1.
Yokneam Moshava
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Yokneam is a rural settlement in Israels Northern District, on the outskirts of the city of Yokneam Illit. In 2015 it had a population of 1,345, Yokneam is named after a biblical city-state mentioned in Joshua 12,22, The king of Kedesh, one, the king of Jokneam of Carmel, one. Both sections were the size and together measured 17,500 dunams in total. Two Arab minor sharecropper villages called Qira and Qamun existed on the land, Qira was located near the spring of the Shofet river and Qamun was located on Tel Qamun, the location of the ancient city of Yokneam. In 1924, the Sursock family initiated the deal and Hankin purchased the section of the land that was owned by the Sursock and Tueni families for a price of 37,686 Palestine pounds. On 6 February 1934, after years of negotiations, Hankin purchased the half from the Khouri family for a price of 40,391 Palestine pounds. The Khouri family finally agreed to the deal because it went bankrupt,70 dunams of the land were transferred to the kibbutz of HaZorea. In 1933,250 agricultural land plots were offered for sale, the buyers were Jews from Mandatory Palestine as well as families from Bahrain, Germany, Netherlands, Greece, Lebanon, Lithuania, Iraq, and Poland. The first families arrived on 2 December 1935 and populated 100 of the 250 land plots, they started fencing their plots, the rest of the land was still held by Beduin sharecroppers from Qira, who refused to leave. Yokneam was unique because land was owned by the residents. One of the reasons for the crisis was that most of the land acquired for Yokneam was still populated by the two Beduin tribes, who inhabited the arable land in the nearby plains. While most of the left and received compensation prior to the foundation of Yokneam. Another attempt was made in 1936 with the help of an emir, who tried to talk with the mukhtar of Qira. During the Arab revolt, militants from Yusuf Abu Durras group put pressure on the sharecroppers not to leave the land. The other Beduin tribe later agreed to evacuate, by fall 1939, most of the sharecroppers had evacuated the fields and the remainder stayed in Qira itself. The economic crisis ended in the 1940s after a member of the moshava, Perez Levinger, Levinger was described as the central man, the leader, the Mukhtar, the ideological leader of Yokneam. In that time, Yokneam had some disputes with the kibbutz of HaZorea over work, land. In 1945 a municipality was established for Yokneam, with the status of a local council, in March 1948 the last sharecroppers fled the land in fear following the Arab defeat in the Battle of Mishmar HaEmek
2.
Yavne'el
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Yavneel is a moshava and local council in the Northern District of Israel. It is one of the oldest rural Jewish communities in the country, in 2015 it had a population of 4,092. Yavneel is named after a village in the tribe Naphtali, which is believed to have located on the archaeological tel north of the moshava. During the Ottoman era the Muslim village in the area was known as ‘’Yemma’’, a map by Pierre Jacotin from Napoleons invasion of 1799 noted the place. In 1875 Victor Guérin visited, and described the village as rather ruined and built of basaltic stone, in 1881, the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described Yemma as having basaltic stone houses, containing 100 Muslims, on an arable plain. There were no gardens or trees, but two springs were near, and the village had cisterns, to the south-west of this site there was a supply of water among the rocks of the valley. Yavneel was established by the Jewish Colonization Association on lands bought by the Baron Rothschild, by villagers from Metula, in the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Yabnieh had a total population of 447,82 Muslims and 365 Jews. At the time of the 1931 census, Yavneel still had exactly the same population of 447, in 1945, Yavneel was home to 590 people, all Jews. Located southwest of Tiberias, it was declared a council in 1951. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Yavneel had a population of 3,100 in 2008, the local council is jointly responsible for Yavneel, Beit Gan, Mishmar HaShlosha, and Smadar. Many organizations were established in Yavneel, including the Israeli Farmers Union, the Galilee Squadron, in 1986, Rabbi Eliezer Shlomo Schick founded a Breslov community largely consisting of baalei teshuvah adherents in Yavneel. As of 2015 this community, which calls itself Breslov City, numbers nearly 400 families, representing 30 percent of the towns population
3.
Hebrew language
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Hebrew is a language native to Israel, spoken by over 9 million people worldwide, of whom over 5 million are in Israel. Historically, it is regarded as the language of the Israelites and their ancestors, the earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date from the 10th century BCE. Hebrew belongs to the West Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic language family, Hebrew is the only living Canaanite language left, and the only truly successful example of a revived dead language. Hebrew had ceased to be a spoken language somewhere between 200 and 400 CE, declining since the aftermath of the Bar Kokhba revolt. Aramaic and to a lesser extent Greek were already in use as international languages, especially among elites and it survived into the medieval period as the language of Jewish liturgy, rabbinic literature, intra-Jewish commerce, and poetry. Then, in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language, and, according to Ethnologue, had become, as of 1998, the language of 5 million people worldwide. After Israel, the United States has the second largest Hebrew-speaking population, with 220,000 fluent speakers, Modern Hebrew is one of the two official languages of the State of Israel, while premodern Hebrew is used for prayer or study in Jewish communities around the world today. Ancient Hebrew is also the tongue of the Samaritans, while modern Hebrew or Arabic is their vernacular. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as Leshon Hakodesh, the modern word Hebrew is derived from the word Ivri, one of several names for the Israelite people. It is traditionally understood to be a based on the name of Abrahams ancestor, Eber. This name is based upon the root ʕ-b-r meaning to cross over. Interpretations of the term ʕibrim link it to this verb, cross over, in the Bible, the Hebrew language is called Yәhudit because Judah was the surviving kingdom at the time of the quotation. In Isaiah 19,18 it is called the Language of Canaan, Hebrew belongs to the Canaanite group of languages. In turn, the Canaanite languages are a branch of the Northwest Semitic family of languages, according to Avraham ben-Yosef, Hebrew flourished as a spoken language in the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah during about 1200 to 586 BCE. Scholars debate the degree to which Hebrew was a vernacular in ancient times following the Babylonian exile. In July 2008 Israeli archaeologist Yossi Garfinkel discovered a ceramic shard at Khirbet Qeiyafa which he claimed may be the earliest Hebrew writing yet discovered, dating around 3000 years ago. The Gezer calendar also dates back to the 10th century BCE at the beginning of the Monarchic Period, classified as Archaic Biblical Hebrew, the calendar presents a list of seasons and related agricultural activities. The Gezer calendar is written in an old Semitic script, akin to the Phoenician one that through the Greeks, the Gezer calendar is written without any vowels, and it does not use consonants to imply vowels even in the places where later Hebrew spelling requires it
4.
Palestine (region)
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Palestine is a geographic region in Western Asia between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. It is sometimes considered to include adjoining territories, the name was used by Ancient Greek writers, and was later used for the Roman province Syria Palaestina, the Byzantine Palaestina Prima, and the Islamic provincial district of Jund Filastin. The region comprises most of the claimed for the biblical regions known as the Land of Israel. Historically, it has known as the southern portion of wider regional designations such as Canaan, Syria, ash-Sham. The boundaries of the region have changed throughout history, today, the region comprises the State of Israel and the Palestinian territories in which the State of Palestine was declared. Modern archaeology has identified 12 ancient inscriptions from Egyptian and Assyrian records recording likely cognates of Hebrew Pelesheth, the term Peleset is found in five inscriptions referring to a neighboring people or land starting from c.1150 BCE during the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. Neither the Egyptian nor the Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term, approximately a century later, Aristotle used a similar definition for the region in Meteorology, in which he included the Dead Sea. The term is accepted to be a translation of the Biblical name Peleshet. The term is used in the Septuagint, who used a transliteration Land of Phylistieim different from the contemporary Greek place name Palaistínē. Following the Muslim conquest, place names that were in use by the Byzantine administration generally continued to be used in Arabic, Modern archaeologists and historians of the region refer to their field of study as Levantine archaeology. The region was among the earliest in the world to see human habitation, agricultural communities, during the Bronze Age, independent Canaanite city-states were established, and were influenced by the surrounding civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Minoan Crete, and Syria. Between 1550–1400 BCE, the Canaanite cities became vassals to the Egyptian New Kingdom who held power until the 1178 BCE Battle of Djahy during the wider Bronze Age collapse. The region became part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from c.740 BCE, in 539 BCE, the Babylonian empire was replaced by the Achaemenid Empire. In the 330s BCE, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered the region and it ultimately fell to the Seleucid Empire between 219–200 BCE. In 116 BCE, a Seleucid civil war resulted in the independence of certain regions including the Hasmonean principality in the Judaean Mountains, from 110 BCE, the Hasmoneans extended their authority over much of Palestine, creating a Judaean–Samaritan–Idumaean–Ituraean–Galilean alliance. The Judaean control over the region resulted in it also becoming known as Judaea. Between 73–63 BCE, the Roman Republic extended its influence into the region in the Third Mithridatic War, conquering Judea in 63 BCE, and splitting the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts. The three-year Ministry of Jesus, culminating in his crucifixion, is estimated to have occurred from 28–30 CE, in 70 CE, Titus sacked Jerusalem, resulting in the dispersal of the citys Jews and Christians to Yavne and Pella
5.
Old Yishuv
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The Old Yishuv were the Jewish communities of the southern Syrian provinces in the Ottoman period, up to the onset of Zionist aliyah and the consolidation of the New Yishuv by the end of World War I. The Old Yishuv developed after a period of decline in Jewish communities of the Southern Levant during the early Middle Ages. The oldest group consisted of the Ladino-speaking Sephardic Jewish communities in Galilee, a second group was composed of Ashkenazi and Hassidic Jews who had emigrated from Europe in the 18th and early 19th centuries. A third wave was constituted by Yishuv members who arrived in the late 19th century. Apart from the Old Yishuv centres in the four cities of Judaism, namely Jerusalem, Hebron, Tiberias and Safed, smaller communities also existed in Jaffa, Haifa, Pekiin, Acre, Nablus. Petah Tikva, although established in 1878 by the Old Yishuv, rishon LeZion, the first settlement founded by the Hovevei Zion in 1882, could be considered the true beginning of the New Yishuv. Jewish communities of the southern Levant under Byzantine rule fell into a decline in the early 7th century. And with the Jewish revolt against Heraclius and Muslim conquest of Syria, despite temporary revival, the Arab Muslim civil wars of the 8th and 9th centuries drove many non-Muslims out of the country, with no evidence of mass conversions, except for Samaritans. The Crusader period marked the most serious decline, lasting through the 12th century, maimonides traveled from Spain to Morocco and Egypt, and stayed in the Holy Land, probably sometime between 1165 and 1167, before settling in Egypt. He had then become a physician of Saladin, escorting him throughout his war campaigns against the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Small Jewish communities were also existent at the time in Gaza, the vast majority of the settlers were wiped out by the Crusaders, who arrived in 1219, and the few survivors were allowed to live only in Acre. Their descendants blended with the original Jewish residents, called Mustarabim or Maghrebim, the Mamluk period saw an increase in the Jewish population, especially in the Galilee, but the black death epidemics had cut the countrys demographics by at least one-third. In 1260, Rabbi Yechiel of Paris arrived in Eretz Israel, at the part of Mamluk Empire, along with his son. There he established the Talmudic academy Midrash haGadol dParis and he is believed to have died there between 1265 and 1268, and is buried near Haifa, at Mount Carmel. Nahmanides arrived in 1267 and settled in Acre as well, don Joseph Nasi succeeded in resettling Tiberias and Safed in 1561 with Sephardic Jews, many of them former Anusim. By the late 16th century, Safed had become a center of Kabbalah, inhabited by important rabbis, among them were Rabbi Yakov bi Rav, Rabbi Moshe Cordevero, Rabbi Yosef Karo, and Isaac Luria. At this time there was a community in Jerusalem headed by Rabbi Levi ibn Haviv also known as the Mahralbach. Rabbi Yeshaye Horowitz, the Shelah Hakadosh, arrived in 1620, Galilee, becoming the most important Jewish center, however, didnt last
6.
First Aliyah
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The First Aliyah is a term used to describe a major wave of Zionist immigration to what is now Israel between 1882 and 1903. Jews who migrated to Ottoman Palestine in this came mostly from Eastern Europe. An estimated 25, 000–35,000 Jews immigrated to Ottoman Palestine during the First Aliyah and it is estimated that between 40% to 90% of those immigrants left Palestine again, most of them few years after their arrival. Because there had been immigration to Palestine in earlier years as well, the Jewish people lived as a minority in numerous countries throughout the world, among many different ruling nations and under different regimes. Competing ideologies within the Zionist movement had to cooperate with each other and this specific view opened up the way for other Zionists, concentrating on nationalist cultural or social and economic aims, to enlist general immediate support for their objectives. In fact, this position caused not only Zionism but all modern Jewish ideologies to assume a different character from comparable movements among other peoples. A rapid increase in population had created problems in Eastern Europe. The problems affected Jewish societies in the Pale of Settlement, Galicia, Russian persecution of Jews was also a factor. In 1881, Tsar Alexander II of Russia was assassinated, consequently, in addition to the May Laws, major anti-Jewish pogroms swept the Pale of Settlement. A movement called Hibbat Zion spread across the Pale, as did the similar Bilu movement, both movements encouraged Jews to emigrate to Ottoman Palestine. Only a small minority of the 6,000 remained in Ottoman Palestine and this accounted for only about 2% of the emigrants who went to Palestine. A large majority of the Jewish emigration movement came from Russia, Romania, the pogroms that took place in Russia and Romania during 1881-1882 caused massive emigration of Jews. During the time of the programs, Jews were mistreated and, as a result, the First Aliyah occurred from 1881-1903 and did not go as planned as Zionists ran out of funds. The Rothschild organization rescued the Zionist movement as the Rothschild organization funded Zionists through purchasing large settlements, at the closure of the first Aliya, the Jews had purchased 350,000 dunams of land. Thus, the First Aliyah was considered a success through the eyes of some Zionists since Zionists were able to migrate, immigration of the Jews to Palestine took place from 1882-1904 but Jewish immigration continued thereafter. The Land of Israel, also referred to as Palestine and Southern Syria, was part of the Ottoman Empire during this period, the committee was the first organization to organize group aliyahs, such as the Jewish passenger ships that set sail from Galaţi. After the first wave there was another spike in aliyah in 1890, the reasons for the increase were, The Russian government officially approved the activity of Hovevei Zion in 1890. The same year, the Odessa Committee began its operation in Jaffa, the purpose of this organization was to absorb immigrants to Ottoman Syria who came as a result of the activities of Hovevei Zion in Russia
7.
Second Aliyah
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The Second Aliyah was a small part of the greater emigration of Jews from Eastern Europe which lasted from the 1870s until the 1920s. During this time, over two million Jews emigrated from Eastern Europe, the majority of these emigrants ended up in the United States where there was the greatest economic opportunity. Others ended up in South America, Australia, and South Africa, there are multiple reasons for this mass emigration from Eastern Europe and the most commonly talked about is the growing antisemitism in Russia and the Pale of Settlement. The manifestations of antisemitism were various pogroms, notably the Kishinev Pogrom. The other major factor for emigration was economic hardship, the majority of the Jewish population of Eastern Europe was poor and they left in search of a better life. Jews left Eastern Europe in search of a better economic situation which the majority found in the United States, Palestine on the other hand offered very limited economic incentives for new immigrants. Palestine was not a place for immigrants to come and better their economic situation because there was very little industry. Thus, the majority of the Jewish immigrants found a livelihood through working the land and they thus founded the kibbutz movement. The first kibbutz, Degania, was founded in 1909 and those among the immigrants, such as Akiva Aryeh Weiss, who preferred to settle in cities created Ahuzat Bayit near Jaffa, which was later renamed to Tel Aviv. There is a misconception that Zionism played a major role in the immigration of Jews to the Land of Israel during The Second Aliyah. The two major reasons for Jewish emigration were economic and due to persecution and Ottoman Syria did not offer a respite from either, Jews emigrating from Eastern Europe often experienced much hardship on their way to their destinations, especially those going to Palestine. Ottoman government had been negative to the migration of Jews to Palestine from late 19th c. till the end of the 1st World War. One of the reasons was that most of the Jews had foreign citizenship, expulsions, deportations, arrests, denial of Ottoman nationality were some of the measures used to contain the Jewish immigration. Among the deportees were David Ben-Gurion and Yizhak Ben-Zvi, the idea that the Second Aliyah was a realization of the zionist movement does not take all the hardships endured by the immigrants into account. Because of this, the majority of Jewish emigrants went to the United States where there was more economic opportunity. Between the years 1907-1914 almost 1.5 million Jews went through Ellis Island, the word Aliyah in Hebrew means ascent, which has the idealistic connotation of returning to the ancient Jewish homeland, reflected by Zionism. In reality Zionism had little influence on Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel during that period, as the Zionist movement gained strength through the 20th century, more Jews immigrated to the Land of Israel as a result. However, during the Second Aliyah period, 1904-1914, Zionism did not play an big role in influencing Jewish immigration, the Second Aliyah is largely credited with the Revival of the Hebrew language and establishing it as the standard language for Jews in Israel
8.
Kibbutz
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A kibbutz is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. The first kibbutz, established in 1909, was Degania, today, farming has been partly supplanted by other economic branches, including industrial plants and high-tech enterprises. Kibbutzim began as utopian communities, a combination of socialism and Zionism, in recent decades, some kibbutzim have been privatized and changes have been made in the communal lifestyle. A member of a kibbutz is called a kibbutznik, in 2010, there were 270 kibbutzim in Israel. Their factories and farms account for 9% of Israels industrial output, worth US$8 billion, some Kibbutzim had also developed substantial high-tech and military industries. For example, in 2010, Kibbutz Sasa, containing some 200 members, the kibbutzim were founded by members of the Bilu movement who emigrated to Palestine. The first kibbutz was Degania Alef, founded in 1909, joseph Baratz, one of the pioneers of the kibbutz movement, wrote a book about his experiences. We were happy enough working on the land, but we knew more and more certainly that the ways of the old settlements were not for us. This was not the way we hoped to settle the old way with Jews on top and Arabs working for them, anyway, we thought that there shouldnt be employers. There must be a better way, though Baratz and others wanted to farm the land themselves, becoming independent farmers was not a realistic option in 1909. Ottoman Palestine was a harsh environment, the Galilee was swampy, the Judaean Mountains rocky, and the south of the country, the Negev, was a desert. To make things more challenging, most of the settlers had no farming experience. The sanitary conditions were also poor, malaria, typhus and cholera were rampant. Bedouins would raid farms and settled areas, sabotage of irrigation canals and burning of crops were also common. Living collectively was simply the most logical way to be secure in an unwelcoming land, finally, the land had been purchased by the greater Jewish community. From around the world, Jews dropped coins into Jewish National Fund Blue Boxes for land purchases in Palestine, in 1909, Baratz, nine other men, and two women established themselves at the southern end of the Sea of Galilee near the Arab village of Umm Juni/Juniya. These teenagers had hitherto worked as day laborers converting wetlands for human development, as masons and their dream was now to work for themselves, building up the land. They called their community Kvutzat Degania, now Degania Alef, the founders of Degania endured backbreaking labor, The body is crushed, the legs fail, the head hurts, the sun burns and weakens, wrote one of the pioneers
9.
Moshav
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Moshav is a type of Israeli town or settlement, in particular a type of cooperative agricultural community of individual farms pioneered by the Labour Zionists during the second wave of aliyah. A resident or a member of a moshav can be called a moshavnik, the moshavim are similar to kibbutzim with an emphasis on community labour. Workers produced crops and goods on their properties through individual and/or pooled labour and resources and used profit, moshavim are governed by an elected council. Community projects and facilities were financed by a special tax, there are several variants, of which the most common are, Moshav ovdim, a workers cooperative settlement. This is the more numerous type and relies on cooperative purchasing of supplies and marketing of produce, the family or household is, however, Moshav shitufi, a collective smallholders settlement that combines the economic features of a kibbutz with the social features of a moshav. Farming is done collectively and profits are shared equally and this form is closer to the collectivity of the kibbutz, although consumption is family- or household-based, production and marketing are collective. Unlike the moshav ovdim, land is not allotted to households or individuals, the first moshav, Nahalal, was established in the Jezreel Valley on September 11,1921. By 1986 about 156,700 Israelis lived and worked on 448 moshavim, for this reason, the moshav became largely a Mizrahi institution, whereas the kibbutz movement remained basically an Ashkenazi institution. Since the Six-Day War in 1967, both moshavim and kibbutzim have relied increasingly on outside—particularly Palestinian—labour, financial instabilities in the early 1980s hit many moshavim hard, as did their high birth rate and the problem of absorbing all the children who might wish to remain in the community. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
10.
Ottoman Empire
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After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans the Ottoman Beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror, at the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries. With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, while the empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline following the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, this view is no longer supported by the majority of academic historians. The empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society, however, during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768, the Ottoman military system fell behind that of their European rivals, the Habsburg and Russian Empires. While the Empire was able to hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent. Starting before World War I, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The word Ottoman is an anglicisation of the name of Osman I. Osmans name in turn was the Turkish form of the Arabic name ʿUthmān, in Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as Devlet-i ʿAlīye-yi ʿOsmānīye, or alternatively ʿOsmānlı Devleti. In Modern Turkish, it is known as Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti, the Turkish word for Ottoman originally referred to the tribal followers of Osman in the fourteenth century, and subsequently came to be used to refer to the empires military-administrative elite. In contrast, the term Turk was used to refer to the Anatolian peasant and tribal population, the term Rūmī was also used to refer to Turkish-speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the empire and beyond. In Western Europe, the two names Ottoman Empire and Turkey were often used interchangeably, with Turkey being increasingly favored both in formal and informal situations and this dichotomy was officially ended in 1920–23, when the newly established Ankara-based Turkish government chose Turkey as the sole official name. Most scholarly historians avoid the terms Turkey, Turks, and Turkish when referring to the Ottomans, as the power of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum declined in the 13th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent Turkish principalities known as the Anatolian Beyliks. One of these beyliks, in the region of Bithynia on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire, was led by the Turkish tribal leader Osman, osmans early followers consisted both of Turkish tribal groups and Byzantine renegades, many but not all converts to Islam. Osman extended the control of his principality by conquering Byzantine towns along the Sakarya River and it is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours, due to the scarcity of the sources which survive from this period. One school of thought which was popular during the twentieth century argued that the Ottomans achieved success by rallying religious warriors to fight for them in the name of Islam, in the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over Anatolia and the Balkans. Osmans son, Orhan, captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1326 and this conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387, the Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe
11.
History of Palestine
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Other terms for the same area include Canaan, Zion, the Land of Israel, Southern Syria, Jund Filastin, Outremer, and the Holy Land. The region was among the earliest in the world to see human habitation, agricultural communities, during Late Bronze Age 1550–1400 BCE, the Canaanite cities became vassals to the Egyptian New Kingdom who held power until the 1178 BCE Battle of Djahy during the wider Bronze Age collapse. The region became part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from c.740 BCE, in 116 BCE, a Seleucid civil war resulted in the independence of certain regions including the minor Hasmonean principality in the Judean Mountains. From 110 BCE, the Hasmoneans extended their authority over much of the area, the Judean control over the wider region resulted in it also becoming known as Judaea, a term that had previously only referred to the smaller region of the Judean Mountains. During 73–63 BCE, the Roman Republic extended its influence into the region in the Third Mithridatic War, conquering Judea in 63 BCE, in 70 CE, Titus sacked Jerusalem, resulting in the dispersal of the citys Jews and Christians to Yavne and Pella. As a result, many Jewish landowners converted to the Ebionim to maintain their properties, during 259–272, the region fell under the rule of Odaenathus as King of the Palmyrene Empire. Persecution of Ebionites led to their dispersion to Arabia and the Parthian Empire, Palestine became a center of Christianity, attracting numerous monks and religious scholars. Also the Samaritan Revolts during this period caused their near extinction, in 661 CE, with the assassination of Ali, Muawiyah I became the uncontested Caliph of the Islamic World after being crowned in Jerusalem. In 691, the Dome of the Rock became the worlds first great work of Islamic architecture, the Umayyad were replaced by the Abbasids in 750. From 878 Palestine was ruled from Egypt by semi-autonomous rulers for almost a century, beginning with Ahmad ibn Tulun, over these centuries many heretical Christians had converted to Islam. The Fatimids conquered the region in 969, in 1073 Palestine was captured by the Great Seljuq Empire, only to be recaptured by the Fatimids in 1098, who then lost the region to the Crusaders in 1099. Their control of Jerusalem and most of Palestine lasted almost a century until defeat by Saladins forces in 1187, after which most of Palestine was controlled by the Ayyubids. A rump Crusader state in the coastal cities survived for another century, but, despite seven further Crusades. The Mamluk Sultanate was indirectly created in Egypt as a result of the Seventh Crusade, in 1486, hostilities broke out between the Mamluks and the Ottoman Turks and the Ottomans captured Palestine in 1516. In 1832, the region was conquered by Muhammad Alis Egypt, the turbulent period of Egyptian rule experienced two major revolts and a significant demographic change in coastal areas, populated by Egyptian Arab peasants and former soldiers of Ali. The end of the 19th century saw the beginning of Zionist immigration, increasing Jewish immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries added considerably to the Jewish communities in Jerusalem, Safed, Tiberias and Jaffa. During World War I the British government issued the Balfour Declaration of 1917, the British captured Jerusalem a month later. The League of Nations formally awarded Britain a mandate over Palestine in 1922, the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was a nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs against British colonial rule and mass Jewish immigration
12.
Petah Tikva
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Petah Tikva known as Em HaMoshavot, is a city in the Central District of Israel,10.6 km east of Tel Aviv. It was founded in 1878, mainly by religious orthodox Jews, also known as the Old Yishuv, in 2015 the city had a population of 230,984. The population density is approximately 6,277 inhabitants per square kilometre, Petah Tikvas jurisdiction covers 35,868 dunams. It is part of the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area, Petah Tikvas emblem appears on a postage stamp designed by Yitzhak Goldenhirsch, a founding member of Petah Tikva. Originally intending to establish a new settlement in the Achor Valley, near Jericho, however, Abdülhamid II cancelled the purchase and forbade them from settling there, but they retained the name Petah Tikva as a symbol of their aspirations. Undaunted, the purchased a modest area from the village of Mulabbis. The town suffered heavily as it lay between the Ottoman and British fronts during the war, Petah Tikva became the school for thousands of pioneer workers, who studied the craft of farming there before they ventured out to establish dozens of settlements in all parts of the country. The agricultural schools are still active to this day, Petah Tikva was also the birthplace of the Labor Zionist Movement, inspired and encouraged by the writings of A. D. Gordon who lived in the town. The first recorded Arab attack on Jews in what would become Israel took place in Petah Tikva in 1886, Petah Tikva was also the scene of Arab rioting in May 1921, which left four Jews dead. In the early 1920s, industry began to develop in the Petah Tikva region, in 1921, Petah Tikva was given the status of a local council by the British authorities. According to a census conducted in 1931 by the British Mandate authorities, Petah Tikva had a population of 6880 inhabitants, in 1937 it was recognized as a city. Its first mayor, Shlomo Stampfer, was the son of one of its founders, Petah-Tikva, which largely depended on citrus farming, was considered by both the British government and the Jaffa Electric Company as a potentially important consumer of electricity for irrigation. The Auja Concession, which was given to the Jaffa Electric Company on 1921, but it was only in late 1929 that the company submitted an irrigation scheme for Petah-Tikva, and it was yet to be approved by the government in 1930. Refining the agricultural skills they learned in Germany, these began in 1941 to build their kibbutz in its intended location in the south of Israel. Nowadays, with a population of two hundred thousand inhabitants Petah Tikva is the third most populous city in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area. Petah Tikva is divided into 33 neighborhoods for municipal purposes, Petah Tikva is the second-largest industrial sector in Israel after the northern city of Haifa. The industry is divided into three zones—Kiryat Aryeh, Kiryat Matalon, and Segula, and includes textiles, metalwork, carpentry, plastics, processed foods, tires and other rubber products, and soap. The largest data center in Israel, operated by the company TripleC, is located in Petah Tikva
13.
Rosh Pinna
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Rosh Pina is a town and local council in the Upper Galilee on the eastern slopes of Mount Knaan in the Northern District of Israel. The town with the current name was founded in 1882 by thirty families who immigrated from Romania, making it one of the oldest Zionist settlements in Israel. It was preceded at the location by the settlement of Gei Oni, established by local Jews from Safed in 1878. In 2015 it had a population of 2,908, north of Rosh Pina is Lake Hula, which was a swamp area drained in the 1950s. Rosh Pina was one of the first modern Jewish agricultural settlements in history of the Land of Israel, Rosh Pina was established near the Arab village of al-Jauna. In 1883, it became the first Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel to come under the patronage of the Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, Gei Oni was founded in 1878 by Jews from Safed, some of whom were descended from Spanish Jews exiled in 1492. However, most of the two to three dozen families left after three years of drought, though three families remained, Keller, Friedman, and Schwartz. Moshe David Shuv had been sent ahead to find and purchase a piece of land for the colonists. An allusion to the principle of Zionism. Laurence Oliphant collected funds for the settlement from Christadelphians and other sympathizers in Britain, rich expanse of country, only waiting development. The new colony hall been established about eight months, the land having been purchased from the Moslem villagers, of twenty families remained. These consisted of twenty-three Roumanian and four Russian families, numbering in all one hundred, the greater number were hard at work on their potato-patches when I arrived, and I was pleased to find evidences of thrift and industry. A row of sixteen neat little houses had been built, altogether this is the most hopeful attempt at a colony which I have seen in Palestine. The colonists own about a thousand acres of excellent land, which they were able to purchase at from three to four dollars an acre, the Russians are establishing themselves about half a mile from the Roumanians, as Jews of different nationalities easily get on well together. They call the colony Rosch Pina, or Head of the Corner, the word occurring in the verse, The stone which the builders rejected, eventually the village had to be saved financially by Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, who then imposed his economic concept on the colonists. According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Rosh Pinna had a population of 468 inhabitants, Rosh Pina had the first Hebrew School in 1899. Ben Yaakov Airport is located 2.1 km away from Rosh Pina, the Mifne Center, which means turning point, a program for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder, is situated in Rosh Pina. Mitzpe HaYamim, a spa, is located on a mountainside in Rosh Pina
14.
Rishon LeZion
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Rishon LeZion is the fourth-largest city in Israel, located along the central Israeli coastal plain 8 km south of Tel Aviv. It is part of the Gush Dan metropolitan area, founded in 1882 by Jewish immigrants from Russian Empire, it was the second Jewish farm settlement established in The land of Israel in the 19th century, after Petah Tikva. In 2015 it had a population of 243,973, the name Rishon LeZion is derived from a biblical verse, First to Zion are they, and I shall give herald to Jerusalem and literally translates as First to Zion. Rishon LeZion was founded on July 31,1882, by ten Hovevei Zion pioneers from Kharkiv, reuven Yudalevich was also a member of the group. The pioneers purchased 835 acres of land southeast of present-day Tel Aviv, Ayun Kara was the scene of a bloody battle between Turkish and New Zealand troops on November 14,1917. Local citizens carried the wounded to a hospital in Rishon, a stone cenotaph was erected by the people of Rishon LeZion to the memory of the New Zealanders who fell that day, but it has since been destroyed. The soil was sandy, water was scarce and the settlers had no agricultural experience, after a well was dug and more pioneers arrived – the Biluim – the colony slowly took shape. Notable members of this group include Fani Belkind, Israel Belkind, Shimshon Belkind, Yoel Drubin, Dr. Haim Hissin, when Baron Edmond James de Rothschild took over, sending in his administrators, major progress was made in the spheres of agriculture, citrus and viticulture. Under Rothschilds patronage, the Carmel-Mizrahi Winery was established in 1886, David Ben-Gurion was head of workers union at the winery before later becoming Israels first Prime Minister. The first Hebrew school in the country opened in Rishon LeZion in 1886. Dov Lubman Haviv taught there, eliezer Ben-Yehuda, known as the father of modern Hebrew, was a teacher in Rishon LeZion. In 1890, Rishon LeZion had a population of 359, five years later, the figure had risen to 380, and by 1900, to 526. In 1911,4,000 dunams of land in Rishon LeZion were planted with grapes and 254 dunams with other fruit orchards, development was hindered by the lack of a water source. Baron Rothschild brought in experts who located water at 42 meters below ground, the groundwater table in the area was found to be uneven and wells were mostly constructed at between 20 and 25 meters in depth. Orchards were then developed around the settlement, and by the late 1920s the city developed a citrus industry. In 1924 the British Army contracted the Palestine Electric Company for wired electric power, the contract allowed the Electric Company to extend the grid beyond the original geographical limits that had been projected by the concession it was given. Rishon was declared a city in 1950, by 1983 it had a population of 103,000. In 2006,222,300 people were living in the city, by 2020, the population is expected to reach 315,000. In 2007, the Rishon LeZion Municipality was awarded the Ministry of Interior Prize for Proper Management, the city may in the future host a new international airport, which will replace Ben-Gurion International Airport and Sde Dov Airport
15.
Zikhron Ya'akov
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Zikhron Yaakov is a town in Israel,35 kilometres south of Haifa, and part of the Haifa District. It is located at the end of the Carmel mountain range overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. It was one of the first Jewish settlements of Halutzim in the country, founded in 1882 by Baron Edmond James de Rothschild and named in honor of his father, in 2015 it had a population of 22,532. Zikhron Yaakov was founded in December 1882 when 100 Jewish pioneers from Romania, members of the Hovevei Zion movement, the difficulty of working the rocky soil and an outbreak of malaria led many of the settlers to leave before the year was up. In 1883, Baron Edmond James de Rothschild became the patron of the settlement and drew up plans for its residential layout and agricultural economy. Zikhron was one of the first Jewish agricultural colonies to come under the wing of the Baron, to accomplish his first objective, Baron de Rothschild brought in planners who designed and allotted housing lots along the main road for the use of settlement farmers. Each lot included a house facing the street, an interior courtyard. The French-inspired architecture included tiled roofs and painted wooden windows, each farmer was given a salary and placed under the direction of Elijah Shaid, the Barons clerk. The Baron also commissioned the construction of the Ohel Yaakov Synagogue, named after his father, sparing no expense to build the edifice, the synagogue features a majestic ark made of white marble. The synagogue opened in 1886 and has conducted daily prayer services continuously to this day, following a number of economic failures, in 1885 Rothschild helped to establish the first winery in Israel, Carmel Winery, together with a bottling factory, in Zikhron Yaakov. This was more successful economically although it was initially short-lived as in 1892 the grapevines succumbed to phylloxera, after a brief set-back, American seedlings which were resistant to phylloxera were grown and the winery began to flourish. Today, the remains in action, as do the huge wine cellars that were carved into the mountain over a century ago. In 1954, the remains of Baron Edmond de Rothschild were reinterred in Zikhron Yaakov, Zikhron Yaakov came to fame during World War I for the establishment of the Nili spy ring by Sarah Aaronsohn, together with her brothers, Aaron and Alex, and their friend Avshalom Feinberg. The group volunteered to spy on Ottoman positions and report them to British agents offshore, in September 1917, the Ottomans caught one of Sarahs carrier pigeons and cracked the Nili code. In October, they surrounded Zikhron Yaakov and arrested Sarah and several others, sara shot herself in the throat, leaving her unable to speak, in order to avoid releasing classified information. The Aaronsohn House–Nili Museum recreates the history of this period, the population increased dramatically in the early 1950s, after the establishment of the State of Israel. Between the 1960s and 1990s, the population remained constant with about 5,000 inhabitants, at the end of 2009, Zikhron Yaakov had a population of 18,719. Many residents continue to engage in agriculture, although upscale private homes have built by families attracted to the scenic landscape
16.
Yesud HaMa'ala
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Yesud HaMaala is a moshava and local council in northern Israel. The moshava was the first modern Jewish community in the Hula Valley, built in 1883, the community was among a series of agricultural settlements founded during the First Aliyah. In 2015 it had a population of 1,644, the name of the village was taken from a sentence in the Bible, He determined to go up. Which was connected to the Zionist Aliyah, in the late 19th century, the Hulah Valley was mostly swampland and the 15,000 acre shallow Lake Hula. The region was a breeding ground for mosquitoes, and as a result concerns about malaria restricted further Jewish settlement in the region for fifty years. As drainage technology and pesticide use increased in the 1920s, settlement in the area became more feasible, after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and the establishment of the state of Israel, the swamp was drained and converted into agricultural land. Recognizing the unique ecosystem of the valley and its importance as a stopover for migrating birds, in 1964, the 800 acre Hula Valley Nature Reserve, the countrys first, was opened. A census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, recorded a population of 142 Jews, three years later, Syrian forces were repelled further from Yesud HaMaala with the capture of the Golan Heights during the 1967 Six-Day War. On 22 July 2006, a series of Katyusha attacks by Hezbollah struck communities in the Hulah Valley during the course of the 2006 Lebanon War, in Yesud HaMa’ala, one person was lightly wounded from rocket shrapnel. Prior to the bombings, the community had not seen any hostile attacks since the Six-Day War in 1967, on 29 July three rockets hit Yesud HaMaala, lightly wounding a woman and damaging property. Yesud HaMaala is home to the Dubrovin Farm, a museum commemorating the founders of the community, containing personal possessions, part of the museum includes ruins of a synagogue dating between the 4th and 6th centuries, highlighting the historic Jewish claim to the region
17.
Mazkeret Batya
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Mazkeret Batya is a town in central Israel located southeast of Rehovot and 25 kilometres from Tel-Aviv. Mazkeret Batya spans an area of 7,440 dunams, in 2015 it had a population of 12,698. The mayor of Mazkeret Batya is Meir Dahan, Mazkeret Batya was established on November 7,1883 by 11 pioneers from Russia and 7 local Jews. It was originally called Ekron, the first agricultural settlement of the Hovevei Zion movement, the land was purchased by Baron Rothschild in an early attempt to introduce Jewish farming in Palestine. Rabbi Shmuel Mohilever was instrumental in mobilizing funding and organizing the settlers, mohilevers remains were later reinterred in the Mazkeret Batya cemetery. In 1947, Mazkeret Batya was home to 475 people, according to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Mazkeret Batya had a population 368 Jews. During the Mandate era, a Jewish police station was established in Mazkeret Batya to safeguard the local roads, in the War of Independence, convoys to besieged Jerusalem left from Mazkeret Batya. A field hospital operated there to care for Haganah fighters wounded at Latrun, according to one source, at the end of the British Mandate for Palestine, the British tried to hand the nearby Aqir airfield and camp to the Palestinian Arabs, apparently without success. Due to its proximity to Tel Aviv, Mazkeret Batya has recently experienced a growth spurt, Mazkeret Batya is a mixed community of religious and secular Jews. Historic landmarks include Beit HaItut, the Great Synagogue, Beit Meshek HaBaron, the saqiya-type water-rising system with its wheels, well and pool. Mazkeret Batya is twinned with, Celle, Germany Calgary, Canada Meudon, France Memphis, United States The Gesher community of Mazkeret Batya Kehila Datit of Mazkeret Batya
18.
Ness Ziona
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Ness Ziona is a city in central Israel. In 2015 it had a population of 46,891, lying within Ness Zionas city bounds is the ruin of an Arab village, formerly known as Ṣarfān, but called in Hebrew Ǧinōt Tzarifīn, not to be confused with the IDF base Tzrifin. Once, when the Omer was brought to Jerusalem, they knew not whence it had come, Ness Ziona was first known as Wadi Chanin after the local Arab village, and Nahalat Reuben after Reuben Lehrer, who owned the land and started the Jewish settlement there in 1883. In 1878, the German Templer Gustav Reisler purchased lands in Wadi Hunayn, planted an orchard, the name Wadi-Chanin, with its German orthography, became the standard Western name for the place for several decades to come. After losing his wife and children to malaria, Reisler returned to Europe and he travelled to Odessa in 1882 and met Reuben Lehrer, a religiously observant Russian Jew with Zionist ideals, who had his own farmland there. Reisler traded his parcel of land in Palestine for Lehrers land in Russia, Lehrer made aliyah with his eldest son Moshe in 1883, bringing his wife and another four of his children over the following year. Lehrer placed advertisements near Jaffa port asking others to join him, the pioneers established a neighborhood named Tel Aviv although the area was still known as Wadi Chanin, from its Arabic name, Wadi Hunayn. In 1888, Avraham Yalovsky, a blacksmith, was killed defending his property from Arab gangs, in 1891, Michael Halperin bought more land in the wadi. He gathered a group of people on the Hill of Love and unfurled a blue, the name is based on a verse in the Book of Jeremiah, Jeremiah 4,6. This flag was similar to the official Flag of Israel adopted at the First Zionist Congress seven years later. Eventually, the two Jewish colonies - the old Wadi Chanin/Nahalat Reuben and the newer Ness Ziona - grew into one larger village, until the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, it was the only mixed Arab-Jewish village in Mandate Israel. The coexistence was, on the whole, a peaceful one, according to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Ness Ziona had a population of 319 Jews. Which had increased in 1931 census to 1013 inhabitants, in 221 houses, in 1924 the British Army contracted the Israel Electric Company for wired electric power. The contract allowed the Electric Company to extend the grid beyond the geographical limits that had been projected by the concession it was given. Ness Ziona was attacked by Arab forces in the 1936–39 Arab Revolt, the outlying villages of Kfar Aharon and Tirat Shalom frequently exchanged fire with the Arab villages al-Qubayba and Zarnuqa. Most of Ness Zionas youth joined the Haganah to fight off these threats, on May 15,1948, Sarafand was evacuated of Arab inhabitants, and on May 19, al-Qubayba and Zarnuqa were conquered by the Givati Brigade. Much of the territory abandoned by the fleeing Arab residents of villages was added to Ness Ziona. During the war, Ness Zionas population almost tripled to become 4,446, in 1952 a new industrial zone was approved for the town on an area of 70 dunams
19.
Gedera
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Gedera, or Gdera is a town in the Central District of Israel founded in 1884. It is located 13 kilometres south of Rehovot, in 2015 it had a population of 26,217. Gedera is in the Book of Chronicles I4,23, biblical Gedera is now identified with Khirbet Judraya,1 km south of Bayt Nattif. Tel Qatra, which lies at the edge of Gedera, is usually identified with Kedron. It has also identified with Gedrus, a large village in the time of Eusebius. Eusebius identified Gedrus with biblical Gedor, which is a name appearing on the Madaba map. Tel Qatra was occupied from the Middle Bronze Age to at least the early Islamic period, sometime between then and the Medieval period, settlement moved to the southern foot of the tell, where the Arab village of Qatra existed until 1948. Its peak was in the Byzantine period, when the tell had at least one public building. Gedera was founded in the winter of 1884 by members of the Bilu group, Gedera was established on a tract of village land purchased for the Biluites by Yehiel Michel Pines of the Lovers of Zion from the French consul in Jaffa, Poliovierre. The first pioneers arrived at the site during the festival of Chanukah, in 1888, Benjamin and Mina Fuchs built Gederas first stone house, later used as a Bnai Brith meeting house. In 1912, a group of Yemenite immigrants settled in Gedera, during the British Mandate, Gedera became a popular resort due to its mild climate and fresh air. In 1949-1953, thousands of immigrants from Yemen, Romania, Iraq, Poland, Egypt, Morocco, Tunis, India, Iran, Libya, the land on which Gederah was established had once been owned by the Arabs of Qatra, who had lost it due to debts. They were cultivating it as tenant farmers when the Jewish owners arrived and resented the intrusion onto what they thought of as their land. Mughar then sold it to Polivierre, who sold it to Pines and this, and the close proximity of the two sites, led to poor relations between the communities that sometimes led to violent clashes. Israel Belkind, a member of Bilu, described Gederas relationship with its Arab neighbors as among the worst in all the settlements, haim Hissin, also a Bilu member, criticized the Arabs for their provocative behavior, but also blamed the Jews for being unfair and arrogant. Qatra was depopulated by the Haganah on 17 May 1948, in the 1950s, a neighborhood called Oriel was established for new immigrants with visual impairments. The immigrants worked in a workshop and the neighborhood was specially planned to promote their independence. In February 9,2009, a Grad rocket fired from the Gaza Strip hit Gedera, Gedera is built on seven hills in the Shfela which rise to the height of 80 metres above sea level
20.
Bat Shlomo
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Bat Shlomo is a moshav in northern Israel. Located on the slopes of Mount Carmel near Binyamina and Zikhron Yaakov. It falls under the jurisdiction of Hof HaCarmel Regional Council and had a population of 608 in 2015, the village was established in 1889 as a daughter-settlement of Zichron Yaakov, funded by Baron Rothschild, and was named after Betty Salomon, the daughter of Salomon Mayer von Rothschild. According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Bat Shlomo had a population of 66 inhabitants, by 1947 it had a population of 100. In 1951 a moshav was established by Transylvanian and Yemenite immigrants adjacent to the original village, the moshav was a major grape supplier to the Carmel Winery until the 1970s, when it started producing loquats. In 2010 Bat Shlomo Vineyards, a winery, was established
21.
Meir Shfeya
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Meir Shfeya is a youth village and agricultural boarding school in northern Israel. Located near Zikhron Yaakov, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hof HaCarmel Regional Council, in 2015 it had a population of 317. The village was established in 1891 as an adjacent to Zikhron Yaakov. The name is a combination of Meir, named for Amschel Mayer Rothschild, the grandfather of Baron Rothschild, and a distortion of Shveia, a nearby village. In 1904 Israel Belkind, a founder of Bilu, established an institute in the village. This made it the first youth village in the country, in 1917 the Herzliya Hebrew High School was temporarily moved to the village due to the expulsion of Jews from Tel Aviv and Jaffa during World War I. World War I left many orphaned children in Jerusalem, the village was used as a training base by the Hagana due to its remote location in a mountainous area. In 1957 it was made a partnership between the State and the organisation, and today exists as a youth village, sara Levi-Tanai, choreographer and songwriter Meir Shfeya Youth Village Ministry of Education
22.
Rehovot
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Rehovot is a city in the Central District of Israel, about 20 kilometers south of Tel Aviv. In 2015 it had a population of 132,671, Rehovot was established in 1890 by Polish Jewish immigrants on land purchased from a Christian Arab. The biblical town of Rehoboth is located in the Negev Desert, Rehovot was established near a site called Khirbat Deiran, which now lies in the center of the built-up area of the city. Evidence of Jewish and possibly Samaritan occupants during the Roman and Byzantine periods has been found, the moshava of Rehovot was founded on the coastal plain by Polish Jews seeking to establish a township independent of the Baron Edmond James de Rothschild. The land was purchased by the Menuha Venahala society, an organization in Warsaw that raised funds for Jewish settlement in Eretz Israel and this meant that the land purchase represented a disruption to the livelihoods and lifestyles of those who had viewed it as theirs for generations. In March 1892, a dispute over pasture rights erupted between the residents of Rehovot and the village of Zarnuqa, which took two years to resolve. Another dispute broke out with the Suteriya Bedouin tribe, which had been cultivating some of the land as tenant farmers, according to Moshe Smilansky, one of the early settlers of Rehovot, the Bedouins had received compensation for the land, but refused to vacate it. In 1893, they attacked the moshava, through the intervention of a respected Arab sheikh, a compromise was reached, with the Bedouins receiving an additional sum of money, which they used to dig a well. In 1890, the region was a wasteland with no trees, houses or water. The settlers of Rehovot planted vineyards, almond orchards and citrus groves, but grappled with agricultural failures, plant diseases, the first citrus grove was planted by Zalman Minkov in 1904. Minkovs grove, surrounded by a wall, included a house, stables, a packing plant. The well was 23 meters deep, the height of an eight-story building, the water was channeled via an aqueduct to an irrigation pool, and from there to a network of ditches dug around the bases of the trees. By 1908, the idea was conceived of settling new Jewish immigrants on the land as agricultural laborers, only a few dozen Yemenite families had joined Rehovot by 1908. They built houses for themselves in a given to them at the south end of the town. In 1910, Shemuel Warshawsky, with the support of the JNF, was sent to Yemen to recruit more agricultural laborers. Hundreds arrived starting in 1911 and were housed first in a one kilometre south of Rehovot. In February 1914, Rothschild visited Rehovot during the fourth of his five visits to the Land of Israel. According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Rehovot had a population of 1,242 inhabitants, increasing in 1931 census to 3193 inhabitants, in 833 houses
23.
Hadera
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Hadera is a city located in the Haifa District of Israel, in the northern Sharon region, approximately 45 kilometers from the major cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa. The city is located along 7 km of the Israeli Mediterranean Coastal Plain, the city has a population of about 91,634, which includes a high proportion of immigrants arriving since 1990, notably from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union. In 2015 it had a population of 88,783, Hadera was established in 1891 as a farming colony by members of the Zionist group, Hovevei Zion, from Lithuania and Latvia. By 1948, it was a center with a population of 11,800. In 1952, Hadera was declared a city, with jurisdiction over an area of 53,000 dunams. Hadera was founded in 1891, in the early days modern Zionism by Jewish immigrants from Lithuania and Latvia on land purchased by Yehoshua Hankin, the land was purchased from a Christian effendi, Selim Khuri. This was the largest purchase of land in Eretz Israel by a Zionist group, although the land was of low quality, the only inhabitants prior to the purchase were a few families raising water buffaloes and selling reeds. The town may derive its name from the Arabic word khadra, the first settlers lived in a house known as the Khan near Haderas main synagogue. Initially, Hadera was a lonely outpost of 10 families and 4 guards, in its early years, however, the town had issues with land ownership having drained the swamps with the aid of Egyptian workers sent to them by Baron Edmond de Rothschild. Old tombstones in the local cemetery reveal that out of a population of 540,210 died of malaria, relations between the residents of Hadera and neighboring Bedouins were poor and HaShomer organization was assigned to guarding the fields. By the early century, the town had become a regional economic center. Land disputes in the area were resolved by the 1930s, by which time, free schooling was introduced in the city in 1937 in all schools apart from the Histadrut school. Haderas population began to grow dramatically after Israeli independence in 1948 as immigrants flocked to the country, among the immigrants to the city were Russian and other European immigrants and also 40 Yemenite families. In 1953, Israels first paper mill opened in the town, sponsored by investors from within Israel as well as from the United States, Brazil, and Australia, the mill was designed to meet all of Israels paper needs. It was also at this time that the Givat Olga neighborhood was constructed on the coast, in 1964, Hadera was declared a city. The city grew dramatically during the 1990s as it absorbed large numbers of Russian and Ethiopian immigrants, in addition, four civilians were killed when a terrorist opened fire on pedestrians at a bus stop on October 28,2001. However, since the construction of the nearby West Bank barrier, on August 4,2006, three rockets fired by Hezbollah hit Hadera. Hadera is 50 miles south of the Lebanese border and marked the farthest point inside Israel hit by Hezbollah, Hadera has traditionally been known as a backwater
24.
Ein Zeitim
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Ein Zeitim was a kibbutz about 2 km north of Safed first established in 1891. Ein Zeitim was founded by members of the Dorshei Zion society, despite strong opposition by the Turkish government, the settlers managed to establish farms with olive groves, orchards and dairy and poultry. Ein Zeitim was built 800m north of the Arab village Ein al-Zeitun, in 1891 some speculators bought 430 hectares of land about 3 km north of Safed, and sold it to a party of laborers. The population in 1898 was 51, the village was abandoned during the first World War and only a handful of residents returned at the end of the war. The 1922 census of Palestine recorded a population of 37 inhabitants, during the 1929 Palestine riots, three residents were killed and the remainder left. Six Muslims and one Jew were recorded there in 1931, living in four houses, an attempt to revive the village in 1933 failed. In 1946 the village was reestablished after the Jewish National Fund acquired the land and it had a population of 100 in 1947, but by the end of 1951 the population had fallen to 40. Frederick Martin, Sir John Scott Keltie, Isaac Parker Anderson Renwick, Mortimer Epstein, Sigfrid Henry Steinberg, macmillan Reference USA in association with the Keter Pub. The long war, Israel and the Arabs since 1946
25.
Motza
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Motza is a neighbourhood on the western edge of Jerusalem, Israel. It is located in the Judean Hills,600 metres above sea level, connected to Jerusalem by the Jerusalem-Tel Aviv highway, established in 1854, Motza was the first Jewish farm founded outside the walls of the Old City in the modern era. It is believed to be located on the site of a Biblical village of the name mentioned in Joshua 18,26. In 1854, farmland was purchased from the nearby Arab village of Qalunya by a Baghdadi Jew, Shaul Yehuda, a Bnai Brith official signed a contract with the residents of Motza residents that enabled them to pay for the land in long-term payments. Four Jewish families settled there. One family established a factory which was one of the earliest industries in the region. When Theodor Herzl visited Palestine in 1898, he passed through Motza, captivated by the landscape, he planted a cypress tree on the hill. After he died in 1904 at the ago of 44, it became a pilgrimage site by Zionist youth. David Remez named the sanatorium opened in the village Arza, or cedar. Arza, during World War I, Herzls tree was cut down by the Turks who were leveling forests for firewood and supplies. Motza was violently attacked in the 1929 Palestine riots, the flourishing orchard of the Broza family is mentioned in the Hope Simpson Report in 1930. The children of Motza attended school in one of the rooms built above the vaulted hall and their teacher was Moshe David Gaon, later father of singer and actor Yehoram Gaon. Motza was the only Jewish presence in the area, kfar Uria and Hartuv were further west in the Judean foothills. According to a census conducted in 1931 by the British Mandate authorities, Motza had a population of 151 inhabitants, in 1933 the villagers founded the neighbouring Upper Motza. However, like other provisions of Resolution 194, this was never carried out in practice, despite good relations with neighbouring Arab communities, the village was attacked during the 1929 Palestine riots. Several residents of Qalunya attacked a house belonging to the Maklef family, killing the father, mother, son. Three children survived by escaping out a window, one, Mordechai Maklef. The attackers included the police officer and armed man in the area. The village was abandoned by Jews for a years time. Refugees from Motza sent a letter to the Refugees Aid Committee in Jerusalem describing their plight and asking for help, and now we are naked and without food
26.
Hartuv
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Hartuv or Har-Tuv was an agricultural colony in the Judean Hills established in 1883 on land purchased from the Arab village of Artuf by English missionaries. It was destroyed in the 1929 Palestine riots but was rebuilt in 1930, in 1948 it was abandoned again. Hartuv was the point for the Convoy of 35 during the 1948 war. Hartuv is now an industrial zone near Beit Shemesh, in the early 1870s, the Spanish consul in Jerusalem bought over 5,000 dunams of land from the villagers of Artuf, which he sold to the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews. After the pogroms against the Jews in Eastern Europe in 1882, towards the end of 1883,24 Jewish families were settled there, each receiving 150 dunams of farmland, farm animals and tools. Due to economic difficulties and the lack of water, some of the land was leased to Arabs, after living for some time in tents, a wooden hut was built where all the families lived together. They were obliged to attend Sunday meetings and send their children to the missionary school, in 1895, the Bulgarian Hibbat Zion movement bought the 5, 000-dunam farm from the London Jews Society and renamed it Har-Tuv. Twelve Jewish families settled there and tried to earn a living from agriculture, due to the poor quality of the soil, and lack of water, seeds and work implements, life in Hartuv was a struggle. In 1900, one of the settlers inaugurated a service to Jerusalem. During the 1929 riots Hartuv was destroyed by Arabs, invoking the Collective Punishments Ordinance, the British Mandatory authorities heavily fined the Arab villages whose residents attacked the Jews of Hartuv. In 1930 Hartuv was rebuilt and some of the families returned, according to a census conducted in 1931 by the British Mandate authorities, Har Tuv had a population of 107 inhabitants, in 24 inhabited houses. On 20 December 1947, a Notrim truck on its way to Hartuv was attacked, since then all transportation was done in lightly armored vehicles. On March 18,1948 a convoy that had just finished resupplying Hartuv was ambushed on its way back to Jerusalem by the forces of Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni,11 convoy members were killed in the battle. The Convoy of 35 left Hartuv in an attempt to resupply,35 members of the convoy were killed. After the establishment of the State of Israel, a transit camp was set up to accommodate the masses of new immigrants arriving from Europe. In 1950, Moshav Naham was founded nearby, two archaeological sites nearby are Khirbat Marmita, about 1 km east of the village, and al-Burj, on the site of Hartuv to the southwest. Excavations have been carried out on Khirbat al-Burj by the Hebrew University since 1985, excavations in Hartuv revealed an architectural complex dating to the Early Bronze 1 period. The site includes a courtyard surrounded by rooms on at least three sides
27.
Metula
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Metula is a town in the Northern District of Israel. Metula is located between the sites of the Biblical cities of Dan, Abel Bet Maakha, and Eyon, in 2015 it had a population of 1,614. Traces of ancient settlement have been here, including wine presses. A tomb excavated in 1967 contained at least four graves dating from between the third century and the late sixth century. A settlement existed in the area in the Roman-Byzantine era, in 1816, the traveller Buckingham visited a large village, called Metully, altogether inhabited by Druses. In 1875, Victor Guérin described Methelleh or Metelleh as a village with a spring, when the Druse Rebellion of 1895 broke out, the men of Mutallah joined its ranks. Since the women were not able to cope with the work, the owner of the land and it had been inhabited and cultivated by more than 600 Druze tenant farmers. When the Druse Rebellion was put down, the men returned and demanded their rights back. Ossovetski called in the Turkish authorities, who came to arrest the Druse as deserters and rebels, however many were unsatisfied and eight years of feuds and violent clashes ensued. Eventually an agreement was reached between the villagers and the Jewish Colonization Association in 1904 for a payment of 60,000 francs. This episode brought much criticism of the methods of Rothschilds agents, the Jewish settlement was founded in June 1896 by 60 farming families from more established settlements and 20 families of non-farming professions. Most of the founders were immigrants from Russia, pioneers from Petah Tikva also joined in settling Metula, as did some scholars from Safed. At the end of World War I, Metula was in the area of French military occupation, the British Zionist Norman Bentwich wrote in 1919, Metullah, the most northern outpost, is acquiring a new function as a summer resort for the rest of the country. The 1920 boundary agreement between Britain and France stated that Metula was to be in Palestine, but it was not until 1924 that the change to British control was complete, during the intervening years, the residents of Metula even took part in elections for the Lebanese parliament. Illegal immigrants passed through here between 1920–1923, when Metullah was used as a transit stop into the British Mandate of Palestine from the French mandatory territory in Syria, the flow of illegal immigrants increased in 1933-34. Often, immigrants were robbed along the way, defensive positions were located along both sides of the main road, and were part of the settlements perimeter defence network during the 1936-39 riots. Buildings were made of cement, with rectangular slits, the positions were manned by militia and the men of Metullah, and remained in use up until the War of Independence. The bridge over Nahal Ayyun was built by the British in the years 1943-44, on June 17,1946 all four Palmach battalions captured and destroyed 11 border bridges to prevent enemy forces from entering the country
28.
Mahanayim
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Mahanayim is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located around three kilometres northeast of Rosh Pina, it falls under the jurisdiction of Upper Galilee Regional Council, in 2015 it had a population of 686. The land on which Mahanayim stands was purchased in 1892 by the Ahavat Zion Hovevei Zion organisation, with the aim of establishing a moshava in the area. However, it was not a success, largely due to the lack of familiarity with the region, a shortage of money. The Jewish Colonization Association ran a trial of growing tobacco in the area, but it too was a failure, in 1916 a kvutza of Poale Zion members arrived in the area, establishing the first working settlement in the Upper Galilee. According to the 1922 census of Palestine by the British Mandate authorities, in the same year it became a moshav, but was abandoned in 1928. The village was established for a time in 1939 by members of kibbutz Yodfat from Safed. Kibbutz Mahanayim operates a guesthouse offering alternative medical treatments, a sculpture studio and stained glass workshop on the grounds of the kibbutz are open to guests. Ben Yaakov Airport is located to the south of the kibbutz, in 2013, a member of Mahanayim, Penny Ur, was awarded an OBE from the Queen of England for her contribution to English language teaching
29.
Ilaniya
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Ilaniya is a moshav in northern Israel. It falls under the jurisdiction of Lower Galilee Regional Council, and had a population of 484 in 2015, a Jewish town was located in the surrounding hills during the period of the Talmud and Mishnah. Also in 1899, JCA bought additional land for its planned colony, the first settlers were residents of Safed, a group of immigrants from Kurdistan and eight families of Subbotniks, Russian Christians who had converted to Judaism, among them the Dubrovin family. The small settlement founded by JCA had two sections, a colony for more experienced farmers, and a training farm for unskilled workers. The former consisted of a street with private houses on both sides with garden plots in front and sheds at the back. The training farm was located higher up the slope, with a yard enclosed by a wall. The overall concept came from JCA official Chaim Margalioth Kalvarisky, the JCAs purpose was to help settle the land with professional Jewish farmers, agriculture being seen as a morally as well as economically sound activity. Unwilling to run their project as a charity organisation in the style of Baron de Rothschild, when this did not happen, they replaced Kalvarisky in 1901 with the young agronomist Eliyahu Krause. Since the farm continued losing money, the JCA started in 1906 a process of reducing the training farm. In 1907-1908, a socialist commune led by Manya Wilbushewitch and Israel Shochat was contracted to run the farm autonomously for one year, Wilbushewitch received the support of Yehoshua Hankin, who brought in Eliahu Krause to design an operative plan. Manya Wilbushewitch and Israel Shochat married in Sejera in 1908, despite the economic success, JCA did not renew the agreement with the socialist commune at the end of the one-year experiment. By taking what was one of the least profitable ranches in the land and making it profitable and this first well-run socialist-Zionist commune in Palestine is counted as an important precursor of the kibbutz movement and one of the nuclei of Jewish rural settlement in Palestine. By 1912-1913, the farm was closed down, its land reallocated to the sharecroppers or sold to a Jewish plantation company. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War the village was attacked several times by the Army for the Liberation of Palestine, most of the Jewish inhabitants temporarily abandoned the place, while the remaining ones took part in the fighting. By 1949 the settlement expanded and included the territory of the adjacent Palestinian Arab village of al-Shajara, at some point Ilaniya became a moshav. Ilaniya and the Sejera farm are on the list of conserved sites, lexicon of the Land of Israel. Miskal - Yedioth Ahronoth Books and Chemed Books, ed. Yuval Elazari - Maps Concise Gazetteer of Israel Today MAP - Mapping and Publishing, Tel Aviv,2003 Ran Aharonson. Rothschild and Early Jewish Colonization in Palestine, arabs and Zionism Before World War I
30.
Kfar Tavor
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Kfar Tavor is a village in the Lower Galilee region of Northern Israel, at the foot of Mount Tabor. Founded in 1901, it was awarded local council status in 1949, in 2015 it had a population of 3,796. Ceramics from the Byzantine era have found here. In the Ottoman era was here a village called Mesha, in 1596 the village appeared under the name of Masha in the tax registers as part of the nahiya of Tabariyya in the Sanjak of Safad. It was noted as hali, but a fixed tax-rate of 25% on agricultural product was paid and these products included wheat, barley and cotton, the taxes totalled 3,300 akçe. In 1799 it appeared as Mechi on the map Pierre Jacotin compiled that year, in 1881, the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described Meshah village with a population of 100 Muslims, with houses chiefly of basalt stone, and a few of adobe and stone. The village was situated on a plain, without trees. The water supply was from a cistern in the village, Kfar Tavor was established in 1901 by pioneers of the First Aliya under the auspices of the Jewish Colonization Association. Twenty-eight farmers settled in the area with the assistance of the philanthropist Baron Edmond de Rothschild, the new settlement was originally known as Mesha, the name of the nearby Arab village. It was renamed in 1903 at the urging of Zionist leader Menachem Ussishkin who visited the site and was surprised to find it had no Hebrew name. At first, there was debate over whether to use the term kfar. Ussishkin responded that he had visited the German town of Düsseldorf, which had originated as a Dorf, or village. The Rothschild administration determined that the site was ideal for cultivating grapes, the vineyards of Kfar Tavor became a supplier of grapes to the countrys wineries. In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Mesha had a population of 274, in 1945 Kfar Tavor had 230 inhabitants, all Jews. Mas-ha was noted as an alternative name, in the Hameyasdim neighborhood, the core of the village, there is a museum and other sites, including the HaShomer house, the first school and teachers house and a synagogue that was built in 1937. Another school, built in 1911, now serves as the Shenkar Tzfira Music Center, the main street of the neighborhood has houses left from the villages early days, as well as parts of the wall that surrounded it. Yigal Allon, politician, commander of the Palmach, and general in the IDF, was born in Kfar Tavor, itay Segev, basketball player Photo of Mesha from 1910 Survey of Western Palestine, Map 6, IAA, Wikimedia commons
31.
Menahemia
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Menahemia is a village in the Jordan Valley in north-eastern Israel. Located near Highway 90 between Beit Shean and Tzemah Junction 5 km south of Tzemah, it falls under the jurisdiction of Valley of Springs Regional Council, with an area of 6,000 dunams, the village had a population of 999 in 2015. It was renamed Menahemia in 1921 after the father of High Commissioner of Mandatory Palestine Herbert Samuel, before World War I, a regional pharmacy was established in Menahemia. Other industries included a quarry, where they quarried raw materials for the Nesher factory near Haifa, there also existed a museum for the medical history of the region, and the history of Menahemia and Naharayim. It had its own council from 1951 until 1 January 2006 when jurisdiction over the village was transferred to Beit Shean Valley Regional Council
32.
Atlit
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Atlit is a coastal town located south of Haifa, Israel. Originally an outpost of the Crusaders, it fell in 1291, the Jewish village was founded in 1903 under the auspices of Baron Edmond de Rothschild. In 2015 the population was 6,818, the Atlit detainee camp is nearby. Atlit Yam is an ancient submerged Neolithic village off the coast of Atlit, atlit-Yam provides the earliest known evidence for an agro-pastoral-marine subsistence system on the Levantine coast. Atlit shows evidence of habitation since the early Bronze Age. The Crusaders built Chateau Pelerin, one of the largest citadels in the Holy Land, Atlit remained in Crusader hands until 1291. The ruins of the citadel are still visible in modern times, in 1296, during Mamluk rule, Atlit and its surrounding area was settled by members of the Tatar Uwayrat tribe. In 1596, during Ottoman rule which began in 1517, Atlit was recorded as a farm that paid taxes to the government, in 1859, the population was stated to be 180 souls, and their tillage 13 feddans, according to the English consul Rogers. An Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed that Atlit had 9 houses, in 1881, the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine noted the existence of a small Arab village. In 1903, Jewish settlers built a village which they also called Atlit, The village was established by Edmond James de Rothschild. Aaron Aaronsohn established a station in Atlit in 1911. In the 1922 census of Palestine, during the British Mandate of Palestine period, Athlit had a population of 81, all Muslims, Athlit Salt works had a population of 196 Jews,1 Muslim and 1 Christian. This had increased in the 1931 census to 413 Muslim,496 Jews and 39 Christians, in 1938 there were 508 Arabs and 224 Jews. The Arab presence underwent a decline in the 1940s due to land sales. The circumstances under which the remaining Arabs left in 1948 are unknown, Atlit detainee camp was used by the British authorities to detain Jewish immigrants to Palestine. It is now a museum of the Haapala, a base of Israels naval commando is located nearby. Atlit was declared a council in 1950, but in 2004 was incorporated in the Hof HaCarmel Regional Council as one of a handful of Regional Committees. The late Knesset member Pesah Grupper lived in Atlit and he was head of its local council in the years 1959–1962 and 1969–1971
33.
Binyamina-Giv'at Ada
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Binyamina-Givat Ada is a town in the Haifa District of Israel. It is the result of the 2003 merger between the two councils of Binyamina and Givat Ada. In 2015 its population was 14,777, prior to the merger, the population of Binyamina was 6,600. Binyamina was founded in 1922 and named after the Baron Edmond Benjamin James de Rothschild, according to the Jewish National Fund, Binyamina was founded on PICA land by members of the Third Aliyah. According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Binyamina had a population of 153 inhabitants, the original economy of the village was citrus-based. In 1947, Binyamina had a population of 2000, Givat Ada, named for Baron Edmond James de Rothschilds s wife Adelaid, was established in 1903 by eight families from Zikhron Yaakov. Givat Ada was established as an agricultural settlement, the main farming branches were field crops and vegetables, and later, grapes. The area is home to both the Binyamina Winery, producers of 2.8 million bottles of wine annually, Tishbi now produces one million bottles annually. Plans have been drawn up to build a 150-acre wine park on the slopes between Binyamina and Zichron Yaakov to promote tourism in Israel. A direct non-stop train from Binyamina reaches Tel Aviv or Haifa in 30 minutes, Binyamina is the birthplace of the Israeli songwriter Ehud Manor, and is referenced in a number of his songs. It is also the birthplace of former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, four-time Olympian and world-record-holder in shooting, Guy Starik, lives there
34.
Kfar Saba
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Kfar Saba, officially Kefar Sava, is a city in the Sharon region, of the Central District of Israel. In 2015 it had a population of 96,922, the origins of the name are not known - in Hebrew it means grandfathers village. Kfar Saba also appears in the Talmud in connection to corn tithing, excavations on the site have revealed the remains of a large Roman bathhouse. In the Byzantine periods the ruins of the bathhouse were first converted into fish pools, in 1596, the Arab village of Kafr Saba was inhabited by 42 Muslim families. In the 1870s it was described as a mud village of moderate size with mud-ponds around it and good water in the wells of Neby Yemin, the Jewish town of Kfar Saba was established in 1898 on 7,500 dunams of land purchased from the Arab village. The Ottoman pasha of Nablus, to whose governorate the land belonged, refused to give building permits, therefore the first settlers lived in huts made of clay and they earned their living by growing almonds, grapes and olives. Most of the manual laborers on the land were peasants from Qalqilya, only in 1912 were permits given and the settlers moved to permanent housing. In the Palestine campaign of World War I, Kfar Saba was on the front line between General Allenbys British Army and the Ottoman army, and was destroyed, at the same time about a thousand residents of Tel Aviv and Jaffa came to live in the town. They had been deported from their homes by the Ottomans. Due to the Jaffa riots of 1921 these deportees returned to their original cities, in 1922 the original residents returned and in 1924 additional settlers joined them. In this period the cultivation of citrus fruit developed, the first elections for the local council were held. In August 1947, a Jewish man was shot to death outside the village. In December 1947, Arab and Jewish leaders in the area pledged to keep the peace between the local communities, in the months leading up to the 1948 war, Kfar Saba was attacked by local militia from Arab Kafr Saba. The Arab Liberation Army, an army consisting of volunteers from several neighboring Arab countries, in 1962 Kfar Saba was awarded city status, with head of the local council, Mordechai Surkis, becoming its first mayor. Located just across the Green Line from Kalkilya, Kfar Saba has been a frequent target of terrorist attacks, in May 2001, a Palestinian Arab suicide bomber wearing an explosive belt killed a doctor and wounded 50 at a bus stop in Kfar Saba. In March 2002, a Palestinian terrorist opened fire on passersby at an intersection, killing an Israeli girl. In April 2003, a Palestinian suicide bomber blew himself up at the Kfar Saba train station during the rush hour, killing a security guard. The census of 1922 listed the population of Kfar Saba as 14 Jews, by the census of 1931 it had grown to 1405 inhabitants, in 395 houses
35.
Hauran
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Auranitis, also spelled Hawran, Houran and Horan, is a volcanic plateau, a geographic area and a people located in southwestern Syria and extending into the northwestern corner of Jordan. It gets its name from the Aramaic Hawran, meaning cave land, in geographic and geomorphic terms, it extends from near Damascus and Mount Hermon in the north to the Ajloun mountains of Jordan in the south. It includes the Golan Heights in the west and is bounded there by the Jordan Rift Valley, it also includes Jabal al-Druze in the east and is bounded there by more arid steppe and desert terrains. The Yarmouk River drains much of the Hauran to the west and is the largest tributary of the Jordan River, however, the name is used colloquially by both the inhabitants of the region and outsiders, to refer to the area and its people. The volcanic soils of Hauran make it one of the most fertile regions in Syria, the region receives above-average annual precipitation but has few rivers. Hauran relies mainly on annual snow and rain during winter and spring and many of the ancient sites contain cisterns, the area is unlike other historical fertile areas of Syria, which rely on controlled irrigation systems for their farming productivity. Since the mid-1980s, Syria has built a number of seasonal storage dams within the headwaters of the Yarmouk River drainage basin. The plains of Auranitis appear to have been inhabited by small bands of hunters and gatherers. By circa 12,000 BC, microliths and bone tools were becoming part of daily lifestyle. By this time Natufians settled in Taiyiba in southern Houran, and southwest of Houran in Tabqat Fahl, to their east, circa 8,300 BC wheat was domesticated and their neighbors to the west in Canaan and to the East in Mesopotamia started living in oval houses. Between 8,000 and 7,000 BC, people of Hauran were eating mostly hunted gazelles and foxes, between 7000 and 6000 BC their daily food was mostly domesticated animals and domesticated cereals. By the 4th millennium BC there were many Chalcolithic settlements in the valley of the Yarmouk river, the Auranitis is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible including the boundary area of the Israelite northern kingdom at the time. The countrys most distinguished citizen is said to have been the prophet Job, at the time, the Hauran also included the northern cities of the Decapolis. Atypically, its name is part of that of the Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Bosra-Haūrān, in alphabetical order, including article and disregarding hyphens
36.
Kinneret, Israel
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Kinneret is a moshava on the southwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee in Israel. Located in the north of the Jordan Valley,6 kilometers south of Tiberias, the village sits at around 185 meters below sea level, and in 2015 it had a population of 627. Kinneret Farm, a training farm, was founded at the same time as the moshava and adjacent to it, as a separate. It is dealt with in the History paragraph, the name of Moshavat Kinneret derives from an ancient Canaanite town, which was however located close to the other, northern end of the lakes western shore. In the Hebrew Bible the Sea of Galilee was named Yam Kinneret, lit. the Sea of Kinneret, two entities were established at this location, the village or moshava, and a training farm known as Kinneret Farm or Kinneret Courtyard. The village and the shared infrastructure, but served different purposes. The village was established as a frame for families willing to settle the land, after Israeli independence the village became a local council with an area of 7,000 dunams. However, as part of a government reorganisation in 2003. The farm is known in Hebrew as Havat Kinneret or Hatzer Kinneret, in June 1908 the Farm began as an experiment at Kinneret village. Arthur Ruppin, the head of the Palestine Office of the Zionist Organisation and one of the leading Zionists of the time, was the initiator, the Farm residents also had a major role in establishing and shaping the Histadrut labor union. In its early years it was joined by local Jewish farmers from the surrounding villages, the original Jewish settlers stayed in the so-called Khan, a word meaning caravansary, actually a storage building bought from a local Bedouin tribe. The early days were marked by starvation and conflict, after a workers strike in October 1909, a co-operative split away from Kinneret, seven pioneers founded the first kvutza, eventually named Degania. They derived inspiration from Ber Borochovs ideas, beit Haalmot or Havat Haalmot, an agricultural training farm for women, was established within the colony in 1911, it had to be closed in 1917 due to the hardships of World War I. Many of the initiatives had to do with the activity of Berl Katznelson, the kvutza type of communal settlementDegania Alef, the first kvutza, est. 1909 by pioneers trained at Kinneret Farm The kibbutz type of communal settlementEin Harod,1921 by pioneers trained at Kinneret Farm The moshav type of communal settlementNahalal, the first moshav, est. 1916 Tnuva cooperative for milk and dairy products, est,1926 Solel Boneh construction company, est. 1921, emerged from the Work Battalion Bank Hapoalim workers bank, the restored Kinneret Farm also functions as a museum and seminary center. The first grave was dug in 1911 for Menahem Shmueli, Berl Katznelson, Zionist leader Rachel Bluwstein, usually referred to simply as Rachel, Hebrew-language poet from pre-state Israel Bird flu suspected at Moshav Kinneret
37.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
38.
JSTOR
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JSTOR is a digital library founded in 1995. Originally containing digitized back issues of journals, it now also includes books and primary sources. It provides full-text searches of almost 2,000 journals, more than 8,000 institutions in more than 160 countries have access to JSTOR, most access is by subscription, but some older public domain content is freely available to anyone. William G. Bowen, president of Princeton University from 1972 to 1988, JSTOR originally was conceived as a solution to one of the problems faced by libraries, especially research and university libraries, due to the increasing number of academic journals in existence. Most libraries found it prohibitively expensive in terms of cost and space to maintain a collection of journals. By digitizing many journal titles, JSTOR allowed libraries to outsource the storage of journals with the confidence that they would remain available long-term, online access and full-text search ability improved access dramatically. Bowen initially considered using CD-ROMs for distribution, JSTOR was initiated in 1995 at seven different library sites, and originally encompassed ten economics and history journals. JSTOR access improved based on feedback from its sites. Special software was put in place to make pictures and graphs clear, with the success of this limited project, Bowen and Kevin Guthrie, then-president of JSTOR, wanted to expand the number of participating journals. They met with representatives of the Royal Society of London and an agreement was made to digitize the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society dating from its beginning in 1665, the work of adding these volumes to JSTOR was completed by December 2000. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation funded JSTOR initially, until January 2009 JSTOR operated as an independent, self-sustaining nonprofit organization with offices in New York City and in Ann Arbor, Michigan. JSTOR content is provided by more than 900 publishers, the database contains more than 1,900 journal titles, in more than 50 disciplines. Each object is identified by an integer value, starting at 1. In addition to the site, the JSTOR labs group operates an open service that allows access to the contents of the archives for the purposes of corpus analysis at its Data for Research service. This site offers a facility with graphical indication of the article coverage. Users may create focused sets of articles and then request a dataset containing word and n-gram frequencies and they are notified when the dataset is ready and may download it in either XML or CSV formats. The service does not offer full-text, although academics may request that from JSTOR, JSTOR Plant Science is available in addition to the main site. The materials on JSTOR Plant Science are contributed through the Global Plants Initiative and are only to JSTOR
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