1.
San Francisco
–
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
2.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
HOK (firm)
–
HOK, formerly Hellmuth, Obata + Kassabaum, is an American worldwide design, architecture, engineering and urban planning firm. As of 2016, HOK is the largest U. S. -based architecture-engineering firm, the firm maintains more than 1,800 professional staff across a global network of 23 offices and is active in all major architectural specialties. Its senior leaders are located in different locations across the world. HOK was established in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1955, the design firm started with 26 employees and its three founders. The practices first building designs were schools in St. Louis suburbs, another prominent school they designed was the Saint Louis Priory School. Also in 1968, HOK launched its interior design practice, HOK also expanded into Washington, DC, after winning the commission to design the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. In 1973, HOK established a presence in New York by acquiring Kahn & Jacobs, in 1979, George Kassabaum was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician. In 1983, HOK formed HOK Sport Venue Event, which became a leader in designing sport stadiums, arenas, in January 2009, the Board of HOK Group, Inc. and managers of HOK Sports Facilities, LLC transferred ownership of HOK Sport to leaders of that practice. The company became an independent firm, and rebranded itself as Populous, HOKs first office outside the United States opened in Hong Kong in 1984. In 1987, the opened a London office and then, in 1995. In November 1994, HOK acquired CRSS Architects, Inc. based in Houston, Texas, adding offices in Houston, HOK established its first offices in Canada in 1997 with the acquisition of Urbana Architects. In 2004, George Hellmuths nephew, William Hellmuth, was named president of the firm, by 2007, international work represented more than 40% of HOKs annual revenue. In 2008, HOK opened an office in Mumbai, India, in 2010, it established an office in Seattle, Washington. In 2012, HOK Chairman Bill Valentine retired after 50 years with the firm, HOK Chief Executive Officer Patrick MacLeamy, FAIA, assumed the role of chairman. In 2013, HOK acquired the New York and Shanghai offices of hospitality design firm BBG-BBGM, bBG-BBGMs office in Washington, D. C. continues to operate as BBGM. In 2014, ORO Editions published “HOK Tall Buildings, ” a 300-page book exploring the design of the contemporary high-rise, the acquisition enabled HOK to launch a new global Sports + Recreation + Entertainment design practice and to open new offices in Kansas City and Columbus, Ohio. In January 2016, HOK announced that Bill Hellmuth, the president, would succeed Patrick MacLeamy as CEO. MacLeamy continued to serve as chairman of HOK, in 1983, HOK introduced HOK Draw, computer-aided drafting software products that specialized in conceptual architectural design
4.
Gensler
–
M. Arthur Gensler Jr. & Associates, Inc. referred to as Gensler, is an American design and architecture firm headquartered in San Francisco. In 2015, Gensler generated $1.18 billion in revenue, as of 2015, it operated offices in 46 cities in 16 countries worldwide. Art and Drue Gensler, and their associate, James Follett and it is also involved in planning and urban design, brand strategy, environmental graphic design, mission-critical facilities, sustainable design consulting and other areas. As of 2015, the firm employed more than 5,000 people working in 46 offices in 16 countries, genslers newest offices is at the Custard Factory in Birmingham UK which was opened in 2016. Gensler was awarded the Architecture Firm Award in 2000 by the American Institute of Architects, in 2015, Gensler was awarded for their proposed London Underline project. Founder Art Gensler received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Design Futures Council in 2016, Arthur Gensler - AIACC Lifetime Achievement Award. Art Gensler proud of design, largest architect firm in world
5.
AECOM
–
AECOM is an American multinational engineering firm that provides design, consulting, construction, and management services to a wide range of clients. AECOM has approximately 95,000 employees, and is number 156 on the 2016 Fortune 500 list, Fortune named AECOM as one of 2015 Worlds Most Admired Companies, and again in 2016 &2017. Engineering News-Record ranked AECOM as Number 1 Global Design Firm, the companys official name from 1990 to early January 2015 was AECOM Technology Corporation. Today, it is simply as AECOM. The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol ACM and he gained control of some 200,000 acres and formed Swiss Oil Company in Lexington. In 1924 Miles launched an operation called Ashland Refining Company. In 1966 Ashland acquired Warren Brothers and became involved in the construction and construction materials business. The company was now able to take advantage of refinery byproducts used to produce asphalt. Ashland grew into one of the nations major road-construction firms and laid a foundation for AECOM. In the 1970s Ashland Oil & Refining became Ashland Oil, Inc, five years later the company consolidated its construction assets into a construction division and also formed a coal subsidiary, indicative of a changing focus at Ashland. Although it generated more than $1 billion a year in sales, by 1980 Ashland sold off its production assets, and a year later was reorganized as a modified holding company. A new corporate strategy was implemented as Ashland now focused on refining and marketing, in 1984 Ashland acquired Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenall, a global provider of transportation-related engineering services. Originally focused on projects, after World War II it had become one of the first integrated engineering. The acquisition of DMJM also included its president, Richard G. Newman, AECOMs future chief executive, in 1985 DMJM became part of a new subsidiary, Ashland Technology Corporation. Two years later Newman was named its new president, architects Ellerbe Becket and Davis Langdon, the quantity surveyors and construction consultants. AECOM went public during May 2007 with a public offering on the NYSE. On January 8,2008 AECOM acquired The Services Group, Inc. a provider of consulting services to the US Agency for International Development and other multi-lateral donor organizations. On July 28,2008, AECOM completed its purchase of Earth Tech Inc. a consulting and engineering firm, from Tyco International for $510 million
6.
Powell Street station
–
Powell Street is a shared Muni Metro and Bay Area Rapid Transit station near the intersection of Market Street and Powell Street in downtown San Francisco. The station is located along the Market Street Subway and extends underground from Fourth Street to Fifth Street, Hallidie Plaza connects to the station on the north side of Market Street. The Powell-Mason and Powell-Hyde cable car lines turn around at Powell and Market, also nearby is the famous Yerba Buena Gardens and Moscone Center, each about a block away, near Mission Street on 4th. Within the area is the The Metreon shopping center and movie theater, more tourist information is available at the San Francisco Visitors Bureau located in Hallidie Plaza. Powell Street is also the hub for San Franciscos Theater District, the Geary Theater, home to the American Conservatory Theater, is three-and-a-half blocks away. Next door to that is the historic Curran Theatre, now home to several touring Broadway productions, in Yerba Buena Gardens is the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, home to several performances and visual art that has enriched San Francisco. Located in Union Square is San Franciscos own TIX Bay Area, service at this station began on November 5,1973. As of December 2013, Powell Street was the busiest station in the BART system, at this and other downtown stations, passengers may resort to “back-riding” during the evening commute across the bay. They take a train in the direction for a few stops. The under-construction Central Subway must dive deep underground to pass underneath this station, the Central Subway will include a new station on Stockton Street between Union Square and Market Street to be connected by a tunnel to the existing Powell Street station mezzanine. The result will be a single integrated underground complex running all the way from Union Square to Market and Fifth Streets
7.
Yerba Buena Gardens
–
Yerba Buena Gardens is the name for two blocks of public parks located between Third and Fourth, Mission and Folsom Streets in downtown San Francisco, California. The first block bordered by Mission and Howard Streets was opened on October 11,1993, the second block, between Howard and Folsom Streets, was opened in 1998, with a dedication to Martin Luther King, Jr. by Mayor Willie Brown. A pedestrian bridge over Howard Street connects the two blocks, sitting on top of part of the Moscone Center convention center. Yerba Buena was the name of the town in the Mexican territory of Alta California that became the city of San Francisco, California, in 1999 the Yerba Buena Gardens received the Gold Medal of the biannual Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence. Furthermore, the jury applauded the evolution of the development process to an inclusive model involving multiple constituencies. Even during the design stages there were struggles regarding the building program. But what about the kids of the central city, a Redevelopment Agency that hands out free land for art museums for the wealthy in Yerba Buena but cant find funding for a bowling center too has no moral values. Consequently, the SFRA backed down from its plan and the alley was re-included. The original block opened in 1993 contains several art installations. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial is located behind a waterfall, the entire memorial was a collaborative project between Sculptor Houston Conwill, Poet Estella Majoza and Architect Joseph De Pace. In the sculptors words, The Memorial is “a sacred space … meant to be experienced as a cultural pilgrimage, an ice skating rink, a bowling alley, and a restored 1905 carousel originally located at Playland-at-the-Beach can also be found in the South block. Eateries within the gardens include the B Restaurant and Grill and the Samovar Tea Lounge on the North blocks terrace, Mos Grill on the South blocks upper walkway, and a snack shop by the carousel. Nearby museums include, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Contemporary Jewish Museum, Museum of the African Diaspora, Childrens Creativity Museum, other exhibiting institutions nearby include SF Planning and Urban Research Association and California Historical Society. The Mexican Museum is planned to be built across Mission Street as part the 53-story Yerba Buena tower, the project is planned to cost $500 million and will complete the Yerba Buena district redevelopment area, which apart from the Yerba Buena Gardens includes the Metreon and Moscone Center. Located within two blocks of Yerba Buena Gardens are many hotels, museums, and retail centers, the St. Regis Museum Tower, W Hotel San Francisco, San Francisco Marriott, Four Seasons, and InterContinental Hotel San Francisco are some of the largest hotels in the area. Retail in the include the Metreon bordering the North block. Moscone Center South of Market, San Francisco, California Yerba Buena Center for the Arts Yerba Buena page maintained by the management of gardens
8.
George Moscone
–
George Richard Moscone was an Italian-American attorney and Democratic politician. He was the 37th mayor of San Francisco, California from January 1976 until his assassination in November 1978, Moscone served in the California State Senate from 1967 until becoming Mayor. In the Senate, he served as Majority Leader, Moscone was born in the Italian-American enclave of San Franciscos Marina District, California. His father was George Joseph Moscone, a guard at nearby San Quentin. Moscone attended St. Brigids, and then St. Ignatius College Preparatory and he then attended College of the Pacific and played basketball for the Tigers. While in college, Moscone befriended John L. Burton, who would become a member of the U. S. House of Representatives. Moscone then studied at University of California, Hastings College of the Law and he met and married Gina Bondanza, in 1954. The Moscones would go on to have four children, after serving in the United States Navy, Moscone started private practice in 1956. John Burtons brother, Phillip, a member of the California State Assembly, though he lost that race, Moscone would go on to win a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1963. On the Board, Moscone was known for his defense of the poor, racial minorities, in 1966 Moscone ran for and won a seat in the California State Senate, representing the 10th District in San Francisco County. This alliance was known as the Burton Machine and included John Burton, Phillip Burton, soon after his election to the State Senate, Moscone was elected by his party to serve as Majority Leader. He was reelected to the 10th District seat in 1970 and to the newly redistricted 6th District seat, representing parts of San Francisco and San Mateo Counties and he successfully sponsored legislation to institute a school lunch program for California students. In 1974 Moscone briefly considered a run for governor of California, as a heterosexual, Moscone was considered ahead of his time as an early proponent of gay rights. In conjunction with his friend and ally in the Assembly, Willie Brown, the repeal was signed into law by California Governor Jerry Brown. Moscone decided in 1975 to run for Mayor of San Francisco, in a close race in November of that year, Moscone placed first with conservative city supervisor John Barbagelata second and moderate supervisor Dianne Feinstein coming in third. Moscone and Barbagelata thus both advanced to the runoff election in December where Moscone narrowly defeated the conservative supervisor by fewer than 5,000 votes. Liberals also won the other top executive offices that year as Joseph Freitas was elected District attorney. Members of the Peoples Temple leftist religious cult saturated San Francisco neighborhoods, distributing slate cards for Moscone, Joseph Freitas, the Peoples Temple also worked to get out the vote in precincts where Moscone received a 12 to 1 vote margin over Barbagelata
9.
McCune Audio/Video/Lighting
–
McCune Audio Video Lighting is an American company based in South San Francisco, California, with offices in Monterey and Anaheim. He built several systems before he completed one large enough to handle a dance band and he would rent out his system and personally operate it for $1 on a Saturday night and then give it away for free on a Friday night. Harry McCune, Sr. began renting sound systems to big bands in the 1930s and 1940s, in the 1940s, the company operated out of 10 Brady Street in San Francisco which was centrally located near the Civic Center. In 1963, McCune adopted the name Channel X for its video production services, in the 1960s, McCune operated from 960 Folsom Street in the South of Market area. In 1969, the moved to 951 Howard Street and built an audio. McCune later expanded to both sides of Howard Street, still expanding, the company moved to a single large building on 2200 Army Street, later named Cesar Chavez Street, before moving to their current location at 101 Utah Avenue in South San Francisco. The first time that a stage monitor was used for a show it was provided by McCune and was for Judy Garland. The rehearsal was not going well, and Harry McCune Jr. came up with the idea of pointing a speaker at her, mort Feld mixed the sound for the Beatles. In the late 1960s, engineer Dan Healy drew from McCune equipment to amplify the Grateful Dead, employees John Meyer and Bob Cavin created an active speaker system in 1971 known as the JM-3, named for John Meyer. The fully horn-loaded system was used on CCRs final tour, the amplifier enclosure also included preset crossover filters, limiters and equalization. Bob Cavin was a pioneer in designing and building consoles, and systems designed and fabricated at McCune were being used on Broadway, with touring acts, taking these systems out to Broadway was Abe Jacob, who was an early and influential sound designer. Jacob got his start at McCune touring with Peter, Paul and Mary, Abe moved to New York and worked on Jesus Christ Superstar, Evita, A Chorus Line, Beatlemania and many other shows using McCune equipment. The employees however saw the writing on the wall for the future and John Meyer left to form Meyer Sound Laboratories, while Deloria took Cavin to form Apogee Sound
10.
Macworld/iWorld
–
Produced by Boston-based IDG World Expo, Macworld/iWorld is a trade show with conference tracks dedicated to the Apple Macintosh platform. It is held annually in the United States during January, originally Macworld Expo and then Macworld Conference & Exposition, the gathering dates back to 1985. Macworld is the most widely read Macintosh magazine in North America and a trademark of Mac Publishing, IDG World Expo is also a subsidiary. The conference tracks are taught by leaders in their fields and require large admission fees and they last for a few more days than the Expo, which runs generally three or four days. Attendees can visit the exhibits, set up by hardware manufacturers, on December 18,2008, Apple announced that the 2009 Macworld Conference & Expo would be the last in which the company participates. The first Macworld Expo occurred in 1985 in San Francisco, the conference itself was created by Peggy Kilburn, who helped to increase the size and profit of the event during her tenure. Among the speakers recruited by Kilburn were David Pogue, Steve Case, Bob LeVitus, as well as representatives from BMUG, LaserBoard, the San Francisco event has always been held at the Moscone Center. The Expo was also held in Brooks Hall near the San Francisco Civic Center from 1985 until 1993, until 2005, the U. S. shows were held semiannually, with a January show in San Francisco and an additional summer show held in the Eastern US. The later event was initially in Boston at the Bayside Expo & Executive Conference Center, later expanding with a dual presence at the World Trade Center Boston. From 1998 to 2003 it took place in New York Citys Jacob K. Javits Convention Center, the 2004 and 2005 summer shows, retitled Macworld Conference & Expo took place in Boston, although without Apples participation. Other companies followed Apples lead, canceling or reducing the size of their own exhibits, on 16 September 2005, IDG announced that no further summertime shows would be held in NYC or in Boston. The show has taken place in other cities, A Tokyo show, produced by IDG World Expo Japan, was held at Makuhari Messe. Macworld Expo Summit, a version of the show targeted at U. S. government customers, was held at the Washington Convention Center in Washington, D. C. as late as 1994. In 2004, Macworld UK, part of the IDG UK division of IDG, since 1997, the show has been known for its keynote presentations by Apple CEO Steve Jobs. In Boston, Steve Jobs gave a report on Apple Inc. Steve was the Chairman and CEO of Pixar, Steve addressed some of the comments that had been made about Apple, Apple has become irrelevant, Apple cant execute anything, and Apples culture is anarchy, you cant manage it. Apples sales were $11.1 billion in 1995, $9.5 billion in 1996, Steve stated the falling sales were the fundamental problem. The beginning steps that Apple was going to take were, Board of Directors, Focus on Relevance, Invest in Core Assets, Meaningful Partnerships, Apple was the dominant market leader for creative professionals
11.
RSA Conference
–
RSA Conference is a cryptography and information security-related conference. Its flagship event is annually in San Francisco, California. In 2013, events were held in Singapore and Amsterdam. RSA Conference started in 1991 as Cryptography, Standards & Public Policy, in 1993 it became an annual event and was renamed the RSA Data Security Conference, then by 2000, simply, the RSA Conference. The conference is vendor-independent and managed by RSA, the Security Division of EMC, the multiple day event consists of two entities, the conference, which hosts speakers for a variety of topics, and a vendor expo. The conference consists of a multitude of presentations on the topic of Internet Security, individuals may submit topic proposals to RSA Conference online, which are reviewed and selected to partake in the conference by an independent panel of judges that make up the Program Committee. The conference presentations are organized into themed “tracks, ” each covering a specific field in information security, during the conference, multiple tracks will run simultaneously, giving attendees the option of jumping from track to track to sit in on various presentations. RSA Conference originally started as an event held in the San Francisco Bay Area in California. Since then, the need for Internet Security has increased, in 2000, RSA had its first European conference, held at the Hilton Munich Park Hotel in Munich, Germany from April 10–13. In 2002, Japan hosted its first RSA conference, in 2010, RSA expanded to China, hosting its first conference there from October 21–22 of that year. The expo at the conference allows for companies involved in the network security field to showcase their products. Vendors gather in an area and set up booths to present and/or demo products. Past expos have included such as Microsoft, Safenet, Barracuda Networks, ESET, McAfee, Verizon, Akamai Technologies, Websense, Intel, Cisco. All levels of security professionals can be found in attendance, from C-Level executives to low level IT staff, individuals above the age of 18 are allowed to purchase one of three passes, A full conference pass, a one-day pass, and an expo only pass. Regular attendees are allowed to be a part of the Members Circle program, finnish F-Secure researcher Mikko Hyppönen cancelled his planned speech at RSA Conference 2014 because of the NSA backdoor that was revealed in December 2013, and so have several others
12.
American Geophysical Union
–
The American Geophysical Union is a 501 nonprofit organization of geophysicists, consisting of over 62,000 members from 144 countries. AGUs activities are focused on the organization and dissemination of information in the interdisciplinary. The geophysical sciences involve four fundamental areas, atmospheric and ocean sciences, solid-Earth sciences, hydrologic sciences, the organizations headquarters is located on Florida Avenue in Washington, D. C. For more than 50 years, it operated as an affiliate of the National Academy of Sciences. On June 29,1972, AGU was incorporated in the District of Columbia, the AGU was intended to promote pure geophysics, exploration geophysics has its own society, the Society of Exploration Geophysicists. In a March 1919 report by a committee chaired by Robert S, the AGU was organized under seven sections, Geodesy, Seismology, Meteorology, Terrestrial magnetism and electricity, Oceanography, Volcanology, and Geophysical chemistry. Hydrology was added in 1930 and Tectonophysics in 1940, in suggesting the latter name, Norman Bowen evoked a familiar theme, to designate this new borderline field between geophysics, physics and geology. for the solution of problems of tectonics. The first meeting of the AGU took place on April 23,1920, up to 1930, the number of members was restricted and members were elected. In 1932 the first annual dues US$2 were imposed, the membership grew to 4600 in 1950,13,000 in 1980, and 26,000 in 1990. As of 2013, it had 62,000 members from 144 countries, AGU publishes the weekly Eos newspaper and nineteen peer-reviewed scientific journals, The journal Radio Science is co-sponsored by the International Union of Radio Science. The journal Earth Interactions is published in partnership with the American Meteorological Society, in addition, International Journal of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy is no longer published and AGU distributes Chinese Journal of Geophysics and Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics. Many of the journals have high impact factors, with Paleoceanography having the highest within paleontology and Reviews of Geophysics the second highest within geochemistry, AGU has also been publishing books for more than 85 years. AGU co-published its first electronic journal, Earth Interactions, in 1997 and it started its own electronic journal, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, in December 1999. It made a transition to electronic publishing in 2001. For all its journals, the version became the publication of record. This was accompanied by a new scheme for articles that entirely did away with sequential page numbers. Instead, each article had a digital object identifier, as an example,10. 1029/2001GL014304 consists of the publisher identifier, the year, the journal code, and an article number. This new system was met with complaints from libraries and scientists, the article numbers provided no clue for libraries to find an article in printed versions, and even scientific databases were not set up to handle DOIs
13.
American Bar Association
–
The American Bar Association, founded August 21,1878, is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students, which is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States. The ABAs most important stated activities are the setting of standards for law schools. Its national headquarters are in Chicago, Illinois, it maintains a significant branch office in Washington. The ABA was founded on August 21,1878, in Saratoga Springs, New York, by 75 lawyers from 20 states, according to the ABA website, The legal profession as we know it today barely existed at that time. Lawyers were generally sole practitioners who trained under a system of apprenticeship, there was no national code of ethics, there was no national organization to serve as a forum for discussion of the increasingly intricate issues involved in legal practice. In 1918 the first women were admitted to the ABA – Judge Mary Belle Grossman of Cleveland, the ABA did not allow African-Americans to join until 1943. Roberta Cooper Ramo was the first female President of the ABA from 1995–1996, in 2016 ABA introduced a new ethics rule prohibiting attorneys from using sexist, racist and condescending terms. The goals and objectives are, Goal 1, Serve our members, Promote the highest quality legal education, 2) Promote competence, ethical conduct and professionalism, 3) Promote pro bono and public service by the legal profession. )Goal 3, Eliminate bias and enhance diversity. Promote full and equal participation in the association, our profession, and the system by all persons, 2) Eliminate bias in the legal profession. Its Board of Governors, with 44 members, has the authority to act for the ABA, consistent with previous action of the House of Delegates, when the House is not in session. The ABA president, elected to a term, is chief executive officer of the association, while the appointed. The conclusion of the ABA Annual Meeting, in August, is when a new president takes office, the Annual Meeting also gives the general membership the opportunity to participate in educational programs and hear speakers address many issues. In 2010, Jack L. Rives, formerly TJAG, was appointed Executive Director, one function of the ABA is its creation and maintenance of a code of ethical standards for lawyers. The Model Code of Professional Responsibility and/or the newer Model Rules of Professional Conduct have been adopted in 49 states, the District of Columbia and the United States Virgin Islands. The exception is the State Bar of California, however, a few sections of the California Rules of Professional Conduct were drawn from the ABA models, since 1923, law schools which meet ABA standards are listed as approved. ABA accreditation is important not only because it affects the recognition of the law schools involved, even states which recognize unaccredited schools within their borders will generally not recognize such schools from other jurisdictions for purposes of bar admission. For law students attending ABA-accredited schools, memberships are available for free, students attending non-ABA accredited law schools are permitted to join the ABA as associate members. On October 17,2011, the ABA announced it was considering penalties, employment information was filed separately to the Section
14.
Game Developers Conference
–
The Game Developers Conference is the largest annual gathering of professional video game developers, focusing on learning, inspiration, and networking. Originally called the Computer Game Developers Conference, the first conference was organized in April 1988 by Chris Crawford in his San Jose, California-area living room. About twenty-seven designers attended, including Don Daglow, Brenda Laurel, Brian Moriarty, Gordon Walton, Tim Brengle, Cliff Johnson, Dave Menconi, the second conference, held that same year at a Holiday Inn at Milpitas, attracted about 125 developers. Early conference directors included Brenda Laurel, Tim Brengle, Dave Menconi, Jeff Johannigman, Stephen Friedman, Chris Crawford, later directors include John Powers, Nicky Robinson, Anne Westfall, Susan Lee-Merrow, and Ernest W. Adams. In the early years the conference changed venue each year to accommodate its increases in size, attendance in this period grew from 525 to 2387. By 1994 the CGDC could afford to sponsor the creation of the Computer Game Developers Association with Adams as its founding director. In 2005, the GDC moved to the new Moscone Center West, in the heart of San Franciscos SOMA district, and reported over 12,000 attendees. The GDC returned to San Jose in 2006, reporting over 12,500 attendees, attendance figures continued to rise in following years with 18,000 attendees in 2008 event. The 2009 Game Developers Conference was held in San Francisco, on March 23–27,2009, the IGDA awarded 25 scholarships to send qualified students to attend the 2009 GDC. Crawford also founded The Journal of Computer Game Design in 1987 in parallel to beginning the GDC, the CGDC changed its name to Game Developers Conference in 1999. The GDC has also hosted the Spotlight Awards from 1997 to 1999, the Independent Games Festival since 1999, the GDC is also used for the annual meeting of the International Game Developers Association. A pool of judges from the game industry selects the finalists and winners, the IGF is managed and developed by UBM TechWeb, the organizer of the GDC. The Game Developers Choice Awards is the industrys only open. Any member of the IGDA may nominate games, and then the votes on the finalists. As with the IGF, the creators are named as the recipients of the awards. Specialty awards such as Lifetime Achievement and First Penguin are determined by the GDCA committee, the IGF and the GDCA are presented back to back, in an awards show produced by UBM TechWeb, typically on the Wednesday of the GDC. UBM TechWeb has added several other events to the GDC in recent years, at the GDC Expo, developers display the latest techniques useful in game development. GDC Mobile, first held in 2002, focuses on developing games for mobile phones, starting in 2006, the GDC partnered with Video Games Live to feature their symphonic performance of videogame music as the closing night event
15.
Build (developer conference)
–
Microsoft Build is an annual conference event held by Microsoft, aimed towards software enginieers and web developers using Windows, Windows Phone, Microsoft Azure and other Microsoft technologies. First held in 2011, it serves as a successor for Microsofts previous developer events, Build 2011 was held from September 13 to September 16,2011 in Anaheim, California. The conference heavily focused on Windows 8, Windows Server 2012 and Visual Studio 2012, attendees also received a Samsung tablet shipping with the Windows 8 Developer Preview build. Held on Microsofts campus in Redmond from October 30 to November 2,2012, attendees received a Surface RT tablet with Touch Cover, a Nokia Lumia 920 smartphone, and 100GB of free SkyDrive storage. Build 2013 was held from June 26 to June 28,2013 at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, the conference was primarily used to unveil the Windows 8.1 update for Windows 8. Each attendee received a Surface Pro, Acer Iconia W3 with a Bluetooth keyboard, one year of Adobe Creative Cloud, Build 2014 was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco from April 2 to April 4,2014. The date and venue of Build 2014 were prematurely published by Microsofts website on December 12,2013, Microsoft ultimately made an official announcement on the next day. Build attendees received a free Xbox One and a $500 Microsoft Store gift card, registration fee is $2095, and opened at 9, 00am PST on Thursday, January 22 and sold out in under an hour with an unspecified number of attendees. Build attendees received a free HP Spectre x360 ultrabook, the price was increased by $100 compared to the previous year. The conference was out in 1 minute. Unlike previous years, there were no hardware gifts for attendees, remoted iOS Simulator for Windows The 2017 Build conference is planned to be in Downtown Seattle, Washington from May 10 to May 12,2017. Official website Build Event on MSDN Channel 9
16.
Apple Worldwide Developers Conference
–
The Apple Worldwide Developers Conference, is a conference held annually in California by Apple Inc. The conference is used by Apple to showcase its new software, attendees can participate in hands-on labs with Apple engineers, and in-depth sessions covering a wide variety of topics. WWDC began in 1983 in Monterey, California, until 2007, the number of attendees varied between 2,000 and 4,200, however, during WWDC2007, Steve Jobs noted that there were more than 5,000 attendees. The WWDC events held from 2008 to 2015 were capped, since 1998, the conference has generally started with a keynote presentation. It was usually delivered by Jobs, resulting in their becoming termed Stevenotes, after Jobs 2011 resignation and death, his successor Tim Cook delivered the keynotes. In 1991, first public demonstration of QuickTime, in 1995, WWDC95 focused almost fully on the Copland project, which by this time was able to be demonstrated to some degree. Gil Amelio stated that the system was on-schedule to ship in beta form in summer with an initial commercial release in the very late fall. However, very few live demos were offered, and no beta of the system was offered. In 1996, WWDC96s primary emphasis was a new software component technology called OpenDoc, the OpenDoc consortium included Adobe, Lotus, others, and Apple. Apple touted OpenDoc as the foundation for application structure under Mac OS. In 1997, WWDC97 was the first show after the purchase of NeXT, the show focused mainly on the work in progress, including a short history of development efforts since the two development teams had been merged on February 4. Several new additions to the system were demonstrated, including tabbed and outline views. Under the original Rhapsody plans, classic applications would run in sandboxed installation of the classic Mac OS, to receive new features, such as protected memory and preemptive multitasking, developers had to rewrite applications using the Yellow Box API. Developer complaints about the major porting effort to what was then a market and warnings that they might simply abandon the platform. Carbon addressed the problem by reducing the effort needed, while exposing some of the new functions of the underlying OS. Another major introduction at WWDC98 was the Quartz imaging model, which replaced Display PostScript with something akin to display PDF, although the reasons for this switch remain unclear, Quartz also included better support for the extant QuickDraw model from the classic OS, and Java2D. Supporting QuickDraw directly in the model also led to a related announcement. In 1999, WWDC99 was essentially a report as the plans outlined in WWDC98 came to fruition
17.
JavaOne
–
JavaOne is an annual conference organized by Oracle Corporation to discuss Java technologies, primarily among Java developers. JavaOne is held in San Francisco, California typically running from a Monday to Thursday in September or October, technical sessions on a variety of topics are held during the day. In the evening, Birds of a Feather sessions are held, access to the technical sessions, keynote presentations, exhibits and BOF sessions requires a conference pass, which costs US$2,050. The conference was first organized in 1996 by Sun Microsystems, which was purchased in 2010 by Oracle Corporation, after the acquisition, the conference has been held concurrently with Oracle OpenWorld. The conference was moved from Moscone Center to hotels on nearby Mason Street, in some years, one block of Mason was closed and covered with a tent, which formed part of the conference venue. In 1999, the conference played host to an event called the Hackathon, attendees were to write a program in Java for the new Palm V using the infrared port to communicate with other Palm users and register the device on the Internet. During the 2008 conference,70 Moscone Center staff members and three attendees were sickened by an outbreak of norovirus, in 2009, CommunityOne expanded to New York City and to Oslo, Norway. The third annual CommunityOne in San Francisco took place from June 1–3,2009, tracks included, Cloud Platforms – Development and deployment in the cloud Social and Collaborative Platforms – Social networks and Web 2. Official website Moscone Center JavaOne 2009 Blog Coverage
18.
WonderCon
–
The convention will return to the Anaheim Convention Center in 2017. The convention was conceived by retailer John Barrett and originally held in the Oakland Convention Center, in 2003, it moved to San Franciscos Moscone Center. The shows original name was the Wonderful World of Comics Convention, the WonderCon logo was designed by Richard Bruning and Tim Zach. Retailer Joe Field and his partner Mike Friedrich owned and operated the convention for fifteen years, in 2001, they brokered a deal with the management team that runs the San Diego Comic-Con International to make it part of the Comic-Con International convention family. This gave the San Francisco show an audience and has made it a venue for previews and early screenings of major motion pictures. These have included Spider-Man 2 in 2004, Batman Begins and Fantastic Four in 2005, Superman Returns in 2006,300 in 2007, Watchmen in 2009, all of these events featured the stars of the films fielding questions from the audience. WonderCon had 34,000 attendees in 2009,39,000 in 2010, the show left the Bay Area after the 2011 con, because San Franciscos Moscone Center was being remodeled. The convention moved to Anaheim in 2012, and was rebranded WonderCon Anaheim, in 2016, a new convention started in the Bay Area, called the Silicon Valley Comic Con. WonderCon relocated from Anaheim to Los Angeles in 2016, and is now called WonderCon Los Angeles and was held March 25-27,2016 at the Los Angeles Convention Center, the 2017 edition of the convention returned to Anaheim and was held March 31-April 2,2017. While the main attraction of WonderCon has always been various retailers selling back issues of comic books and action figures, there is also an Artists Alley featuring mainly comic book artists selling artwork, signing books, and doing sketches, and mainstream celebrities signing autographed pictures. WonderCon hosted the Harvey Award ceremonies from 1997–1999, since 2007, academicians and comic industry professionals have held the Comics Arts Conference in conjunction with WonderCon. In addition, WonderCon features an event called Trailer Park, where trailers for upcoming films are shown, the WonderCon masquerade competition usually takes place on Saturday after the convention closes. Awards are given to those with the most creative performances, though anyone can participate, official website WonderCon feature on Sidewalks Entertainment WonderCon founders website
19.
1984 Democratic National Convention
–
The 1984 National Convention of the U. S. Democratic Party was held at the Moscone Center in San Francisco, California from July 16 to July 19,1984, former Vice President Walter Mondale was nominated for President and Representative Geraldine Ferraro of New York was nominated for Vice President. Ferraro became the first woman to be nominated by either major party for the Presidency or Vice-Presidency, in another first, the 1984 Democratic Convention was chaired by the female governor of Kentucky, Martha Layne Collins. The Democratic National Committee Chairman at the time, Charles T. Manatt, Walter Mondale was nominated for President and Geraldine Ferraro was nominated for Vice President. New York Governor Mario Cuomo gave a keynote speech. Mondales major rivals for the nomination, Senator Gary Hart and Rev. Jesse Jackson. Jackson also attempted to move the partys platform farther to the left at the Convention and he did succeed in one instance, concerning affirmative action. AIDS poster boy Bobbi Campbell gave a speech at the National March for Lesbian and Gay Rights, the system tended to punish shallow showings as yielding no delegates at all, hence Jacksons smaller delegate count than would be expected. Geraldine Ferraro was nominated by acclamation on a voice vote and she became the first woman to receive a major party nomination in the US
20.
Democratic Party (United States)
–
The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
21.
Walter Mondale
–
He was the Democratic Partys presidential nominee in the United States presidential election of 1984, but lost to Ronald Reagan in a landslide. Reagan won 49 states while Mondale carried his home state of Minnesota and Washington, D. C. Mondale was born in Ceylon, Minnesota and he then served in the U. S. Army during the Korean War before earning a law degree in 1956. He married Joan Adams in 1955 and he was appointed to the U. S. Senate by Governor Karl Rolvaag upon the resignation of Senator Hubert Humphrey following Humphreys election as vice president under President Lyndon Johnson. Mondale was subsequently elected to a full Senate term in 1966 and again in 1972, while in the Senate, he supported consumer protection, fair housing, tax reform, and the desegregation of schools. Importantly, he served as a member of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, in 1976, Carter, the Democratic presidential nominee, chose Mondale as his vice presidential running mate in the forthcoming election. The Carter/Mondale ticket defeated incumbent president Gerald Ford and his presidential running mate. In 1984, Mondale won the Democratic presidential nomination and campaigned for a freeze, the Equal Rights Amendment, an increase in taxes. After his defeat by Reagan, Mondale joined the Minnesota-based law firm of Dorsey & Whitney, President Bill Clinton appointed Mondale United States Ambassador to Japan in 1993, he retired in 1996. However, Mondale narrowly lost that race and he then returned to working at Dorsey & Whitney and remained active in the Democratic Party. Mondale later took up a teaching position at the University of Minnesotas Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs. Walter Frederick Mondale was born in Ceylon, Minnesota, the son of Claribel Hope, a music teacher, and Theodore Sigvaard Mondale. Walters half-brother Lester Mondale became a Unitarian minister and his paternal grandparents were Norwegian immigrants, and his mother, the daughter of an immigrant from Ontario, was of Scottish and English descent. The surname Mondale comes from Mundal, a valley and town in the Fjærland region of Norway, Mondale attended public schools and Macalester College in St. Paul before transferring to the University of Minnesota, where he earned a B. A. in political science in 1951. As Mondale did not have money to attend law school, he enlisted in the U. S. Army. He married Joan Adams in 1955, through the support of the G. I. Bill, he graduated from the University of Minnesota Law School in 1956, while at law school, he served on the Minnesota Law Review and as a law clerk in the Minnesota Supreme Court under Justice Thomas F. Gallagher. He then practiced law in Minneapolis, and continued to do so for four years before entering the political arena, Mondale became involved in national politics in the 1940s. At the age of 20, he was visible in Minnesota politics by helping organize Hubert Humphreys successful Senate campaign in 1948, Humphreys campaign assigned Mondale to cover the staunchly Republican 2nd district
22.
President of the United States
–
The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
23.
Geraldine Ferraro
–
Geraldine Anne Ferraro was an American attorney, a Democratic Party politician, and a member of the United States House of Representatives. In 1984, she was the first female presidential candidate representing a major American political party. Ferraro grew up in New York City and worked as a school teacher before training as a lawyer. She joined the Queens County District Attorneys Office in 1974, heading the new Special Victims Bureau that dealt with sex crimes, child abuse, and domestic violence. In 1984, former president and presidential candidate Walter Mondale, seen as an underdog. Ferraro became the only Italian American to be a major-party national nominee in addition to being the first woman, in the general election, Mondale and Ferraro were defeated in a landslide by incumbent President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush. Ferraro ran campaigns for a seat in the United States Senate from New York in 1992 and 1998 and she served as a United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights from 1993 until 1996 during the presidential administration of Bill Clinton. She also continued her career as a journalist, author, and businesswoman, Ferraro died on March 26,2011, from multiple myeloma,12 years after being diagnosed. She had three brothers born before her, but one died in infancy and another at age three, Ferraro attended the parochial school Mount Saint Marys in Newburgh when she was young. Her father died of an attack in May 1944, when she was eight. Ferraro stayed on at Mount Saint Marys as a boarder for a while, beginning in 1947, she attended and lived at the parochial Marymount Academy in Tarrytown, New York, using income from a family rental property in Italy and skipping seventh grade. At Marymount Ferraro was a member of the society, active in several clubs and sports, voted most likely to succeed. Her mother was adamant that she get an education, despite an uncle in the family saying. Ferraro attended Marymount Manhattan College with a scholarship while sometimes holding two or three jobs at the same time. During her senior year she began dating John Zaccaro of Forest Hills, Queens, Ferraro received a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1956, she was the first woman in her family to gain a college degree. She also passed the city exam to become a school teacher. Ferraro began working as a school teacher in public schools in Astoria, Queens. Unsatisfied, she decided to attend law school, an officer said to her, I hope youre serious
24.
Vice President of the United States
–
The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
25.
South of Market, San Francisco
–
SoMa is home to many of the citys museums, to the headquarters of several major software and Internet companies, and to the Moscone Conference Center. The areas boundaries are Market Street to the northwest, San Francisco Bay to the northeast, Mission Creek to the southeast and it is the part of the city in which the street grid runs parallel and perpendicular to Market Street. As with many neighborhoods, the boundaries of the South of Market area are fuzzy. From 1848 until the construction of the Central Freeway in the 1950s, since the 1950s, the boundary has been either 10th Street, 11th Street, or the Central Freeway. Similarly, the entire Mission Bay neighborhood may or may not be counted as part of SoMa, redevelopment agencies, social service agencies, and community activists frequently exclude the more prosperous areas between the waterfront and 3rd Street. Some social service agencies and nonprofits count the economically distressed area around 6th, 7th, the terms South of Market and SoMa refer to both a comparatively large district of the city as well as a much smaller neighborhood. Before being called South of Market this area was called South of the Slot, while the cable cars have long since disappeared from Market Street, some old timers still refer to this area as South of the Slot. Since 1847, the name of the South of Market area has been the 100 Vara Survey or simply 100 Vara for short. Since the mid-20th century, the name has been gradually forgotten, and today is found mainly in history books, legal documents, title deeds. At the time, the streets of San Francisco were aligned approximately with the points, running north to south. Each block was divided into six lots 50 varas on a side. e, northeast to southwest, and northwest to southeast. He also decided to make the new blocks twice as long and twice as wide, finally, OFarrell created a grand promenade linking the old pueblo with the new subdivision, Market Street. Since then, downtown San Francisco north of Lower Market Street has been known as 50 Vara. Rincon Hill became an enclave for the wealthy, while nearby South Park became an enclave for the middle class. The neighborhood became a largely working-class and lower-middle-class community of recent European immigrants, sweatshops, power stations, flophouses, the 1906 earthquake completely destroyed the area, and many of the quakes fatalities occurred there. Following the quake, the area was rebuilt with wider than usual streets, the construction of the Bay Bridge and U. S. Route 101 during the 1930s saw large swaths of the area demolished, including most of the original Rincon Hill. The waterfront redevelopment of the Embarcadero in the 1950s pushed a new population into this area in the 1960s, the incipient gay community, and the leather community in particular. From 1962 until 1982, the gay community grew and thrived throughout South of Market, most visibly along Folsom Street
26.
Bay Area Rapid Transit
–
Bay Area Rapid Transit is a public transportation system serving the San Francisco Bay Area. The rapid transit elevated and subway system connects San Francisco with cities in Alameda, Contra Costa, BART operates 5 routes on 104 miles of track connecting 45 stations, plus a 3. 2-mile automated guideway transit line to the Oakland International Airport which adds an additional station. A spur line in eastern Contra Costa County will utilize other rail technologies, with an average of 433,000 weekday passengers and 128.5 million annual passengers in fiscal year 2016, BART is the fifth-busiest heavy rail rapid transit system in the United States. The systems acronym is pronounced Bart, like the name, BART is operated by the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District, formed in 1957. As of 2017, it is being expanded to San Jose with the consecutive Warm Springs, some of the Bay Area Rapid Transit Systems current coverage area was once served by an electrified streetcar and suburban train system called the Key System. This early 20th-century system once had regular trans-bay traffic across the deck of the Bay Bridge. By the mid-1950s, that system had been dismantled in favor of highway travel, a new rapid-transit system was proposed to take the place of the Key System during the late 1940s, and formal planning for it began in the 1950s. Some funding was secured for the BART system in 1959, passenger service began on September 11,1972, initially just between MacArthur and Fremont. All nine Bay Area counties were involved in the planning and envisioned to be connected by BART, before the system began revenue service, serious problems in the design and operation of the Automatic Train Control system were observed. Three engineers working for BART, Max Blankenzee, Robert Bruder, BART management was dismissive of their concerns, so the three took the issue to the board of directors. All but two of the directors voted in February 1972 to support management and reject the safety concerns, management retaliated against the engineers, firing them in March 1972. The IEEE later filed the first amicus brief in its history to support the engineers. The California Society of Professional Engineers reported to the California State Senate in June 1972 that there were serious safety risks with the ATC. Legislative analyst A. Alan Post, opened an investigation immediately, an ATC failure caused the train to run off the end of the elevated track and crash to the ground, injuring four people on-board, and drawing national and international attention. The “Fremont Flyer” led to a redesign of the train controls. The California State Public Utilities Commission imposed stringent oversight over train operations, the legislative analyst issued the first of three “Post Reports” in November 1972. The report was “sharply critical” of BART, finding that the ATC system was unreliable, the ATC program was mismanaged, and “no solution was in sight. ”The report accused BART of paying excessive fees for engineering services. BART’s general manager called the indictment of safety in the Post Report “not only disappointing, telephone calls were placed manually between stations, instead
27.
Muni Metro
–
Muni Metro is a light rail/streetcar hybrid system serving San Francisco, California, operated by the San Francisco Municipal Railway, a division of the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency. With an average ridership of 128,500 passengers as of the fourth quarter of 2014. Muni Metro operates a fleet of 151 light rail vehicles made by Breda, Muni Metro is the modern incarnation of the traditional streetcar system that had served San Francisco since the late 19th century. Recently, the system has undergone expansion, most notably the Third Street Light Rail Project, completed in 2007, other projects, such as the Central Subway, are underway. Muni Metro descended from the traditional streetcar system started on December 28,1912. The first streetcar line, the A Geary, ran from Kearny and Market Streets in the Financial District to Fulton Street, the system slowly expanded, opening the Twin Peaks Tunnel in 1917, allowing streetcars to run to the southwestern quadrant of the city. By 1921, the city was operating 304 miles of trolley lines and 25 miles of cable car lines. The last line to service before 2007 was the N Judah. However, five heavily used streetcar lines traveled for at least part of their routes through tunnels or otherwise reserved right-of-way, as a result, these lines, running PCC streetcars, continued in operation. The new tunnel would be connected to the existing Twin Peaks Tunnel, the new underground stations would feature high platforms, and the older stations would be retrofitted with the same, which meant that the PCCs could not be used in them. Hence, a fleet of new rail vehicles was ordered from Boeing-Vertol. The K and M lines were extended to Balboa Park during this time, on February 18,1980, the Muni Metro was officially inaugurated, with weekday N line service in the subway. The Metro service was implemented in phases, and the subway was served only on weekdays until 1982. The K Ingleside line began using the Metro subway on weekdays on June 11,1980, the L Taraval and M Ocean View lines on December 17,1980, and lastly the J Church line on June 17,1981. Meanwhile, weekend service on all five lines continued to use PCC cars operating on the surface of Market Street through to the Transbay Terminal, finally, on November 20,1982, the Muni Metro subway began operating seven days a week. At the time, there were no plans to revive any service on the surface of Market Street or return PCCs to regular running. However, tracks were rehabilitated for the 1983 Historic Trolley Festival, Muni criticism had been something of a feature of life in San Francisco, and not without reason. The Boeing trains were sub-par and grew crowded quickly, Muni did take steps to address these problems
28.
Capitol Corridor
–
The Capitol Corridor is a 168-mile passenger train route operated by Amtrak in California. Capitol Corridor trains operate between San Jose and Sacramento, roughly parallel to Interstate 880 and Interstate 80, one train a day continues through the eastern Sacramento suburbs to Auburn, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. Capitol Corridor trains started in 1991, the Capitol Corridor is named because it links the location of Californias first state capitol, San Jose, with the current location, Sacramento. The rail route also travels near historical state capitol locations of Vallejo, at the start of the 1990s three Amtrak trains operated in the Bay Area, the long-distance California Zephyr and Coast Starlight, and the short-distance San Joaquin. Only the Coast Starlight ran once a day between San Jose and Sacramento, and at inconvenient times, the last local service between the two former capitals was the Southern Pacifics Senator which ran between Oakland and Sacramento until May 31,1962. In 1990 California voters passed two propositions providing $105 million to expand service along the route, the new service, named Capitols, debuted on December 12,1991 with three daily round-trips between San Jose and Sacramento. Of these, a single round-trip continued to Roseville, an eastern Sacramento suburb, the service was later renamed Capitol Corridor to avoid confusion with the Capitol Limited, which runs between Washington, D. C. and Chicago. In 1998 there was one round trip train that ran as far as Colfax, today, most eastbound Capitol Corridor trains terminate in Sacramento, with Amtrak Thruway bus connections to destinations farther east. Only one daily train runs as far as Auburn, new stations have been proposed along the route at Hercules, Benicia, northern Fairfield/Vacaville and Dixon. The northern Fairfield–Vacaville station is being developed by the cities of Fairfield and Vacaville near the corner of Peabody Road, the station is being planned and paid for by BART and the city of Union City. Preliminary work had started to add second pair of tracks between Oakland and San Jose, which would enable most trains to run from Sacramento to San Jose, an expansion to Truckee, California and Reno, Nevada on the UP line over Donner Pass has been considered. Revenue in FY2012 was $27,927,540, an 8. 6% increase over FY2011 and it is the fourth busiest Amtrak route by ridership, surpassed only by the Northeast Regional, Acela Express, and Pacific Surfliner. As of 2013 Sacramento is the busiest station on the route, the Capitol Corridor is used by commuters between the Sacramento area and the Bay Area as an alternative to driving on congested Interstate 80. Monthly passes and discounted tickets are available. Starting on August 28,2006 the Capitol Corridor had 16 weekday trains each way between Oakland and Sacramento, up from twelve in 2005 and three in 1992, according to its management, ridership on the Capitol Corridor trains tripled between 1998 and 2005. Starting August 13,2012 the Capitol Corridor dropped from 16 to 15 weekday trains each way between Oakland and Sacramento, as of February 2013 no weekday trains run the full length of the line between Auburn and San Jose. The single departure from Auburn runs to Oakland Coliseum, of the 14 westward departures from Sacramento seven run to San Jose, seven trains run San Jose to Sacramento, six downtown Oakland to Sacramento, one Coliseum to Sacramento and one Oakland to Auburn. When the Capitol Corridor debuted in 1991, it used Amtrak F40PH locomotives, Dash 8 locomotives were also used as they were brand new at the time
29.
Emeryville station
–
Emeryville is an Amtrak station in Emeryville, California that replaced the older Amtrak 16th Street Station in Oakland. The original Beaux-Arts Oakland 16th Street Station was declared due to unreinforced masonry after sustaining damage in the Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989. Emeryville opened on August 13,1993, although service continued at Oakland for another year, the station is served by Amtrak Californias Capitol Corridor and San Joaquins and Amtraks Coast Starlight. Of the 74 California stations served by Amtrak, Emeryville was the fourth busiest in FY2012 and this Station is located in Alameda County. Extensive Amtrak Thruway bus connections are available in Emeryville, Route 99 connects all arriving and departing trains with San Francisco. Additional connections are provided by Route 17 to Santa Barbara and Route 34 to Stockton, several public transit bus lines serve the station vicinity, The free Emery Go-Round Hollis and Hollis South routes stop on Horton Street, across the street from the station. Golden Gate Transit Route 580 stops on Hollis Street, a short walk east of the station, AC Transit Route 26 stops on Shellmound Street, across the pedestrian bridge located at the station. Media related to Emeryville station at Wikimedia Commons Amtrak – Stations – Emeryville, CA Emeryville Amtrak Station Emeryville --Great American Stations
30.
The Net (1995 film)
–
The Net is a 1995 American cyber action thriller film directed by Irwin Winkler and starring Sandra Bullock, Jeremy Northam and Dennis Miller. United States Secretary of Defense Michael Bergstrom commits suicide after being informed that he has tested positive for HIV, Angela Bennett is a systems analyst from Venice, California who telecommutes to Cathedral Software in San Francisco. Dale and Bennett agree to meet, but the system in Dales private aircraft malfunctions and it crashes into a tower. Bennett travels to Mexico, on vacation, where she meets Jack Devlin, after seducing Bennett, Devlin pays a mugger to steal her purse as they walk along the beach. He chases the mugger into the foliage and roots through the purse to find the disk before shooting him and he takes Bennett out on his speedboat to kill her as well, but she finds his gun and confronts him. While fleeing with the disk and Devlins wallet, Bennetts dinghy collides with rocks, destroying the disk and she is unconscious for three days. Bennetts home is empty and listed for sale, moreover, because none of the neighbors remember her, they cannot confirm her identity. Bennetts Social Security number is now assigned to a Ruth Marx, when Bennett calls her own desk at Cathedral Software, an impostor answers and offers Bennett her old life back in exchange for the disk. She contacts the other person who knows her by sight, psychiatrist. He checks her into a hotel, offers to contact a friend at the FBI, fellow hacker Cyberbob identifies π with the Praetorians, a notorious group of cyberterrorists linked to recent computer failures around the country. Bennett and Cyberbob plan to meet, but the Praetorians intercept their online chat, Bennett escapes from Devlin—a contract killer for the cyberterrorists, but the Praetorians kill Champion by tampering with pharmacy and hospital computer records. After Bennett is arrested by the California Highway Patrol, a man identifying himself as Champions FBI friend frees her from jail and she realises he is an impostor and escapes again. Bennett emails evidence of the backdoor to the FBI from the Moscone Center and tricks Devlin into releasing a virus into Greggs mainframe, undoing the erasing of her identity. During a battle on the catwalks of a center, in which Devlin accidentally kills the impostor, Bennett ambushes Devlin with a fire extinguisher. Bennett reunites with her mother, and the conspiracy is exposed, the Net was filmed in San Franciscos Moscone Center and Macworld on January 5,1995, as well as at Washington, D. C. locations in April 1995. With an estimated budget of $22 million and a date of 28 July 1995. Including foreign markets, the film grossed $110,627,965 worldwide, based on 47 reviews, it has an average score of 5.1 out of 10 on Rotten Tomatoes with 36% of critics giving positive reviews. Roger Ebert gave the three out of four stars
31.
49-Mile Scenic Drive
–
The 49-Mile Scenic Drive is a designated scenic road tour highlighting much of San Francisco, California. It was created in 1938 by the San Francisco Down Town Association to showcase the citys major attractions, originally beginning at San Francisco City Hall and ending on Treasure Island, the route has been modified several times since. Today the route forms a loop proceeding counterclockwise from Civic Center Plaza, owing variously to its length, its labyrinthine route, and the difficulty of driving through a bustling city, the drive remains relatively unpopular with tourists and locals alike. The drive begins on Polk St opposite San Francisco City Hall, after entering Japantown, the drive turns north onto Webster Street before immediately returning east along Post Street, where it continues past Japan Center, Lower Nob Hill, and Union Square. At Grant Avenue, the route turns north and enters Chinatown through its Dragon Gate. Drivers are soon directed onto California Street and up Nob Hill, at Portsmouth Square, the route proceeds north along Kearny Street for two blocks and turns northwest onto Columbus Avenue, entering North Beach. After passing City Lights Bookstore and turning onto Grant Avenue once more, passing the Joe DiMaggio Playground, the route turns north toward Fishermans Wharf on Mason Street. Over the next few miles, the route passes nearly all of San Franciscos Golden Gate National Recreation Area locations, continuing for a few blocks each on Baker, Bay, Broderick, Chestnut, and Lyon Streets, the route enters the Presidio at Lombard Street. At 8.6 miles, the passes the Letterman Digital Arts Center, proceeds onto Presidio Boulevard. The route detours through the Presidios Main Post before returning to Lincoln Boulevard near San Francisco National Cemetery. Passing above Crissy Field and Fort Point, under the U. S. Highway 101 approach to the Golden Gate Bridge, and above Baker Beach, the route exits the Presidio into Sea Cliff. Continuing along El Camino del Mar into Lincoln Park, the passes the Legion of Honor. Turing westward onto Geary Boulevard, drivers proceed several blocks and continue onto Point Lobos Avenue, soon reaching the Sutro Baths, briefly skirting the Haight-Ashbury and Cole Valley neighborhoods, the route ascends Parnassus Street and passes the University of California, San Franciscos main campus. Turning south onto 7th Avenue in the Inner Sunset, the route curves around Mount Sutro, from Twin Peaks Boulevard, drivers are directed into the north peaks parking area and offered unobstructed views of the city below. The route then descends into Corona Heights—built to take advantage of the views at this height. Winding its way down the hill, the route takes drivers past the Randall Museum before descending east along 14th Street into San Franciscos prominent gay neighborhood, at Cesar Chavez Street, the route continues east through Potrero Hill before abruptly directing drivers onto northbound I-280. After about 40 miles of streets, the route travels along I-280 for the final 1.5 miles of that freeway, exiting near Mission Bay. It winds along The Embarcadero and underneath the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge—once the final leg of the route before its Treasure Island terminus, at Market Street, the route crosses in front of the Ferry Building and shortly thereafter turns westward along Washington Street to enter the Financial District
32.
Metreon
–
The Metreon is a shopping center located in downtown San Francisco at the corner of 4th Street and Mission Street. It is a four-story 350,000 square foot building built over the corner of the underground Moscone Center convention center. Metreon opened on June 16,1999, as the first of a chain of Sony urban entertainment centers, aggregating dining, gaming, music, exhibitions, shopping. Sony intended the ambitious 85 million dollar project to be not only a park and gallery for Sony products. In 2006 Metreon was sold to Westfield, a mall developer, in 2011, with few exceptions, remaining businesses in the mall were closed. Westfield began a renovation with an emphasis on dining, including Target Corporation creating a large downtown department store that now takes up the second floor. In April,2012, the Westfield sold the Metreon to Starwood Capital Group, Westfield currently continues to be responsible for management. In October 2001 Metreon, in partnership with Sonys anime television network, Animax, was host to an anime festival, as a hub for Sony products, the Metreon often hosted special events for the public when new products were released. Consumers flocked to the Metreon for high-demand items such as the PlayStation 2 or PSP, although Sony opened two additional centers in Tokyo and Berlin in 1999, the original center failed to turn the expected profit. The other major exhibit, Where the Wild Things Are, closed sometime after July 2004, sunday May 13,2007 was Portal One arcades last day of operation. The arcade was relaunched again as a Tilt, by 2002, there were persistent rumors that Sony wished to pull out of management of the property. In February 2006, Metreon was sold to The Westfield Group, the owner of the nearby Westfield San Francisco Centre shopping mall, and Forest City Enterprises, a real estate development company. In early 2009, Sony announced that it would be closing the Sony and PlayStation stores, expected modifications include relocation of the Fourth and Mission street entrance to the center of the block and the installation of a food terrace facing Yerba Buena Gardens. The San Francisco Filipino Cultural Center and the Tavern on the Green restaurant were projected tenants, Tavern on the Green, however, entered bankruptcy on September 11,2009, throwing into doubt the plans for the Metreon location. A seven-day-a-week farmers market operated as a tenant in the former Discovery Channel Store space between May and November 2009. The Metreon building has been redeveloped as a Target store, opened in October 2012, Target is leasing 99,677 square feet. The Sanraku sushi restaurant and Buckhorn sandwich shop remain in the new court, along with Jillians. The Metreon 16, an IMAX 3D movie theater operated by AMC Theatres, and Jillians, a special Walk of Game event took place there in 2005 and 2006
33.
San Francisco Chronicle
–
It was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young. The paper is owned by the Hearst Corporation, which bought it from the de Young family in 2000. The paper benefited from the growth of San Francisco and was the largest circulation newspaper on the West Coast of the United States by 1880. Like many other newspapers, it has experienced a fall in circulation in the early 21st century. The newspaper publishes two web sites, SFGate, which has a mixture of news and web features. Between World War II and 1971, new editor Scott Josephine Newhall took a bold, the newspaper grew in circulation to become the citys largest, overtaking the rival San Francisco Examiner. The demise of other San Francisco dailies through the late 1950s and early 1960s left the Examiner, from 1965 on the two papers shared a single classified-advertising operation. This arrangement stayed in place until the Hearst Corporation took full control of the Chronicle, beginning in the early 1990s, the Chronicle started to face competition beyond the borders of San Francisco. The Chronicle launched five zoned sections to appear in the Friday edition of the paper, the sections covered San Francisco, and four different suburban areas. They each featured a unique columnist, enterprise pieces and local news specific to the community, the newspaper added 40 full-time staff positions to work in the suburban bureaus. The de Young family controlled the paper, via the Chronicle Publishing Company, until July 27,2000, following the sale, the Hearst Corporation transferred the Examiner to the Fang family, publisher of the San Francisco Independent and AsianWeek, along with a $66-million subsidy. Under the new owners, the Examiner became a free tabloid, in 1949, the de Young family founded KRON-TV, the Bay Areas third television station. Until the mid-1960s, the station, operated from the basement of the Chronicle Building, KRON moved to studios at 1001 Van Ness Avenue. The frequent bold-faced, all-capital-letter headlines typical of the Chronicles front page were eliminated, editor Ward Bushees note heralded the issue as the start of a new era for the Chronicle. On July 6,2009, the paper unveiled some alterations to the new design that included yet newer section fronts and wider use of color photographs and graphics. In a special section publisher Frank J. Vega described new, the newer look was accompanied by a reduction in size of the broadsheet. On November 9,2009, the Chronicle became the first newspaper in the nation to print on high-quality glossy paper, the high-gloss paper is used for some section fronts and inside pages. As of 2013 the publisher of the Chronicle is Jeffrey Johnson, audrey Cooper was named editor-in-chief in January 2015 and is the first woman to hold the position
34.
Democratic National Convention
–
The Democratic National Convention is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years since 1832 by the United States Democratic Party. They have been administered by the Democratic National Committee since the 1852 national convention, the primary goal of the Democratic National Convention is to nominate and confirm a candidate for president and vice president, adopt a comprehensive party platform and unify the party. Pledged delegates from all fifty U. S, like the Republican National Convention, the Democratic National Convention marks the formal end of the primary election period and the start of the general election season. The partys presidential nominee is chosen in a series of state caucuses. Superdelegates, delegates whose votes are not bound to the outcome of a caucus or primary. To secure the nomination for the Democratic party in 2016, a candidate must secure 2,383 delegates and this number includes both pledged delegates and superdelegates. Prior to 1936, nomination for president was required, not merely by a majority, unless there was a popular incumbent, something that only happened three times between the Civil War and World War II, getting that many votes on the first ballot was implausible. The choice was a contentious debate that riled the passions of party leaders. Delegates were forced to vote for a nominee repeatedly until someone could capture a number of delegates needed. In 1912,1920 and most notoriously in 1924, the voting went on for dozens and dozens of ballots, backroom deals by party bosses were normal and often resulted in compromise nominees that became known as dark horse candidates. Dark horse candidates were people who never imagined they would run for president until the last moments of the convention, dark horse candidates were chosen in order to break deadlocks between more popular and powerful prospective nominees that blocked each other from gaining enough delegates to be nominated. The rules were changed to a majority in 1936. Since then only one multi-ballot convention has taken place, before about 1970, the partys choice of the vice-presidential nominee was usually not known until the last evening of the convention. This was because the nominee had little to do with the process. In order to prevent such things happening in the future, the presumptive nominee has, since 1984, announced his choice before the convention even opened. By 1824, the nominating caucus had fallen into disrepute and collapsed as a method of nominating presidential. A national convention idea had been brought up but nothing occurred until the next decade, state conventions and state legislatures emerged as the nomination apparatus until they were supplanted by the national convention method of nominating candidates. The first national convention of the Democratic Party began in Baltimore on May 21,1832, in that year the 2/3 rule was created, requiring a 2/3 vote to nominate a candidate, in order to show the partys unanimous support of Martin Van Buren for vice president
35.
Maryland Institute College of Art
–
Maryland Institute College of Art is an art and design college in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It was founded in 1826 as the Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, the school is located in the Bolton Hill neighborhood, along Mount Royal Ave. The main campus is about 1.5 miles from downtown Baltimore, MICA hosts pre-college, post-baccalaureate, continuing studies, Master of Fine Arts, and Bachelor of Fine Arts programs, as well as weekend young peoples studio art classes. The Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts was established in November 1825, by prominent citizens of the city of Baltimore, such as Fielding Lucas, Howard, William Hubbard, Thomas Kelso, John H. B. Latrobe, William Meeter, Hezekiah Niles, William Roney, William F. Small, S. D. Walker, John D. Craig, Jacob Deems, William H. Freeman, Moses Hand, William Krebs, Robert Cary Long, Jr. Peter Leary, James Mosher, Henry Payson, P. K. Stapleton, James Sykes, P. B. Williams. A course of lectures on subjects connected with the arts was inaugurated and a library of works on mechanics. After about its first decade of being located at The Athenaeum at the southwest corner of East Lexington, in November 1847, Benjamin S. Benson and sixty-nine others of New Jersey and his opponent Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire—. During the American Civil War, the Institute served briefly as an armory for the Union, on February 7–8,1904, the Centre Market and the Maryland Institute building of 1851 burned down along with 1,500 other buildings in downtown Baltimore during the Great Baltimore Fire. Temporarily, classes are moved to spaces above other covered municipal markets in the city, Michael Jenkins donated the future site of the Main Building on Mount Royal Avenue near the new Bolton Hill neighborhood in the northwest, which opened in 1908. It was to house the School of Art and Design, felix Agnus along with Frank A. Furst and Henry Clark, with ex-officio members – Mayor E. Clay Timanus and Comptroller George R. Heffner. C. Along the Anne Arundel and Howard Counties lines, upon opening, the Main Building had spaces for pottery, metal working, wood carving, free-hand drafting, and textile design, as well as a library, galleries and exhibition rooms. The galleries and exhibition rooms were important, because at the time of construction, in 1923, the Institutes galleries hosted the first known public showing of Henri Matisses work in the United States, brought over from Europe by sisters Claribel and Etta Cone. The Institute legally changed its name to the Maryland Institute, College of Art in 1959, the consolidation of MICA to the Mount Royal campus is furthered by the purchase of the Mount Royal Station, a former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad train station, in 1964. During that time, the College focused on increased interaction with the international art world—offering study abroad programs, MICAs campus is a milieu of diverse buildings from different periods of Baltimores development. The State of Maryland, the Carnegie Foundation, and a number of local benefactors contributed funds to build the Main Building, Michael Jenkins donated the land on which the Main Building was built, stipulating that the new building not clash with the nearby Gothic Revival Corpus Christi Church. Otto Fuchs designed the studio plans. The architecture was designed to evoke a feeling of the Grand Canal of Venice, the exterior marble is carved from Beaver Dam marble, excavated from the famed Baltimore County quarry near Cockeysville, Maryland
36.
Tammany Hall
–
The Tammany Society emerged as the center for Democratic-Republican Party politics in the city in the early 19th century. After 1854, the Society expanded its control even further by earning the loyalty of the citys rapidly expanding immigrant community. By 1872 Tammany had an Irish Catholic boss, and in 1928 a Tammany hero, New York Governor Al Smith, however, Tammany Hall also served as an engine for graft and political corruption, perhaps most infamously under William M. Boss Tweed in the mid-19th century. By the 1880s, Tammany was building local clubs that appealed to activists from the ethnic middle-class. Charles Murphy was the effective but quiet boss of Tammany from 1902–1924. Big Tim Sullivan was the Tammany leader in the Bowery, in the early twentieth century Murphy and Sullivan promoted Tammany as a reformed agency dedicated to the interests of the working class. The new image deflected attacks and built up a following among the emerging ethnic middle-class, in the process Robert F. Wagner became a powerful United States Senator, and Al Smith served multiple terms as governor and was the Democratic presidential candidate in 1928. Tammany Halls influence waned from 1930 to 1945 when it engaged in a battle with Franklin D. Roosevelt, the states governor. In 1932, Mayor Jimmy Walker was forced from office when his bribery was exposed, Roosevelt stripped Tammany of federal patronage. Republican Fiorello La Guardia was elected mayor on a Fusion ticket, by the mid-1960s Tammany Hall ceased to exist. The society was developed as a club for pure Americans. The name Tammany comes from Tamanend, a Native American leader of the Lenape, the society adopted many Native American words and also their customs, going so far as to call its hall a wigwam. The first Grand Sachem, as the leader was titled, was William Mooney, by 1798, the societys activities had grown increasingly political. High ranking Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr saw Tammany Hall as an opportunity to counter Alexander Hamiltons Society of the Cincinnati, eventually Tammany emerged as the center of Democratic-Republican Party politics in the city. Burr used Tammany Hall influence in the election of 1800, in which he was elected Vice President of the United States, many historians believe that without Tammany, President John Adams might have won New York States electoral votes and won reelection. Early cases of corruption involving Tammany Hall came to light during the groups feud with local politician Dewitt Clinton. The feud began in 1802 after Clinton accused Aaron Burr of being a traitor to the Democratic-Republican Party, Clintons uncle, George Clinton was jealous of Burrs achievements and positions. However George was too old to compete with young Aaron Burr, in 1803, Clinton left the United States Senate and became Mayor of New York City
37.
Merchants Exchange Building (St. Louis)
–
The building was designed by Francis Lee and Thomas Annan who placed second in a competition for the structure (the winner was George I. Ingraham but his work was considered too expensive, the building was the second Merchants Exchange on the location. The first building was built in 1857, during the American Civil War members of the exchange split along North-South lines. The Exchange merged back together after the war, the $2 million venue measured 235 by 187 ft by 187 feet and was actually two separate buildings. At the same time of its construction the Merchants Exchange built the Eads Bridge across the Mississippi River, the building was torn down in 1958. Part of the Adams Mark Hotel was built in its location, in 2008 the Adams Mark announced plans to become a Grand Hyatt. The Merchants Exchange founded in 1836 was the first commodity trading exchange in the United States—predating the Chicago Board of Trade, in its early years it was referred to as the Chamber of Commerce. Articles about the 1876 Convention referred to it as the Chamber of Commerce, after vacating its downtown location, it was evicted in 1995 from its new location by eminent domain when St. Louis expanded the St. Louis Science Center. The Exchange made a last gasp in 2000/2001 to conduct computerized trading of future trading of freight on the Mississippi River
38.
Cincinnati Music Hall
–
Music Hall, commonly known as Cincinnati Music Hall, is a classical music performance hall in Cincinnati, Ohio, completed in 1878. It serves as the home for the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Cincinnati Opera, May Festival Chorus, in January 1975, it was recognized as a National Historic Landmark by the U. S. Department of the Interior. The building was designed with a dual purpose – to house activities in its central auditorium. It is located at 1241 Elm Street, across from the historic Washington Park in Over-the-Rhine, Music Hall was built over a paupers cemetery, which has helped fuel its reputation as one of the most haunted places in America. In June 2014, Music Hall was included on the National Trust for Historic Preservations annual list of Americas 11 most endangered historic places, Springer Auditorium is the main auditorium, named in honor of founding patron Reuben Springer. It has 3,516 seats and ranks acoustically as one of the finest performance venues in the world and it serves as home for the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, the Cincinnati Opera and the May Festival Chorus. It is one of the largest permanent concert halls in the U. S, fourth only to the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City, Auditorium Theatre in Chicago, and DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D. C. Music Hall Ballroom – accommodating up to 1,300 people, is the second largest meeting space in the city and it is frequently used for large receptions, exhibitions, fashion shows, class reunions and breakfast, lunch and dinner gatherings. In October 1998, a $1.8 million renovation of the Ballroom was completed, in July 2007, organ rebuilder Ronald F. Corbett Tower – the setting for a wide variety of events, ranging from weddings and receptions to grand dinners and parties. It has seating for up to 300 and includes a stage, controlled sound and light systems, dance floor, kitchen, Corbett Tower is located on the third floor near the front of the building. Critics Club – A dining room that seats 50, located in the basement level of the north exposition wing. On September 13,1818, the City of Cincinnati purchased from Jesse Embree for $3,200 a plot of land on the west side of Elm Street, just north of 12th Street. On January 22,1821, the Ohio State Legislature passed an act that established a Commercial Hospital, thus, Ohios first insane asylum was erected in Cincinnati on 4 acres of land bounded by the Miami and Erie Canal. The Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum of Ohio was the parent institution for the Orphan Asylum, the City Infirmary, the Cincinnati Hospital, Cincinnati Hospital, the main facility, was located along the canal at 12th and Plum Streets, which is now 12th and Central Parkway. Around 1832, an outbreak in Cincinnati killed 832 people. To house the orphans, the city constructed the Cincinnati Orphan Asylum near the corner of 12th, here the hospital buried suicides, strangers, and the indigent and homeless of Cincinnati. At the time, this land was considered the outskirts of the city. For the next 20 years, the land was used as a cemetery until 1857 when city encroachment on the neighborhood made it unsuitable for such uses
39.
St. Louis Exposition and Music Hall
–
St. Louis Exposition and Music Hall was an indoor exposition hall, Music Hall and arena in St. Louis, Missouri from 1883 to 1907. In addition to the 1904 Democratic convention, it was used as a venue for other conventions. The 502 by 332 ft exposition hall was initially at a cost of US$750,000. It was designed by Jerome Bibb Legg and completed in 1884, leggs most prominent existing building is Academic Hall at Southeast Missouri State University. Originally built to house the St. Louis Exposition, a fair, it covered 6 acres at Olive. The Music Hall, which was a home for the St. Louis Symphony, had a stage which could accommodate 1,500 people, in the winter of 1896 the Republican National Convention planned to be in a rebuilt permanent building in the center. However, it was determined that it would not be ready in time for the convention so a temporary wooden convention was erected on the south of City Hall. The temporary structure was erected within sixty days at cost of $60,000 including decorations, following the 1896 Convention, the temporary structure as well as the Exposition building were torn down and a new Coliseum was built on the site of the Exposition Building. The new Coliseum had an arena of 112 by 222 ft with an 84 ft ceiling and it had a single span trussed roof, with no columns or obstructions. The seating capacity was 7,000 but could be expanded to 12,000 and it was rated at 10,500 for its 1904 convention. The whole structure including the new Coliseum and Music Hall were torn down in 1907 when the St. Louis Central Library was built at its location and the new St. Louis Coliseum was constructed
40.
Wigwam (Chicago)
–
The Wigwam was a convention center and meeting hall that served as the site of the 1860 Republican National Convention. It was located in Chicago, Illinois at Lake Street and Market near the Chicago River and this site had previously been the site of the Sauganash Hotel, Chicagos first hotel. This is where supporters ushered Abraham Lincoln to the party nomination, the location at Lake and Wacker was designated a Chicago Landmark on November 6,2002. The two-story Wigwam was built by Chicago business leaders to attract the 1860 Convention and it was a temporary structure, built entirely of wood in little more than a month, and it could accommodate 10–12,000 people. The building was used for political and patriotic meetings during the Convention and it also served as a retail space until its demolition, some time between 1867 and 1871. Following the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, another Wigwam building at Washington, antebellum custom was to call a political campaign headquarters a Wigwam. Wigwam is also a Native American word for temporary shelter, mark Beaubien built a tavern on the site of the Wigwam in 1829–30. The newly formed Town of Chicago elected its first town trustees in 1833 in the hotel, the building briefly served as Chicagos first theater, and it hosted the first Chicago Theatre company in 1837 in an abandoned dining room. The hotel was destroyed by fire in 1851, and the Wigwam was built in its nine years later. Chicago has hosted the most United States presidential nominating conventions, the 1860 Republican National Convention was held at the Wigwam. The 1864 Democratic National Convention was hosted in a different Wigwam built for the convention as a semicircular roofed amphitheater and these were the first Chicago visits for each partys national convention. Baltimore has hosted 10 and Philadelphia has hosted 9, the 1868 Republican National Convention returned to Chicago, but it was located at the Crosby Opera House. The 1892 Democratic National Convention convened in a temporary “Wigwam” in Lake Park for Grover Clevelands third nomination, during the convention, backroom dealing and political scheming played a role in the outcome. Nevertheless, Lincoln, who had stayed in Springfield during the convention, received vociferous support, today, the corner of W. Lake Street and N. Wacker Drive bears the address of 191 N. Wacker. This address is in the West Loop neighborhood of the Loop community area in Chicago, the 157 m, 37-story office tower, named 191 North Wacker, was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox and built in 2002. The major tenants include Drinker, Biddle & Reath, Much Shelist, Watson Wyatt Worldwide, Heitman Financial, and RSM McGladrey
41.
Chicago Coliseum
–
The first Coliseum stood at State and Washington streets in Chicagos downtown in the late 1860s. The second, at 63rd Street near Stony Island Avenue in the south sides Woodlawn community, in the 1960s and early 1970s it served as a general admission venue for rock concerts, roller derbys and professional wrestling matches, it closed in 1971 and was demolished in 1982. The first Coliseum hosted horse shows, boxing matches, and circus acts beginning in 1866, typical of most 19th century cities, Chicago had a flourishing bachelor subculture, which made events at the Coliseum often rowdy affairs. The arenas history is hazy as there are no sources as to when it opened or closed. The second Coliseum, in the Woodlawn neighborhood on the south side, had a difficult history. Initial construction began early in 1895 on a 14-acre site of the Worlds Columbian Exposition, but on August 22, the structure collapsed. Construction of the 300-by-700 foot building entailed the use of 2.5 million pounds of steel,3.2 million feet of lumber, and 3 million bricks, and was finally completed in June 1896. The building was impressive in size for its day, twice as large as Madison Square Garden, the facility housed seven acres of interior floor space. In October 1896 the Coliseum hosted the Barnum and Bailey Circus, college football teams immediately saw the feasibility of playing indoor games in the Coliseum, and four big games took place, University of Michigan vs. University of Chicago, Thanksgiving Day, November 26,1896, won by Chicago, University of Wisconsin, December 19,1896, won by Carlisle, 18–8. University of Illinois, November 20,1897, won by Carlisle, University of Chicago, Thanksgiving Day, November 25,1897, won by Chicago, 21–12. The Carlisle games represented the first time the Carlisle Indian School played in the Midwest, in January 1897, the Coliseum hosted one of the largest trade shows in the country, the annual Bicycle manufacturers trade show. Another grand trade show took place in October, the Chicago Horse Show, the Coliseum by this time was hailed as a financial success. But all this would come to an end. Despite initial reports of deaths, only one fireman died. The building was destroyed, primarily when one of the 14 arches supporting the roof fell over to bring down all the other arches like a row of dominoes. The fire consumed the building within 20 minutes and this massive structure, one of the greatest indoor facilities of the 19th century, had a lifespan of only 19 months. Candy manufacturer Charles F. Gunther built the third Coliseum on Wabash Avenue and he purchased Libby Prison, a structure in Richmond, Virginia, constructed as a warehouse which became a Confederate prison during the Civil War
