1.
Russian language
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Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
Russian language
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Russian language street sign in
Russia.
Russian language
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Russian minimarket in
Limassol, Cyprus; translation: "Teremok market. Russian goods. Phone number: 96 74 19 63"
Russian language
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This page from an "ABC" book printed in Moscow in 1694 shows the letter
П.
Russian language
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The
Ostromir Gospels of 1056 is the second oldest
East Slavic book known, one of many medieval
illuminated manuscripts preserved in the
Russian National Library.
2.
Moscow
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Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city, Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth and it is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe, the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Europe, and the Moscow International Business Center. Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, the city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basils Cathedral with its brightly colored domes. Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament also sit in the city and it is recognized as one of the citys landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations. In old Russian the word also meant a church administrative district. The demonym for a Moscow resident is москвич for male or москвичка for female, the name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River. There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river and its cognates include Russian, музга, muzga pool, puddle, Lithuanian, mazgoti and Latvian, mazgāt to wash, Sanskrit, majjati to drown, Latin, mergō to dip, immerse. There exist as well similar place names in Poland like Mozgawa, the original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky, hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, in a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came English Muscovy, various other theories, having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists. The surface similarity of the name Russia with Rosh, an obscure biblical tribe or country, the oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Neolithic. Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered, on the territory of the Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc. The earliest East Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the Vyatichi and Krivichi, the Moskva River was incorporated as part of Rostov-Suzdal into the Kievan Rus in the 11th century. By AD1100, a settlement had appeared on the mouth of the Neglinnaya River. The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a place of Yuri Dolgoruky. At the time it was a town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
Moscow
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Left to right, top to bottom:
Moscow State University,
Spasskaya Clocktower,
Cathedral of Christ the Saviour;
Bolshoi Theatre,
Moscow International Business Center;
Red Square
Moscow
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Tatar raid upon Moscow
Moscow
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Map of Moscow, 1784
Moscow
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Red Square, painting by
Fedor Alekseev, 1801
3.
Russia
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Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
Russia
–
Kievan Rus' in the 11th century
Russia
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Flag
Russia
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The
Baptism of Kievans, by
Klavdy Lebedev
Russia
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Sergius of Radonezh blessing
Dmitry Donskoy in
Trinity Sergius Lavra, before the
Battle of Kulikovo, depicted in a painting by
Ernst Lissner
4.
Third Ring Road (Moscow)
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The Third Ring Road, or The Third Ring, is Moscows newest beltway, located between the Garden Ring in the city centre and Moscow Ring Road. The Third Ring is 35 km in length, i. e. about 10 km in diameter, as it is one of Moscows main roads there is a lot of traffic and it suffers from frequent congestion. There is a planned Fourth Ring between the Moscow Ring Road and the Third Ring, the Third Ring can be used to get from areas such as Sokolniki Park to Sparrow Hills, on the other side of the city. The road is used by many Moscovites who live in the suburbs of Moscow to bypass the city centre. The Third Ring Road was completed in 2004 with the Lefortovo tunnel, the third longest urban tunnel in Europe after the Södra länken tunnel in Stockholm,1961 - put into effect a tunnel under the Leningrad prospectus. 1984 - open Rusakovskaya overpass and a tunnel under Mitkovskaya connecting branch, october 28,1998 - opening of the Berezhkovskii bridge. May 10,1999 - opening of the Luzhnetskaya overpass from Komsomolsk prospectus to Berezhkovsky bridge, august 31,1999 - opening of the first phase of the New Riga overpass. December 4,1999 - opening of the phase of the New Riga overpass. December 11,1999 - opening of the section from the bridge to the Berezhkovsky Kutuzovsky Prospekt, including Kiev, fall 2000 - opening of the section from Komsomolsk prospectus to Leninsky Prospekt, including St. Andrews Bridge. December 30,2000 - opening of the section of Kutuzovsky Prospekt to Shmitovsky including Dorogomilovsky bridge, december 12,2001 - opening of the section of the Gagarin Square to the Volgograd prospectus, including Gagarins tunnel and the bridge reconstructed Avtozavodskii. August 28,2001 - opening of the tunnel on Maslovka, november 6,2002 - opening of the areas of the Zvenigorod highway to and from the street Running from Ostapovsky travel to Nizhny Novgorod street. October 1,2003 - open area from the street to the Spartakovskaya Krasnokazarmennaya waterfront, november 5,2003 - opening of the section of Nizhniy Novgorod Street to Highway Enthusiasts. December 5,2003 - opening of the Lefortovo Tunnel, the Third Ring Road is closed, november 4,2005 - opening of the reconstructed interchange with the Leningrad prospectus, Sheremetyevo street Zvenigorod highway. Traffic on the ring was continuous, without traffic lights, boulevard Ring in Moscow Garden Ring in Moscow MKAD in Moscow Moscows Third Transport Ring, Making Space for the New Middle Class by Robert Argenbright
Third Ring Road (Moscow)
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This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (February 2013) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
Third Ring Road (Moscow)
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Third Ring Road on Moscow map
5.
Presnensky District
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Presnensky District, commonly called Presnya, is a district of Central Administrative Okrug of the federal city of Moscow, Russia. The district is home to the Moscow Zoo, White House of Russia, Kudrinskaya Square Building, Patriarshy Ponds, Vagankovo Cemetery and it is unusually large and diverse among the Central Okrug Districts, combining affluent residential, administrative and old industrial neighborhoods. This section is based on P. V, Ponds that were set up on Presnya River and its tributaries in the seventeenth century survive as Patriarshy Pond and the Moscow Zoo ponds. Another small north-south brook flows in piping two kilometers west from Presnya river, today, it fills four ponds separating the old Presnya district from the Expocenter and Moskva-City developments. This river, named in reports as Studenetz or Vaganskoi River flows just under 4 km. Present-day Krasnaya Presnya street is a part of a road connecting Moscow with Novgorod via Volokolamsk since the twelfth century. In the 17th century, lands south of the road were managed by Patriarch Joachims court, lands north from it belonged to Voskresenskoye settlement and this royal village housed a private zoo, a distant predecessor of current Moscow Zoo. Peter I, Feodors brother a co-ruler, was a frequent guest here, in 1729, Voskresenskoe became property of Vakhtang VI of Kartli, a deposed Georgian king in exile. The memories of Vakhtang and his court remain in the names of Gruzinskaya streets, however, at the same time, there was and still is a sizable Armenian community, Armenian cemetery remains in Presnensky district. By 1787, there were four ponds on the Presnya, with a wooden bridge, the Studenetz area was a popular picnic destination, the same time,1798, the famous Trekhgornaya textile factory was built. Entertainment relocated east, closer to Presnya River, and the Kremlin Administrator, Valuev, entertainment continued with the private Studenetz Park and the public Moscow Zoo. But the district became an industrial, densely populated working-class area. In the December 1905 the whole district, the centre of industry, was taken over by revolutionary militias. Much of the Presnya district was destroyed, and more than one thousand, in the November 1917, Presnya workers took over the neighborhood again. Martemyan Ryutin was secretary of the local Communist Party in 1932, when the Ryutin Affair occurred, in the 1920s, streets of central Presnya were rebuilt into five to six story housing for the workers, although most of the district remained wooden low-rises. Stalinist construction projects concentrated on Garden Ring, while the areas east of it were neglected. Moscow-City project, conceived in 1992, commenced after the 1998 crises, at the same time, old industrial properties are torn down and replaced with office space of varying quality. Tram network in Presnensky District, severely cut in 1950s and 1973, was destroyed in 2000–2004, another big manufactory known as Zavod Krasnaya Presnya was pulled down and new residential district appeared instead
Presnensky District
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A view of the southern portion of Presnensky District, with the
White House of Russia to the right
Presnensky District
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Coat of arms of Presnensky District
Presnensky District
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View of Presnensky District from the
Moskva River
Presnensky District
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Patriarshy Ponds
6.
Central Administrative Okrug
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Central Administrative Okrug, or Tsentralny Administrativny Okrug, is one of the twelve administrative okrugs of Moscow, Russia, located within the Kamer-Kollezhny Bank. The Kremlin Hill, from which the colonization of Moscow began, is depicted under Yury Dolgoruky, the purple background symbolizes the supreme power of Russia, concentrated in Central Administrative Okrug. The gold unicorn was a symbol of the Russian Tsars. Below him an ancient Kremlin white-stone wall is featured, the Interstate Aviation Committee, the aviation accident technical investigation body of the Commonwealth of Independent States, has its head office in the Yakimanka District in the okrug. The Federal Penitentiary Service has its office in Yakimanka District. The Ministry of Education and Science has its office in the Tverskoy District. Aeroflot has its office in the Arbat District in the okrug. United Aircraft Corporation has its office in the Krasnoselsky District in the okrug. Tupolev has its office in the Basmanny District in the okrug. The All Nippon Airways Moscow sales office is located in the Presnensky District in the okrug, korean Air operates its CIS office in the Tverskoy District in the okrug. The Lycée Français Alexandre Dumas de Moscou, a French international school, is located in the Krasnoselsky District in the okrug, daugavpils, Latvia Riga, Latvia Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany Official website of Central Administrative Okrug
Central Administrative Okrug
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Central Administrative Okrug in Moscow
7.
Moscow River
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The Moskva River is a river of western Russia. It rises about 140 km west of Moscow, and flows roughly east through the Smolensk and Moscow Oblasts, passing through central Moscow. About 110 km south east of Moscow, at the city of Kolomna, it flows into the Oka River, itself a tributary of the Volga, Moskva and Moscow are two different renderings of the same Russian word Москва. The city is named after the river, the origin of the name is unknown, although several theories exist. The river is 503 km long, with a drop of 155 m. The area of its basin is 17,600 km2. The maximum depth is 3 metres above Moscow city limits, normally, it freezes in November–December and begins to thaw around late March. In Moscow, the river freezes occasionally, during a warm winter in 2006–2007. The absolute water level in downtown Moscow is 120 metres above sea level, the main tributaries are the Ruza, Istra, Yauza, Pakhra, and Severka rivers. Sources of water are estimated as 61% thaw, 12% rain, since completion of the Moscow Canal, the Moskva River has also collected a share of Upper Volga water. This has enabled reliable commercial shipping, which was interrupted by summer droughts. The average discharge, including Volga waters, varies from 38 m3/s near Zvenigorod to 250 m3/s at the Oka inlet, the speed of the current, depending on the season, varies from 0.1 m/s to 1. 5–2.0 m/s. Moscow, the capital of Russia, is situated on its banks, the river also flows through the towns of Mozhaysk, Zvenigorod, Zhukovsky, Bronnitsy, Voskresensk, and — at the confluence of the Moskva and Oka — Kolomna. As of 2007, there are 49 bridges across the Moskva River and its canals within Moscow city limits, within the city, the river is 120–200 metres wide, the narrowest point being under the Kremlin walls. Drinking water for the city of Moscow is collected from five stations on the Moskva River, canals, built within Moscow city limits, have created a number of islands. Some of them have names in Russian, some have none, major, permanent islands are, Serebryany Bor. Separated from the mainland in the 1930s, tatarskaya Poyma, commonly known as Mnyovniki. Separated from the mainland in the 1930s Balchug Island, also known as Bolotny Ostrov, the island was formed by the construction of the Vodootvodny Canal in the 1780s, and has no official name in Russian
Moscow River
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Moskva River in
Kolomna, just upstream from its confluence with the
Oka River
Moscow River
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Map of the Volga watershed with the Moskva highlighted; the two rivers are directly connected by the
Moscow Canal
Moscow River
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Moskva River in central Moscow, view towards the
Kremlin
Moscow River
–
Boats on the Moskva River near the
Luzhniki area of Moscow, with
Novodevichy Convent at right
8.
Red Square
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Red Square is a city square in Moscow, Russia. It separates the Kremlin, the royal citadel and currently the official residence of the President of Russia. Red Square is often considered the central square of Moscow since Moscows major streets, the name Red Square neither originates from the pigment of the surrounding bricks nor from the link between the colour red and communism. Rather, the name came about because the Russian word красная, several ancient Russian towns, such as Suzdal, Yelets, and Pereslavl-Zalessky, have their main square named Krasnaya ploshchad. The rich history of Red Square is reflected in paintings by Vasily Surikov, Konstantin Yuon. The square was meant to serve as Moscows main marketplace and it was also the site of various public ceremonies and proclamations, and occasionally a coronation for Russias Tsars would take place. The square has been built up since that point and has been used for official ceremonies by all Russian governments since it was established. The relevant decrees were issued in 1493 and 1495 and they called for the demolition of all buildings within 110 sazhens of the wall. Three square gates existed on this side of the wall, which in the 17th century, were known as, the last two are directly opposite Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basils Cathedral. In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, from this gate, wooden and stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – raskats, the Tsar Cannon was located on the platform of the Lobnoye mesto. The square was called Veliky Torg or simply Torg, then Troitskaya by the name of the small Troitskaya Church, after that, the square held the name Pozhar, which means burnt. It was not until 1661–62, when it was first mentioned by its contemporary Krasnaya – Red name, Red Square was the landing stage and trade centre for Moscow. Ivan the Great decreed that trade should only be conducted from person to person, but in time, after a fire in 1547, Ivan the Terrible reorganised the lines of wooden shops on the Eastern side into market lines. The streets Ilyinka and Varvarka were divided into the Upper lines, Middle lines and Bottom lines, after a few years, the Cathedral of Intercession of the Virgin, commonly known as Saint Basils Cathedral, was built on the moat under the rule of Ivan IV. This was the first building which gave the square its present-day characteristic silhouette, in 1595, the wooden market lines were replaced with stone. By that time, a platform for the proclamation of the tsars edicts. Red Square was considered a sacred place, during the expulsion of Poles from Moscow in 1612, Prince Dmitry Pozharsky entered the Kremlin through the square
Red Square
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View of Red Square looking northwest from St. Basil's Cathedral
Red Square
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Saint Basil's (finished 1561)
Red Square
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17th century Palm Sunday procession leaving Saint Basil for Kremlin.
Red Square
–
Execution of
streltsy by Tsar
Peter I (to the right on a horse) in Red Square, 1698 (painted 1881)
9.
List of tallest buildings in Shanghai
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In 2011 there are over 20,000 buildings 11 stories or higher and more than 1,000 buildings exceeding 30 stories in Shanghai. As of December 2011, there are 165 high-rise buildings either under construction, approved for construction, or proposed for construction, since 2008, Shanghai has boasted more free-standing buildings above 400m than any other city. Shanghais first building occurred in the 1920s and 1930s, during the citys heyday as a multinational center of business. The citys international concessions permitted foreign investment, and with it came architectural styles from the West, as today in areas such as the French Concession. After the Communist takeover in 1949 the citys development was stifled, punished for its earlier capitalist excesses, after economic reforms beginning in the 1980s, the city is undergoing its second construction boom to fulfill its desire to regain its status as an important global financial center. The tallest skyscraper in Shanghai is the Shanghai Tower, which is 632 m tall with 128 floors and it is currently the tallest building in the Peoples Republic of China and the second tallest in the world. This list ranks skyscrapers in Shanghai that stand at least 170 m tall and this includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. An equals sign following a rank indicates the height between two or more buildings. The Year column indicates the year in which a building was completed, * Indicates still under construction, but has been topped out. This lists buildings that are under construction in Shanghai and are planned to rise at least 170 m, Buildings that have already been topped out are also included. * Table entries without text indicate that information regarding floor counts and this lists buildings that are approved for construction in Shanghai and are planned to rise at least 170 m. * Table entries without text indicate that information regarding floor counts and this lists buildings that are proposed for construction in Shanghai and are planned to rise at least 170 m. * Table entries without text indicate that information regarding floor counts and this lists buildings that once held the title of tallest building in Shanghai when measured to roof. When measured to height of structural or architectural top, the Shanghai Exhibition Centre held the title from completion in 1955 until overtaken by the Jin Jiang Tower in 1988, list of cities with most skyscrapers A. ^ Since 2009 Chicago has 3 complete freestanding structures over 400m, Willis Tower 527m, John Hancock Center 457m, Trump International Hotel, ^ The Oriental Pearl Tower is not a habitable building, but is included in this list for comparative purposes. Per a ruling by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, freestanding observation towers are not considered to be buildings, media related to Skyscrapers in Shanghai at Wikimedia Commons Diagram of Shanghai skyscrapers on SkyscraperPage
List of tallest buildings in Shanghai
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A panorama view of riverside of Pudong
List of tallest buildings in Shanghai
–
Tallest buildings in Shanghai.
List of tallest buildings in Shanghai
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Shanghai Tower
List of tallest buildings in Shanghai
–
Shanghai World Financial Center
10.
List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong
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The tallest of these skyscrapers is the 108-storey International Commerce Centre, completed in 2010, which stands 484 m and is the ninth tallest building in the world. The total built-up height of skyscrapers is approximately 333.8 km. Most of Hong Kongs high-rise buildings are concentrated along Hong Kong Islands northern shore, Kowloon, New Kowloon, additional high-rises are located on Ap Lei Chau, along Hong Kong Islands southern shoreline and areas in proximity to stations of the Mass Transit Railway. The skyline of Hong Kong is considered amongst the best in the world, with the surrounding mountains, the first high-rise in Hong Kong was the third-generation building of the Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank, completed in 1935. The building stood 70 m tall with 13 floors and existed for five decades before being demolished for the construction of the HSBC Main Building, high-rise construction was limited in the early part of the 20th century. However, beginning in the 1970s, Hong Kong experienced a trend of high-rise building construction that has continued to the present. This trend is in part a result of the citys rugged, mountainous terrain. The city entered a boom in 1980, which lasted roughly until 1993. Among the buildings built during these years are Hopewell Centre, Bank of China Tower, beginning in 1998, Hong Kong entered a second, much larger building boom that lasted until the early 2010s. At the height of the boom, in the years 2003 and 2005 alone. Unlike previous building trends of the 1980s and early 1990s, many buildings of the second boom are for residential use due to a surge in demand for luxury housing properties in Hong Kong. Skyscrapers also grew in the New Territories, such as the developments of Metro Town, as of October 2015, there are a total of 146 high-rise buildings under construction or planned in Hong Kong. International Commerce Centre, located at 1 Austin Road, West Kowloon and it is owned and jointly developed by MTR Corporation Limited and Sun Hung Kai Properties as Phase 7 of the Union Square Development. Rising 484 m, the ICC is the tallest building in Hong Kong as well as the 9th tallest building in the world, notable tenants include Deutsche Bank, Credit Suisse, Morgan Stanley, ABN-AMRO and Accenture. Two International Finance Centre, located above the MTR Hong Kong Station at 8 Finance Street, the 2IFC is currently the second tallest building in Hong Kong at 415.8 m tall. It became the tallest building in Hong Kong upon its completion in 2003 until it was surpassed by the ICC in 2009 and it was built as the second phase of the International Finance Centre commercial development. Notable tenants include UBS, Samsung Electronics, Hong Kong Monetary Authority, Central Plaza, located at 18 Harbour Road, Wan Chai. The Central Plaza is currently the third tallest building in Hong Kong at a height of 373.9 m
List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong
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Victoria Harbour and the Hong Kong skyline at night
List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong
–
002.0! 2
List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong
–
A
panoramic view of the
Kowloon Peninsula skyline with Hong Kong Island skyline in the background.
List of tallest buildings in Hong Kong
–
001.0! 1
11.
List of tallest buildings in Chicago
–
Chicago, the third-largest city in the United States, is home to 1,315 completed high-rises,44 of which stand taller than 600 feet. The tallest building in the city is the 108–story Willis Tower, the second-, third- and fourth-tallest buildings in Chicago are the Trump International Hotel & Tower, the Aon Center and the John Hancock Center, respectively. Of the ten tallest buildings in the United States, four are located in Chicago, as of February 2013, the entire city had 105 buildings at least 500 feet tall. Chicago is the birthplace of the skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building, completed in 1885, is regarded as the worlds first skyscraper. This building used the method, innovated in Chicago. It was originally built with 10 stories, a height in the 1800s, to a height of 138 feet. It was later expanded to 12 stories with a height of 180 feet, the building was demolished in 1931. New York City then began building skyscrapers as Chicago had done, Chicago has always played a prominent role in the development of skyscrapers and three past buildings have been the tallest building in the United States. The city then went through a much larger building boom that has lasted from the early 1960s. The tallest buildings are concentrated in various districts such as the Loop, Streeterville, River North, the South Loop. Other high-rises extend north along the waterfront into North Side districts such as the Gold Coast, Lincoln Park, Lakeview, Uptown, some high-rises also extend south from downtown along the waterfront to South Side districts such as Kenwood, Hyde Park, and South Shore. Several new skyscrapers were constructed in the city throughout the 2000s, including the Trump International Hotel, as of August 2016 there were 67 skyscrapers under construction in Chicago. This list ranks Chicago skyscrapers that stand at least 550 feet tall and this height includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. An equal sign following a rank indicates the height between two or more buildings. The Year column indicates the year of completion and this list ranks Chicago skyscrapers based on their pinnacle height, which includes radio masts and antennas. Standard architectural height measurement, which excludes antennas in building height, is included for comparative purposes, the Year column indicates the year in which a building was completed. This lists buildings that are under construction in Chicago as of January 2017 and are planned to rise at least 300 feet, buildings whose construction is on-hold are also included. A floor count of 30 stories is used as the cutoff for buildings whose heights have not yet released by their developers
List of tallest buildings in Chicago
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View of Chicago from Willis Tower, looking to the northeast
List of tallest buildings in Chicago
–
Tallest buildings in Chicago
List of tallest buildings in Chicago
–
01.0 1
List of tallest buildings in Chicago
–
02.0 2
12.
List of tallest buildings in New York City
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New York City, the most populous city in the United States, is home to 6,154 completed high-rises,113 of which are 600 feet or taller. The tallest building in New York is One World Trade Center, the 104-story skyscraper also stands as the tallest building in the United States, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the sixth-tallest building in the world. It also is the fifth-tallest building in the United States and the 25th-tallest building in the world, the Empire State Building stood as the tallest building in the world from its completion until 1972, when the 110-story North Tower of the original World Trade Center was completed. At 1,368 feet, The World Trade Center briefly held the title as the worlds tallest building until the completion of the 108-story Sears Tower in Chicago in 1974. The World Trade Center towers were destroyed by terrorist attacks in 2001, and it remained the tallest until April 2012, when the construction on One World Trade Center surpassed it. The fourth-tallest building in New York is the Bank of America Tower, tied for fifth-tallest are the 1, 046-foot Chrysler Building, which was the worlds tallest building from 1930 until 1931, and the New York Times Building, which was completed in 2007. New York City skyscrapers are concentrated in Midtown and Lower Manhattan, although other neighborhoods of Manhattan and the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx also have a few high-rises. As of May 2016, the city has 241 buildings that rise at least 500 feet in height, including those under construction. Overall, as of April 2016, there were 494 high-rise buildings under construction or proposed for construction in New York City, the history of skyscrapers in New York City began with the completion of the World Building in 1890, the structure rose to 348 feet. Though not the citys first high-rise, it was the first building to surpass the 284-foot spire of Trinity Church. The World Building, which stood as the tallest in the city until 1899, was demolished in 1955 to allow for the construction of an entrance to the Brooklyn Bridge. New York has played a prominent role in the development of the skyscraper, since 1890, a second skyscraper boom began in the early 1960s. Since then, the city has seen the completion of nearly 70 structures rising at least 600 feet high, including the twin towers of the World Trade Center. One World Trade Center, also known as the North Tower, was the tallest building in the world from 1972 until 1973, the North Tower, as well as the other six buildings in the World Trade Center complex, were destroyed in the September 11 attacks of 2001. This list ranks completed and topped out New York City skyscrapers that stand at least 600 feet tall and this includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. An equal sign following a rank indicates the height between two or more buildings. An asterisk indicates that the building is still under construction, but has topped out. The Year column indicates the year in which a building was completed and this lists ranks buildings in New York City based on pinnacle height measurement, which includes antenna masts
List of tallest buildings in New York City
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Midtown Manhattan skyline, looking north from the Empire State Building
List of tallest buildings in New York City
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Lower Manhattan, viewed from
Brooklyn
List of tallest buildings in New York City
List of tallest buildings in New York City
13.
Federation Tower
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The Federation Tower is a complex of skyscrapers being built on the 13th lot of the Moscow International Business Center in Moscow, Russia. The project was conceived by Sergei Tchoban and Peter Schweger, the construction of the towers began in 2003. However, construction stopped until it resumed in August 2011 and is now expected to be completed in mid 2016, upon completion, it is set to become the tallest building in Europe, overtaking the OKO Tower and the Mercury City Tower, also part of the MIBC. Construction is being carried out by AEON Corporation, the complex consists of two towers built on one podium. Tower East is a 95-storey structure, Tower West is a 65-storey structure. The building will accommodate offices, hotel suites and apartments, as stipulated in the plan, three covered sky bridges between the East and West towers will house restaurants and cafes. Currently, the 61st floor of the Tower West accommodates the highest restaurant in Moscow, ‘Sixty’, the building also features the highest digital clock in the world. The building is used as a sightseeing object and a high-rise structure for extreme sports lovers, as well as a site for shooting films. In 2012, the Moscow 24 TV channel shot a movie about the business complex, another film dedicated to the skyscraper was made by the Discovery Channel TV channel in 2009. The tower was climbed solo by the Frenchman Alain Robert in September 2007, the higher tower of the complex located in the eastern part of lot number 13 was formerly known as Tower A. But in November 2006, to avoid competition with Naberezhnaya Tower. Tower East is designed to have 95 above-ground and 3 underground floors, in early December 2009, the Potok corporation management announced that in the case of financial problems it can reduce the number of floors of Tower East from 95 to 64 floors. However, in March 2010, the management stated that Tower East would be completed according to the original project design. The tower core was significantly revised, too, and now has a shape rather than hexagonal as in the earlier design. During the construction of the slab on 21–24 February 2007. 14,000 cubic meters of concrete were placed then, the fact that the construction organizers did not clearly comment on the reasons for this decision was also unusual. As of mid-May 2008, the tower was built to a height of about 170 meters, in November 2008, due to the world economic recession and lack of funding, the tower construction was suspended. On July 5,2011, the company Potok announced the construction to be resumed
Federation Tower
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June 2015
Federation Tower
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September 24, 2006
Federation Tower
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August 14, 2007
Federation Tower
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July 21, 2008
14.
Mercury City Tower
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Mercury City Tower is a 338.8 meter tall skyscraper in Moscow and one of the tallest buildings in Europe. Located in the Moscow International Business Center, construction started in 2009, the Mercury City Tower is a multipurpose building with housing, offices and shops. The tower is located on plot 14 of the MIBC, the structures height is 339 meters above ground, with five underground floors. The building topped out at 338.8 m on 1 November 2012 and overtook The Shard in London as Europes tallest building
Mercury City Tower
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Mercury City Tower
Mercury City Tower
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Wireframe image of the tower
Mercury City Tower
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Buildings
15.
Eurasia (building)
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Eurasia Tower or Steel Peak is a 308.9 m tall skyscraper in Moscow International Business Center Moscow, Russia. The complex will house offices, apartments, a hotel, and it is also one of the 94 supertall skyscrapers in the world. Located on plot 12, is a space with a total area of 207,542 square meters. It will be situated on a podium which will have a fitness centre, entertainment, restaurants. Other areas will be distributed as follows,106,231 square meters will be reserved for office space, on the bottom, there will be parking for more than 1000 cars. The external design of the building is a combination of classical, on the outside of the building, a scenic elevator will run up and down, allowing people to enjoy views of the entire city
Eurasia (building)
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Eurasia (Steel Peak)
Eurasia (building)
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Buildings
16.
City of Capitals
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The City of Capitals is a multifunctional complex, including twin tower skyscrapers, located on plot 9 in the Moscow International Business Center in Moscow. The City of Capitals, symbolising Moscow and St. Petersburg, was completed in 2009, on 1 November 2012 the Mercury City Tower, another skyscraper in development for the Moscow International Business Center, overtook The Shard as Europes tallest building. More than half of the top floors are taken up by an entertainment complex, office suites, the Сity of Capitals consists of two towers—the 76-level Moscow Tower and the 65-level St. Petersburg Tower. Floors 17 and 18 of both towers are offices, the entire complex sits on a main lobby consisting of 6 underground floors and 4 aboveground floors of public space. The upper floors of the structure contain shops, a fitness center, presentation halls. To create the concept for the offices in the City of Capitals, other business complexes, the offices in the City of Capitals are designed under the latest international standards, according to the project developers. The spatial structure of the complex steps of columns 9 metres high enables the organisation of offices with open layouts from 500 up to 3,500 square metres. An entrance to the section of the complex is situated near a quay
City of Capitals
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City of Capitals
City of Capitals
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Buildings
17.
Naberezhnaya Tower
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And located on plot 10 in the International Business Centre Moscow City in Moscow. Block A is 85 metres,17 floors tall, block B is 135.7 metres,27 floors tall. Block C was completed in 2007, at 268.4 meters, this 59-story tower remained the tallest skyscraper in Europe until the City of Capitals was completed in 2009. IBM, occupied area 11021 square meters
Naberezhnaya Tower
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Embankment Tower
Naberezhnaya Tower
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Buildings
18.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
Europe
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Reconstruction of
Herodotus ' world map
Europe
Europe
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A medieval
T and O map from 1472 showing the three continents as domains of the sons of
Noah — Asia to Sem (
Shem), Europe to Iafeth (
Japheth), and Africa to Cham (
Ham)
Europe
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Early modern depiction of
Europa regina ('Queen Europe') and the mythical
Europa of the 8th century BC.
19.
Stone quarry
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A quarry is a place from which dimension stone, rock, construction aggregate, riprap, sand, gravel, or slate has been excavated from the ground. A quarry is the thing as an open-pit mine from which minerals are extracted. The only non-trivial difference between the two is that open-pit mines that produce building materials and dimension stone are commonly referred to as quarries, the word quarry can also include the underground quarrying for stone, such as Bath stone. The surfaces are polished and finished with varying degrees of sheen or luster, polished slabs are often cut into tiles or countertops and installed in many kinds of residential and commercial properties. Natural stone quarried from the earth is considered a luxury and tends to be a highly durable surface. Quarries in level areas with shallow groundwater or which are located close to surface water often have engineering problems with drainage, generally the water is removed by pumping while the quarry is operational, but for high inflows more complex approaches may be required. For example, the Coquina quarry is excavated to more than 60 feet below sea level, to reduce surface leakage, a moat lined with clay was constructed around the entire quarry. Ground water entering the pit is pumped up into the moat, as a quarry becomes deeper, water inflows generally increase and it also becomes more expensive to lift the water higher during removal, this can become the limiting factor in quarry depth. Some water-filled quarries are worked from beneath the water, by dredging, many people and municipalities consider quarries to be eyesores and require various abatement methods to address problems with noise, dust, and appearance. One of the effective and famous examples of successful quarry restoration is Butchart Gardens in Victoria, BC. A further problem is pollution of roads from trucks leaving the quarries, to control and restrain the pollution of public roads, wheel washing systems are becoming more common. Many quarries naturally fill with water after abandonment and become lakes, water-filled quarries can be very deep with water, often 50 feet or more, that is often surprisingly cold. Unexpectedly cold water can cause a swimmers muscles to weaken, it can also cause shock. Though quarry water is very clear, submerged quarry stones. Several people drown in quarries each year, however, many inactive quarries are converted into safe swimming sites
Stone quarry
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Carrara quarry in
Tuscany,
Italy.
Stone quarry
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Portland stone quarry on the
Isle of Portland, England
Stone quarry
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An abandoned
construction aggregate quarry near
Adelaide,
South Australia
Stone quarry
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Stone quarry in
Soignies,
Hainaut (province), Belgium.
20.
Architectural plan
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This effort could also include both the design of new buildings and other structures, as well as the planning for reconstruction of early historic structures. A building is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place. To better understand the term building compare the list of nonbuilding structures, the gallery below gives an overview of different types of building. The practice of designing, constructing, and operating buildings is most usually a collective effort of different groups of professionals, depending on the size, complexity, and purpose of a particular building project. A design process may include a series of steps followed by designers, depending on the product or service, some of these stages may be irrelevant, ignored in real-world situations in order to save time, reduce cost, or because they may be redundant in the situation. Architectural drawings are made according to a set of conventions, which include particular views, sheet sizes, units of measurement and scales, annotation and cross referencing. Conventionally, drawings were made in ink on paper or a similar material, the twentieth century saw a shift to drawing on tracing paper, so that mechanical copies could be run off efficiently. Architectural design values make up an important part of what influences architects, however, architects and designers are not always influenced by the same values and intentions. Value and intentions differ between different architectural movements and it also differs between different schools of architecture and schools of design as well as among individual architects and designers. One of the tools in architectural design is the floor plan. This diagram shows the relationships between rooms, spaces and other features at one level of a structure. Dimensions are usually drawn between the walls to specify room sizes and wall lengths, floor plans will also include details of fixtures like sinks, water heaters, furnaces, etc. Floor plans will include notes to specify finishes, construction methods, similar to a map in a floor plan the orientation of the view is downward from above, but unlike a conventional map, a plan is understood to be drawn at a particular vertical position. Objects below this level are seen, objects at this level are shown cut in plan-section, plan view or planform is defined as a vertical orthographic projection of an object on a horizontal plane, like a map. A plan is typically any procedure used to achieve an objective and it is a set of intended actions, through which one expects to achieve a goal. Informal or ad-hoc plans are created by individuals in all of their pursuits, building construction is the process of preparing for and forming buildings and building systems. Construction starts with planning, design, and financing and continues until the structure is ready for occupancy, far from being a single activity, large scale construction is a feat of human multitasking. Normally, the job is managed by a manager, and supervised by a construction manager, design engineer
Architectural plan
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Sketch of proposed buildings and grounds of the
Abbot Academy in Andover Massachusetts, 1829
Architectural plan
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Buildings of the
Abbot Academy nowadays.
Architectural plan
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Bank
Architectural plan
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Bunker
21.
Bagration Bridge
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Bagration Bridge is a pedestrian bridge spanning the Moscow River in Moscow. It connects Tower 2000 to the main Moscow International Business Centre, the bridge was opened in September 1997 to celebrate Moscows 850th anniversary of its founding. It is named after the Napoleonic general Pyotr Bagration, Bagration Bridge has a length of 214 metres and a width of 16 metres. It stands 13 metres above the river, supporting pillars in reinforced concrete, bearing structure made of steel. Lower gallery realised in curved compact polycarbonate sheet, double wall, upper gallery in double wall glass. Realised in 1996 by Caoduro S. p. a
Bagration Bridge
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Bagration bridge
Bagration Bridge
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Bagration bridge at night
Bagration Bridge
–
Buildings
22.
Evolution Tower
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The Evolution Tower is a skyscraper on plots 2 and 3 as part of the Moscow International Business Center in Moscow, Russia. In 2016 Transneft bought the Evolution Tower for $1 Billion, the spiraling 246m high Evolution Tower is located on plots 2-3 of Moscow-City high-rise business district on Presnenskaya Embankment of Moscow river. Civic plaza includes 10m high ceremonial stairs as well as landscaped areas with lawns, trees, water features, travellators. The 82, 000m2 office tower has 52 levels rotated 3 degrees each floor with overall twist reaching 156 degrees clockwise, from the very beginning the developer and architects have set an ambitious task to create a recognizable and symbolic tower, the new icon of contemporary Moscow. From spiraling onion domes of St. Basil to the iconic Tatlin Tower concept the Russian architecture was obsessed with idea of spiral and this approach appeared to be both more energy-efficient and more cost-efficient solution in comparison to the stepped curtain wall units previously applied in some twisted unitized facades. The use of innovative TWIN elevators by ThyssenKrupp saved 2 shafts within the core and this turned out to be a major achievement of the design and construction teams. The organic twisting silhouette dominates on its background of extruded glass towers greatly contributing into the composition of the high-rise Moscow-City cluster. Construction of the began in 2011, and was completed in late 2014. Evolution Tower was nominated as a finalist for Best Tall Building in Europe by the Council on Tall Buildings, Evolution Tower is the second place runner-up in Emporis Skyscraper Award 2015. It was recognized by the jury for its expressive design. List of tallest buildings in Russia List of tallest buildings in Europe List of twisted buildings animation evolution tower
Evolution Tower
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Evolution Tower
Evolution Tower
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Evolution Tower with other MIBC skyscrapers on the background
Evolution Tower
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Buildings
23.
Imperia Tower
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Imperia Tower in Moscow, Russia, is a 60-floor building complex that includes offices, a business center, a hotel and private apartments. The design of the tower was created by architects NBBJ and it consists of elliptical and hi-tech elements. Its location is on the first line of the Moscow-City International Business Center, the tower has an exit to the water and access to the city’s main transportation routes. All of the windows have panoramic views of the Moscow River, the Kremlin, the city center. The tower space is in 3 parts, Apartments –45000 m2, hotel -30000 m2 Business space -76,700 m2. Additional space is more than 53000 m2, the territory of the tower also includes a part of the Moscow River embankment for a moorage, cafes, restaurants and infrastructure development. The apartments are private apartments of 45000 m2, on floors 40-60. Two upper floors are two-level penthouses, a separate entrance and elevators separate the apartments from the business space of the tower. The hotel is floors 33 to 41, with 250 rooms, it includes conference-halls, restaurants, a fitness-club and a spa-complex. Business space occupies the three levels from floor 2 to 31, investors, ZAO Fleiner-City, Valtania Holding Ltd Customer, ZAO Aqua City Palace Contractor, Enka Insaat ve Sanayi A. S. Leasing agent, GDO City Properties Ltd Mercury City Tower Eurasia Federation Tower Moscow-City Official website Imperia Tower Mos city group SkyscraperPage database entry Emporis database entry
Imperia Tower
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Imperia Tower
Imperia Tower
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Buildings
24.
Central Core
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The Central Core is a complex in the International Business Center in Moscow City. The Central Core is located on plots 6,7 and 8, the Central Core consists of two main sections – the above-ground and underground. In the underground section of the building there are three subway stations, the first is a part of Filyovskaya Line, the second connected with Park Pobedy station will be attached to the Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya Line in the future. The complex will also be connected to Vnukovo and Sheremetyevo airports via a transport system. Underground, parking is provided for up to 2750 vehicles, as well as control rooms for maintenance, security. VIP parking will be available and is located on the side of the Central Core. The hotel is still under construction, and the volume of investments will top USD $50–55 million. The hotel has five blocks of elevators connecting upper floors of the hotel with the parking places. Plans include apartments, restaurants, winter gardens and terraces, as well as technical, the retail-entertainment complex is located in the central part of a building on sites 8b and 7. It is divided into four zones conceptually reflecting the seasons, the complex is formed by four modular units with five floors each and incorporates retail and exhibition zones, entertainment attractions, a park, restaurants, and galleries. A glass dome covers the main recreational space, the film-concert hall is located on plot 6 and will host significant entertainment attractions such as gala concerts, forums, and large celebrations. The total amount of investments is estimated at over USD $120–140 million. The biggest clock in the world decorate the Concert Hall
Central Core
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Shopping center "AfiMall City"
Central Core
–
Buildings
25.
Northern Tower
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The Northern Tower — one of the smallest buildings of the MIBC, located on plot 19. The Northern Tower was built by Strabag SE, the construction started in 2005 and finished in 2007. The height of the building is 108 m, floor area —135000 м², in the tower there are office suites, restaurants, cafes, a fitness centre and a parking space. Among the largest tenants of the building - Raiffeisenbank, Transtelekom, General Motors, Hyundai Motor and Motorola
Northern Tower
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Northern Tower
Northern Tower
Northern Tower
Northern Tower
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Buildings
26.
Tower 2000
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Moscow International Business Center “Moscow City” is a commercial district in central Moscow, Russia. Located near the Third Ring Road in Presnensky District of Central Administrative Okrug, the construction of the Moscow IBC is taking place on the Presnenskaya embankment of the Moscow River approximately 4 kilometers west of Red Square, and just east of the Third Ring Road. The project occupies an area of 60 hectares, the territory chosen being the area in central Moscow that can accommodate such a project. Before construction began, the area had been an old quarry where most of the buildings were old factories. In order to manage the project, a company, CITY, was created in 1992 in order to oversee the initial creation. CITY is also a contractor and both landlord and leaser. Overall responsibility for the planning and design of Moscow City belongs to the architectural studio No. 6, which is a part of the large Moscow practice Mosproject-2 named after Mikhail Vasilyevich Posokhin, each building lot has its own investor and architect. By 2014 the volume of investments in Moscow City was approximately $12 billion, the Moscow IBC is expected to become the first zone in Russia to combine business activity, living space and entertainment in one single development. The Moscow government first conceived the project in 1992, an estimated 250,000 –300,000 people will be working in, living in, or visiting the complex at any given time. MIBC includes 6 skyscrapers with maximum height of 300 meters or more, europes tallest building, the Federation Tower, is in the Moscow IBC. The complex also includes the second-tallest, third-tallest, fifth-tallest, sixth-tallest, by 2016 twelve of twenty-three planned facilities of MIBC were already built, seven buildings are in construction and four are in the design stage. One of the most difficult structures to build in the MIBC, the Central Core consists of two main sections – the above-ground and underground. The underground part includes three subway stations, one is opened as a part of Filyovskaya Line branch. The second opened in 2014 will be a part of Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya Line in the future, the third station will be opened in 2016 as part of the new line. The complex will also be connected to Vnukovo and Sheremetyevo airports via a transport system. Underground, parking is provided for up to 2750 vehicles, as well as control rooms for maintenance, security. VIP parking will be available and is located on the side of the Central Core
Tower 2000
–
Moscow International Business Center
Tower 2000
–
Tower 2000
Tower 2000
–
Evolution tower
Tower 2000
–
Imperia Tower
27.
Central core
–
The Central Core is a complex in the International Business Center in Moscow City. The Central Core is located on plots 6,7 and 8, the Central Core consists of two main sections – the above-ground and underground. In the underground section of the building there are three subway stations, the first is a part of Filyovskaya Line, the second connected with Park Pobedy station will be attached to the Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya Line in the future. The complex will also be connected to Vnukovo and Sheremetyevo airports via a transport system. Underground, parking is provided for up to 2750 vehicles, as well as control rooms for maintenance, security. VIP parking will be available and is located on the side of the Central Core. The hotel is still under construction, and the volume of investments will top USD $50–55 million. The hotel has five blocks of elevators connecting upper floors of the hotel with the parking places. Plans include apartments, restaurants, winter gardens and terraces, as well as technical, the retail-entertainment complex is located in the central part of a building on sites 8b and 7. It is divided into four zones conceptually reflecting the seasons, the complex is formed by four modular units with five floors each and incorporates retail and exhibition zones, entertainment attractions, a park, restaurants, and galleries. A glass dome covers the main recreational space, the film-concert hall is located on plot 6 and will host significant entertainment attractions such as gala concerts, forums, and large celebrations. The total amount of investments is estimated at over USD $120–140 million. The biggest clock in the world decorate the Concert Hall
Central core
–
Shopping center "AfiMall City"
Central core
–
Buildings
28.
Eurasia Tower
–
Eurasia Tower or Steel Peak is a 308.9 m tall skyscraper in Moscow International Business Center Moscow, Russia. The complex will house offices, apartments, a hotel, and it is also one of the 94 supertall skyscrapers in the world. Located on plot 12, is a space with a total area of 207,542 square meters. It will be situated on a podium which will have a fitness centre, entertainment, restaurants. Other areas will be distributed as follows,106,231 square meters will be reserved for office space, on the bottom, there will be parking for more than 1000 cars. The external design of the building is a combination of classical, on the outside of the building, a scenic elevator will run up and down, allowing people to enjoy views of the entire city
Eurasia Tower
–
Eurasia (Steel Peak)
Eurasia Tower
–
Buildings
29.
OKO
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OKO is a complex of buildings located on plot 16 in the Moscow International Business Center in Moscow. The site is divided two sections, 16a and 16b. OKO means eye in Russian, and is also abbreviation for united by the foundation crystal, OKO South Tower is the second tallest building in Europe. Moscow Government purchased from Capital Group 55,000 m² in OKO Tower, the highest skating rink in Europe opened on the roof of the OKO South Tower at a height of 354 meter in December 2016. Each building will also have an underground floor, the buildings will house both residential and office space, occupying roughly the same area, for offices rid 122,493 m², residential apartments -122,507 m². On the section 16b a building will be built consisting of a three star hotel, which will house 330 rooms, and a lot for 3740 cars. The hotels height will be 79 meters with 22 floors, the parking lot will have 14 floors, of which 5 will be underground, the other 9 will have a total height of 44 meters. As of October 15,2012, the 49-story building is under construction, and is on the 13th floor above ground, the 85-story building is under construction in Europe and is on the 11th floor above ground. As of May 6,2013, the 49-story building is under construction and is on the 35th floor above ground, the 85-story building is under construction and is on the 40th floor above ground. As of June 22,2013, the 49-story building is under construction and is on the 39th floor above ground, the 85-story building is under construction and is on the 46th floor above ground. As of January 10,2014, the 49-story building is completed and is being glazed, OKO Tower Mercury City Tower Imperia Tower Eurasia List of tallest buildings in Russia Official website
OKO
–
North Tower 12.09.2012
OKO
–
South Tower 12.09.2012
OKO
–
Buildings
30.
Moscow-City
–
Moscow International Business Center “Moscow City” is a commercial district in central Moscow, Russia. Located near the Third Ring Road in Presnensky District of Central Administrative Okrug, the construction of the Moscow IBC is taking place on the Presnenskaya embankment of the Moscow River approximately 4 kilometers west of Red Square, and just east of the Third Ring Road. The project occupies an area of 60 hectares, the territory chosen being the area in central Moscow that can accommodate such a project. Before construction began, the area had been an old quarry where most of the buildings were old factories. In order to manage the project, a company, CITY, was created in 1992 in order to oversee the initial creation. CITY is also a contractor and both landlord and leaser. Overall responsibility for the planning and design of Moscow City belongs to the architectural studio No. 6, which is a part of the large Moscow practice Mosproject-2 named after Mikhail Vasilyevich Posokhin, each building lot has its own investor and architect. By 2014 the volume of investments in Moscow City was approximately $12 billion, the Moscow IBC is expected to become the first zone in Russia to combine business activity, living space and entertainment in one single development. The Moscow government first conceived the project in 1992, an estimated 250,000 –300,000 people will be working in, living in, or visiting the complex at any given time. MIBC includes 6 skyscrapers with maximum height of 300 meters or more, europes tallest building, the Federation Tower, is in the Moscow IBC. The complex also includes the second-tallest, third-tallest, fifth-tallest, sixth-tallest, by 2016 twelve of twenty-three planned facilities of MIBC were already built, seven buildings are in construction and four are in the design stage. One of the most difficult structures to build in the MIBC, the Central Core consists of two main sections – the above-ground and underground. The underground part includes three subway stations, one is opened as a part of Filyovskaya Line branch. The second opened in 2014 will be a part of Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya Line in the future, the third station will be opened in 2016 as part of the new line. The complex will also be connected to Vnukovo and Sheremetyevo airports via a transport system. Underground, parking is provided for up to 2750 vehicles, as well as control rooms for maintenance, security. VIP parking will be available and is located on the side of the Central Core
Moscow-City
–
Moscow International Business Center
Moscow-City
–
Tower 2000
Moscow-City
–
Evolution tower
Moscow-City
–
Imperia Tower
31.
NBBJ
–
NBBJ is an American global architecture, planning and design firm with offices in Beijing, Boston, Columbus, Hong Kong, London, Los Angeles, New York, Pune, San Francisco, Seattle, and Shanghai. NBBJ provides services in architecture, interiors, planning and urban design, branding, consulting, landscape design, the firm is involved in multiple markets and building types including, civic, corporate, commercial, healthcare, higher education, science, sports, and transportation. It is the architecture firm to be named a Global Growth Company by the World Economic Forum. In addition, the firm has been recognized by Engineering News-Record magazine as one of the most green architecture firms in the United States. The firm was founded in 1943 by Seattle architects Floyd Naramore, William J. Bain, Clifton Brady, and Perry Johanson, and was initially called Naramore, Bain, Brady & Johanson. The firm remained focused on projects in the Pacific Northwest region, growing into its largest architectural firm, in 1976, the firm merged with Columbus, Ohio-based Godwin, Nitschke, Bohm to form the modern NBBJ. S. C
NBBJ
–
The Sail @ Marina Bay, 2009
NBBJ
–
NBBJ
32.
Moscow Kremlin
–
It is the best known of the kremlins and includes five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers. Also within this complex is the Grand Kremlin Palace, the complex serves as the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. It had previously used to refer to the government of the Soviet Union. Kremlinology refers to the study of Soviet and Russian politics, the site has been continuously inhabited by Finno-Ugric peoples since the 2nd century BC. Vyatichi built a structure on the hill where the Neglinnaya River flowed into the Moskva River. Up to the 14th century, the site was known as the grad of Moscow, the word Kremlin was first recorded in 1331. The grad was greatly extended by Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy in 1156, destroyed by the Mongols in 1237, dmitri Donskoi replaced the oak walls with a strong citadel of white limestone in 1366–1368 on the basic foundations of the current walls, this fortification withstood a siege by Khan Tokhtamysh. Dmitris son Vasily I resumed construction of churches and cloisters in the Kremlin, the newly built Annunciation Cathedral was painted by Theophanes the Greek, Andrei Rublev, and Prokhor in 1406. The Chudov Monastery was founded by Dmitris tutor, Metropolitan Alexis, while his widow, Eudoxia and it was during his reign that three extant cathedrals of the Kremlin, the Deposition Church, and the Palace of Facets were constructed. The highest building of the city and Muscovite Russia was the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, built in 1505–08, the Kremlin walls as they now appear were built between 1485 and 1495. Spasskie gates of the wall bear a dedication in Latin praising Petrus Antonius Solarius for the design. After construction of the new walls and churches was complete. The Kremlin was separated from the merchant town by a 30-meter-wide moat. The same tsar also renovated some of his grandfathers palaces, added a new palace and cathedral for his sons, and endowed the Trinity metochion inside the Kremlin. The metochion was administrated by the Trinity Monastery and boasted the graceful tower church of St. Sergius, during the Time of Troubles, the Kremlin was held by the Polish forces for two years, between 21 September 1610 and 26 October 1612. The Kremlins liberation by the army of prince Dmitry Pozharsky. During his reign and that of his son Alexis, the eleven-domed Upper Saviour Cathedral, Armorial Gate, Terem Palace, Amusement Palace, following the death of Alexis, the Kremlin witnessed the Moscow Uprising of 1682, from which czar Peter barely escaped. As a result, both of them disliked the Kremlin, three decades later, Peter abandoned the residence of his forefathers for his new capital, Saint Petersburg
Moscow Kremlin
–
View of the Kremlin from the
Moskva River (
Borovitskaya Tower and the
Kremlin Wall in the foreground)
Moscow Kremlin
–
Tsar Cannon and
Tsar Bell, two of the Kremlin's visitor attractions
Moscow Kremlin
Moscow Kremlin
–
Bird's Eye View of the Kremlin from the southwest
33.
Sparrow Hills
–
The observation platform, which gives a good panoramic view of the city, is on a steep bank 85 m above the river, or 200 m above sea level. The Luzhniki Stadium, where the opening and closing ceremonies for the 1980 Summer Olympics took place, is right below, next to it is the Novodevichy Convent, with its Naryshkin Baroque towers. Not far from the platform is the Luzhniki Metro Bridge. The two-level Metro-Bridge traverses the river to link Komsomolsky Prospekt with Vernadsky Prospekt and it serves two urban transport systems, motor vehicles and the Moscow Metro subway. The glass-walled subway station Vorobyovy Gory is at the level of the bridge. Alexander I of Russia wished to build the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour there, his successor had construction works suspended, the main landmarks of the hills are the Moscow State University and the Trinity Church. Собрание государственных грамот и договоров, хранящихся в коллегии иностранных дел, Москва, Издательство, Языки славянской культуры,2003 — ISBN 5-94457-165-9 Satellite picture by Google maps photographs and article by Ask Moscow
Sparrow Hills
–
A view of Sparrow Hills from the Luzhetskaya Embankment
34.
Lomonosov Moscow State University
–
Lomonosov Moscow State University is a coeducational and public research university located in Moscow, Russia. It was founded on January 25,1755 by Mikhail Lomonosov, MSU was renamed after Lomonosov in 1940 and was then known as Lomonosov University. It also claims to house the tallest educational building in the world and it is rated among the universities with the best reputation in the world. Its current rector is Viktor Sadovnichiy, ivan Shuvalov and Mikhail Lomonosov promoted the idea of a university in Moscow, and Russian Empress Elizabeth decreed its establishment on January 251755. The first lectures were given on April 26th, russians still celebrate January 25th as Students Day. Saint Petersburg State University and Moscow State University engage in rivalry over the title of Russias oldest university. The present Moscow State University originally occupied the Principal Medicine Store on Red Square from 1755 to 1787, in the 18th century, the University had three departments, philosophy, medicine, and law. A preparatory college was affiliated with the University until its abolition in 1812, in 1779, Mikhail Kheraskov founded a boarding school for noblemen which in 1830 became a gymnasium for the Russian nobility. The university press, run by Nikolay Novikov in the 1780s, published the most popular newspaper in Imperial Russia, in 1804, medical education split into clinical, surgical, and obstetrics faculties. During 1884–1897, the Department of Medicine -- supported by donations. The campus, and medical education in general, were separated from the University in 1918, as of 2015, Devichye Pole was operated by the independent I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University and by various other state and private institutions. The roots of student unrest in the University reach deep into the nineteenth century, in 1905, a social-democratic organization emerged at the University and called for the overthrow of the Czarist government and the establishment of a republic in Russia. The imperial government repeatedly threatened to close the University, after the October Revolution of 1917, the institution began to admit the children of the proletariat and peasantry. In 1919, the University abolished fees for tuition and established a facility to help working-class children prepare for entrance examinations. During the implementation of Joseph Stalins First Five-Year Plan, prisoners from the Gulag were forced to construct parts of the newly expanded University, after 1991, nine new faculties were established. The following year, the University gained a status, it is funded directly from the state budget. On March 19,2008, Russias most powerful supercomputer to date and its peak performance of 60 TFLOPS makes it the fastest supercomputer in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Since 1953, most of the faculties have been situated on Sparrow Hills, the main building was designed by architect Lev Vladimirovich Rudnev
Lomonosov Moscow State University
–
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Lomonosov Moscow State University
–
Coat of arms of the Lomonosov State University of Moscow
Lomonosov Moscow State University
–
The Principal Medicine Store building on Red Square, which was home to Moscow University from 1755–1787
Lomonosov Moscow State University
–
Main buildings of the university in Mokhovaya Street, 1798
35.
Poklonnaya Gora
–
Poklonnaya Gora was, at 171.5 metres, one of the highest spots in Moscow. Its two summits used to be separated by the Setun River, until one of the summits was razed in 1987. Since 1936, the area has part of Moscow and now contains the Victory Park with many tanks. Historically, the hill had great importance, as it commanded the best view of the Russian capital. Its name is derived from the Russian for to bow down, in 1812, it was the spot where Napoleon in vain expected the keys to the Kremlin to be brought to him by Russians. In the 1960s, the Soviet authorities decided to put the area to use as a museum dedicated to the Russian victory over Napoleon. The New Triumphal Arch, erected in wood in 1814 and in marble in 1827 to a design by Osip Bove, was relocated and reconstructed here in 1968. A loghouse, where Kutuzov presided over the Fili conference which decided to abandon Moscow to the enemy, was designated a national monument, the huge panorama Battle of Borodino by Franz Roubaud was installed here in 1962. A monument to Kutuzov was opened in 1973, the Victory Park and the Square of Victors are important parts of the outdoor museum. In 1987 the hill was leveled to the ground and in the 1990s an obelisk was added with a statue of Nike, the obelisks height is exactly 141.8 metres, which is 10 centimetres for every day of the War. A golden-domed Orthodox church was erected on the hilltop in 1993-95, followed by a memorial mosque and the Holocaust Memorial Synagogue. On 9 May 1995 the first post-Soviet victory parade was held here, with President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin and Minister of Defence, commanding the parade was commander of the Moscow Military District Colonel-General Leonid Kuznetsov. This parade was also the first major display of the new army uniforms. At the 60th V-day celebrations in 2005, President Vladimir Putin inaugurated 15 extravagant bronze columns, symbolizing main fronts, since the 1980s the hill also includes the monumental museum to the Soviet victory in the Great Patriotic War. The main building of the museum was constructed between 1983 and 1995, hall of glory holds reliefs of the 12 soviet Hero Cities, on its marmor walls are inscribed the names of several thousand Heroes of the Soviet Union, awarded during the war. Hall of remembrance downstairs contains Books of remembrance with the names of more than 26 million soviet war dead, report in English on exhibits at Moscow Victory Park Photo Paying respect to Russias heroes. Satellite photos of, The Moscow Triumphal Arch Poklonnaya Hill main monument War technics museum, tanks are hidden under trees
Poklonnaya Gora
–
Victory Park on Poklonnaya Hill.
Poklonnaya Gora
–
St. George's Church.
Poklonnaya Gora
–
A memorial mosque
Poklonnaya Gora
–
Eternal Flame
36.
Filyovskaya Line
–
Filyovskaya Line, or Line 4, is a line of the Moscow Metro. Chronologically the sixth to open, it connects the western districts of Dorogomilovo. At present it has 13 stations and is 14.7 kilometres long, the history of the Filyovskaya line is one of the most complicated in Moscow Metro, due to the eastern radius falling victim of changing policies. Originally the earliest stations are the oldest, dating to 1935 and 1937 when they opened as part of the First stage, in 1938 the branch service was liquidated and the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line was formed by trains now terminating at Kurskaya. However, during the Second World War, the station Arbatskaya suffered damage when a German bomb pierced its ceiling, as all of the 1930s stations were built sub surface. The threat of the Cold War becoming real, meant that these stations were not suited to double as bomb shelters. This would have meant the end of the Filyovskaya line, had Nikita Khrushchev as part of his visit to New York City where he was inspired by having elevated, in 1958 the Arbatsko-Filyovskaya Line was inaugurated becoming the sixth to open. The line continued to extend westwards reaching Fili in 1959, along with its separate depot, a further extension was built to a newer massif in Krylatskoye in 1989. Despite the success in saving costs, the Russian climate, particularly the winter, the bends. By the 21st century however, Filyovskaya lines fate would change radically, First the rising Moscow-City business centre required a metro line, and a two-station branch was opened from Kievskaya in 2005 to Delovoy Tsentr and again in 2006 to Mezhdunarodnaya. * Service branch of 0.9 km was used to connect Aleksandrovsky Sad and Ploshchad Revolyutsii, ** Segment exists as branch on route Aleksandrovskiy Sad - Kiyevskaya - Mezhdunarodnaya. The oldest E type trains in Moscow were retired in 2009, six carriage fleet of 24 trains will was passed on to other depots and replaced by the new 81-740. 1/741.1 Rusich which are more suited for the outdoor climate that the line has. Also, there are five old 81-717/714 trains from Koltsevaya and Kalininskaya lines and they are mostly running on the Aleksandrovsky sad - Mezhdunarodnaya line, but some trains are running on the main line to Kuntsevskaya. After the line lost its terminus, its passenger flow dropped substantially, presently work is planned to upgrade the surface stations, and to finish replacement of the rolling stock. The branch service originally having 15 minute intervals now has 7.5 min which makes 1,2 ratio of trains traveling from Aleksandrovsky Sad, Filyovskaya Line photos & info on the Robert Schwandls UrbanRail site Filyovskaya Line gallery on the Urban Electric Transit
Filyovskaya Line
–
Kiyevskaya station
Filyovskaya Line
–
4 Filyovskaya Line
37.
Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya Line
–
The Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya Line is a line of the Moscow Metro, currently consisting of two separate parts. It was opened as the eastwards Kalininskaya Line in 1979, with the first stations of the western Solntsevsky radius opening in 2014, presently there are 8 stations on the eastern section and 5 on the western section. The two parts are planned to be joined by 2020, to distinguish the 2 sections, the newer west section is identified as Line 8A. The lines pilot stage, which would see it extending from Taganskaya through Lefortovo and into the districts of Perovo, Novogireevo. The line bears all traits of the late 1970s architecture and engineering, no longer pressed for economy designs and aesthetics, the architects were given full freedom to use advanced materials. The shallow column station of Novogireevo further demonstrated its parting with previous centipede roots by increasing inter-column width from six to seven, what makes the line unique is its name, as it was originally named after partially passing the Kalinin district, which disappeared in the 1990s. Thus the line is the only in Moscow which carries the name of a figurehead, in 1986 the lines first extension opened, with the station Tretyakovskaya, the third cross-platform transfer in Moscow Metro was set up this way. This was not to be realised, and the extension plans stalled for more than two decades due to the financial instability of the 1990s and other priorities. The line is served by the Novogireevo depot,36 eight-carriage trains of the newest 81-760/761 model are running on the line. In 2012-2013 all 81-717/714 trains were replaced by new 81-760/761 trains, the last 81-717/714 train emerged on the line in April 2013. The line currently exists as a radius, but for a long time an extension through the city centre. In the future a connection will be built that links the Aviamotornaya Kalininskaya line station to Aviamotornaya on the Kozhukhovskaya Line, the first part of the Solntsevsky radius, between Park Pobedy and Delovoy Tsentr, opened in January 2014. It is not yet connected to the rest of Kalininskaya Line, a further extension of this line further south from Park Pobedy to Ramenki was opened on 16 March 2017. The currently planned terminus will be Rasskazovka, about 5 km from Vnukovo International Airport, the gap between Delovoy Tsentr and Tretyakovskaya is planned to be connected via the city center by 2020
Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya Line
–
8 Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya Line
38.
Vnukovo
–
Vnukovo International Airport, is a dual-runway international airport located 28 kilometres southwest of the centre of Moscow, Russia. It is one of the three airports that serve Moscow, along with Domodedovo International Airport and Sheremetyevo International Airport. In 2015, the airport handled 15.82 million passengers and it is the third-busiest airport in Russia. Vnukovo is Moscows oldest operating airport and it was opened and used for military operations during the Second World War, but became a civilian facility after the war. Its construction was approved by the Soviet government in 1937, because the older Khodynka Aerodrome was becoming overloaded, Vnukovo was opened on 1 July 1941. During the Great Patriotic War, it was used as a military airbase, on 15 September 1956, the Tupolev Tu-104 jetliner made its first passenger flight from Moscow Vnukovo to Irkutsk via Omsk. On 4 November 1957, a plane carrying Romanian Workers Party officials, preoteasa, who was Minister of Foreign Affairs at the time, was killed, as was the aircrafts crew. The first passenger flights of the IL-18 and Tu-114 were also made from Vnukovo Airport, in 1980, Vnukovo was expanded because of the 22nd Summer Olympic Games. In 1993, Vnukovo Airport became a joint-stock company, as part of the Airport Strategic Development Plan, the following projects were completed between 2003 and 2005, April 2004, New Terminal B was opened. The terminal currently handles international passengers, but in the future, it will be converted to handle domestic flights or to fulfill any other dedicated functions to be determined at a later date. The terminals total floor space offering stands at 80,000 square meters, August 2005, Vnukovos Aeroexpress rail link to Kiyevsky Rail Terminal was opened. December 2010, New Terminal A was opened, Vnukovo is Europes busiest airport for international flights by larger private planes. Of the three Moscow airports, Vnukovo is the highest, hence, in case of fog, it has frequently served as an alternative airport. The airfield has two intersecting runways of 3,000 metres and 3,060 metres in length, each runway is 60 metres wide, with 10 metres wide safety shoulders on each side. The joint runway capacity is 60 aircraft movements per hour, the airport has two passenger terminals, one general aviation terminal, one cargo terminal, and 60 aircraft stands. The airport can handle a maximum of 10,100 passengers per hour, in 2013, the airport handled almost 11.18 million passengers, representing a 15. 3% increase compared to 2012. In February 2014 the airport handled 722,500 passengers, an increase of 23. 8% compared to February 2013, Vnukovo Airport is equipped with a VIP hall, which is used by many political leaders and important people visiting Russia. The Russian President also uses Vnukovos VIP facility, the Tupolev airliner rework facility is located at the edge of the airport, and major overhaul and modification programmes are carried out in several large aircraft hangars
Vnukovo
Vnukovo
–
Vnukovo International Airport Международный аэропорт Внуково
Vnukovo
–
US president Ronald Reagan at Vnukovo in 1988
Vnukovo
–
Vnukovo Airport being renovated, August 2008
39.
Sheremetyevo
–
Sheremetyevo International Airport is an international airport located in Khimki, Moscow Oblast, Russia,29 km northwest of central Moscow. In 2015, the airport handled 31,612,402 passengers and 256,104 aircraft movements, the airport was originally built as a military object called Sheremetyevsky named after a settlement with the same name. The airport became operational on October 7,1957 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution. After it was decided to turn the airport into a one, Sheremetyevo was opened on 11 August 1959. The new airport received its name for two venues, the village of Sheremetyevsky and the Savelov station on the railway of the same name. Sheremetyevo-1 was opened on 3 September 1964, on 12 September 1967, the first scheduled passenger flight of the Tupolev Tu-134 departed from Sheremetyevo, followed by the first scheduled flight of the Ilyushin Il-62 on 15 September. Sheremetyevo-2, the larger of the two complexes, opened on 1 January 1980 for the 1980 Summer Olympics. It was built according to the principles of design of Hannover-Langenhagen Airport, flights to cities in Russia and charter flights arrived and departed from Sheremetyevo-1. There is no connection between the two terminal complexes, they are essentially separate airports that use the same set of runways. In the 2000s, Sheremetyevo saw growing competition from a newer, with major airlines leaving Sheremetyevo, the need for reconstruction had become evermore evident. Since 3 July 2010, a walkway opened between Terminals D, E, F, and the Aeroexpress railway terminal on the access side. Since 2 November 2010, a walkway opened between Terminals D, E, and F on the security side, both of these simplify transfer between transit flights. After the reconstruction, the complex of the airport will be able to receive up to 25 million passengers annually. Ultimately, after the part of the airport is reconstructed. Since December 25,2009, all terminals have been identified by letters as opposed to numbers, in December 2011, a new Area control center was opened. It consolidates the gathering, monitoring, and control of the different control centres across all of the organizations that affect its efficient operation. The Situational Center also forms part of the control center. SC is intended for joint work of top-managers, heads of state bodies and it is activated only in the case of an emergency
Sheremetyevo
Sheremetyevo
–
Sheremetyevo International Airport Международный аэропорт Шереметьево
Sheremetyevo
–
Sheremetyevo's Terminal F was built for the 1980 Moscow Olympics.
Sheremetyevo
–
Terminal A
40.
Saint Petersburg
–
Saint Petersburg is Russias second-largest city after Moscow, with five million inhabitants in 2012, and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea. It is politically incorporated as a federal subject, situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 271703. In 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, between 1713 and 1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of imperial Russia. In 1918, the government bodies moved to Moscow. Saint Petersburg is one of the cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Saint Petersburg is home to The Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. A large number of consulates, international corporations, banks. Swedish colonists built Nyenskans, a fortress, at the mouth of the Neva River in 1611, in a then called Ingermanland. A small town called Nyen grew up around it, Peter the Great was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, and he intended to have Russia gain a seaport in order to be able to trade with other maritime nations. He needed a better seaport than Arkhangelsk, which was on the White Sea to the north, on May 1703121703, during the Great Northern War, Peter the Great captured Nyenskans, and soon replaced the fortress. On May 271703, closer to the estuary 5 km inland from the gulf), on Zayachy Island, he laid down the Peter and Paul Fortress, which became the first brick and stone building of the new city. The city was built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia, tens of thousands of serfs died building the city. Later, the city became the centre of the Saint Petersburg Governorate, Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712,9 years before the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 ended the war, he referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital as early as 1704. During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the bank of the Neva, near the Peter. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan, by 1716 the Swiss Italian Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be located on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed, but is evident in the layout of the streets, in 1716, Peter the Great appointed French Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond as the chief architect of Saint Petersburg. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences, University and Academic Gymnasium were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great, in 1725, Peter died at the age of fifty-two. His endeavours to modernize Russia had met opposition from the Russian nobility—resulting in several attempts on his life
Saint Petersburg
–
Top left to bottom right:
Peter and Paul Fortress on
Zayachy Island,
Smolny Cathedral,
Moyka river with the
General Staff Building,
Trinity Cathedral,
Bronze Horseman on
Senate Square, and the
Winter Palace.
Saint Petersburg
–
The
Bronze Horseman, monument to Peter the Great
Saint Petersburg
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Palace Square backed by the General Staff arch and building, as the main square of the Russian Empire it was the setting of many events of historic significance
Saint Petersburg
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Map of Saint Petersburg, 1903
41.
List of tallest buildings in Europe
–
This list of tallest buildings in Europe ranks skyscrapers in Europe by height. For decades, only a few cities such as Frankfurt, London, Paris, Istanbul, Warsaw and Moscow. The East Tower of the Federation complex is located in Moscow International Business Center in Moscow and it is the tallest building in Europe, standing at 373.7 metres. This lists ranks skyscrapers in Europe that stand at least 140 metres tall and this includes spires and architectural details but does not include antenna masts. Existing structures are included for ranking purposes based on present height and this list includes buildings under construction that have already been topped out. This is the timeline of tallest buildings in Europe and this lists buildings that are under construction in Europe and are planned to rise at least 140 metres. Some skyscraper enthusiasts prefer this measurement, claiming that the extensions that can or cannot be deemed architectural are subjective, the list includes all skyscrapers of at least 200 metres tall. However, the data is subject to fluctuations due to simple changing of mast extensions. List measures buildings by roof height only, list measures buildings by roof height only
List of tallest buildings in Europe
–
Amsterdam (
Zuidas),
Netherlands
List of tallest buildings in Europe
–
Tallest buildings in Europe
List of tallest buildings in Europe
–
Baku,
Azerbaijan
List of tallest buildings in Europe
–
Barcelona (
Diagonal Mar),
Spain
42.
Parking space
–
A parking space is a location that is designated for parking, either paved or unpaved. Parking spaces can be in a garage, in a parking lot or on a city street. It is usually a space delineated by road surface markings, the automobile fits inside the space, either by parallel parking, perpendicular parking or angled parking. Depending on the location of the space, there can be regulations regarding the time allowed to park. When the demand for spaces outstrips supply vehicles may overspill park onto the sidewalk, grass verges, for most motorised vehicles, there are three commonly used arrangements of parking spaces — parallel parking, perpendicular parking, and angle parking. These are self-park configurations where the driver is able to access the parking independently. With parallel parking of cars, these are arranged in a line and this is done parallel to a curb, when one is provided. Parallel parking is the most common mode of streetside parking for cars and it may also be used in parking lots and parking structures, but usually only to supplement parking spaces that use the other modes. With perpendicular parking, also known as bay parking, cars are parked side to side, perpendicular to an aisle, curb, or wall. This type of car parking fits more cars per length of road than parallel parking, often, in car parking lots using perpendicular parking, two rows of parking spaces may be arranged front to front, with aisles in between. If no other cars are blocking, a driver may perform a pullthrough by driving through one parking space into the space to avoid having to reverse out of a parking space upon their return. Sometimes, a row of perpendicular car parking spaces is marked in the center of a street. This arrangement eliminates reversing from the manoeuvre, cars are required to drive in forwards, angle parking, known as echelon parking in Britain, is similar to perpendicular parking for these vehicles, except that cars are arranged at an angle to the aisle. The gentler turn allows easier and quicker parking, narrower aisles, while in theory the aisles are one-way, in practice they are typically wide enough to allow two cars to pass slowly when drivers go down the aisles the wrong way. Angle parking is common in car parking lots. Some cities have utilized angled parking on-street and this has been done mostly in residential, retail and mixed use areas where additional parking compared to parallel parking is desired and traffic volumes are lower. Most angled parking is design in a head-in configuration while a few cities have some back-in angled parking, angle parking is considered dangerous by cycling organisations, especially in the head-in configuration, but unwelcome in either form. When comparing to parallel parking, There is a significant risk to cyclists from vehicles reversing out, longer vehicles project further into the road, this can inconvenience/endanger other road users, The surplus road space which enables angle parking could also be used for bicycle lanes
Parking space
–
Marked parking spaces
Parking space
–
Angled parking spaces
Parking space
–
Bombala's (perpendicular) back-in parking style.
Parking space
–
Angle parking along the
Southsea seafront, England.
43.
Moscow Metro
–
The Moscow Metro is a rapid transit system serving Moscow, Russia and the neighbouring Moscow Oblast cities of Krasnogorsk, Reutov, Lyubertsy and Kotelniki. Opened in 1935 with one 11-kilometre line and 13 stations, it was the first underground system in the Soviet Union. As of 2017, the Moscow Metro excluding the Moscow Central Circle has 206 stations and its length is 339.1 km. The system is underground, with the deepest section 84 metres underground at the Park Pobedy station. The Moscow Metro, an enterprise, is 339. Of the metros 229,78 are deep underground,109 are shallow, the deep stations comprise 55 triple-vaulted pylon stations,19 triple-vaulted column stations, and one single-vault station. The shallow stations comprise 72 spanned column stations,33 single-vaulted stations, in addition, there are 12 ground-level stations, four elevated stations, and one station on a bridge. Two stations have three tracks, and one has double halls, seven of the stations have side platforms. In addition, there were two stations within rail yards. One station is reserved for future service, the Moscow Metro uses the Russian gauge of 1,520 millimetres, like other Russian railways, and an underrunning third rail with a supply of 825 V DC. The average distance between stations is 1.7 kilometres, the shortest section is between Vystavochnaya and Mezhdunarodnaya and the longest is between Krylatskoye and Strogino, long distances between stations have the positive effect of a high cruising speed of 41.7 kilometres per hour. Moscow Metro starts opening at 05,25 and closes at 01,00, the minimum interval between trains is 90 seconds during the morning and evening rush hours. As of 2013 the system has a daily ridership of 6.73 million passengers with the peak of 9.28 million. Since 1 December 2014 free Wi-Fi was available on all lines of the Moscow Metro, the network was launched by MaximaTelecom. Each line is identified by a name, an alphanumeric index, the upcoming station is announced by a male voice on inbound trains to the city center and by a female voice on outbound trains. The metro has a connection to the Moscow Monorail, a 4. 7-km, prior to the official opening, the monorail had operated in excursion mode since 2004. The Filyovskaya and Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya lines had six- and seven-car trains as well, rolling stock on the Koltsevaya line is being replaced with these articulated 81-740/741 «Rusich» four-car trains. The Butovskaya Line was designed by different standards, and has shorter platforms and it employs articulated 81-740/741 trains, which consist of three cars
Moscow Metro
–
Arbatskaya Station Pavilion
Moscow Metro
–
Soviet government resolution to construct the Moscow Metro
Moscow Metro
–
Sokolniki station. Opened in 1935 (the first stage)
Moscow Metro
–
Soviet poster "All of Moscow is building the Metro"
44.
Light well
–
Lightwells may be lined with glazed bricks to increase the reflection of sunlight within the space. Lightwells serve to reduce the necessity for electric lighting, add a space within the building. A subterranean lightwell at the front of a building to provide light to a basement is called an area, use of the light well was known in ancient civilizations, including Egypt and at the Palace of Knossos on Minoan Crete. There are also instances of light well use by the Romans, atrium Clerestory Skylight Light tube Ventilation shaft Daylighting
Light well
–
Lightwell
Light well
–
Lightwell feature inside
Los Angeles International Airport in
Los Angeles. The lightwell in architecture helps reduce overall energy demands.
Light well
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Appropriate technology
45.
Discovery Channel
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Discovery Channel is an American basic cable and satellite television channel that is the flagship television property of Discovery Communications, a publicly traded company run by CEO David Zaslav. S. Flagship channel and its various owned or licensed television channels internationally, programming on the flagship Discovery Channel in the U. S. A popular annual feature on the channel is Shark Week, which airs on Discovery during the summer months, as of February 2015, Discovery Channel is available to approximately 96,589,000 pay television households in the United States. John Hendricks founded the channel and its parent company, Cable Educational Network Inc. in 1982, several investors raised $5 million in start-up capital to launch the network. The Discovery Channel began broadcasting on June 17,1985 and it was initially available to 156,000 households and broadcast for 12 hours each day between 3 p. m. and 3 a. m. About 75 percent of its content had never been broadcast on U. S. television before. In its early years, the focus centered on educational programming in the form of cultural and wildlife documentaries. It also broadcast some Soviet programming during this time, including the news program Vremya, in 1988, the channel premiered the nightly program World Monitor. By 1990, the channel was available in over 50 million households, the drop in viewership was widely attributed to an over-reliance on a few hit series, such as Monster Garage and American Chopper. Some critics said such shows strayed from Discoverys intention of providing more educationally based shows aimed at helping viewers learn about the world around them, in 2005, Discovery changed its programming focus to include more popular science and historical themes. The networks ratings eventually recovered in 2006, the network was nominated for seven Primetime Emmy Awards that year for shows including The Flight that Fought Back and Deadliest Catch. In 2007, Discovery Channels top series included the Emmy Award- and Peabody Award-winning Planet Earth, Dirty Jobs, MythBusters, Discovery Channels 2008 lineup included Fight Quest and Smash Lab. On September 1,2010, 43-year-old James Jay Lee entered the Discovery Communications headquarters in Silver Spring, Maryland, Lee fired at least one shot and held several employees hostage, he was later shot dead by police. Lee had published criticisms of the network at Savetheplanetprotest. com, in December 2015, Discovery Communications launched its TV Everywhere service, Discovery Go, which features live and video-on-demand content from Discovery Channel and eight of its sister networks. Popular programs on the channel have included the Shark Week programming event, Deadliest Catch, MythBusters, How Its Made, Dirty Jobs, Cash Cab, Christopher Lowell won a Daytime Emmy Award in 2000 for The Christopher Lowell Show. After the 2007 victory with the Spaniard Alberto Contador, Discovery Channel discontinued the cycling sponsorship, Discovery Channel Radio was a radio network, whose programming consisted of audio versions of popular programs from the Discovery Communications family of television channels. Discovery Channel Radio was previously carried by XM Satellite Radio, until its removal from the provider in early September 2005, sirius Satellite Radio dropped Discovery Radio from its lineup on February 21,2007, it was also carried on both of Canadas major satellite radio services. Discovery Channel lent its brand to stores in malls and other locations across America
Discovery Channel
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The logo of Discovery Tamil
46.
Strabag SE
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Strabag SE is a European construction company based in Villach, Austria, with its headquarters in Vienna. It is the largest construction company in Austria and one of the largest construction companies in Europe, in these markets STRABAG has subsidiaries or operates on a project-basis. The business has its origins in two businesses, Lerchbaumer, founded in 1835 by Anton Lerchbaumer and known as ILBAU from 1954 and Strassenwalzenbetrieb, founded 1895, and known as STRABAG from 1930. These two businesses came under the ownership of BIBAG Bauindustrie Beteiligungs Aktiengesellschaft – a company listed on the Vienna Stock Exchange – in 1998. The same year, a settlement was found for the free float. In 2000, the holding company Bauholding STRABAG started a brand strategy throughout Europe. In Austria ILBAU and STUAG merged into the new STRABAG AG, the following year, the holding company became the major shareholder in German company STRABAG AG. Subsequent acquisitions included Deutsche Asphalt Group in 2002, Waltr Bau Group in 2005, züblin in 2005, Adanti SpA, KIRCHNER Holding GmbH, F. Kirchhoff AG and Deutsche Telekom Immobilien und Service GmbH in 2008. In 2007, STRABAG SE launched its Initial Public Offering on the Vienna Stock exchange, in December 2013 the Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic confirmed that one of the companies of the Strabag Group participated in bid rigging cartel of construction companies in 2004. Illegal conduct was associated with the tender for the execution of works for the construction of the D1 highway from Mengusovce to Jánovce in Eastern Slovakia, STRABAG is managed by CEO Thomas Birtel. The Chairman of the board is Alfred Gusenbauer. The company is organised into the divisions, Building Construction & Civil Engineering, Transportation Infrastructure. STRABAG is currently building Dar es Salaams new Bus Rapid Transit system in Tanzania due to be completed in 2015
Strabag SE
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Strabag SE
47.
Vystavochnaya
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Vystavochnaya is a station on the Filyovskaya Line of the Moscow Metro. It was opened on 10 September 2005, and called Delovoy Tsentr before 1 June 2009, a transition period of one year has been granted to effect the change in names. The high-tech design, which was the work of architects Aleksandr Vigdorov, Leonid Borzenkov, the station is built on two levels, with the platform on the lower level. The upper level consists of two walkways which span the length of the platform, one walkway, the larger one, is enclosed in glass and sweeps from one side of the station to the other and back in a large arc. The other walkway is open and straight, running directly above the inbound track, the D-shaped area between the two walkways extends to the full height of the station. The two rows of pillars span both levels and are clad in stainless steel, the walls are faced with white plastic panels and brown marble, and Alucobond was used for the ceiling. Vystavochnaya will only be the first station in a three station transfer complex. Transfer to Delovoy Tsentr of the Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya Line has been opened on January 31,2014, the third station, part of the Third Interchange Contour, is under construction. The entrance to the station is built into the level of Moscow International Business Center, near the north bank of the Moskva River
Vystavochnaya
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Vystavochnaya Выставочная
Vystavochnaya
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Surface hall of station
Vystavochnaya
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Platform
Vystavochnaya
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Surface hall inside
