1.
Spaceport
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A spaceport is a site for launching spacecraft, by analogy with seaport for ships or airport for aircraft. The word spaceport, and even more so cosmodrome, has traditionally used for sites that are capable of launching spacecraft into orbit around Earth or on interplanetary trajectories. Space stations and proposed future bases on the moon are sometimes called spaceports, the term rocket launch site is used for any facility from which rockets are launched. It may contain one or more launch pads or suitable sites to mount a transportable launch pad and it is typically surrounded by a large safety area, often called a rocket range or missile range. The range includes the area over which launched rockets are expected to fly, tracking stations are sometimes located in the range to assess the progress of the launches. Major spaceports often include more than one launch complex, which can be rocket launch sites adapted for different types of launch vehicles, for launch vehicles with liquid propellant, suitable storage facilities and, in some cases, production facilities are necessary. On-site processing facilities for solid propellants are also common, a spaceport may also include runways for takeoff and landing of aircraft to support spaceport operations, or to enable support of HTHL or HTVL winged launch vehicles. The first rockets to reach space were V-2 rockets launched from Peenemünde, after the war,70 complete V-2 rockets were brought to White Sands for test launches, with 47 of them reaching altitudes between 100 km and 213 km. The worlds first spaceport for orbital and human launches, the Baikonur Cosmodrome in southern Kazakhstan and it achieved the first orbital flight in October 1957. The exact location of the cosmodrome was initially held secret, guesses to its location were misdirected by a name in common with a mining town 320 km away. The Baikonur Cosmodrome achieved the first launch of a human into space in 1961, the launch complex used, Site 1, has reached a special symbolic significance and is commonly called Gagarins Start. Baikonur was the primary Soviet cosmodrome, and is widely used by Russia under a lease arrangement with Kazakhstan. In response to the early Soviet successes, the United States built up a major complex at Cape Canaveral in Florida. A large number of unmanned flights, as well as the early flights, were carried out at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. For the Apollo programme, an adjacent spaceport, Kennedy Space Center, was constructed and it has been the base for all Space Shuttle launches and most of their runway landings. For details on the complexes of the two spaceports, see List of Cape Canaveral and Merritt Island launch sites. The Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana, is the major European spaceport, in October 2003 the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center achieved the first Chinese human spaceflight. The spacecraft, SpaceShipOne, was launched by an airplane taking off horizontally
2.
Star Wars
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Star Wars is an American epic space opera franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It depicts the adventures of characters a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars and it was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed-to-negative reactions, a sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars, The Force Awakens. All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards and have been successes, with a combined box office revenue of over $7.5 billion. Spin-off films include Star Wars, The Clone Wars and Rogue One, Star Wars also holds a Guinness World Records title for the Most successful film merchandising franchise. In 2015, the value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at USD $42 billion. In 2012, The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm for $4.06 billion and earned the rights to all subsequent Star Wars films. Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films, the events depicted in the Star Wars franchise take place in an unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the distant past. Many species of creatures are depicted. Robotic droids are also commonplace and are built to serve their owners. Space travel is common, and many planets in the galaxy are members of a single galactic government. In the prequel trilogy, this is depicted in the form of the Galactic Republic, at the end of the trilogy and throughout the original trilogy. Preceding and during the trilogy, this government is the New Republic. One of the prominent elements of Star Wars is the Force and it is described in the first produced film as an energy field created by all living things surrounds us, penetrates us, binds the galaxy together. While the Force can be used for good, known as the side, it also has a dark side that, when pursued, imbues users with hatred, aggression. The sequel trilogy introduces the Knights of Ren, an order of practitioners of the side of the Force aligned with the First Order. The first film in the series, Star Wars, was released on May 25,1977 and this was followed by two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21,1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25,1983
3.
Tatooine
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Tatooine orbits two main sequence binary stars and it has three moons, Ghomrassen, Guermessa and Chenini. Its G-type twin stars heat its surface, making water and shade hard to come by, the planets lack of resources, brutal heat, and decentralized population have made governing the planet nearly impossible. The planet fell into the clutches of the Hutts, a clan of gangsters, since Tatooine was beyond the reach of the Galactic Republic, the Hutts presided over the lawless planet with little outside interference. When the Galactic Empire subsumed the Old Republic, the new regime established only a token presence on Tatooine, Jabba remained the assumed ruler of Tatooine until his death in the Battle of Carkoon. Its name is derived from a city in Tunisia, Tataouine near to where various scenes were filmed, most were planted by an exiled Ithorian. Bestine, the capital of Tatooine, is situated far west of Mos Eisley near the south-western Dune Sea and it was also one of the earliest settlements on the planet but never thrived economically, sharing the same problems as many other settlements on the dry world. The Galactic Empire eventually established its base of operations here and placed its regional governor in the citys Main Hall and it is featured prominently in Star Wars, Galaxies. The Dune Sea is a sandy desert, near the cities of Anchorhead, Mos Eisley. It is inhabited solely by Tusken Raiders, Jawas, wraids, dewbacks, moisture farmers often have many moisture vaporators located in the Dune Sea to collect the scarce water vapor from the air. The Great Pit of Carkoon is located within the Dune Sea and it is a large hollow in the desert sand created by the Sarlacc, a large omnivorous creature that uses the pit to capture prey. The Great Pit of Carkoon is the site of a skirmish that takes place between Luke Skywalker and the forces of Jabba the Hutt, the Hutt crime lord and most of his minions were killed during the battle. Jabbas Palace is located in the known as the Dune Sea and was home to the gangster high boss and crime lord. It is introduced as the setting of the beginning of Return of the Jedi. Jabbas palace is also the setting in Tales From Jabbas Palace, edited by Kevin J.0 and Lego Star Wars III. The palace was originally a monastery built by the mysterious Bomarr monks, Jabbas Palace is very much infamous for bounty hunters, mercenaries, rogues, thieves, and many other known assassins to claim rewards. The Jundland Wastes occupy most of Tatooines temperate area, a region known for its numerous cliffs. Obi-Wan Kenobi lived in a dwelling on the edge of the Jundland Wastes after he took the infant Luke Skywalker to live on a moisture farm with relatives to hide the boy from Darth Vader. This area is also a level in the video games LEGO Star Wars II, The Original Trilogy, LEGO Star Wars, The Complete Saga and Star Wars, Luke Skywalker spent his first nineteen years living with his Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru on a moisture farm
4.
Star Wars (film)
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Star Wars is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. The first installment in the Star Wars film series, it stars Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Peter Mayhew co-star in supporting roles. The plot focuses on the Rebel Alliance, led by Princess Leia, and its attempt to destroy the Galactic Empires space station and this conflict disrupts the isolated life of farmhand Luke Skywalker, who inadvertently acquires a pair of droids that possess stolen architectural plans for the Death Star. Star Wars was released theatrically in the United States on May 25,1977 and it earned $461 million in the U. S. and $314 million overseas, totaling $775 million. It surpassed Jaws to become the film of all time until the release of E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial. When adjusted for inflation, Star Wars is the film in North America. It received ten Academy Award nominations, winning seven and it was among the first films to be selected as part of the U. S. Library of Congress National Film Registry as being culturally, historically, at the time, it was the most recent film on the registry and the only one chosen from the 1970s. Its soundtrack was added to the U. S. National Recording Registry in 2004, today, it is often regarded as one of the best films of all time, as well as one of the most important films in the history of motion pictures. It launched an industry of tie-in products, including TV series spinoffs, novels, comic books, and video games, the films success led to two critically and commercially successful sequels, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, followed by a trilogy beginning in 2015. In 2016, Rogue One was released as a prequel to the original Star Wars film. The galaxy is in the midst of a civil war, spies for the Rebel Alliance have stolen plans to the Galactic Empires Death Star, a heavily armed space station capable of destroying an entire planet. Rebel leader Princess Leia has the plans, but her ship is captured by Imperial forces under the command of the evil Darth Vader, before she is captured, Leia hides the plans in the memory of an astromech droid, R2-D2, along with a holographic recording. R2-D2 flees to the surface of the desert planet Tatooine with C-3PO, the droids are captured by Jawa traders, who sell them to moisture farmers Owen and Beru Lars and their nephew Luke Skywalker. While cleaning R2-D2, Luke accidentally triggers part of Leias message, the next morning, Luke finds R2-D2 searching for Obi-Wan, and meets Ben Kenobi, an old hermit who lives in the hills and reveals himself to be Obi-Wan. Contrary to his uncles statements, Luke learns that his father, Anakin, Obi-Wan tells Luke that Vader was his former pupil who turned to the dark side of the Force and killed Anakin. Obi-Wan then presents to Luke his fathers weapon – a lightsaber, Obi-Wan views Leias complete message, in which she begs him to take the Death Star plans to her home planet of Alderaan and give them to her father for analysis
5.
Obi-Wan Kenobi
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Obi-Wan Ben Kenobi is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed by Alec Guinness and Ewan McGregor in the films. In the original trilogy, he is a mentor to Luke Skywalker, in the prequel trilogy, he is a master and friend to Anakin Skywalker. He is frequently featured as a character in various other Star Wars media. Obi-Wan Kenobi is introduced in the original Star Wars living as the hermit Ben Kenobi on the planet Tatooine, when Luke Skywalker and the droid C-3PO wander off in search of the lost droid R2-D2, Ben rescues them from a band of native Tusken Raiders. At his home, R2-D2 plays Ben a recording of Princess Leia which explains that R2-D2 contains the plans for the Death Star, Leia asks him to deliver the droid and the plans safely to the planet Alderaan in order to help the Rebel Alliance. He gives Luke his fathers lightsaber and asks Luke to accompany him to Alderaan, Luke declines, but promises to take Obi-Wan as far as Anchorhead Station. After Luke finds his uncle and aunt killed by Imperial troops, he agrees to go with Obi-Wan to Alderaan, in the spaceport city Mos Eisley, Obi-Wan uses the Force to trick Imperial troops into letting them through a military checkpoint. They enter a cantina and make a deal with two smugglers, Han Solo and Chewbacca, to fly them to Alderaan in their ship. During the journey, Obi-Wan begins instructing Luke in lightsaber training and he suddenly becomes weak and tells Luke of a great disturbance in the Force. Emerging from hyperspace, the party finds that Alderaan has been destroyed, the trio chase the TIE fighter to the Death Star, and subsequently get caught in the Death Stars tractor beam. On board the Death Star, Obi-Wan shuts down the tractor beam, Obi-Wan uses the duel to distract Vader as Luke, Leia, Han and Chewbacca escape to the Falcon. Although Vader strikes Obi-Wan down, his body mysteriously vanishes the moment he dies, at the climax of the film during the Rebel attack on the Death Star, Obi-Wan speaks to Luke through the Force to help him destroy the Imperial station. In The Empire Strikes Back, Obi-Wan Kenobi appears several times as a spirit through the Force, on the planet Hoth, he appears to instruct Luke to go to the planet Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda. Despite Yodas skepticism, Obi-Wan convinces his old master to continue Lukes training and he appears later to beseech Luke not to leave Dagobah to try to rescue his friends on Cloud City, although Luke ignores this advice. In Return of the Jedi, Obi-Wan again appears to Luke after Yodas death on Dagobah, Obi-Wan acknowledges that Darth Vader is indeed Lukes father, revealed by Vader in the previous film and confirmed by Yoda on his deathbed, and also reveals that Leia is Lukes twin sister. After the second Death Star is destroyed and the Empire defeated, Obi-Wan appears at the celebration in the Ewok village, alongside the spirits of Yoda, in Star Wars, Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Obi-Wan Kenobi appears as the Jedi Padawan of Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn. He accompanies his master in negotiations with the Trade Federation, which is blockading the planet Naboo with a fleet of spaceships and their ship is damaged in the escape, however, and they are forced to land on Tatooine, where they discover a young Anakin Skywalker. Qui-Gon senses Anakins extraordinarily strong link to the Force and brings the boy to Coruscant to begin Jedi training, when Qui-Gon and Obi-Wan return to Naboo to defeat the Trade Federation, they are met by Sith Lord Darth Maul
6.
Alec Guinness
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Sir Alec Guinness CH CBE was an English actor. After an early career on the stage, he was featured in several of the Ealing Comedies, including The Ladykillers and he is also known for his portrayal of Obi-Wan Kenobi in George Lucass original Star Wars trilogy, receiving a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He also won a BAFTA Award, Golden Globe and a Tony Award, in 1959, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for services to the arts. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960, the Academy Honorary Award for lifetime achievement in 1980, Guinness was born at 155 Lauderdale Mansions South, Lauderdale Road, Maida Vale, as Alec Guinness de Cuffe. His mothers maiden name was Agnes Cuff and she was born 8 December 1890 to Edward Cuff and Mary Ann Benfield. On Guinnesss birth certificate, the space for the name shows Agnes de Cuffe. The space for the name says Alec Guinness. The column for name and surname of father is blank, the identity of Guinnesss father has never been officially confirmed. From 1875, under English law, when the birth of a child was registered. Guinness himself believed that his father was a Scottish banker, Andrew Geddes, Geddes occasionally visited Guinness and his mother, posing as an uncle. Guinnesss mother later had a marriage to a British soldier who had survived the Irish War of Independence. His behaviour was erratic or even violent. Guinness first worked writing advertising copy and he appeared at the Albery Theatre in 1936 at the age of 22, playing the role of Osric in John Gielguds successful production of Hamlet. Also in 1936, Guinness signed on with the Old Vic, in 1939, he took over for Michael Redgrave as Charleston in a road-show production of Robert Ardreys Thunder Rock. An early influence from afar was Stan Laurel, whom Guinness admired, Guinness continued playing Shakespearean roles throughout his career. In 1937, he played Aumerle in Richard II and Lorenzo in The Merchant of Venice under the direction of John Gielgud and he starred in a 1938 production of Hamlet which won him acclaim on both sides of the Atlantic. In 1939, he adapted Great Expectations for the stage, playing Herbert Pocket, one of its viewers was a young British film editor, David Lean, who would later have Guinness reprise his role in Leans 1946 film adaptation of the play. Guinness served in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve in the Second World War, initially as a seaman in 1941 and he commanded a landing craft at the Allied invasion of Sicily, and later ferried supplies and agents to the Yugoslav partisans in the eastern Mediterranean theatre
7.
Mos Eisley Cantina
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The Chalmuns Cantina is a fictional bar of the Star Wars universe located in the pirate city of Mos Eisley on the planet Tatooine. The establishment is extremely rough in nature, and the clientele, droids are not allowed inside, a droid detector near the front door alerts the management of any entering droid. The exterior scene was filmed in 1976 at the little town of Ajim. The film crew added some false frontage to the structure, giving it a dramatic appearance. The building has seen no refurbishment since 1976, the interior set was constructed and filmed on Stage 6, Elstree Studios in London. In early 1977, Lucas added several alien close-ups at Hollywood Center Studios, the new material was cut into the film by Lucas editors, including then-wife Marcia Lucas. The Cantina segment was enhanced by composer John Williams jazz instrumentals, featured on the album as Cantina Band. The anthology of intertwined short stories Tales from the Mos Eisley Cantina, edited by Kevin J. Anderson, explores the cantina and its clientele further. Mark Jonathan Davis, later of Richard Cheese and Lounge Against the Machine, made a song of Barry Manilows Copacabana, called Star Wars Cantina. Davis used the melody of that song, his lyrics are a rough outline of Star Wars Episodes IV through VI, Star Wars Cantina is often erroneously attributed to Yankovic. The song was not released on CD due to copyright complications, the musician Voltaire also did a parody on his album Ooky Spooky. Han shot first Star Wars, Databank
8.
Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes
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Figrin Dan and the Modal Nodes is a fictional band from George Lucass science fiction saga Star Wars, first appearing in the original 1977 film Star Wars. They are depicted as aliens with dome-shaped heads and round, black eyes. They are seen in the Mos Eisley Cantina sequence, the band is also featured in the short story We Dont Do Weddings, The Bands Tale by Kathy Tyers in the anthology Tales from the Mos Eisley Cantina. They were parodied in the film Team America, World Police and their most famous composition, an up-tempo instrumental, is named, on the original soundtrack, as Cantina Band, and is credited to the composer John Williams. In subsequent fictional spinoffs, including Empire Blues by Daniel Keys Moran and Tales from the Mos Eisley Cantina, the 1993 Anthology version of the soundtrack and 1997 Special Edition version included a second cue, titled Cantina Band #2. This mid-tempo track was heard in the film, but was previously unreleased. The band is made up of seven members, all Bith from the planet Clakdor VII, the leader of the band is Figrin Dan, as the name clearly implies. The band was popular across the galaxy during the Clone Wars, touring the frontlines, by the time Luke Skywalker reached adulthood, however, they were reduced to playing in seedy cantinas for a living. Only six of the members were playing when Luke Skywalker and Obi-Wan Kenobi walked into the Cantina, lirin Carn sat out during the performance, because he was not needed. The band may have been portrayed by Rick Baker, Phil Tippett, Jon Berg, Laine Liska, in 2006, as part of its Commemorative Tin Collection, Hasbro created a set of action figures of the band, which it sold through Walmart. Each figure came with its own instrument, in 1977, musician Meco released a disco single of the original cantina tune mixed with John Williams main title theme, under the title Star Wars Theme/Cantina Band. The track reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in August, the single appeared on an EP titled Star Wars and other Galactic Funk, which was also released the same year. Alternative band Ash released a version of the tune as the B-side of its single Girl From Mars in 1995. The Asylum Street Spankers play the tune in an interlude from Digga Digga Doo, a bluegrass version of the song is performed by Syd Masters & The Swing Riders in the 2011 film Paul during a bar scene and is included on the motion picture soundtrack. Figrin Dan and the Modal Nodes, from Abba to Zoom, A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century. The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Figrin Dan and the Modal Nodes on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
9.
Collage
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Collage is a technique of an art production, primarily used in the visual arts, where the artwork is made from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole. The origins of collage can be traced back hundreds of years, the term collage was coined by both Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso in the beginning of the 20th century when collage became a distinctive part of modern art. Techniques of collage were first used at the time of the invention of paper in China, around 200 BC. The use of collage, however, wasnt used by many people until the 10th century in Japan, when began to apply glued paper, using texts on surfaces. The technique of collage appeared in medieval Europe during the 13th century, gold leaf panels started to be applied in Gothic cathedrals around the 15th and 16th centuries. Gemstones and other metals were applied to religious images, icons. An 18th-century example of art can be found in the work of Mary Delany. In the 19th century, collage methods also were used among hobbyists for memorabilia, the exhibition later traveled to The Metropolitan Museum of Art and The Art Gallery of Ontario. For example, the Tate Gallerys online art glossary states that collage was first used as a technique in the twentieth century. The glued-on patches which Braque and Picasso added to their canvases offered a new perspective on painting when the patches collided with the plane of the painting. Collage in the modernist sense began with Cubist painters Georges Braque, according to some sources, Picasso was the first to use the collage technique in oil paintings. According to the Guggenheim Museums online article about collage, Braque took up the concept of collage itself before Picasso, applying it to charcoal drawings. Picasso adopted collage immediately after, It was Braque who purchased a roll of simulated oak-grain wallpaper and began cutting out pieces of the paper, Picasso immediately began to make his own experiments in the new medium. In 1912 for his Still Life with Chair Caning, Picasso pasted a patch of oilcloth with a design onto the canvas of the piece. Surrealist artists have made use of collage. Cubomania is a made by cutting an image into squares which are then reassembled automatically or at random. Collages produced using a similar, or perhaps identical, method are called etrécissements by Marcel Mariën from a method first explored by Mariën, surrealist games such as parallel collage use collective techniques of collage making. Many of these artists used techniques in their work
10.
Death Valley
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Death Valley is a desert valley located in Eastern California. It is one of the hottest places in the world at the height of summertime along with deserts in Africa, Death Valleys Badwater Basin is the point of the lowest elevation in North America, at 282 feet below sea level. This point is 84.6 miles east-southeast of Mount Whitney, Death Valleys Furnace Creek holds the record for the highest reliably recorded air temperature in the world,134 °F on July 10,1913. This has been contested by other weather experts and it is located mostly in Inyo County, California. It has an area of about 3,000 sq mi, the highest point in Death Valley itself is Telescope Peak in the Panamint Range, which has an elevation of 11,043 feet. Death Valley is one of the best geological examples of a basin and it lies at the southern end of a geological trough known as Walker Lane, which runs north into Oregon. The valley is bisected by a right lateral slip fault system, represented by the Death Valley Fault. The eastern end of the left lateral Garlock Fault intersects the Death Valley Fault, Furnace Creek and the Amargosa River flow through the valley but eventually disappear into the sands of the valley floor. Death Valley also contains salt pans, according to current geological consensus, at various times during the middle of the Pleistocene era, inland lakes formed in Death Valley. Lake Manly received water overflowing from a chain of other Pleistocene lakes, Death Valley has a subtropical, hot desert climate, with long, extremely hot summers and short, warm or mild winters, as well as little rainfall. As a general rule, lower altitudes tend to have higher temperatures, when the sun heats the ground, that heat is then radiated upward, but the dense below-sea-level air absorbs some of this radiation and radiates some of it back towards the ground. In addition, the valley walls trap rising hot air and recycle it back down to the valley floor. This process is important in Death Valley, as it provides its specific climate. The valley is surrounded by mountains, while its surface is flat and devoid of plants, so much of the suns heat can reach the ground, absorbed by soil. When air at ground level is heated, it begins to rise, moving up past steep, high mountain ranges, which then cools slightly, sinking back down towards the valley more compressed. This air is reheated by the sun to a higher temperature, moving up the mountain again, whereby the air moves up and down in a circular motion in cycles. This heated air increases ground temperature markedly, forming the hot wind currents that are trapped by atmospheric pressure and mountains, Death Valley holds temperature records because it has an unusually high number of factors that lead to high atmospheric temperatures. The depth and shape of Death Valley influence its summer temperatures, the valley is a long, narrow basin 282 feet below sea level, yet is walled by high, steep mountain ranges
11.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
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Dante's View
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Dantes View is a viewpoint terrace at 1,669 m height, on the north side of Coffin Peak, along the crest of the Black Mountains, overlooking Death Valley. Dantes View is about 25 km south of Furnace Creek in Death Valley National Park, from the Dantes View parking lot, visitors can take several paths, one of which leads to the very brink of the edge, offering a dramatic panoramic view. Another path leads north 320 m to a rest area with picnic tables, the best time to visit Dantes View is in the cooler morning hours, when the sun is in the east. Dantes View is an excellent venue for night time star viewing with telescopes, Dantes View provides a panoramic view of the southern Death Valley basin. To the south, the Owlshead Mountains,30 km away can be seen, and to the north, to the West, across Badwater Basin, the Panamint Range rises dramatically to Telescope Peak. To the east is found the Greenwater Range, on very clear days, the highest and lowest points in the contiguous 48 states of the United States, Mount Whitney 4,421 m high and Badwater −86 m can be seen. A part of the Devils Golf Course is to the west-northwest, West across the Badwater Basin, lies the Panamint Range, with Trail Canyon, Death Valley Canyon and Hanaupah Canyon visible. At the crest of the Panamints, Telescope Peak 3,367 m is 20 km distant, to the south, the Owlshead Mountains. East is seen the Great Basin ranges of Nevada, Dantes View is named from Dante Alighieri, who wrote the Divina Commedia, in which there are described the nine circles of Hell, the seven terraces of Purgatory and the nine spheres of Paradise. In April 1926, some businessmen of the Pacific Coast Borax Company and they had nearly chosen Chloride Cliff in the Funeral Mountains when the Deputy Sheriff of Greenwater, Charlie Brown, carried them from this peak a little distance to the Black Mountains. The group was persuaded and promptly called this point Dantes View. Dantes View is part of the Black Mountains, a part of Amargosa Range and these mountains were created when the surface of the earth was being stretched, forming a horst or a pulling force, forming grabens. The crust ruptured because of force, and as a result. Dantes View was used as a location for the 1977 film Star Wars as the characters overlook the fictional Tatooine spaceport of Mos Eisley. That view point is Dantes View
13.
Tunisia
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Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia is the northernmost country in Africa, covering 165,000 square kilometres. Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent and it is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisias population was estimated to be just under 11 million in 2014, Tunisias name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on Tunisias northeast coast. Geographically, Tunisia contains the end of the Atlas Mountains. Much of the rest of the land is fertile soil. Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic and it is considered to be the only full democracy in the Arab World. It has a human development index. In addition, Tunisia is also a state of the United Nations. Close relations with Europe – in particular with France and with Italy – have been forged through economic cooperation, privatisation, in ancient times, Tunisia was primarily inhabited by Berbers. Phoenician immigration began in the 12th century BC, these immigrants founded Carthage, a major mercantile power and a military rival of the Roman Republic, Carthage was defeated by the Romans in 146 BC. The Romans, who would occupy Tunisia for most of the eight hundred years, introduced Christianity. After several attempts starting in 647, the Arabs conquered the whole of Tunisia by 697, the Ottomans held sway for over three hundred years. The French colonization of Tunisia occurred in 1881, Tunisia gained independence with Habib Bourguiba and declared the Tunisian Republic in 1957. In 2011, the Tunisian Revolution resulted in the overthrow of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the country voted for parliament again on 26 October 2014, and for President on 23 November 2014. The word Tunisia is derived from Tunis, an urban hub. The present form of the name, with its Latinate suffix -ia, the French derivative Tunisie was adopted in some European languages with slight modifications, introducing a distinctive name to designate the country. Other languages remained untouched, such as the Russian Туни́с and Spanish Túnez, in this case, the same name is used for both country and city, as with the Arabic تونس, and only by context can one tell the difference. The name Tunis can be attributed to different origins and it is generally associated with the Berber root ⵜⵏⵙ, transcribed tns, which means to lay down or encampment
14.
Djerba
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Djerba, also transliterated as Jerba or Jarbah, is, at 514 square kilometres, the largest island of North Africa, located in the Gulf of Gabès, off the coast of Tunisia. It had a population of 139,544 at the 2004 Census, legend has it that Djerba was the island of the lotus-eaters where Odysseus was stranded on his voyage through the Mediterranean Sea. The island, which was called Meninx until the third century AD, one of these, whose modern name is Būrgū, is found near Midoun in the center of the island. Another city, on the southeast coast of the island at Meninx, was a producer of priceless murex dye. A third important town was the ancient Haribus, the island was densely inhabited in the Roman and Byzantine periods, and probably imported much of the grain consumed by its inhabitants. The island appears on the 4th century Peutinger Map, during the Middle Ages, Djerba was occupied by Ibadi Muslims, who claimed it as their own. The Christians of Sicily and Aragon disputed this claim with the Ibadites, remains from this period include numerous small mosques dating from as early as the twelfth century, as well as two substantial forts. The island was controlled twice by the Norman Kingdom of Sicily, in *1135–1158, 1305–1308 Simon de Montolieu, 1308–1315 Ramon Muntaner. In 1503, the corsair Oruç Reis and his brother Hayreddin Barbarossa took control of the island and turned it into their base in the western Mediterranean. Spain launched an attempt to capture it in November,1510. Soon after, he carried out an invasion and occupation of the island, spanish forces returned to Djerba in 1520, and this time were successful in capturing the island. It was twice occupied by Spain, from 1521 to 1524 and from 1551 to 1560, again there were governors, 1521–1524. On May 14,1560, the Ottoman fleet, under the command of Piali Pasha and Dragut, from that time until 1881, Djerba belonged to the Ottoman regency of Tunis. Subsequently, it came under the French colonial protectorate, which became the modern republic of Tunisia, the city Girba in the Roman province of Tripolitania, which gave its name to the island, was important enough to become a suffragan bishop of its capitals Archbishopric. Schuerman, auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee The island comprises three of the delegations within the Tunisian Département of Médenine, a Jewish minority has dwelled on the island continuously for more than 2,500 years. This community is unique in Jewish history for its high percentage of Kohanim, direct Patrilineal descendants of Aaron. Because of this, the island is known among Jews as the island of the Kohanim, one of the communitys synagogues, known simply as El Ghriba synagogue, is one of the most famous synagogues in the world. This is because it has been in use for over 2,000 years
15.
Millennium Falcon
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The Millennium Falcon is a spaceship in the Star Wars universe commanded at one time by Corellian smuggler Han Solo and his Wookiee first mate, Chewbacca. The highly modified Corellian Engineering Corporation YT-1300 light freighter first appears in Star Wars, the ship also makes a brief cameo appearance in Revenge of the Sith. Additionally, the Falcon appears in a variety of Star Wars expanded universe materials, including books, comics, the ship originally had a more elongated appearance, but this designs similarity to the Eagle Transporters in Space,1999 prompted Lucas to change the Falcons design. The original model was modified, re-scaled, and used as Princess Leias ship, modelmaker Joe Johnston had about four weeks to redesign the Falcon, and Lucass only suggestion to Johnston was to think of a flying saucer. Johnston did not want to produce a basic flying saucer, so he created the offset cockpit, forward cargo mandibles, the design was simple enough to create in the four-week window. Johnston called production of the new Falcon design one of his most intense projects, to this, sound designer Ben Burtt added the hum of the cooling fans on the motion-control rig at Industrial Light & Magic. Visually, the Millennium Falcon was represented by models and external and internal sets. For Star Wars, an exterior set was constructed and the set dressed as Docking Bay 94. Besides the functional landing gear, an additional support held up the structure and was disguised as a fuel line, the interior set included the starboard ring corridor, the boarding ramp, cockpit access tunnel, gun turret ladder, secret compartments, and the forward hold. The cockpit was constructed as a set that could be rocked when the ship was supposed to shake. Several inconsistencies exist between the set and the external set, the cockpit access tunnel angle being the most noticeable. The effects models for Star Wars matched the design of the exterior set, the primary model was 5 feet long and detailed with various kit parts. The ship was represented by a painting when Princess Leia sees it for the first time. For the 1997 Special Edition, a digital model replaces the effects model in several shots, for The Empire Strikes Back, a new external set was constructed. Built in secrecy under the code name Magic Roundabout, the company leased the 1930s Western Sunderland Flying Boat hangar in Pembroke Dock. It was then disassembled and shipped to Elstree Studios, Hertfordshire, today, the Pembroke Dock museum has an exhibit about the project. The new model, which measured at approximately 32 inches in length, had several features that differed from the five-foot model including updated landing gear. The 32 model was the version of the Millennium Falcon most depicted in toys, model kits, the model was reused for Star Wars, Episode VI, Return of the Jedi
16.
Stormtrooper (Star Wars)
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A stormtrooper is a fictional soldier in the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas. In The Force Awakens, the upgraded stormtroopers serve the First Order, under the leadership of Supreme Leader Snoke and his commanders, most notably Kylo Ren, General Hux, the order of battle of the Stormtrooper Corps is unspecified in the Star Wars universe. They are shown in collective groups of varying organizational sizes ranging from squads to legions and for some, their armor and training are modified for special operations and environments. Introduced in Star Wars, the Imperial stormtroopers serve as the army of the Galactic Empire, establishing Imperial authority and putting down any revolts. In the prequel film Star Wars, Episode II – Attack of the Clones, in Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Chancellor Palpatine orders them to slay their Jedi generals in the Great Jedi Purge. As established in Star Wars, The Force Awakens, after Palpatines death the stormtroopers continue to serve under the factions that broke apart from the Empire, with redesigned armor, they eventually serve under the leadership of the First Order. In this film, it is established that an undisclosed number of stormtroopers were conscripted as young children, given serial numbers for names. Stormtrooper FN-2187, later known as Finn, plans his escape when his resistance to this conditioning puts him in line to be reprogrammed, Star Wars Legends expanded universe media such as games and comics feature a number of specialized stormtrooper units. The Marvel-produced comics of the late 1970s and early 1980s featured Shadow Troopers, others, such as the Beach Troopers, are for comical effect. Appearing only briefly in Lego Star Wars II, The Original Trilogy, they are clad in a Speedo, in Lego Star Wars, The Complete Saga, they also wear life jackets. Shadowtroopers appear in Star Wars Jedi Knight II, Jedi Outcast wearing black armour made from a lightsaber-resistant metal called cortosis and this armour has a green synthetic gem set into the breastplate which gives the wearer Force powers. Their armour can also render them invisible, with only a small area of blue discoloration giving them away. They use this ability to lie in wait and ambush the enemy, most often the games protagonist and these troopers also possess the invisible feature and use this tactic to ambush their enemies, but only if stormtrooper officers call out for support. Disloyalty or failures were heavily punished and individualism was discouraged, command structure was sacred and this meant Imperial Stormtroopers lacked improvisation and were highly ineffective when cut off from command, but also allowed the best trained soldiers who prefer death over retreat. First Order Stormtroopers are regularly put through mental indoctrination and propaganda programs, to make sure that they remain fanatically loyal, being taken from their families at birth, these soldiers are not even given individual names for themselves but merely serial numbers, such as FN-2187. Based on conceptual drawings by Ralph McQuarrie, Liz Moore and Nick Pemberton sculpted designs for the helmet, Muir, who was also responsible for sculpting the Darth Vader costume, worked out of the Art Department at Elstree Studios. The suit was molded and initially cast in plaster, with Muir sharpening the detail at the plaster stage, the plaster casts were then remolded and cast in fiberglass to use as the tools for the vacuum forming process. The suits were produced in house by Tashy Baines, the resident vacuum former, as Shepperton Design Studios had already been used to vacuum form the helmets, the fiberglass molds for the armor were then sent to them for vacuum forming the suits
17.
Clone trooper
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Clone troopers are fictional soldiers of the Grand Army of the Republic in the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas. Clone troopers are genetically modified humans cloned from bounty hunter Jango Fett, under the command of the Jedi Order, clone troopers fight for the Galactic Republic during the Clone Wars, which takes its name from the troopers. At the end of the Wars, they are forced by a surgically implanted inhibitor chip to carry out Order 66, after the conversion of the Republic into the Galactic Empire, clone troopers become known as the stormtroopers and are eventually phased out in favor of recruits. During development of The Empire Strikes Back, Lucas initially conceived of a planet of clones that caused the Clone Wars mentioned in A New Hope, the armored troopers in Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith are computer-generated images voiced by Temuera Morrison, who played Jango. Younger clones were played by Bodie Taylor and Daniel Logan, who played the younger Boba, unhelmeted clones were played by both Morrison and Taylor, who wore bodysuits to isolate their heads, and some clone troopers featured a blend of the actors features. In the animated The Clone Wars film and television series, adult clone troopers are voiced by Dee Bradley Baker, George Lucas later came up with the alternate concept of an army of clone shock troops from a remote planet used by the Republic in the war that followed. Lucas intended for the trilogy to depict the evolution of the galaxys fighting forces. Clone troopers were designed to strongly suggest the evolution into the Empires stormtrooper army. Concept artist Jay Shuster said of the design, It follows the formula for a lot of the prequel trilogy. Take something pre-conceived in the trilogy and de-generate it. Initial concept models implied that the first generation armor was thicker and bulkier than stormtrooper armor, Lucas expressed a desire for individualized trooper armor from the beginning of art development for Revenge of the Sith. Several variations were largely dictated by environmental needs, but others were influenced of the 2003 Clone Wars animated series and the desert stormtroopers of A New Hope. In Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith, all troopers are computer-generated images and are voiced by Temuera Morrison. Taylor was filmed multiple times and composited to fill out crowded shots set in Tipoca City, Commander Cody, seen in armor without his helmet in Revenge of the Sith, was played by Morrison. He wore a blue bodysuit and only footage of his head was used for Cody, like Morrison, Taylor also played armored and unhelmeted clones in Revenge of the Sith, wearing a blue bodysuit that isolated his head. Some clone troopers were entirely digital and featured a blend of Morrisons. The armor was match-animated to the actors bodies, the clone troopers are voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in the 2008 animated film The Clone Wars and its related animated television series of the same name. Each clone was voiced individually, with all the lines for the episode recorded at one time before moving to another character
18.
Galactic Empire (Star Wars)
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The Galactic Empire, often referred to simply as the Empire, is a fictional dictatorship featured in the Star Wars franchise. It was first introduced in the 1977 film Star Wars and also appears in its two sequels, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi and is the main antagonist faction of the original trilogy. By the time of the trilogy, which starts three decades following the events of the original trilogy, the government has collapsed and is remembered as the Old Empire. Palpatine is also secretly the Sith Lord Darth Sidious who intends to purge the Jedi, Palpatines Sith identity is only known by a small few throughout his life. Palpatine claims that the Jedi attempted to assassinate him and overthrow the Galactic Senate, the Senate that he has manipulated overwhelmingly applauds Palpatines decision. Emperor Palpatine proceeds to purge the Jedi, who had been the upholders of peace and justice in the Republic, by the time of Episode IV, A New Hope, the Empire has transformed into a fully totalitarian regime, opposed by the Rebel Alliance. The Galactic Empire was born out of the collapsing Old Republic, the crisis on Naboo allows Palpatine to be elected Chancellor. When the extent of the Separatist threat becomes clear in Episode II, the Old Republic Senate and this conflict allows Palpatine to remain in office long after his term as Chancellor officially expires. Palpatine promises to return his powers to the Senate once peace and his first order is to create an army of clone troopers resulting in the construction of a massive military. He takes advantage of the conflict to increase his political power, the Jedi begin to distrust the Chancellors motives, fearing he has come under the influence of a Dark Lord of the Sith named Darth Sidious. Palpatine insists to the Jedi that the war, and thus his emergency powers and their concerns are shared by several Senators, who suspect Palpatine may not return his emergency powers to the Senate as promised. Among them are two who had long supported Palpatine, Padmé Amidala and Bail Organa, the film eventually reveals that Palpatine and Sidious are one and the same, and that he has been manipulating the Republic and the Separatists against each other. When the Jedi apprentice Anakin Skywalker discovers Palpatine is actually the mysterious Sith lord Darth Sidious, Windu then leaves with three other Masters to arrest Palpatine, instructing Anakin to remain at the temple. Mace Windu, with a cadre of Jedi, enters Palpatines office and declares that he is under arrest, Palpatine dispenses with his false modest persona and reveals his power-hungry nature, retorting I am the Senate. Palpatine quickly produces a lightsaber and dispatches all but Windu, when Anakin arrives, Windu is standing over the disarmed Palpatine, prepared to strike. Anakin intervenes on Palpatines behalf by cutting off Windus hand, allowing Palpatine to send Windu plunging to his death with a blast of Force lightning, Anakin then submits to the dark side of the Force, becoming Palpatines third Sith apprentice, Darth Vader. Palpatine declares the Jedi to be traitors and enemies of the Republic, and issues Order 66, led by Darth Vader, the Grand Army of the Republic, who once took orders from the Jedi, all but exterminate the Jedi Order in a massive galaxy-wide slaughter. Secure in his power and position, Palpatine reorganizes the Republic into the Galactic Empire, a deleted scene in the film establishes that the two are among the main founders of the Rebel Alliance, which later arises in A New Hope
19.
Han Solo
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Han Solo is a character in the Star Wars franchise. In the original trilogy, Han and his co-pilot, Chewbacca. During the course of the Star Wars story, he becomes a figure in the Alliance. Star Wars creator George Lucas described the character as a loner who realizes the importance of being part of a group and helping for the common good. Han owes crime lord Jabba the Hutt a great deal of money and has a price on his head, Han and his passengers are attacked by Imperial stormtroopers, but escape by accelerating to light speed. When they arrive at Alderaan, however, they discover that the planet has been destroyed, the Falcon is then captured and held within the Death Star, a moon-sized battle station constructed by the Empire. Han and company hide from detection inside the Falcons smuggling bays and they discover that Princess Leia Organa is a prisoner on board, and Luke convinces Han to help rescue her by promising him a huge reward. They rescue Leia and escape, though Obi-Wan is killed by Sith Lord Darth Vader, after delivering Luke, Leia, C-3PO, and R2-D2 to the Rebel Alliance, Han and Chewbacca receive a payment for their services and prepare to leave. Luke asks Han to stay and help the Rebels attack the Death Star, Han has a change of heart and returns to save Lukes life during the films climactic battle scene, ultimately enabling Luke to destroy the Death Star. For his heroics, Han is presented with a medal of honor, Han helps Chewbacca join his family on the Wookiee homeworld Kashyyyk. He faces Imperial forces on Kashyyyk, and later joins Luke, Leia, R2-D2, C-3PO, Chewbacca, Han returns with the Rebel Alliance to Echo Base on the frozen planet of Hoth. While out on patrol with Luke, they witness a meteor strike the surface, Han returns to base while Luke decides to investigate. Han informs Leia and the General of Echo Base that he must leave in order to clear his debt with Jabba, before he can depart, it is discovered that Luke has not returned from his reconnaissance. Han rides out alone into the frozen Hoth wastelands, soon finding Luke badly injured, using his friends lightsaber, Han cuts open his tauntaun, providing Luke warmth while he builds a shelter until they can be rescued the next morning. Later, Han and Chewbacca are sent out to investigate another meteor strike and they discover that the meteor is actually an Imperial Probe Droid. The two succeed in destroying the probe, but not before the Empire is alerted to the location of Echo Base, when the Empire attacks Echo Base, Han, Chewie, Leia, and C-3PO narrowly escape on board the Millennium Falcon. Han evades a squad of Imperial TIE fighters by flying through an asteroid field, Han and Leia fall in love during the long journey. They manage to hide from the Imperial fleet long enough to escape, bounty hunter Boba Fett secretly follows the Falcon during this getaway
20.
Luke Skywalker
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Luke Skywalker is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the original film trilogy of the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas. The character, portrayed by Mark Hamill, is an important figure in the Rebel Alliances struggle against the Galactic Empire. The now non-canon Star Wars expanded universe depicts him as a powerful Jedi Master, husband of Mara Jade, in 2015, the character was selected by Empire magazine as the 50th greatest movie character of all time. On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters, Fandomania. com ranked the character at number 14, Luke Skywalker was initially called Anakin Starkiller, and went through multiple design changes. The character was at one point designed as a 60-year-old grizzled war hero, later as a Jedi Master, the last name Starkiller remained for the first few months of production, Hamill on-camera using the name Luke Starkiller the sole time he referred to himself during filming. Starkiller was dropped due to what Lucas called unpleasant connotations, after Hamill was involved in a car accident, the Wampa attack at the beginning of The Empire Strikes Back was written in to explain his facial injuries. An alternative ending pitched by George Lucas for Return of the Jedi was Luke assuming his fathers role as Darth Vader after the latters death, though Lawrence Kasdan favored the idea, Lucas ultimately declined, since the films were made for children. Another conclusion to the featured the character disappearing into the wilderness akin to Clint Eastwood in the spaghetti westerns. During the filming of the original Star Wars trilogy, George Lucas informed Hamill that he would be needed to reprise the role when he was middle aged, Lucas further explained that his role as Luke would be handing Excalibur to the next generation. Hamill had no reaction at the time, as he thought of making Star Wars films decades in the future as an abstract concept, Hamill learned of the sequel trilogy over the summer of 2012 at a Star Wars celebration during lunch where Lucas told him one was in development. Hamill recalled shaving his beard to portray The Trickster in The Flash, Hamill attended meetings for script readings, and helped conceal Lukes role in the film, instead of dialogue, he read stage directions. Abrams said it allowed him to remain involved and that his reading helped make an experience for everyone. In the prequel film, Star Wars, Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Luke is born to Senator Padmé Amidala along with his twin sister, Luke Skywalker lives on a moisture farm on Tatooine with his Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru. Luke takes his first steps toward his destiny when he buys the droids C-3PO, when R2-D2 goes missing, Luke goes out to find him and encounters Obi-Wan Kenobi, an old hermit. Luke discovers that R2-D2 contains a message for Obi-Wan from Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan beseeching him to help her defeat the Galactic Empire, Obi-Wan says that he and Lukes father were once Jedi Knights, and that his father was murdered by a traitorous Jedi named Darth Vader. Obi-Wan presents Luke with his fathers lightsaber and offers to him to Alderaan and train him in the ways of the Force. Luke changes his mind when he returns home to find that Imperial stormtroopers have killed his aunt, Obi-Wan deactivates the tractor beam and he later sacrifices his life in a duel with Vader so that Luke and his friends can board the Falcon and escape. During the films battle scene, Luke joins the Rebel Alliance in attacking the Death Star
21.
Massively multiplayer online game
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A massively multiplayer online game is an online game which is capable of supporting large numbers of players, typically from hundreds to thousands, simultaneously in the same instance. MMOs usually feature a huge, persistent open world, although some games differ and these games can be found for most network-capable platforms, including the personal computer, video game console, or smartphones and other mobile devices. MMOs can enable players to cooperate and compete each other on a large scale. They include a variety of types, representing many video game genres. These games predate the commercial gaming industry and the Internet, but still featured persistent worlds, Kesmai later added 3D graphics to the game, making it the first 3D MMO. Commercial MMORPGs gained acceptance in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the genre was pioneered by the GemStone series on GEnie, also created by Kesmai, and Neverwinter Nights, the first such game to include graphics, which debuted on AOL in 1991. As video game developers applied MMOG ideas to other computer and video game genres, new acronyms started to develop, MMOG emerged as a generic term to cover this growing class of games. The debuts of The Realm Online, Meridian 59, Ultima Online, Underlight, despite the genres focus on multiplayer gaming, AI-controlled characters are still common. NPCs and mobs who give out quests or serve as opponents are typical in MMORPGs, AI-controlled characters are not as common in action-based MMOGs. There have been a number of console MMOGs, including EverQuest Online Adventures, on PCs, the MMOG market has always been dominated by successful fantasy MMORPGs. MMOGs have only begun to break into the mobile phone market. The first, Samurai Romanesque set in feudal Japan, was released in 2001 on NTT DoCoMos iMode network in Japan, more recent developments are CipSofts TibiaME and Biting Bits MicroMonster which features online and bluetooth multiplayer gaming. SmartCell Technology is in development of Shadow of Legend, which will allow gamers to continue their game on their mobile device when away from their PC. Science fiction has also been a theme, featuring games such as Mankind, Anarchy Online, Eve Online, Star Wars Galaxies. World of Warcraft is a dominant MMOG with 8-9 million monthly subscribers worldwide, the subscriber base dropped by 1 million after the expansion Wrath of the Lich King, bringing it to 9 million subscribers in 2010, though it remained the most popular Western title among MMOGs. In 2008, Western consumer spending on World of Warcraft represented a 58% share of the subscription MMOG market in 2009, the title has generated over $2.2 billion in cumulative consumer spending on subscriptions from 2005 through 2009. Within a majority of the MMOGs created, there is virtual currency where the player can earn, the uses for such virtual currency are numerous and vary from game to game. The virtual economies created within MMOGs often blur the lines between real and virtual worlds, the result is often seen as an unwanted interaction between the real and virtual economies by the players and the provider of the virtual world
22.
Star Wars Galaxies
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This list of characters from the Star Wars franchise contains only those which are considered part of the official Star Wars canon. C-3PO and R2-D2 are the characters to appear in all films to date
23.
Droid (robot)
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A droid is a fictional robot possessing some degree of artificial intelligence in the Star Wars science fiction franchise. Coined by special effects artist John Stears, the term is a form of android. The word droid has been a trademark of Lucasfilm Ltd since 1977. The franchise, which began with the 1977 film Star Wars, Episode IV – A New Hope, a protocol droid specializes in translation, etiquette and cultural customs, and is typically humanoid in appearance. The most notable example is C-3PO, introduced in Star Wars, 4-LOM is a protocol droid turned bounty hunter who responds to Darth Vaders call to capture the Millennium Falcon in The Empire Strikes Back. An astromech droid is one of a series of versatile utility robots generally used for the maintenance and repair of starships and these small droids usually possess a variety of tool-tipped appendages that are stowed in recessed compartments. R2-D2 is an astromech droid introduced in 1977s Star Wars and featured in all subsequent films, the malfunctioning droid R5-D4 also makes a brief appearance in Star Wars. A battle droid is a class of military robot in the Star Wars prequel trilogy of films, the tall, thin B1 model resembles the Geonosian race, who designed the droids, and are known to suffer programming glitches that manifest as personality quirks. The droideka is a heavy infantry unit with twin blasters. Multiple other types of specialized battle droids have been featured in the films, hK-47 is a humanoid soldier robot, designed as a violent killer, which first appeared in the 2003 video game Star Wars, Knights of the Old Republic. The 2015 young adult novel Moving Target, A Princess Leia Adventure by Cecil Castellucci and Jason Fry introduces the droid PZ-4CO, PZ-4CO also appears in The Force Awakens. In the 2016 film Rogue One, K-2SO is an Imperial enforcer droid reprogrammed by the Rebel Alliance, the term Droid was first used in the science fiction story Robots of the World. Arise. by Mari Wolf, published in If, Worlds of Science Fiction in July 1952, theyre swarming all over Carron City. Theyre stopping robots in the streets--household Robs, commercial Droids, all of them, Lucasfilm registered droid as a trademark in 1977. The term Droid has been used by Verizon Wireless under licence from Lucasfilm, motorolas late-2009 Google Android-based cell phone is called the Droid. The term was used for the Lucasfilm projects EditDroid, a non-linear editing system, and SoundDroid
24.
Lego Star Wars II: The Original Trilogy
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Lego Star Wars II, The Original Trilogy is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game developed by Travellers Tales and published by LucasArts and TT Games Publishing. It was released on 11 September 2006, part of the Lego Star Wars series, it is based on the Star Wars science fiction media franchise and Lego Groups Star Wars-themed toy line. It follows the events of the Star Wars films Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back, the game allows players to assume the roles of over 50 Lego versions of characters from the film series, customized characters can also be created. Camera movement was improved from its predecessor—Lego Star Wars, The Video Game, the game was revealed at American International Toy Fair 2006. Promotions for the game were set up at stores across the United States. Lego Star Wars II was critically and commercially successful, it has sold over 8.2 million copies worldwide as of May 2009, critics praised the game for its comedic and adorable portrayal of the film series and for their preference of the original trilogy to the prequel trilogy. However, the low difficulty, and its Game Boy Advance. The game received awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts and Spike TV, a mobile phone adaptation, Lego Star Wars II Mobile, was later developed by Universomo, published by THQ, and released on 19 December 2006. Lego Star Wars II and its predecessor were compiled in Lego Star Wars, The Complete Saga, Lego Star Wars IIs gameplay is from a third-person perspective, and takes place in a 3D game world that contains objects, environments and characters designed to resemble Lego pieces. Its gameplay—a combination of the action-adventure, platform, and sometimes puzzle genres—shares elements with that of Lego Star Wars, the game comically retells the trilogys events using cutscenes without dialogue. The player assumes the roles of the characters, each of whom possess specific weapons. At any time, a player can join the game. During gameplay, players can collect Lego studs – small, disk-shaped objects, the player has a health meter, which is displayed on the games heads-up display. The players health is represented by four hearts, when these hearts are depleted the player dies, however, they instantly respawn and can often re-collect the lost studs. The games central location is the Mos Eisley Cantina, a bar on the planet Tatooine. At the counter, the player may use their Lego studs to purchase characters, vehicles, gameplay hints and extras, in a small area outside the cantina, players may view collected vehicles. The game is broken into levels, which are accessed from the cantina, each film is represented by six levels, representing key locations, the locations include Hoth, Bespin, Dagobah, Tatooine, the Death Star, and Endor. The game also features bonus levels, levels must first be played in Story Mode
25.
Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga
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Lego Star Wars, The Complete Saga is a Lego-themed action-adventure video game based on the Lego Star Wars line of toys. It is a combination of the game Lego Star Wars, The Video Game and its sequel Lego Star Wars II, The Original Trilogy, which spans the first six episodes of the Star Wars saga. The game was announced by LucasArts on 25 May 2007 at Celebration IV and was released for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii, the compilation title was released for the PC on 13 October 2009 in the US. Its sequel, Lego Star Wars III, The Clone Wars, was released in March 2011, the Mac OS X version of the game was released on 12 November 2010 by Feral Interactive. A version of the game for iOS was released on 12 December 2013, the mission for the game is to collect Gold Bricks while successfully progressing through the entire story. In the Wii, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions there are 160 to collect,120 of these are for the main levels, for iOS, there are 200 overall. There are three for each of the levels, for iOS, there are 200 Gold Bricks overall with an additional available for each level with the completion of a challenge mode where the player must find the 10 hidden blue minkits. There are 20 gold bricks for completing the Bounty Hunter missions, there are 6 further gold bricks for completing the bonus missions and another 14 available to purchase at the Cantina. Overall, there are 36 story levels,20 bounty hunter missions, most of the story levels are the same as those found in their respective original games. Anakins Flight is based on the Naboo space battle against the control ship seen in The Phantom Menace. It was originally envisioned as a level, but was changed to the free-roam style used in almost all vehicles levels in the game. Bounty Hunter Pursuit, focuses on Obi Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker pursuing bounty hunter Zam Wesell across Coruscant from Attack of the Clones and it was also made into a free-roam level, but unlike Anakins Flight was incorporated into Episode II. The Mos Espa Podrace and Gunship Cavalry story levels have been redesigned, battle over Coruscant, though, remains the same except players can change vehicles in free-play. The Episodes I, II, and III levels have been updated so that characters can build and ride vehicles, wear helmets, prequel trilogy characters now have the ability to dodge blaster fire and have their own special melee attack. New characters have also added, bringing the total up to 160. Indiana Jones is a playable character. Travellers Tales created the Complete Saga in response to the success of the original game, the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions allow for co-op play online, and support for high definition on HDTVs. The Wii version includes motion-sensitive inputs and the Nintendo DS version incorporates exclusive touch-screen action, the PlayStation 3 version also allows the use of Sixaxis motion-sensing, which allows the player to drive vehicles on the PlayStation 3
26.
Ajim
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Ajim is a commune and port located on the Island of Djerba off the coast of Tunisia. It is Djerbas main fishing port and the closest city to the African continent and it had a population of 24,294 at the 2014 census. The city and surrounding areas were used as a location for Star Wars. Tourists can visit buildings featured in the movie, including Obi-Wan Kenobis house
27.
Wookieepedia
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The name Wookieepedia is a portmanteau of Wookiee and encyclopedia, a pun on the name of Wikipedia. The logo, too, is a visual pun showing the incomplete second Death Star as opposed to Wikipedias incomplete jigsaw logo and it is a fan-built version of the Holocron, a database maintained by Lucasfilm to track everything in the Star Wars universe and ensure continuity within it. Wookieepedia was conceived by Steven Greenwood and created at the request of hosting site Wikia by Chad Barbry, Barbry also conceived the name Wookiepedia, which was later respelled W-O-O-K-I-E-E-P-E-D-I-A. On March 4,2005, Wookieepedia was launched at Wikia, Wookieepedia is the most-visited wiki hosted by Wikia as of April 2005. On November 28,2005, Wookieepedia was selected as the Sci Fi Channels Sci Fi Site of the Week, in January 2006, the site was featured as the Wikia of the Month. Wikia hosts Star Wars wikis in many languages, and Wookieepedia also coordinates its efforts with the German language wiki called Jedipedia. net. A2014 April Fools joke was posted on the site involving alien breasts, fans have criticized the administrators and how the content is circulated. Some have even gone so far as to say it is a rather alienating wiki given its appeal being centered on only main Star Wars fans if nothing more. Criticism has also directed towards the choosing of bureaucrats as well as the growing amount of hostility and immaturity in their forums. In April 2014, Wookieepedia drew some controversy within the Star Wars fan community for posting a satirical article on breasts as its April Fools feature article. Critics regarded the article as misogynistic and in bad taste, some fans who havent cared for Wookiepedia have even defected to going to the Star Wars Uncyclopedia equivalent Darthipedia as well. Media related to Wookieepedia at Wikimedia Commons Official website on Wikia Wookieepedia on WikiIndex
28.
Architecture of Star Wars
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Architecture in Star Wars includes the cities, buildings, ships, and other structures of the fictional Star Wars universe as described and depicted in books, movies, comics, and cartoons. Architects Journal ranked the top 10, including the Death Star and he also describes the retro-futurist cities in the series as being in between those extremes and places of great beauty but dubious moral character. He attributes the ambivalence towards urbanity to series creator George Lucas own feelings about cities, the end of the first movie was shot in the Guatemalan rain forest where a celebration with rebel allies takes place in a caved area. The exotic locales provide scenery that is unfamiliar to all but a few experts in non-western architecture, the article included illustrations of Coruscant, including views from the Jedi Council building, and the city of Theed. On Coruscant, development extends miles below the surface of the city, the urban future has also been depicted in Blade Runner where the setting is a grimy, crime-ridden Los Angeles in the 21st century. The architecture of Star Wars may also have influenced by Stanley Kubricks 2001. The temple has five towers, the tallest is Tranquillity Spire, Star Wars Insider listed it as the one hundredth greatest thing about Star Wars in its one hundredth issue special. The battle cruisers featured in Star Wars have been described as examples of Suprematist architecture, the San Francisco Federal Building designed by Thom Mayne has been compared to the Jawa Sandcrawler featured in Star Wars Episode IV, A New Hope. The ING headquarters building has been described as looking like something out of Star Wars that could move forward on its legs. Conversely, the Trinity College, Dublin, Long Room Library is thought to be the basis for the Jedi Academy Library in Star Wars, Episode II – Attack of the Clones. Jedi Academy TIE fighter Technology in Star Wars Kippins, Jeffrey Star Wars III, The Battle at the Center of the Universe, Investigations in Architecture Eisenman Studios at the GSD 1983-1985 Ed.1986
29.
Languages in Star Wars
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The Star Wars science fiction universe, created by George Lucas, features dialogue that is not spoken in natural languages. The lingua franca of the franchise, for which the language the works are dubbed or written stand in, is Galactic Basic. Characters often speak languages other than Basic, notably Shyriiwook spoken by Chewbacca, droidspeak spoken by R2-D2 and BB-8, the fictional languages were approached as sound design and developed largely by Ben Burtt, sound designer for both the original and prequel trilogy of films. He created alien dialogue out of the sounds of primarily non-English languages, such as Quechua, Haya and this methodology was also used in The Force Awakens by Sara Forsberg. Lucas also insisted that written throughout the films look as dissimilar from the English alphabet as possible. The languages constructed for the films were criticized as not being true constructed languages, the usage of heavily accented English for alien characters was also criticized as contributing to the suggestion of racial stereotypes. Language development was approached as sound design and was handled by Ben Burtt and he also used English, as in the original Star Wars where he synthesized originally English dialogue from a Western film until it sounded alien. This methodology to create the sound of alien languages was carried into production of The Force Awakens. Director J. J. Forsberg was asked to listen to Euro-Asian languages, and she drew from Gujarati, Hindi and she also listened to languages she did not understand to better structure the words and sentences to sound believable. Galactic Basic, often simply Basic, is the lingua franca of the Star Wars universe, Lucas intended to balance American accents and British accents between the heroes and villains of the original film so that each side had each. He also strove to keep accents very neutral, noting Alec Guinnesss and Peter Cushings mid-Atlantic accents, to decide on the sound of Nute Gunray, a Neimoidian character portrayed by Silas Carson, Lucas and Rick McCallum listened to actors from different countries reading Carsons lines. Eventually, they chose a heavily Thai-accented English, and Carson rerecorded the dialogue to mimic the Thai actors accent, gunrays accent was described by critics to be Hollywood Oriental that contributed to criticism of Gunray as an Asian stereotype. Wattos accent was similarly criticized as lending to anti-Semitic and anti-Arab connotations, yoda characteristically speaks a non-standard syntax of Basic, primarily constructing sentences in object-subject-verb word order rare in natural languages. This sentence construction is cited as a device for making him seem very alien and characterizes his dialogue as vaguely riddle-like. This was cited as a trait that led to criticism of the Gungan species as an offensive stereotype. Aurebesh is a language used to represent spoken Galactic Basic and is the most commonly seen alphabet in the Star Wars franchise. The alphabet was based on shapes designed by Joe Johnston for the original trilogy, in the early 1990s, Stephen Crane, art director at West End Games, became intrigued with the shapes as they appeared on the Death Star. After copying the letters from screenshots by hand, he standardized the letters based on similar to the Eurostile font
30.
Physics and Star Wars
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The space opera interstellar epic Star Wars uses science and technology in its settings and storylines. The series has showcased many technological concepts, both in the movies and in the universe of novels, comics and other forms of media. The Star Wars movies primary objective is to build upon drama, philosophy, political science, many of the on-screen technologies created or borrowed for the Star Wars universe were used mainly as plot devices. The iconic status that Star Wars has gained in popular culture, many of the features or technologies used in the Star Wars universe are not yet considered possible. Despite this, their concepts are still probable, in the past scientists thought that planets would be unlikely to form around binary stars. However, recent simulations indicate that planets are just as likely to form around binary star systems as single-star systems, of the 3457 exoplanets currently known,146 actually orbit binary star systems. Specifically, they orbit what are known as wide binary star systems where the two stars are far apart. Tatooine appears to be of the other type — a close binary, where the stars are close. The first observationally confirmed binary — Kepler-16b — is a close binary, intermediate binaries, or those with between 3 and 50 AU between them, had no dusty disks. In 2011 it was reported by The Guardian that NASA space craft Kepler had discovered a planet, named Kepler-16b, two stars of different masses orbiting one another would cause gravity fields to shift, causing potential instabilities in the orbits of any planets in their system. Even planets in stable orbits of a binary star system would suffer other kinds of problems according to her such as climatic problems. As an example, a planet in a star system orbiting the larger star would be drawn closer to its gravitational field. As the planet passes its larger star and reaches the orbit of its smaller star, the distance would send the planet into extreme frigid temperatures. According to Cavelos, astronomers hypothesize at least two solutions to these problems exist and that even life supporting binary star systems could exist. One scenario could be two stars billions of miles apart, a planet or planets would be able to orbit one star while at minimum influence of the other. A star known as Proxima Centauri, or Alpha Centauri C, is about one miles away from its sister stars. Assuming the existence of planets around Proxima Centauri, the stars from these planets would appear as bright stars in the sky. Another scenario would be two stars that would be closer to one another at a distance of only a few million miles, a planet orbiting far enough away would be affected by their gravitational fields almost as if there were one
31.
Galactic Republic
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The Galactic Republic, often referred to as simply the Republic, is the name of the interplanetary State used in the fictional Star Wars universe prior to the establishment of the Galactic Empire. The form of government, ruled by the Senate, was introduced in the prequel trilogy. By the time of the trilogy, it is referred to as the Old Republic. It was a democratic, though eventually ineffectual, constitutional republic tied up in layers of bureaucracy, the Republic, as it was commonly known, was a republican government that was able to sustain itself for over twenty-five thousand years. The Republic itself was formed in 25,053 BBY when the first Galactic Constitution was signed on Coruscant, the Republic was made up of several hundred thousand worlds. The Republic began as a protection and economic alliance among a number of planets in the Galactic Core. Each member world chose a Senator to represent them in the Republic Senate, Senators were ambassadors of their homeworld, and member worlds were able to maintain their government and society in accordance with local beliefs, customs, and traditions. There were a variety of different local governments along the political spectrum. In some systems, the senator was elected to that post, when the Republics power and influence expanded, many new areas of the galaxy were incorporated into the Republic. A reorganization of Senatorial representation occurred 1,000 BBY during the Ruusan Reformation, the most common organization for these new territories was to group regions into Sectors of about 50 inhabited worlds. Each sector is represented by a Senatorial Delegation, when the number of sectors became too large, sectors were organized into roughly a thousand regions, each represented by one delegation to the Senate. The Senate served as the body of the Galactic Republic. The Senate, according to the Star Wars. com Encyclopedia, was a building containing 1,024 floating platforms, each of which contained a senator. Each platform in the senate represented a sector of the galaxy, with one senator for that sector accompanied by a delegation of aides, some platforms represented individual worlds bringing special pleas to the senate, others the special interest groups such as the Trade Federation. Along with the senators, the leaders of the individual member planets apparently also had the power to vote in the Senate, each senatorial delegation had one vote. In the spirit of C-SPAN2, Senate cam droids, also known as Senate hovercams, were floating cam droids used in the Galactic Senate to record the legislative sessions. The members of the Senate then elected a Chancellor from among their ranks who served as the Senates presiding officer and as the Republics de facto leader. The Chancellor was assisted by the Vice Chair, who is elected in the same manner as the Chancellor
32.
Jedi
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The Jedi /ˈdʒɛˌdaɪ/ are the main protagonists in the Star Wars universe. They are depicted as an ancient monastic and academic meritocratic organization whose origin dates back to c.25,000 BBY. The Jedi Order mostly consists of polymaths, teachers, philosophers, scientists, engineers, physicians, diplomats and warriors, by serving others, the Jedi give of themselves through acts of charity, citizenship, and volunteerism. A Jedis ideology and strict way of life as a challenge to live up to is a recurring theme in the Star Wars universe. Their traditional weapon is the lightsaber, a device which generates a blade-like plasma controlled by a crystal, the fictional organization has inspired a real-world new religious movement, Jediism. As depicted in the canon, the Jedi study and utilize the Force, in order to help, like their counterparts, the Sith, their main weapon is the lightsaber. By training the mind and the body the Jedi seek to improve themselves by gaining unfettered access to the Force while also seeking to improve those individuals, the film Rogue One suggests that it relates to the planet Jedha, source of the kyber crystals used in lightsabers. George Lucas acknowledged Jedi concepts have been inspired by many sources, the work of the mythologist Joseph Campbell, especially his book The Hero with a Thousand Faces, directly influenced Lucas, and was what drove him to create the modern myth of Star Wars. The Lost Twenty was the given to a group of Jedi Masters—numbering twenty in total—who left the Jedi Order throughout its history. The first twelve of these ‘Lost Twenty’ left the Jedi Order before the Third Great Schism, these twelve Masters later became Dark Jedi who eventually founded the first Sith Empire. In the years preceding the Clone Wars, Jedi Master Dooku left the Jedi Order as a result of differences with his fellow Jedi, to commemorate these former Jedi, memorial statue busts were displayed at the Jedi Temple on Coruscant. The prequel films depict the Jedi in their prime, dealing with the presence of the dark side of the Force and determined to fight their mortal enemies. Once corrupted, Vader helps Palpatine hunt down and destroy all of the Jedi, leaving very few left, such as Jedi Masters Yoda. The first person to be issued this order was Clone Commander Cody, Darth Vader led Operation, Knightfall against the Jedi Temple with the 501st Legion while the rest of the clone army around the galaxy carried out Order 66. Palpatine convinced the people of the Republic that Jedi were corrupted warmongers responsible for prolonging the Clone Wars, Darth Vader continued to hunt and execute surviving Jedi by the thousands during the first 10 years of the Empires history. The Jedi are first introduced in the 1977 motion picture Star Wars as an order of monks who serve as the guardians of peace and justice in the galaxy. Obi-Wan Kenobi explains that the Galactic Empire had all but exterminated the Jedi some twenty years before the events of the film, Darth Vader is also established as the Jedis main enemy. By the end of the film, Luke is on the path to becoming a Jedi, the third film in the original trilogy, Return of the Jedi, ends with Luke redeeming Vader and helping to destroy the Empire, thus fulfilling his destiny as a Jedi
33.
New Republic (Star Wars)
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The New Republic is the main fictional government in the Star Wars universe. The government is a restoration to the Galactic Republic, a state that governed the galaxy. Following its decisive victory at the Battle of Endor as depicted in Return of the Jedi, the goal of the New Republic was to restore the democratic rule of the galaxy that had existed under its predecessor state, the Old Republic. These individuals were able to form the First Order, an offshoot of the Empire seeking to destroy the Republic, for the three decades preceding the film, the First Order operated secretly in the unexplored regions, rebuilding its army and starfleet, in hopes of resurrecting the Empire. Inspired by the ideology of the Old Empire, the First Order constructed Starkiller Base, the superweapon was built into a mobile planet from the unexplored regions of the galaxy, and would travel across multiple star systems to draw their suns energy in order to charge its weapon. However, Starkiller Base is later destroyed by the Resistance, a splinter of the Republics military and protagonists of the film, the new Alliance serves as a provisional government which eventually transitions into the New Republic. Star Wars, The Force Awakens, The Visual Dictionary, New Republic on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
34.
Rebel Alliance
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The Alliance to Restore the Republic is an interstellar revolutionary faction in the fictional universe of Star Wars. Their goal was to seize the Alliance forces, the Rebel Alliance was first featured as the main protagonist-faction in the 1977 film Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. The origins of the Alliance to Restore the Republic are told during the events of Revenge of the Sith, the group included Bail Organa, Padmé Amidala, and Mon Mothma, amongst others. Amidala was, at the time, the most famous and prominent of the group and she realized that this made her a target and later advised the others to go quiet in their dissent and exclude her from any future proceedings. The young senator died in premature childbirth not long after her attempt to prevent Anakin Skywalkers fall. The show focuses on a group of rebels that band together aboard a freighter starship called Ghost. By the end of the first season, it is revealed there are various cells that are resisting the Empire. Senator Bail Organa of Alderaan and former Jedi Ahsoka Tano both play a role in coordinating them, during the events of Rogue One and the original Star Wars, the Alliance learns of the construction of the Death Star, an enormous battle station intended to secure the Empires power. With the help of the Rogue One squad led by Jyn Erso and Cassian Andor, right after the battle, the Tantive IV, an Alderaanian cruiser carrying Princess Leia is captured by the Imperial fleet while attempting to deliver the Death Star Plans to Bail Organa on Alderaan. The Princess is subsequently rescued by Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, Chewbacca, and Obi-Wan Kenobi and this leads directly to the Alliances victory in the Battle of Yavin and the loyalty of Luke Skywalker, the Rebellions only remaining member with training in the Force. In The Empire Strikes Back, the Alliance suffers a defeat on Hoth when one of their main command centers. The remaining forces of the Rebellion are forced to stay mobile, using Admiral Ackbars flagship, Home One, by Return of the Jedi, the Rebel Alliance has regrouped and learned that a new Death Star is being constructed, and will be completed under Emperor Palpatines personal supervision. Mon Mothma has Admiral Ackbar and Lando Calrissian command the Alliance fleet and dispatches Han Solo and Princess Leia to disable the stations defenses, the Alliance subsequently wins the Battle of Endor, in which Darth Vader, Emperor Palpatine, and much of the Imperial hierarchy are destroyed. Thus, the Empire is essentially defeated, and the Rebellion liberates most of the galaxy, by The Force Awakens, the New Republic has formed from the Rebellion. The Resistance, an army backed up by the New Republic and successor of the Alliance, is formed to stand against the First Order, a new military power formed by remnants from the Old Empire. The incident begins when an Imperial military cruiser commanded by Captain Wilhuff Tarkin is blocked by peaceful anti-Empire protesters who refuse to move off the landing pad. With implied permission from the Emperor, Tarkin lands the ship anyway, injuring and killing many, the myriad of civilizations which are fighting the Empire continue to grow in number and progressively coalesce into a ragtag organization known as the Resistance. They intend upon removing the evil Emperor, but the growing ruthlessness of the Imperial state forces them into secrecy and these Rebel starfighters were equipped with hyperdrive capability along prearranged routes which would allow this kind of harassment and escape before the Empire may react
35.
Sith
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The Sith is an organization of preternaturally-gifted warriors in the fictional Star Wars universe. They are depicted as an ancient monastic and academic kraterocratic organization whose origin date back to c.6,000 BBY, the Sith Order mostly consists of those characterized by their desire to seize power through physical or supernatural force, social maneuvering and political cunning. Sith believed in conflict as a catalyst for growth, and as a tool to purge the unworthy and their culture was one based upon fear, dishonesty, and betrayal. The Sith are the primary wielders of the side of the Force. Within the space setting of Star Wars, the Sith are an affiliation of warriors who cultivate a legacy of forbidden martial arts in pursuit of individual power. Their schemes are key to the plot of the Star Wars films. Frequently opposed by their ancient forebears, the Jedi, the Sith have also been stymied at crucial junctures by internal frictions, the notion that the Sith’s cruel philosophy is ultimately self-defeating on both a personal and institutional level is a running theme within Star Wars media. The Sith philosophy lionizes greed, lust, selfishness and the attainment of power regardless of the cost to others, Sith believed in strength and also encouraged anyone with the power to do so, to rise up. Both Sith and Jedi alike may draw on the Force to achieve a variety of superhuman feats, however, in keeping with their egoistical doctrine, the Sith use these powers for their benefit alone, often to manipulate and destroy others. The Sith are key antagonists within the Star Wars universe, and are enslaved to their own self-serving desires, amoral, sadistic, vindictive, violent, the origin, agenda, abilities and philosophy of the Sith are intertwined with their relationship to the Force. With proper training, the Force may be called upon by rare individuals capable of sensing or touching it to achieve feats such as telekinesis, precognition. Not all psychological states are conducive to employing the Force, discipline is required, however, both quietude and focused, intense passion alike can be effective. The Sith originate in a group of Force-sensitive warriors who discovered efficaciousness of passion as a tool to draw on the Force many centuries prior to the events of the first Star Wars film, fully embracing this approach, they became defined by it. The warrior who would become the first Sith was apparently a member of an older martial order of Force-sensitive sapient beings in the Star Wars universe. The Jedi served as a knightly order within the Galactic Republic. The Jedi creed mirrored their method of utilizing the Force, and Jedi doctrine favored states of serenity, detachment, compassion, when certain members of the Jedi Order began to experiment with passion as an alternative, controversy emerged. The Jedi establishment saw these innovations as a threat to the ethos of the Jedi, opening members to the seduction of aggrandizement, eventually, this controversy led to a sectarian conflict in which the heterodox Jedi were defeated and exiled. In exile, the dissident Jedi was free to explore the relationship between passion and the Force and his investigations led them to conclude that the martial and ethical disciplines of the Jedi establishment were foolish and misguided
36.
Admiral Ackbar
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Admiral Gial Ackbar is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. A member of the amphibious Mon Calamari species, Ackbar was the foremost military commander of the Rebel Alliance who led combat operations against the Galactic Empire. Ackbar played a role in the 1983 film Return of the Jedi. He was portrayed in the film by puppeteer Timothy D. Rose, Ackbar was voiced by Erik Bauersfeld, who made up the voice he believed matched the character after looking at a photo of Ackbar. The Ackbar character has been received positively by critics and fans, which he says during a scene in Return of the Jedi, has become a popular Internet meme. Ackbars first name, Gial, was not established until the April 2012 release of the Star Wars reference book The Essential Guide to Warfare, Admiral Ackbar was designed for the film Return of the Jedi, the final entry in the original Star Wars trilogy. However, before the May 1983 debut of film, the character made his first chronological appearance in a series of Star Wars newspaper comic strips by Archie Goodwin. There he was portrayed as the leader of the alien species Mon Calamari, the Mon Calamari are a species of fish-like, amphibious humanoids with salmon-colored skin, webbed hands, high-domed heads, and large fish-like eyes. Ackbars back story was not explained in Return of the Jedi, Ackbar was born on the planet Dac, a world almost entirely covered by water, where his species built giant floating cities. The peaceful Ackbar was the leader of his town, Coral Depths City. Despite the Mon Calamaris attempts to make peace, the Imperial forces destroyed several of their cities, stole their technology, Ackbar was one of the first to be enslaved, and was eventually presented as an interpreter and personal servant to Grand Moff Tarkin. Ackbar was freed from captivity during an attempt by Rebel forces to capture Tarkin. Starting with the rank of Rebel commander, Ackbar helped design the B-wing, a line of starfighters. His responsibilities kept growing until Mon Mothma promoted him to commander of the entire Rebel fleet and head of military operations, as well as one of her top two advisers. When Rebel spies discovered plans for a partially constructed second Death Star, Ackbar, Ackbar personally led the assault from his flagship, the Mon Calamari cruiser Home One. The attack did not go as planned, however, because the Imperial forces were expecting the assault and had in fact allowed the Death Star plans to fall into Rebel hands to lead them into a trap. The Imperials launched a counterattack against the Rebel fleet with TIE starfighters. Ackbar initially called for a retreat, but Calrissian convinced him to move forward with the attack
37.
Cad Bane
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Cad Bane is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, created by George Lucas, Dave Filoni and Henry Gilroy as a recurring antagonist voiced by Corey Burton in Star Wars, The Clone Wars. The character is a cold and manipulative bounty hunter from the planet Duro, the character was created for the 2008 Star Wars, The Clone Wars television series set during the prequel trilogy. The season one finale Hostage Crisis director Giancarlo Volpe compared Cad Bane to another Star Wars bounty hunter Boba Fett stating, The crew loves Cad Bane and he brings a serious bad-ass sensibility to Star Wars. Hes a lethal and ruthless bounty hunter, and you see that right away in the episode, unlike Boba Fett, Cad doesnt take prisoners. Originally, supervising director Dave Filoni and series writer Henry Gilroy planned to create the Durge character that was introduced in the 2003 micro-series. Durge would instead be redesigned as a character but this exploration was short lived after the suggestion of series producer. These characters Western influences help to bring Bane to life while still containing the features of the Duros species in the Star Wars universe with his own original characterization, burtons voice would then be modified on the computer by the series sound production team. Something you notice about George Lucas after a while is that hell mention a name like Mace Windu in a version of Star Wars, and then it pops up in 1999. So, this, I guess might have been an idea George had for the character Cad Bane way back when, and now finally hes getting around to bringing him to the screen in The Clone Wars. Cad Bane first appears in the season one finale Hostage Crisis, in the second season, Cad Bane is contacted by Darth Sidious for a special assignment, the capture of a Holocron from inside the Jedi Temple. Bane finds himself in a struggle for the stolen Holocron as Skywalker. He is briefly captured before leading Obi-Wan Kenobi and Mace Windu into a trap in his headquarters, during the fourth season, Cad Bane is revealed to be in a Republic prison. He is then hired by fellow convict Moralo Eval for a job by Count Dooku to kidnap Chancellor Palpatine on Naboo, however, Kenobi poses as bounty hunter Rako Hardeen and manages to foil the plot even though Dooku escapes while Bane was arrested. Bane does not appear in the fifth season, Cad Bane has been featured in two Hasbro toys concerning himself, his blaster and his ship respectively, as well as one involving him merged with his ship in a crossover for Transformers. Both Cad Bane and his speeder were included as part of the Lego Star Wars toy line, in 2009, UGO Networks ran a feature on Cad Bane, noting his cool looks and calling him quintessentially cold, cruel and calculating. IGN listed him as the 31st top Star Wars character, praising his first impression and saying his creators succeeded in introducing an inarguably cool, IGN also noted he continued to be an excellent foil to the main protagonists in his later appearances. IGNs Eric Goldman said that Bane was an attempt at creating a new ongoing villain. Goldman also called Banes introduction and his torture of Bolla Ropal two of The Clone Warss most darkest moments, adding that Bane lived up to the hype that surrounded him in his introduction
38.
Darth Bane
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Darth Bane is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. Darth Banes only on-screen appearance happens when he appears as a vision to Jedi master Yoda, in the last episode of the animated series Star Wars, The Clone Wars, he was voiced by Mark Hamill. Sith and the novels Darth Bane, Path of Destruction, Darth Bane, Rule of Two and Darth Bane, Dynasty of Evil, all ceased to be canon. In the Star Wars universe, Darth Bane is an extremely powerful Sith Lord who lived a millennium before the events of Episode I, the Rule of Two is mentioned by Yoda, but the part were he mentioned Darth Bane was cut from the film. The Rule of Two, philosophy would aid Palpatine in taking over the galaxy a thousand years later in Episode III, Revenge of the Sith. In the television series Star Wars, The Clone Wars sixth and final season, on the episode of the series. Darth Banes backstory is established in Darth Bane, Path of Destruction by Drew Karpyshyn and he is born as Dessel on the planet Apatros, the son of a miner named Hurst. An abusive alcoholic, Hurst blames the boy for the death of his wife in childbirth, Banes father takes him into the mines at a young age, and the boy is bullied and abused well into adulthood. With his latent affinity in the side of the Force. After he kills a Republic Navy ensign in self-defense, Bane flees Apatros to evade arrest, and joins the armies of the Brotherhood of Darkness and his instinctive use of the Force brings him to the attention of the Sith Lord Kopecz. Dessel is sent to the Brotherhoods Academy on Korriban to be trained in the ways of the dark side, Dessel becomes a star pupil after killing another student in cold blood. In particular, he attracts the attention of Sirak, the top student at the Korriban Academy, after Bane realizes that he had indeed killed his father with the dark side, he subconsciously retreats from the Force, losing his power. Bane falls out of favor in the Academy, and is eventually refused any personalized training, months later, in a vain attempt to reestablish himself, Bane challenges Sirak to a fight and is seriously injured in the ensuing duel. Banes training in and ascension to the Sith is detailed in both Path of Destruction and Jedi vs. Sith, as a student, he meets a new apprentice named Githany, who secretly plans to use him to bring down Sirak. Githany reestablishes his connection to the side by showing him in secret what the Sith Lords are teaching her. Most importantly, Bane studies tomes from the Golden Age of the Sith, Githany tells Bane that she intends to challenge Sirak, assuming that Bane would offer to assassinate him to spare her. However, Bane surprises her by revealing his intentions to destroy Sirak personally in the ring. During the duel, he seriously wounds his opponent, but stops just short of killing him, qordis, the main Sith there, knows of his secret training with Githany
39.
BB-8
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BB-8 is a droid character in the Star Wars franchise, first appearing in the 2015 film Star Wars, The Force Awakens. Spherical with a domed head, BB-8 is portrayed by both a rod puppet and a remote-controlled robotic unit. To that end, the droid BB-8 was a physical prop developed by Disney Research, created by effects artist Neal Scanlan. For shooting, several BB-8 models were constructed, the most prominent was a rod puppet, controlled by puppeteers Dave Chapman and Brian Herring. In addition, there were radio controlled units and some static prop versions. A full functioning, self-contained robotic unit was not practical for shooting, so most of the scenes were achieved by the puppet. Later a self standing remote controlled unit was constructed and used at promotional events, Abrams also named the robot, telling Entertainment Weekly in August 2015, I named him BB-8 because it was almost onomatopoeia. It was sort of how he looked to me, with the 8, obviously, the name was conceived early on in the films production and was one of the few to remain unchanged. The voice of BB-8 was supplied by comedians Bill Hader and Ben Schwartz, the voice was created by Abrams manipulating their voices through a talkbox, attached to an iPad running a sound effects app. BB-8 is a robot with a free-moving domed head. He is white, with orange and silver accents and an optical lens on its headpiece. BB-8 also possesses multiple panels containing various tools or ports, Scanlan said of the robots personality, We always imagined BB-8 as being quite manipulative. I think he knows he’s cute and he knows that he can win people over. And he uses that like children do to get his own way, in this film, he has a very important mission that he has to accomplish and so he uses his personality, his coyness, and all of those things. Of BB-8s gender he said, Im still not sure, dare I say, BB-8 was female in our eyes. And then he or she became male, and thats all part of the evolution, not only visually, but in the way they move, how they hold themselves. If you only have one wheel, youre sort of stuck and if you dont have enough height, BB-8 was first seen in the 88-second The Force Awakens teaser trailer released by Lucasfilm on November 28,2014. Its name was revealed by Entertainment Weekly in a Lucasfilm-designed Topps-style trading card mockup in December 2014, in the film, the robot is the astromech droid of the Resistance X-wing fighter pilot Poe Dameron
40.
Jar Jar Binks
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Jar Jar Binks is a fictional character from the Star Wars saga created by George Lucas. He has a cameo in Star Wars, Return of the Jedi. The first lead computer generated character of the franchise, he has been portrayed by Ahmed Best in most of his appearances, Jar Jars primary role in Episode I was to provide comic relief for the audience. Upon the movies release, he was met with a negative reception from both critics and audiences. George Lucas was inspired to develop Jar Jar based on the Disney character Goofy, singer Michael Jackson was originally considered for the role, but he wanted to portray the character using prosthetics while Lucas wanted him to be all CGI. Best would later remark that after Lucas walked out of the audition he felt he had failed it, Jar Jar Binks first appears in Star Wars, Episode I – The Phantom Menace as a bumbling, foolish Gungan from the planet Naboo. He is nearly killed by a Federation transport, only to be saved at the last minute by Jedi Knight Qui-Gon Jinn, Qui-Gon and his padawan, Obi-Wan Kenobi, persuade Jar Jars tribe to release him to their custody as a guide. He later goes with the Jedi and Padmé Amidala to the planet Tatooine, Jar Jar later appears in the films climactic battle scene, where he leads his fellow Gungans, as a general in the Gungan army, in defeating the Trade Federation. After the battle he appears at the funeral of Qui-Gon Jinn, Jar Jars role in Attack of the Clones is much smaller, but his actions are significant. Later, on the behalf of the Naboo, he gives a speech to the assembled Senate in favor of granting Chancellor Palpatine vast emergency powers. These are granted, giving Palpatine the power he needs to subsequently overthrow the senate, Jar Jar appears in only a few scenes in Revenge of the Sith, and has no dialogue. He was originally given some dialogue in the beginning, but this was cut and he is most prominently featured in Padmé Amidalas funeral procession at the end of the film. Jar Jar Binks is a character in the animated series Star Wars, The Clone Wars, once again voiced by Best. In this series, he is a Senate representative who sometimes accompanies the main characters—Anakin, Ahsoka, Obi-Wan, and Padmé—on their adventures. He and master Mace Windu are the two characters of the two-part episode The Disappeared in which they had to search for missing elders and rescue a queen. Chris Taylor of Mashable wrote that the situation reflects real life in that adults disliked Jar Jar in the prequel films, but children were entertained by him. In an interview, director J. J. Abrams suggested that Jar Jars death might be referenced in Star Wars, The Force Awakens, but this did not happen. In the game Star Wars, The Force Unleashed, Jar Jar is shown to have frozen in carbonite by Darth Vader
41.
C-3PO
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C-3PO or See-Threepio is a humanoid robot character from the Star Wars franchise who appears in the original Star Wars films, the prequel trilogy and the sequel trilogy. Created by Anakin Skywalker, C-3PO was designed as a protocol droid intended to assist in etiquette, customs, along with his astromech droid counterpart and friend R2-D2, C-3PO provides comic relief within the narrative structure of the films, and serving as foils. C-3PO also appears frequently in the Star Wars Canon and Star Wars Legends continuities of novels, comic books, and video games, and was a major character in the ABC television show Droids. In Star Wars, C-3PO is introduced to the audience when he, when R2-D2 attempts to leave the ship to deliver a secret message to Obi-Wan Kenobi, C-3PO follows R2-D2 into an escape pod, which lands on the planet Tatooine. There, C-3PO and R2-D2 are captured by Jawas, and are taken to be sold, in the process of being sold to Owen Lars, C-3PO convinces his new owner to buy R2-D2 as well. The duo ultimately lead Lars nephew, Luke Skywalker, to Obi-Wan, when the ship is taken hostage on the Death Star, C-3PO helps R2-D2 shut down the space stations trash computer, saving their human companions lives, before escaping on board the Falcon. When R2-D2 is damaged during the Battle of Yavin, a grief-stricken C-3PO offers to donate his spare parts to repair his counterpart. C-3PO and a repaired R2-D2 are present at the celebration of the Death Stars destruction at the end of the film, throughout the film C-3PO is a foil to R2-D2s antics, even when C-3PO translates R2-D2s machine speech for the audience. When R2 is damaged in the Battle of Yavin, C-3PO offers to donate any mechanical parts helpful in his repair, C-3PO also displays the ability to deceive humans. In The Empire Strikes Back, C-3PO is responsible for identifying the Empires probe droid, C-3PO escapes with Han, Chewbacca, and Leia in the Millennium Falcon, while R2-D2 joins Luke in his search for Yoda. During this time C-3PO and Solo are often shown as foils, C-3PO quoting odds, after a chase through the Hoth asteroid field, the Falcon escapes to Cloud City on Bespin. While exploring a room in Cloud City, C-3PO is blasted by an off-camera stormtrooper, in search of R2-D2, Chewbacca heads to the Ugnaught recycling facility where he finds the dismembered parts of the droid. When Darth Vader reveals his presence to the group that day, Chewbacca is sent into a holding cell, but is permitted to rebuild the droid. Thereafter, Chewbacca carries the partially rebuilt C-3PO on his back during Hans encasement in carbonite, with the help of the citys administrator, Lando Calrissian, Princess Leia, Chewbacca, and C-3PO escape the city. Having C-3PO on Chewbaccas back proves to be beneficial, in that when Boba Fett escapes the city with Han Solo, while escaping Vaders flagship Executor, R2-D2 begins repairing C-3PO. After making their way to the Rebels rendezvous point, C-3PO is fully repaired, in Return of the Jedi, Luke commands C-3PO and R2-D2 to deliver a message to Jabba the Hutt, whereby C-3PO is used as Jabbas translator while R2-D2 serves on his flying sail barge. C-3POs first translation for the lord is of the bounty hunter Boushh — Leia in disguise — claiming the bounty for Chewbacca. When Luke attempts escape, R2-D2 tosses him his lightsaber, with which he attacks Jabbas guards, in the midst of the battle, C-3PO is attacked by Salacious Crumb, who pulls out his right photoreceptor before being driven off by R2-D2
42.
Lando Calrissian
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Lando Calrissian is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He is portrayed by Billy Dee Williams in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi and he also appears frequently in the Star Wars expanded universe of novels, comic books and video games, including a series of novels in which he is the protagonist. The first draft of The Empire Strikes Back featured a character named Lando Kadar and his name and familiar aspects of his backstory materialized in the second draft. Lando Calrissian first appears in The Empire Strikes Back as the administrator of Cloud City, bounty hunter Boba Fett, working for Darth Vader, tracks Han Solo, Princess Leia, Chewbacca, and C-3PO, traveling in the damaged Millennium Falcon, to Bespin. Shortly before Solo and crew make it to Bespin, Darth Vader, Lando is strongarmed by Vader into betraying his old friend and turning him over to Boba Fett. In the ensuing evacuation of Cloud City, he helps Leia, Chewbacca, C-3PO and he then assists Leia in rescuing the maimed Luke Skywalker, who had fallen into Vaders trap and lost his right hand in a duel, from the underside of Cloud City. Afterwards, he joins the Rebel Alliance and promises Leia that they will find Han, in Return of the Jedi, Lando goes undercover to help Luke rescue Han from crime lord Jabba the Hutt. During a battle with Jabbas henchmen, Han saves Lando from being devoured by the Sarlacc, Lando then helps Han, for his heroics, he is made a general in the Rebel Alliance. Lando then takes the chair in his old ship, the Millennium Falcon. He helps the Rebels to victory by destroying the gigantic Imperial battle station, Lando did not appear in The Force Awakens, although Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, Leia Organa and other members of the Rebel Alliance made appearances in the film. The fate of Calrissian, following the Battle of Endor, is unknown, during the early development of the film, Lando was supposed to make an appearance, with Williams reprising the role, but he was finally cut from the film. This action caused the displeasure of some fans, Donald Glover will portray a young Lando Calrissian in the upcoming Untitled Han Solo film, which will see a May 25,2018 release. Billy Dee Williams returned to the role in the Star Wars Rebels episodes Idiots Array and Star Wars Rebels, The Siege of Lothal. In Idiots Array, Lando wins Chopper, the repair droid of the crew of the Ghost, in a game of sabacc, the crew become reluctant business partners to Lando following the ordeal, leading to their first encounter with the crime boss Azmorigan. In The Siege of Lothal the crew of the Ghost reluctantly approach Lando for help in getting off of Lothal and he is also mentioned on occasion in various other episodes, becoming one of a couple of aliases employed by Ezra Bridger. Billy Dee Williams reprises his role as Lando Calrissian in various games, including Jedi Knight II, Jedi Outcast and Star Wars Battlefront, Lando Calrissian is the star of the Lando comic book series there are 5 comic in the series, published by Marvel Comics. The Star Wars comic book released by Marvel Comics featured Lando as a prominent character following The Empire Strikes Back. During The Corellian Trilogy, Calrissian goes on a hunt for a rich wife
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Chewbacca
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Chewbacca, nicknamed Chewie, is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He is a Wookiee, a tall, hirsute biped and intelligent species from the planet Kashyyyk, Chewbacca is the loyal friend and associate of Han Solo, and serves as co-pilot on Solos spaceship, the Millennium Falcon. The character has appeared on television, in books, comics. To repay this debt, Chewbacca protected Han for the rest of his life, standing at 8 feet tall, Chewbacca is covered with long hair, and wears only a bandolier. His weapon of choice is the Wookiee bowcaster, Chewbacca was named one of the greatest sidekicks in film history by Entertainment Weekly. In Italy the name of Chewbacca was changed to Chewbecca and his nickname is Chewbe, Chewbaccas creation as a gentle, hairy, non-English-speaking co-pilot was inspired by George Lucas seeing his own dog sitting up on the passenger seat of his car. It is said that Chewbaccas name is derived from собака, the Russian word for dog, in all five screen appearances, Chewbacca was played by Peter Mayhew, who was chosen for his height of 73. Five identical costumes were made for Mayhew, in the three films and a holiday special, the suits were made of yak hair and mohair. In Revenge of the Sith, the suit was made of more comfortable materials, only Mayhews blue eyes could be seen in his costume, but fans easily recognize him by his gestures, and his co-workers claimed the ability to tell when a stand-in was taking his place. Chewbaccas voice was created by the films sound designer, Ben Burtt, from recordings of walruses, lions, camels, bears, rabbits, tigers. The individual recordings were mixed at different ratios for Chewbaccas different utterances, one of the most prominent elements in the voice was a black bear named Tarik, from Happy Hollow Zoo in San Jose, California. The original costume was created by Stuart Freeborn and his wife Kay Freeborn, First appearing in Star Wars, Chewbacca and Han Solo accept a charter to take Luke Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi, and droids C-3PO and R2-D2 to the planet Alderaan. When they find the destroyed by the Death Star, the two smugglers are drawn into the Rebel Alliance. As part of a plan to rescue Leia, Luke tries to put handcuffs on Chewbacca to make it look like hes a prisoner. Chewbacca almost attacks Luke believing him to be selling him and Solo out, after rescuing Leia and taking her to the rebel base on Yavin IV, the two smugglers are given reward money in the value of a payload lost by him to which he owes Jabba The Hutt. Somehow, Chewbacca is able to convince Han to put his debt to Jabba aside for the time being and they manage to save Luke from being killed, also allowing him to be the one to destroy the space station. In The Empire Strikes Back, Chewbacca finds a dismantled C-3PO in a pile in Cloud City. He later tries to him, but does a terrible job at it
