1.
Komsomolskaya Square (Moscow)
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Komsomolskaya Square, known as Kalanchyovskaya before 1932, is one of the busiest squares in Moscow, noted for its impressive blend of revivalist Tsarist and Stalinist architecture. It is often referred to informally as Three Station Square or simply Three Stations thanks to three ornate rail termini situated there, Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky, and Kazansky. Its origins lay with the construction of the Moscow-Saint Petersburg Railway in the 1840s, in 1862 the Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal, a terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway, was constructed nearby. On the opposite side of the field the Kazanskiy Rail Terminal was inaugurated two years later, until 1909, a railway line leading to Kursky Rail Terminal traversed the square, it is now elevated so as not to interfere with street traffic. During the Soviet period, four other intimidating structures were added, alexey Shchusev designed a Constructivist edifice, the Central Club of Railway Workers, in 1925–1926. The square received its present name, in the honour of the Komsomol members, a Stalinist skyscraper of the Hilton Moscow Leningradskaya Hotel and a Neoclassical vestibule of the Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya metro station were completed in the early 1950s. The most recent addition is the Moskovsky department store on the side of the square. Even in the 21st century, it is this square that greets most visitors arriving to Moscow from Saint Petersburg and the whole northwestern Russia, the Volga region, description and photographs Virtual tour of Komsomolskaya Square
2.
Russia
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Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
3.
Russian Railways
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JSC Russian Railways, is a Russian vertically integrated company, both managing infrastructure and operating freight and passenger train services. In 2012 it became one of the three largest transport companies in the world, the company was established on September 18,2003, when a decree was passed to separate the railways from the Russian Ministry of the Means of Communication. Full name — Open Joint Stock Company Russian Railways with headquarters in Moscow at Novaya Basmannaya str, the operating units of the central part of the staff are at Kalanchevskaya str. Oleg Belozyorov has been president of the company since August 20,2015, JSC Russian Railways was established by Decision №585 of the Government of the Russian Federation dated September 18,2003. On October 1,2003, the took over the management functions of the rail networks from the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation. RZD got 987 companies out of the 2046 that had formed the MR system, the reform saw the creation of a new market segment following the privatization of the networks rolling stock. The company divided the bulk of its fleet between two new operating companies, Freight One and Freight Two, and private players such as GlobalTrans also entering the market. In the mid-1990s, the profitability of MRs railage fell down to negative values, the reforming of the railway sector in Russia started with the establishment of JSC Russian Railways, October 2003. The new company has received more than 95% of the assets under the Ministry of Transport, on October 28,2011, the largest privatization transaction in the denationalization of the Russian railway industry took place at an auction held in Moscow. The Joint Stock Company Freight One, a subsidiary of Russian Railways, thus, Lisin as Russias largest operator of rolling stock got the control of a quarter of the freight market. On October 16,2012, Russian Railways has completed negotiations with potential buyers of the remaining 25-percent plus 1 share stake in JSC Freight One. The best binding offer was received from the Independent Transport Company LLC, the assets were sold for 50 billion rubles. In early November 2012, Russian Railways announced the purchase of 75% of the French logistics company Gefco SA, the total value of the transaction was 800 million euros, the seller being PSA Peugeot Citroen, the parent company of Gefco. On May 23,2007, Russian Railways adopted a new style which changed fundamentally the way the Company presented itself visually to the outside world. The change of corporate identity underwent several stages during the 2007–2010 period, the final version of the logo was designed by BBDO Branding. Also, commissioned by BBDO Branding The Agency HardCase Design created a family of corporate fonts RussianRail, in the new company logo Sans-serif RussianRail Grotesque Medium was used. In 2008, the new logo of Russian Railways became a runner-up for the design competition WOLDA08 award. The Russian Federation is the founder and sole shareholder of JSC Russian Railways, on behalf of its shareholders the powers are exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation
4.
Moscow Metro
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The Moscow Metro is a rapid transit system serving Moscow, Russia and the neighbouring Moscow Oblast cities of Krasnogorsk, Reutov, Lyubertsy and Kotelniki. Opened in 1935 with one 11-kilometre line and 13 stations, it was the first underground system in the Soviet Union. As of 2017, the Moscow Metro excluding the Moscow Central Circle has 206 stations and its length is 339.1 km. The system is underground, with the deepest section 84 metres underground at the Park Pobedy station. The Moscow Metro, an enterprise, is 339. Of the metros 229,78 are deep underground,109 are shallow, the deep stations comprise 55 triple-vaulted pylon stations,19 triple-vaulted column stations, and one single-vault station. The shallow stations comprise 72 spanned column stations,33 single-vaulted stations, in addition, there are 12 ground-level stations, four elevated stations, and one station on a bridge. Two stations have three tracks, and one has double halls, seven of the stations have side platforms. In addition, there were two stations within rail yards. One station is reserved for future service, the Moscow Metro uses the Russian gauge of 1,520 millimetres, like other Russian railways, and an underrunning third rail with a supply of 825 V DC. The average distance between stations is 1.7 kilometres, the shortest section is between Vystavochnaya and Mezhdunarodnaya and the longest is between Krylatskoye and Strogino, long distances between stations have the positive effect of a high cruising speed of 41.7 kilometres per hour. Moscow Metro starts opening at 05,25 and closes at 01,00, the minimum interval between trains is 90 seconds during the morning and evening rush hours. As of 2013 the system has a daily ridership of 6.73 million passengers with the peak of 9.28 million. Since 1 December 2014 free Wi-Fi was available on all lines of the Moscow Metro, the network was launched by MaximaTelecom. Each line is identified by a name, an alphanumeric index, the upcoming station is announced by a male voice on inbound trains to the city center and by a female voice on outbound trains. The metro has a connection to the Moscow Monorail, a 4. 7-km, prior to the official opening, the monorail had operated in excursion mode since 2004. The Filyovskaya and Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya lines had six- and seven-car trains as well, rolling stock on the Koltsevaya line is being replaced with these articulated 81-740/741 «Rusich» four-car trains. The Butovskaya Line was designed by different standards, and has shorter platforms and it employs articulated 81-740/741 trains, which consist of three cars
5.
Moscow Yaroslavskaya railway station
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Moscow Yaroslavskaya railway station – also known as the Yaroslavsky railway terminal – is one of the nine main railway stations in Moscow. Situated on Komsomolskaya Square, Moscow Yaroslavskaya has the highest passenger throughput of all nine of the capitals main-line terminuses and it serves eastern destinations, including those in the Russian Far East, being the western terminus of the worlds longest railway line, the Trans-Siberian. The station takes its name from that of the ancient city of Yaroslavl which, the first Yaroslavsky station was built on this site in 1862, next to Moscows first rail terminal, the Oktyabrsky station. The existing Neorussian revival building facing Komsomolskaya Square was built in 1902–1904 by Fyodor Shechtel, the main departure hall beneath the fairy-tale roof connected directly into the boarding concourse. In 1910, its platforms and concourse were expanded by Lev Kekushev, two major additions, in 1965–66 and 1995, further expanded station capacity. Currently, the station serves around 300 pairs of trains daily, Yaroslavsky station Russian Railways Chinese Railways Mongolian Railways Photo gallery of architectural details Virtual tour to Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky, and Kazansky train station
6.
Third Ring Road (Moscow)
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The Third Ring Road, or The Third Ring, is Moscows newest beltway, located between the Garden Ring in the city centre and Moscow Ring Road. The Third Ring is 35 km in length, i. e. about 10 km in diameter, as it is one of Moscows main roads there is a lot of traffic and it suffers from frequent congestion. There is a planned Fourth Ring between the Moscow Ring Road and the Third Ring, the Third Ring can be used to get from areas such as Sokolniki Park to Sparrow Hills, on the other side of the city. The road is used by many Moscovites who live in the suburbs of Moscow to bypass the city centre. The Third Ring Road was completed in 2004 with the Lefortovo tunnel, the third longest urban tunnel in Europe after the Södra länken tunnel in Stockholm,1961 - put into effect a tunnel under the Leningrad prospectus. 1984 - open Rusakovskaya overpass and a tunnel under Mitkovskaya connecting branch, october 28,1998 - opening of the Berezhkovskii bridge. May 10,1999 - opening of the Luzhnetskaya overpass from Komsomolsk prospectus to Berezhkovsky bridge, august 31,1999 - opening of the first phase of the New Riga overpass. December 4,1999 - opening of the phase of the New Riga overpass. December 11,1999 - opening of the section from the bridge to the Berezhkovsky Kutuzovsky Prospekt, including Kiev, fall 2000 - opening of the section from Komsomolsk prospectus to Leninsky Prospekt, including St. Andrews Bridge. December 30,2000 - opening of the section of Kutuzovsky Prospekt to Shmitovsky including Dorogomilovsky bridge, december 12,2001 - opening of the section of the Gagarin Square to the Volgograd prospectus, including Gagarins tunnel and the bridge reconstructed Avtozavodskii. August 28,2001 - opening of the tunnel on Maslovka, november 6,2002 - opening of the areas of the Zvenigorod highway to and from the street Running from Ostapovsky travel to Nizhny Novgorod street. October 1,2003 - open area from the street to the Spartakovskaya Krasnokazarmennaya waterfront, november 5,2003 - opening of the section of Nizhniy Novgorod Street to Highway Enthusiasts. December 5,2003 - opening of the Lefortovo Tunnel, the Third Ring Road is closed, november 4,2005 - opening of the reconstructed interchange with the Leningrad prospectus, Sheremetyevo street Zvenigorod highway. Traffic on the ring was continuous, without traffic lights, boulevard Ring in Moscow Garden Ring in Moscow MKAD in Moscow Moscows Third Transport Ring, Making Space for the New Middle Class by Robert Argenbright
7.
Yauza River
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This article is about a river in Moscow, a tributary of the Moskva River. There are three other Yauza rivers in Central Russia, tributaries of the Lama, Gzhat and Sestra, the Yauza is a river in Moscow and Mytishchi, Russia, a tributary of the Moskva River. The Yauza joins the Moskva River in Tagansky District just west of Tagansky Hill, valleys of the Yauza, from the MKAD beltway in the north to the Moscow-Yaroslavl railway west of Sokolniki Park, are protected as natural reserves. The Yauza has been mentioned in Russian chronicles since 1156, the origin of the name is unknown. Moscow crossed its former eastern boundary in the beginning of the 16th century. Settlements along the Yauza played a significant role in the history of Russia in the 17th and 18th centuries, industrialization in the 19th and 20th centuries made the Yauza the biggest gutter for waste in Moscow. In the 2000s the ecology improved, with the closing or conversion of old factories, in 2007 the Yauza waters were reclassified from dirty to polluted status, but in 2008 the trend reversed and pollution in the Yauza exceeded its 2006 levels. As of 2008, Yauza water passing the Moscow city boundary is rated as polluted, untreated surface runoff in the Central Administrative District remains the main source of pollution. The Yauza is arguably one of the most ancient European rivers, a proto-Yauza River first appeared in Permian-Triassic period, at which time it flowed to the east of its present riverbed, down todays Izmailovo Gully. After being periodically submerged during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, the region finally became land in the Tertiary period, the contemporary Yauza consists of three parts, The Yauza collects waters from many tributaries, most of them confined to underground sewers. The few that remain on the surface, at least partially, are, the water level in the lower Yauza is regulated by the Pererva Dam on the Moskva River, and by the locks on the Yauza itself east of Kursky Rail Terminal. Raised water levels in the portion of the Yauza basin led to long-term flooding. Spring floods due to low clearance under old bridges were common, with four in the 1950s alone, the most recent flash flood on the Yauza occurred August 14,2003, following a record-setting rainfall. The Yauza and its valleys are not particularly prone to the landslides, there were two minor landslides on the Yauza in 2008, compared with 40 on the Chertanovka River and 33 on the Gorodnya River. There is no commercial or recreational shipping, although the river is accessible to motor boats as far as Preobrazhenskaya Square. There is no generally accepted etymology for Yauza or Auza, similar toponyms exist in modern Latvia, the Baltic origins of Yauza are generally accepted but have not been proven. Medieval Moscow grew from its Kremlin primarily in a northeasterly direction, st. Andronik Monastery on the Yauza formed the eastern defence arc, together with the Pokrovsky and Novospassky monasteries. The Yauza was used as a waterway from Moscow to Vladimir until the 16th century
8.
Moscow Ring Road
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The Moscow Automobile Ring Road, or MKAD, is a ring road encircling the parts of the City of Moscow, the capital of Russia. The length of the road is 108.9 km, opened in 1961, the MKAD had four lanes of asphalt running 108.9 kilometres along the city borders. Although not yet a freeway, it featured interchanges at major junctions, very few traffic lights, for a long time the MKAD served as the administrative boundary of Moscow city, until in the 1980s Moscow started annexing territory outside the beltway. In December 2002 Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo became the first Moscow Metro station that opened beyond the limits of MKAD, in 2001 all slow-moving vehicles were banned from entering the MKAD and the renovated road received a freeway designation from the mayors office. A view of the MKAD from a pedestrian bridge, a view of the MKAD from a helicopter
9.
Komsomolskaya (Sokolnicheskaya Line)
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Komsomolskaya is a Moscow Metro station in the Krasnoselsky District, Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow. It is on the Sokolnicheskaya Line, between Krasnye Vorota and Krasnoselskaya stations and it is located under Komsomolskaya Square, between the Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky, and Kazansky railway terminals. The station was named for the workers of the Komsomol youth league who helped to construct the first Metro line and it has a transfer at the-same-called-station on the Koltsevaya Line. Komsomolskaya was built using the cut and cover method, with beginning on 3 May 1933. Temporary bridges were built over the site to avoid disrupting traffic. To counteract the high table, the station was built on 636 piles which were driven into the saturated soil. Heavy rains in the summer of 1934 threatened the site several times. Nevertheless, the structure of the station was completed by August 26. Due to Komsomolskayas location under a major hub, the station was built with an unusual upper gallery above the platform to help handle rush crowds. The station has pillars faced with pinkish limestone and topped with bronze capitals displaying the emblem of the Komsomol league. The station was designed by Dmitry Chechulin, and a model of it was displayed at the 1937 Paris Worlds fair, the stations southern entrance vestibule is built into the Kazansky Rail Terminal. The northern vestibule is on the side of the square. The latter entrance did not survive in its form, having been replaced with a massive structure serving both this station and Koltsevaya Line station in 1952. There is a branch line between Komsomolskaya and Krasnoselskaya stations, that leads to the Severnoe Depot. On 15 October 1934 the first Metro train left this depot for a trial run, from this station it is possible to transfer to Komsomolskaya on the Koltsevaya Line
10.
Fryazino
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Fryazino is a scientific town in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the Lyuboseyevka River 25 kilometers northeast of the city of Moscow. Fryazino is a center of the Russian microwave electronics, in 1584–1856, the villages of Grebnevo, Fryazinovka, and Chizhovo stood on the territory occupied by modern Fryazino. Silk-weaving manufactures were established here in the half of the 18th century.5 desiatinas in the field. Then the village belonged to the demesne of Bogdan Belsky,1791 — the temple Theotokos of Grebnevo was built. 1951 — it was granted town status,1968 Fryazino received the status of regional subordination. December 29,2003, Presidential decree granted Fryazino the status of the Scientific town of the Russian Federation, october 28,2009, in Fryazino under the chairmanship of President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev held a meeting of the Commission for Modernization and Technological Development of Russian Economy. As a municipal division, Fryazino Town Under Oblast Jurisdiction is incorporated as Fryazino Urban Okrug, in 1901, Anna Kaptsova founded the big silk-weaving manufacture in the village of Fryazino. It was the first stone building in the village, in 1933, in a former silk-weaving manufactory was founded the Radiolampa plant. Since that time Fryazino became the center of the Soviet electronics industry, the first Research Institute SRI-160 was founded in Fryazino in 1943, then their number increases to five. Branch of the Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics was founded in Fryazino in 1955, in Soviet times, forming enterprises have been working on a military reservation Institute. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, these institutions have been forced to cut most of the staff, currently, a large part of the population of Fryazino works in Moscow. In addition to electronic and medical industry in the town of is a confectionery industry, the town also has the furniture factories. A first school was opened in Fryazino in 1912, there are 7 schools, including 5 secondary, gymnasium and lyceum in the town now. On the eastern outskirts of the town on the banks of the Lyuboseyevka river is the estate of Grebnevo. Another monument is Stella wins that indicates the names of all of residents Fryazino who participated in World War II, there are some museums, the Town Museum, Ivan Ivanovs Home, the Literary Museum of Osip Mandelstam and other. The town is located on the Fryanovo motorway P-110 at a distance of 7 km from the beginning of the motorway, the town has a new bus station, located on the Polevaya str. There are three bus lines and the same taxi. In addition, through the town are 10 commuter bus routes, inside the town there are several different taxi services
11.
Komsomolskaya (Koltsevaya Line)
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Komsomolskaya is a Moscow Metro station in the Krasnoselsky District, Central Administrative Okrug, Moscow. It is on the Koltsevaya Line, between Prospekt Mira and Kurskaya stations, the station is noted for its being located under the busiest Moscow transport hub, Komsomolskaya Square, which serves Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky and Kazansky railway terminals. Because of that the station is one of the busiest in the system and is the most loaded one on the line. It opened on 30 January 1952 as a part of the stage of the line. While the first southern segment of the Koltsevaya Line were dedicated to the victory over Nazi Germany, Komsomolskaya, however, is a clear exception, lead designer Alexey Shchusev designed it as an illustration of a historical speech given by Joseph Stalin November 7,1941. Early roots of the design can be traced to a 1944 draft by Shchusev implemented in pure Petrine baroque. However, after the end of World War II the drafts of 1944 were discarded, Shchusev however, who died in 1949, retained his baroque nonce order. Komsomolskaya remained Shchusevs first and only metro station design, the station was initially planned as a traditional deep pylon type. Later, Shchusev replaced the concrete pylons with narrow octagonal steel columns, riveted with marble tiles. After Shchusevs death, the station was completed by Viktor Kokorin, A. Zabolotnaya, V. Varvarin and O. Velikoretsky and Pavel Korin, the creator of the mosaics. Inside amid the Baroque-style ornaments, rich torchères and chandelier lights, supporting the enlarged barrel vault are 68 octagonal columns faced with white marble, and topped with baroque pilasters. The platform is lit up by chandeliers and additional concealed elements in the niches of both the central and platform halls, the theme of the design, the Historical Russian fight for freedom and independence, is expressed in eight large ceiling mosaics by Pavel Korin. The idea to design the art as a mosaic came from the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, chronologically the mosaics are as following,1242, Alexander Nevsky after the Battle on the Ice. 1380, Dmitry Donskoy after the Battle of Kulikovo,1612, Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky after the end of the Time of Troubles. 1799, Alexander Suvorov after the Crossing of the Alps,1812, Mikhail Kutuzov after the Battle of Borodino. 1945, Soviet Troops on the Reichstag building after the Battle of Berlin,1945, The original image was of a Victory parade with Soviet soldiers throwing captured Nazi banners in front of Lenins mausoleum. However, for the reason as the sixth image, this image would hold the record for retouchings. First when Lavrenty Beria was arrested in 1953, his glasses were erased, then in 1957, after the political crisis saw the end of the careers of Vyacheslav Molotov and Lazar Kaganovich, their images followed suit
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