The Moro conflict was an insurgency in the Mindanao region of the Philippines which involved multiple armed groups. Peace deals have been signed between the Philippine government and two major armed groups, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), but other smaller armed groups continue to exist. In 2017, the peace council settled around 138 clan conflicts.
Christian Filipinos, who served under the Spanish Army, searching for Moro rebels during the Spanish–Moro conflict, c. 1887. The insurgency in Mindanao can be traced to the 1500s, when the Spanish arrived in the Moro heartland.
The North Borneo dispute, also known as the Sabah dispute, is the territorial dispute between Malaysia and the Philippines over much of the eastern part of the state of Sabah. Sabah was previously known as North Borneo prior to the formation of the Malaysian federation.
Left: The first concession treaty was signed by Sultan Abdul Momin of Brunei on 29 December 1877, appointing Baron von Overbeck as the Maharaja Sabah, Rajah Gaya and Sandakan. Right: The second concession treaty was signed by Sultan Jamal ul-Azam of Sulu on 22 January 1878 also appointing Baron de Overbeck as Dato Bendahara and Raja Sandakan, approximately three weeks after the first treaty.
The Madrid Protocol in 1885 putting North Borneo under the control of the British North Borneo Company while the Sulu Archipelago and the rest of the Philippine islands was under the control of the Spanish East Indies.
Charles Frederick Cunningham Macaskie (1888–1969), c. 1910–1920
Annual "Cession Money" payment by Malaysian Embassy to the heirs of the Sultanate of Sulu