desert receives an annual rainfall of approximately 480 millimetres, though there is a gradient from 400 millimetres in the east to 600 millimetres near Naracoorte. These sandy soils have extraordinarily low contents of available nutrients and hold water very poorly, thus, farming of the area proved quite impossible until deficiencies of zinc, copper and molybdenum were identified in the 1940s. Local opposition to selling the land for farming was intense, the Bolte Government was initially unmoved by environmental concerns. Public outrage over the proposed subdivision resulted in the responsible minister losing his seat in a by-election. The architect of the Land Conservation Council was the newly appointed Minister of Lands, Conservation and Soldier Settlement, over time, the Little Desert became a national park, beginning in 1968 with the eastern third. After the region was investigated by the Land Conservation Council in 1986 two more blocks to the west were added, thus covering all the sandy areas up to the South Australian border. The vegetation of the ranges from pure mallee heathland in the Eastern Block to cypress pine. In the Western Block, there are areas of seasonal swampland formed over claypans. Laterites are scattered throughout the areas of the park and characterised by broombush. Brush-tailed possums and Grey kangaroos are common throughout the park, the malleefowl is a rare bird found on the site and their protection was a contributory factor in the decision to preserve the area in 1968. Protected areas of Victoria Official webpage for the Little Desert National Park Webpage for the Little Desert National Park on the Protected Planet website Birds of the Mallee Parks
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Lysterfield Park
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The Lysterfield Park is a public park located in the Greater Melbourne region of Victoria, Australia. The 1, 398-hectare park is situated approximately 30 kilometres southeast of the Melbourne central business district, Lysterfield Park was created following the decommissioning of the Lysterfield Reservoir and placement of its catchment under the management of the then National Park Service in 1979. Gazetted on 19 May 1981 with 1,151 hectares, extensions to the park were made in 1984,1988,1995 and 1997, Lysterfield Park was the venue for mountain biking events of the 2006 Commonwealth Games. It features an array of trails suitable for XC and trail MTB riding. The trails are signposted and give clear indication of the level of difficulty they present to the rider. Trail management over recent years 2012 -2015 has led to improved drainage, usage of natural and man-made features. Lysterfields location, range and variety of trails and natural beauty make it one of the better MTB locations in Melbourne, in 2008, several emergency markers were installed in the park to allow callers to emergency services to give their location more precisely. Protected areas of Victoria Parks Victorias Lysterfield Park page Commonwealth Games Lysterfield Park page Mountain Bike Trail Map
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Mitchell River National Park (Victoria)
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The Mitchell River National Park is a national park located in the Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. The 14, 250-hectare national park is situated approximately 320 kilometres east of Melbourne via the Princes Highway, the northern portion of the park may be accessed via Dargo. The parks central feature is the Mitchell River, which is the largest unregulated river in Victoria, in 1992 the Mitchell River was listed as a Heritage River. The national park surrounds the spectacular Mitchell River where it has cut its way through rock strata creating high cliffs, the park originated as the Glenaladale National Park in 1963 following a donation of 163 hectares of land from Australian Paper Manufacturers Ltd. An addition of 112.7 hectares was made in 1986 at which time the name was changed to the Mitchell River National Park, the park was further extended in 2003 by 2,375 hectares to bring the total area to 14,250 hectares. In some of the gorges are found remnants of warm-temperate rainforest and it can survive here as the steep walls of the gorges protect it from the annual drying summer winds and the bushfires that occasionally rage through the area. There are recorded sightings of more than 150 bird species and 25 mammal species in the park, vegetation in the park includes papery-barked kanooka trees, lilly-pillys, muttonwoods, ferns, mosses, vines, and lianas. In the drier areas, typical Australian species such as wattle, the Mitchell River was an important location to the Gunai/Kurnai nation, especially the Brabuwooloong and the Brayakuloong people of central Gippsland. One of the features of the park is the Den of Nargun mentioned in Aboriginal legends, gold was discovered in the area in 1857. Alluvial fields along the Mitchell River and its tributaries were worked into the twentieth century. Later use by Europeans mainly involved timber and farming, according to Gunai tribal legends, the Nargun is a fierce half-human half-stone creature that lived in the den, a cave under a rock overhang behind a small waterfall. The Den of Nargun, is found on Woolshed Creek, a tributary of the Mitchell River. In the legend the Nargun would abduct children who visited the rockpool and it was said the Nargun could not be harmed with boomerangs or spears, as they would be reflected back to the thrower. The Den of Nargun was considered a place for women of the Gunai tribe, being used for womens initiation. Thus the stories would have served the purpose of keeping away from the sacred area. The den was once rimmed with stalactites, but unfortunately these have been broken off as souvenirs by visitors over the years. A similar, though well known site, called Deadcock Den is situated on Woolshed Creek downstream from the Den of Nargun. This site was also of cultural significance to the Gunai people
