1.
Yokneam Moshava
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Yokneam is a rural settlement in Israels Northern District, on the outskirts of the city of Yokneam Illit. In 2015 it had a population of 1,345, Yokneam is named after a biblical city-state mentioned in Joshua 12,22, The king of Kedesh, one, the king of Jokneam of Carmel, one. Both sections were the size and together measured 17,500 dunams in total. Two Arab minor sharecropper villages called Qira and Qamun existed on the land, Qira was located near the spring of the Shofet river and Qamun was located on Tel Qamun, the location of the ancient city of Yokneam. In 1924, the Sursock family initiated the deal and Hankin purchased the section of the land that was owned by the Sursock and Tueni families for a price of 37,686 Palestine pounds. On 6 February 1934, after years of negotiations, Hankin purchased the half from the Khouri family for a price of 40,391 Palestine pounds. The Khouri family finally agreed to the deal because it went bankrupt,70 dunams of the land were transferred to the kibbutz of HaZorea. In 1933,250 agricultural land plots were offered for sale, the buyers were Jews from Mandatory Palestine as well as families from Bahrain, Germany, Netherlands, Greece, Lebanon, Lithuania, Iraq, and Poland. The first families arrived on 2 December 1935 and populated 100 of the 250 land plots, they started fencing their plots, the rest of the land was still held by Beduin sharecroppers from Qira, who refused to leave. Yokneam was unique because land was owned by the residents. One of the reasons for the crisis was that most of the land acquired for Yokneam was still populated by the two Beduin tribes, who inhabited the arable land in the nearby plains. While most of the left and received compensation prior to the foundation of Yokneam. Another attempt was made in 1936 with the help of an emir, who tried to talk with the mukhtar of Qira. During the Arab revolt, militants from Yusuf Abu Durras group put pressure on the sharecroppers not to leave the land. The other Beduin tribe later agreed to evacuate, by fall 1939, most of the sharecroppers had evacuated the fields and the remainder stayed in Qira itself. The economic crisis ended in the 1940s after a member of the moshava, Perez Levinger, Levinger was described as the central man, the leader, the Mukhtar, the ideological leader of Yokneam. In that time, Yokneam had some disputes with the kibbutz of HaZorea over work, land. In 1945 a municipality was established for Yokneam, with the status of a local council, in March 1948 the last sharecroppers fled the land in fear following the Arab defeat in the Battle of Mishmar HaEmek
2.
Yavne'el
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Yavneel is a moshava and local council in the Northern District of Israel. It is one of the oldest rural Jewish communities in the country, in 2015 it had a population of 4,092. Yavneel is named after a village in the tribe Naphtali, which is believed to have located on the archaeological tel north of the moshava. During the Ottoman era the Muslim village in the area was known as ‘’Yemma’’, a map by Pierre Jacotin from Napoleons invasion of 1799 noted the place. In 1875 Victor Guérin visited, and described the village as rather ruined and built of basaltic stone, in 1881, the Palestine Exploration Funds Survey of Western Palestine described Yemma as having basaltic stone houses, containing 100 Muslims, on an arable plain. There were no gardens or trees, but two springs were near, and the village had cisterns, to the south-west of this site there was a supply of water among the rocks of the valley. Yavneel was established by the Jewish Colonization Association on lands bought by the Baron Rothschild, by villagers from Metula, in the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Yabnieh had a total population of 447,82 Muslims and 365 Jews. At the time of the 1931 census, Yavneel still had exactly the same population of 447, in 1945, Yavneel was home to 590 people, all Jews. Located southwest of Tiberias, it was declared a council in 1951. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Yavneel had a population of 3,100 in 2008, the local council is jointly responsible for Yavneel, Beit Gan, Mishmar HaShlosha, and Smadar. Many organizations were established in Yavneel, including the Israeli Farmers Union, the Galilee Squadron, in 1986, Rabbi Eliezer Shlomo Schick founded a Breslov community largely consisting of baalei teshuvah adherents in Yavneel. As of 2015 this community, which calls itself Breslov City, numbers nearly 400 families, representing 30 percent of the towns population
3.
Palestine (region)
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Palestine is a geographic region in Western Asia between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. It is sometimes considered to include adjoining territories, the name was used by Ancient Greek writers, and was later used for the Roman province Syria Palaestina, the Byzantine Palaestina Prima, and the Islamic provincial district of Jund Filastin. The region comprises most of the claimed for the biblical regions known as the Land of Israel. Historically, it has known as the southern portion of wider regional designations such as Canaan, Syria, ash-Sham. The boundaries of the region have changed throughout history, today, the region comprises the State of Israel and the Palestinian territories in which the State of Palestine was declared. Modern archaeology has identified 12 ancient inscriptions from Egyptian and Assyrian records recording likely cognates of Hebrew Pelesheth, the term Peleset is found in five inscriptions referring to a neighboring people or land starting from c.1150 BCE during the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. Neither the Egyptian nor the Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term, approximately a century later, Aristotle used a similar definition for the region in Meteorology, in which he included the Dead Sea. The term is accepted to be a translation of the Biblical name Peleshet. The term is used in the Septuagint, who used a transliteration Land of Phylistieim different from the contemporary Greek place name Palaistínē. Following the Muslim conquest, place names that were in use by the Byzantine administration generally continued to be used in Arabic, Modern archaeologists and historians of the region refer to their field of study as Levantine archaeology. The region was among the earliest in the world to see human habitation, agricultural communities, during the Bronze Age, independent Canaanite city-states were established, and were influenced by the surrounding civilizations of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Minoan Crete, and Syria. Between 1550–1400 BCE, the Canaanite cities became vassals to the Egyptian New Kingdom who held power until the 1178 BCE Battle of Djahy during the wider Bronze Age collapse. The region became part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from c.740 BCE, in 539 BCE, the Babylonian empire was replaced by the Achaemenid Empire. In the 330s BCE, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered the region and it ultimately fell to the Seleucid Empire between 219–200 BCE. In 116 BCE, a Seleucid civil war resulted in the independence of certain regions including the Hasmonean principality in the Judaean Mountains, from 110 BCE, the Hasmoneans extended their authority over much of Palestine, creating a Judaean–Samaritan–Idumaean–Ituraean–Galilean alliance. The Judaean control over the region resulted in it also becoming known as Judaea. Between 73–63 BCE, the Roman Republic extended its influence into the region in the Third Mithridatic War, conquering Judea in 63 BCE, and splitting the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts. The three-year Ministry of Jesus, culminating in his crucifixion, is estimated to have occurred from 28–30 CE, in 70 CE, Titus sacked Jerusalem, resulting in the dispersal of the citys Jews and Christians to Yavne and Pella
4.
Kibbutz
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A kibbutz is a collective community in Israel that was traditionally based on agriculture. The first kibbutz, established in 1909, was Degania, today, farming has been partly supplanted by other economic branches, including industrial plants and high-tech enterprises. Kibbutzim began as utopian communities, a combination of socialism and Zionism, in recent decades, some kibbutzim have been privatized and changes have been made in the communal lifestyle. A member of a kibbutz is called a kibbutznik, in 2010, there were 270 kibbutzim in Israel. Their factories and farms account for 9% of Israels industrial output, worth US$8 billion, some Kibbutzim had also developed substantial high-tech and military industries. For example, in 2010, Kibbutz Sasa, containing some 200 members, the kibbutzim were founded by members of the Bilu movement who emigrated to Palestine. The first kibbutz was Degania Alef, founded in 1909, joseph Baratz, one of the pioneers of the kibbutz movement, wrote a book about his experiences. We were happy enough working on the land, but we knew more and more certainly that the ways of the old settlements were not for us. This was not the way we hoped to settle the old way with Jews on top and Arabs working for them, anyway, we thought that there shouldnt be employers. There must be a better way, though Baratz and others wanted to farm the land themselves, becoming independent farmers was not a realistic option in 1909. Ottoman Palestine was a harsh environment, the Galilee was swampy, the Judaean Mountains rocky, and the south of the country, the Negev, was a desert. To make things more challenging, most of the settlers had no farming experience. The sanitary conditions were also poor, malaria, typhus and cholera were rampant. Bedouins would raid farms and settled areas, sabotage of irrigation canals and burning of crops were also common. Living collectively was simply the most logical way to be secure in an unwelcoming land, finally, the land had been purchased by the greater Jewish community. From around the world, Jews dropped coins into Jewish National Fund Blue Boxes for land purchases in Palestine, in 1909, Baratz, nine other men, and two women established themselves at the southern end of the Sea of Galilee near the Arab village of Umm Juni/Juniya. These teenagers had hitherto worked as day laborers converting wetlands for human development, as masons and their dream was now to work for themselves, building up the land. They called their community Kvutzat Degania, now Degania Alef, the founders of Degania endured backbreaking labor, The body is crushed, the legs fail, the head hurts, the sun burns and weakens, wrote one of the pioneers
5.
Moshav
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Moshav is a type of Israeli town or settlement, in particular a type of cooperative agricultural community of individual farms pioneered by the Labour Zionists during the second wave of aliyah. A resident or a member of a moshav can be called a moshavnik, the moshavim are similar to kibbutzim with an emphasis on community labour. Workers produced crops and goods on their properties through individual and/or pooled labour and resources and used profit, moshavim are governed by an elected council. Community projects and facilities were financed by a special tax, there are several variants, of which the most common are, Moshav ovdim, a workers cooperative settlement. This is the more numerous type and relies on cooperative purchasing of supplies and marketing of produce, the family or household is, however, Moshav shitufi, a collective smallholders settlement that combines the economic features of a kibbutz with the social features of a moshav. Farming is done collectively and profits are shared equally and this form is closer to the collectivity of the kibbutz, although consumption is family- or household-based, production and marketing are collective. Unlike the moshav ovdim, land is not allotted to households or individuals, the first moshav, Nahalal, was established in the Jezreel Valley on September 11,1921. By 1986 about 156,700 Israelis lived and worked on 448 moshavim, for this reason, the moshav became largely a Mizrahi institution, whereas the kibbutz movement remained basically an Ashkenazi institution. Since the Six-Day War in 1967, both moshavim and kibbutzim have relied increasingly on outside—particularly Palestinian—labour, financial instabilities in the early 1980s hit many moshavim hard, as did their high birth rate and the problem of absorbing all the children who might wish to remain in the community. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
6.
Ottoman Empire
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After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans the Ottoman Beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror, at the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries. With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, while the empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline following the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, this view is no longer supported by the majority of academic historians. The empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society, however, during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768, the Ottoman military system fell behind that of their European rivals, the Habsburg and Russian Empires. While the Empire was able to hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent. Starting before World War I, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The word Ottoman is an anglicisation of the name of Osman I. Osmans name in turn was the Turkish form of the Arabic name ʿUthmān, in Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as Devlet-i ʿAlīye-yi ʿOsmānīye, or alternatively ʿOsmānlı Devleti. In Modern Turkish, it is known as Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti, the Turkish word for Ottoman originally referred to the tribal followers of Osman in the fourteenth century, and subsequently came to be used to refer to the empires military-administrative elite. In contrast, the term Turk was used to refer to the Anatolian peasant and tribal population, the term Rūmī was also used to refer to Turkish-speakers by the other Muslim peoples of the empire and beyond. In Western Europe, the two names Ottoman Empire and Turkey were often used interchangeably, with Turkey being increasingly favored both in formal and informal situations and this dichotomy was officially ended in 1920–23, when the newly established Ankara-based Turkish government chose Turkey as the sole official name. Most scholarly historians avoid the terms Turkey, Turks, and Turkish when referring to the Ottomans, as the power of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum declined in the 13th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent Turkish principalities known as the Anatolian Beyliks. One of these beyliks, in the region of Bithynia on the frontier of the Byzantine Empire, was led by the Turkish tribal leader Osman, osmans early followers consisted both of Turkish tribal groups and Byzantine renegades, many but not all converts to Islam. Osman extended the control of his principality by conquering Byzantine towns along the Sakarya River and it is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours, due to the scarcity of the sources which survive from this period. One school of thought which was popular during the twentieth century argued that the Ottomans achieved success by rallying religious warriors to fight for them in the name of Islam, in the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over Anatolia and the Balkans. Osmans son, Orhan, captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1326 and this conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387, the Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe
7.
History of Palestine
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Other terms for the same area include Canaan, Zion, the Land of Israel, Southern Syria, Jund Filastin, Outremer, and the Holy Land. The region was among the earliest in the world to see human habitation, agricultural communities, during Late Bronze Age 1550–1400 BCE, the Canaanite cities became vassals to the Egyptian New Kingdom who held power until the 1178 BCE Battle of Djahy during the wider Bronze Age collapse. The region became part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from c.740 BCE, in 116 BCE, a Seleucid civil war resulted in the independence of certain regions including the minor Hasmonean principality in the Judean Mountains. From 110 BCE, the Hasmoneans extended their authority over much of the area, the Judean control over the wider region resulted in it also becoming known as Judaea, a term that had previously only referred to the smaller region of the Judean Mountains. During 73–63 BCE, the Roman Republic extended its influence into the region in the Third Mithridatic War, conquering Judea in 63 BCE, in 70 CE, Titus sacked Jerusalem, resulting in the dispersal of the citys Jews and Christians to Yavne and Pella. As a result, many Jewish landowners converted to the Ebionim to maintain their properties, during 259–272, the region fell under the rule of Odaenathus as King of the Palmyrene Empire. Persecution of Ebionites led to their dispersion to Arabia and the Parthian Empire, Palestine became a center of Christianity, attracting numerous monks and religious scholars. Also the Samaritan Revolts during this period caused their near extinction, in 661 CE, with the assassination of Ali, Muawiyah I became the uncontested Caliph of the Islamic World after being crowned in Jerusalem. In 691, the Dome of the Rock became the worlds first great work of Islamic architecture, the Umayyad were replaced by the Abbasids in 750. From 878 Palestine was ruled from Egypt by semi-autonomous rulers for almost a century, beginning with Ahmad ibn Tulun, over these centuries many heretical Christians had converted to Islam. The Fatimids conquered the region in 969, in 1073 Palestine was captured by the Great Seljuq Empire, only to be recaptured by the Fatimids in 1098, who then lost the region to the Crusaders in 1099. Their control of Jerusalem and most of Palestine lasted almost a century until defeat by Saladins forces in 1187, after which most of Palestine was controlled by the Ayyubids. A rump Crusader state in the coastal cities survived for another century, but, despite seven further Crusades. The Mamluk Sultanate was indirectly created in Egypt as a result of the Seventh Crusade, in 1486, hostilities broke out between the Mamluks and the Ottoman Turks and the Ottomans captured Palestine in 1516. In 1832, the region was conquered by Muhammad Alis Egypt, the turbulent period of Egyptian rule experienced two major revolts and a significant demographic change in coastal areas, populated by Egyptian Arab peasants and former soldiers of Ali. The end of the 19th century saw the beginning of Zionist immigration, increasing Jewish immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries added considerably to the Jewish communities in Jerusalem, Safed, Tiberias and Jaffa. During World War I the British government issued the Balfour Declaration of 1917, the British captured Jerusalem a month later. The League of Nations formally awarded Britain a mandate over Palestine in 1922, the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was a nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs against British colonial rule and mass Jewish immigration
8.
Petah Tikva
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Petah Tikva known as Em HaMoshavot, is a city in the Central District of Israel,10.6 km east of Tel Aviv. It was founded in 1878, mainly by religious orthodox Jews, also known as the Old Yishuv, in 2015 the city had a population of 230,984. The population density is approximately 6,277 inhabitants per square kilometre, Petah Tikvas jurisdiction covers 35,868 dunams. It is part of the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area, Petah Tikvas emblem appears on a postage stamp designed by Yitzhak Goldenhirsch, a founding member of Petah Tikva. Originally intending to establish a new settlement in the Achor Valley, near Jericho, however, Abdülhamid II cancelled the purchase and forbade them from settling there, but they retained the name Petah Tikva as a symbol of their aspirations. Undaunted, the purchased a modest area from the village of Mulabbis. The town suffered heavily as it lay between the Ottoman and British fronts during the war, Petah Tikva became the school for thousands of pioneer workers, who studied the craft of farming there before they ventured out to establish dozens of settlements in all parts of the country. The agricultural schools are still active to this day, Petah Tikva was also the birthplace of the Labor Zionist Movement, inspired and encouraged by the writings of A. D. Gordon who lived in the town. The first recorded Arab attack on Jews in what would become Israel took place in Petah Tikva in 1886, Petah Tikva was also the scene of Arab rioting in May 1921, which left four Jews dead. In the early 1920s, industry began to develop in the Petah Tikva region, in 1921, Petah Tikva was given the status of a local council by the British authorities. According to a census conducted in 1931 by the British Mandate authorities, Petah Tikva had a population of 6880 inhabitants, in 1937 it was recognized as a city. Its first mayor, Shlomo Stampfer, was the son of one of its founders, Petah-Tikva, which largely depended on citrus farming, was considered by both the British government and the Jaffa Electric Company as a potentially important consumer of electricity for irrigation. The Auja Concession, which was given to the Jaffa Electric Company on 1921, but it was only in late 1929 that the company submitted an irrigation scheme for Petah-Tikva, and it was yet to be approved by the government in 1930. Refining the agricultural skills they learned in Germany, these began in 1941 to build their kibbutz in its intended location in the south of Israel. Nowadays, with a population of two hundred thousand inhabitants Petah Tikva is the third most populous city in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area. Petah Tikva is divided into 33 neighborhoods for municipal purposes, Petah Tikva is the second-largest industrial sector in Israel after the northern city of Haifa. The industry is divided into three zones—Kiryat Aryeh, Kiryat Matalon, and Segula, and includes textiles, metalwork, carpentry, plastics, processed foods, tires and other rubber products, and soap. The largest data center in Israel, operated by the company TripleC, is located in Petah Tikva
9.
Rosh Pinna
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Rosh Pina is a town and local council in the Upper Galilee on the eastern slopes of Mount Knaan in the Northern District of Israel. The town with the current name was founded in 1882 by thirty families who immigrated from Romania, making it one of the oldest Zionist settlements in Israel. It was preceded at the location by the settlement of Gei Oni, established by local Jews from Safed in 1878. In 2015 it had a population of 2,908, north of Rosh Pina is Lake Hula, which was a swamp area drained in the 1950s. Rosh Pina was one of the first modern Jewish agricultural settlements in history of the Land of Israel, Rosh Pina was established near the Arab village of al-Jauna. In 1883, it became the first Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel to come under the patronage of the Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, Gei Oni was founded in 1878 by Jews from Safed, some of whom were descended from Spanish Jews exiled in 1492. However, most of the two to three dozen families left after three years of drought, though three families remained, Keller, Friedman, and Schwartz. Moshe David Shuv had been sent ahead to find and purchase a piece of land for the colonists. An allusion to the principle of Zionism. Laurence Oliphant collected funds for the settlement from Christadelphians and other sympathizers in Britain, rich expanse of country, only waiting development. The new colony hall been established about eight months, the land having been purchased from the Moslem villagers, of twenty families remained. These consisted of twenty-three Roumanian and four Russian families, numbering in all one hundred, the greater number were hard at work on their potato-patches when I arrived, and I was pleased to find evidences of thrift and industry. A row of sixteen neat little houses had been built, altogether this is the most hopeful attempt at a colony which I have seen in Palestine. The colonists own about a thousand acres of excellent land, which they were able to purchase at from three to four dollars an acre, the Russians are establishing themselves about half a mile from the Roumanians, as Jews of different nationalities easily get on well together. They call the colony Rosch Pina, or Head of the Corner, the word occurring in the verse, The stone which the builders rejected, eventually the village had to be saved financially by Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, who then imposed his economic concept on the colonists. According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Rosh Pinna had a population of 468 inhabitants, Rosh Pina had the first Hebrew School in 1899. Ben Yaakov Airport is located 2.1 km away from Rosh Pina, the Mifne Center, which means turning point, a program for the treatment of autism spectrum disorder, is situated in Rosh Pina. Mitzpe HaYamim, a spa, is located on a mountainside in Rosh Pina
10.
Rishon LeZion
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Rishon LeZion is the fourth-largest city in Israel, located along the central Israeli coastal plain 8 km south of Tel Aviv. It is part of the Gush Dan metropolitan area, founded in 1882 by Jewish immigrants from Russian Empire, it was the second Jewish farm settlement established in The land of Israel in the 19th century, after Petah Tikva. In 2015 it had a population of 243,973, the name Rishon LeZion is derived from a biblical verse, First to Zion are they, and I shall give herald to Jerusalem and literally translates as First to Zion. Rishon LeZion was founded on July 31,1882, by ten Hovevei Zion pioneers from Kharkiv, reuven Yudalevich was also a member of the group. The pioneers purchased 835 acres of land southeast of present-day Tel Aviv, Ayun Kara was the scene of a bloody battle between Turkish and New Zealand troops on November 14,1917. Local citizens carried the wounded to a hospital in Rishon, a stone cenotaph was erected by the people of Rishon LeZion to the memory of the New Zealanders who fell that day, but it has since been destroyed. The soil was sandy, water was scarce and the settlers had no agricultural experience, after a well was dug and more pioneers arrived – the Biluim – the colony slowly took shape. Notable members of this group include Fani Belkind, Israel Belkind, Shimshon Belkind, Yoel Drubin, Dr. Haim Hissin, when Baron Edmond James de Rothschild took over, sending in his administrators, major progress was made in the spheres of agriculture, citrus and viticulture. Under Rothschilds patronage, the Carmel-Mizrahi Winery was established in 1886, David Ben-Gurion was head of workers union at the winery before later becoming Israels first Prime Minister. The first Hebrew school in the country opened in Rishon LeZion in 1886. Dov Lubman Haviv taught there, eliezer Ben-Yehuda, known as the father of modern Hebrew, was a teacher in Rishon LeZion. In 1890, Rishon LeZion had a population of 359, five years later, the figure had risen to 380, and by 1900, to 526. In 1911,4,000 dunams of land in Rishon LeZion were planted with grapes and 254 dunams with other fruit orchards, development was hindered by the lack of a water source. Baron Rothschild brought in experts who located water at 42 meters below ground, the groundwater table in the area was found to be uneven and wells were mostly constructed at between 20 and 25 meters in depth. Orchards were then developed around the settlement, and by the late 1920s the city developed a citrus industry. In 1924 the British Army contracted the Palestine Electric Company for wired electric power, the contract allowed the Electric Company to extend the grid beyond the original geographical limits that had been projected by the concession it was given. Rishon was declared a city in 1950, by 1983 it had a population of 103,000. In 2006,222,300 people were living in the city, by 2020, the population is expected to reach 315,000. In 2007, the Rishon LeZion Municipality was awarded the Ministry of Interior Prize for Proper Management, the city may in the future host a new international airport, which will replace Ben-Gurion International Airport and Sde Dov Airport
11.
Zikhron Ya'akov
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Zikhron Yaakov is a town in Israel,35 kilometres south of Haifa, and part of the Haifa District. It is located at the end of the Carmel mountain range overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. It was one of the first Jewish settlements of Halutzim in the country, founded in 1882 by Baron Edmond James de Rothschild and named in honor of his father, in 2015 it had a population of 22,532. Zikhron Yaakov was founded in December 1882 when 100 Jewish pioneers from Romania, members of the Hovevei Zion movement, the difficulty of working the rocky soil and an outbreak of malaria led many of the settlers to leave before the year was up. In 1883, Baron Edmond James de Rothschild became the patron of the settlement and drew up plans for its residential layout and agricultural economy. Zikhron was one of the first Jewish agricultural colonies to come under the wing of the Baron, to accomplish his first objective, Baron de Rothschild brought in planners who designed and allotted housing lots along the main road for the use of settlement farmers. Each lot included a house facing the street, an interior courtyard. The French-inspired architecture included tiled roofs and painted wooden windows, each farmer was given a salary and placed under the direction of Elijah Shaid, the Barons clerk. The Baron also commissioned the construction of the Ohel Yaakov Synagogue, named after his father, sparing no expense to build the edifice, the synagogue features a majestic ark made of white marble. The synagogue opened in 1886 and has conducted daily prayer services continuously to this day, following a number of economic failures, in 1885 Rothschild helped to establish the first winery in Israel, Carmel Winery, together with a bottling factory, in Zikhron Yaakov. This was more successful economically although it was initially short-lived as in 1892 the grapevines succumbed to phylloxera, after a brief set-back, American seedlings which were resistant to phylloxera were grown and the winery began to flourish. Today, the remains in action, as do the huge wine cellars that were carved into the mountain over a century ago. In 1954, the remains of Baron Edmond de Rothschild were reinterred in Zikhron Yaakov, Zikhron Yaakov came to fame during World War I for the establishment of the Nili spy ring by Sarah Aaronsohn, together with her brothers, Aaron and Alex, and their friend Avshalom Feinberg. The group volunteered to spy on Ottoman positions and report them to British agents offshore, in September 1917, the Ottomans caught one of Sarahs carrier pigeons and cracked the Nili code. In October, they surrounded Zikhron Yaakov and arrested Sarah and several others, sara shot herself in the throat, leaving her unable to speak, in order to avoid releasing classified information. The Aaronsohn House–Nili Museum recreates the history of this period, the population increased dramatically in the early 1950s, after the establishment of the State of Israel. Between the 1960s and 1990s, the population remained constant with about 5,000 inhabitants, at the end of 2009, Zikhron Yaakov had a population of 18,719. Many residents continue to engage in agriculture, although upscale private homes have built by families attracted to the scenic landscape
12.
Ness Ziona
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Ness Ziona is a city in central Israel. In 2015 it had a population of 46,891, lying within Ness Zionas city bounds is the ruin of an Arab village, formerly known as Ṣarfān, but called in Hebrew Ǧinōt Tzarifīn, not to be confused with the IDF base Tzrifin. Once, when the Omer was brought to Jerusalem, they knew not whence it had come, Ness Ziona was first known as Wadi Chanin after the local Arab village, and Nahalat Reuben after Reuben Lehrer, who owned the land and started the Jewish settlement there in 1883. In 1878, the German Templer Gustav Reisler purchased lands in Wadi Hunayn, planted an orchard, the name Wadi-Chanin, with its German orthography, became the standard Western name for the place for several decades to come. After losing his wife and children to malaria, Reisler returned to Europe and he travelled to Odessa in 1882 and met Reuben Lehrer, a religiously observant Russian Jew with Zionist ideals, who had his own farmland there. Reisler traded his parcel of land in Palestine for Lehrers land in Russia, Lehrer made aliyah with his eldest son Moshe in 1883, bringing his wife and another four of his children over the following year. Lehrer placed advertisements near Jaffa port asking others to join him, the pioneers established a neighborhood named Tel Aviv although the area was still known as Wadi Chanin, from its Arabic name, Wadi Hunayn. In 1888, Avraham Yalovsky, a blacksmith, was killed defending his property from Arab gangs, in 1891, Michael Halperin bought more land in the wadi. He gathered a group of people on the Hill of Love and unfurled a blue, the name is based on a verse in the Book of Jeremiah, Jeremiah 4,6. This flag was similar to the official Flag of Israel adopted at the First Zionist Congress seven years later. Eventually, the two Jewish colonies - the old Wadi Chanin/Nahalat Reuben and the newer Ness Ziona - grew into one larger village, until the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, it was the only mixed Arab-Jewish village in Mandate Israel. The coexistence was, on the whole, a peaceful one, according to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Ness Ziona had a population of 319 Jews. Which had increased in 1931 census to 1013 inhabitants, in 221 houses, in 1924 the British Army contracted the Israel Electric Company for wired electric power. The contract allowed the Electric Company to extend the grid beyond the geographical limits that had been projected by the concession it was given. Ness Ziona was attacked by Arab forces in the 1936–39 Arab Revolt, the outlying villages of Kfar Aharon and Tirat Shalom frequently exchanged fire with the Arab villages al-Qubayba and Zarnuqa. Most of Ness Zionas youth joined the Haganah to fight off these threats, on May 15,1948, Sarafand was evacuated of Arab inhabitants, and on May 19, al-Qubayba and Zarnuqa were conquered by the Givati Brigade. Much of the territory abandoned by the fleeing Arab residents of villages was added to Ness Ziona. During the war, Ness Zionas population almost tripled to become 4,446, in 1952 a new industrial zone was approved for the town on an area of 70 dunams
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