1.
Ghost in the Shell
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Ghost in the Shell is a Japanese media franchise originally published as a seinen manga series of the same name written and illustrated by Masamune Shirow. A sequel to the 1995 film, Ghost in the Shell 2,2013 saw the start of the Ghost in the Shell, Arise original video animation series, consisting of four parts through mid-2014. The series was recompiled in early 2015 as a series titled Ghost in the Shell, Arise - Alternative Architecture. An animated feature produced by most of the Arise staff, titled Ghost in the Shell. A live-action American film of the name was released on March 31,2017. Shirow has stated that he had wanted the title of his manga to be Ghost in the Shell, even in Japan. He had chosen Ghost in the Shell in homage to Arthur Koestlers The Ghost in the Machine, the level of cyberization varies from simple minimal interfaces to almost complete replacement of the brain with cybernetic parts, in cases of severe trauma. This can also be combined with various levels of prostheses, with a prosthetic body enabling a person to become a cyborg. This high level of cyberization, however, opens the brain up to attacks from highly skilled hackers, with the most dangerous being those who will hack a person to bend to their whims. The original Ghost in the Shell manga ran in Japan from April 1989 to November 1990 in Kodanshas manga anthology Young Magazine, and was released in a tankōbon volume on October 5,1991. Ghost in the Shell 2, Man-Machine Interface followed 1997 for 9 issues in Young Magazine, several art books have also been published for the manga. Two animated films based on the manga have been released. Ghost in the Shell was released in 1995 and follows the Puppet Master storyline from the manga and it was re-released in 2008 as Ghost in the Shell 2.0 with new audio and updated 3D computer graphics in certain scenes. Innocence, otherwise known as Ghost in the Shell 2, Innocence, was released in 2004, the film premiered on June 20,2015, in Japanese theaters. In 2008, DreamWorks and producer Steven Spielberg acquired the rights to produce a film adaptation of the original Ghost in the Shell manga. On January 24,2014, Rupert Sanders was announced as director, principal photography on the film began on location in Wellington, New Zealand, on February 1,2016. Principal photography began in early 2016, Ghost in the Shell premiered in Tokyo on March 16,2017, and was released in the United States on March 31,2017, in 2D, 3D and IMAX 3D. It received mixed reviews, with praise for its visuals and Johanssons performance and it was followed in 2004 by a second season titled Ghost in the Shell, S. A. C
Ghost in the Shell
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Ghost in the Shell
2.
Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG
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Ghost in the Shell, Stand Alone Complex is a Japanese anime television series produced by Production I. G and based on Masamune Shirows manga Ghost in the Shell. It was written and directed by Kenji Kamiyama, with character design by Hajime Shimomura. The first season aired from October 2002 to October 2003 and was received by critics. A second season titled Ghost in the Shell, S. A. C, 2nd GIG aired from January 2004 to January 2005. A series of associated short comic animations, titled Tachikomatic Days and these shorts star the Tachikoma think-tanks from the main series, and they typically relate directly to the story of the preceding Stand Alone Complex episode. The first season was adapted into a feature-length OVA titled The Laughing Man, the series had also received video game spin-offs for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, and mobile phones. 2nd GIG was also adapted into a feature-length OVA entitled Individual Eleven. Solid State Society, a TV-film sequel to the Stand Alone Complex series, was released in that year. The series takes place in the year 2030, where people have become cyborgs with prosthetic bodies. While the group investigates various crimes, both seasons feature ongoing investigations into two incidents that embroil the group in corruption within other branches of the Japanese government and his popularity spawned several genuine imitators, resulting in the series titular Stand Alone Complex. At the time of the Third and the Fourth World Wars and these invited refugees, based on the reclaimed island of Dejima, soon became unemployed in the post-war period, and their social unrest borders on outright war. However, he cannot account for the charismatic Hideo Kuze who genuinely believes in the best for the refugees, throughout the investigation, Kusanagi discovers she may know Kuze from her childhood. Ultimately, Goda is found guilty of his part in the incidents and killed before he can defect to the American Empire. The series was directed by Kenji Kamiyama and written by Yoshiki Sakurai, the series was produced with an 800 million yen investment. Kenji Kamiyama decided to make the anime TV series as a relative to the manga and film, for the second season, Mamoru Oshii had contributed with his ideas to the concept of the entire series and initial planning stages. Shuko Murase stated that they were going to concentrate on how Japan was going to participate in war after 9/11 as intended to portray a fictional future. But by the time they were working on the episodes, the Iraq War had already started, during this time Japan also had an election. The soundtrack for the series was composed by Yoko Kanno and produced by Victor Entertainment, the first seasons opening theme is Inner Universe performed by Origa
Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG
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Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex complete collection cover.
Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG
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The members of Section 9. From bottom left to top right: Paz, Borma, Saito, Batou, Motoko, Togusa, Aramaki, and Ishikawa
Ghost in the Shell: S.A.C. 2nd GIG
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Yoko Kanno, composer of the music for the Stand Alone Complex series
3.
Ghost in the Shell (manga)
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Ghost in the Shell, known in Japan as Mobile Armored Riot Police, is a seinen manga series written and illustrated by Masamune Shirow, which spawned the media franchise of the same name. Ghost in the Shell 2, Man-Machine Interface was the work which follows the story of Motoko after merging with the Puppeteer. The last volume, Ghost in the Shell 1.5, Human-Error Processor, the books contain Shirows thoughts on design and philosophy, including sociological issues, the consequences of technological advances and themes on the nature of consciousness and identity. Several artbooks have been released to detail the concept art and the world of Ghost in the Shell, all three volumes have received mainly positive reviews. The level of cyberization varies from simple minimal interfaces to almost complete replacement of the brain with cybernetic parts and this can also be combined with various levels of prostheses, with a fully prosthetic body enabling a person to become a cyborg. This high level of cyberization, however, opens the brain up to attacks from highly skilled hackers, after destroying the latest host of the Puppeteer, Section 9 believes all is well, until the Major discovers the Puppet Master in her own mind. After hearing the Puppeteers wishes to reach its next step in evolution and these stories were later collected under the name Ghost in the Shell 1.5, Human-Error Processor. These stories are collected under the title Ghost in the Shell 2, while writing the manga, Masamune Shirow struggled to make it neither too complex nor too simple. Two official names exist for the works, the first is Kōkaku Kidōtai, Masamune Shirow originally wanted to use the name Ghost in the Shell for the publication, as an homage to Arthur Koestlers The Ghost in the Machine, from which he drew inspiration. Kōichi Yuri, First Coordinator at Young Magazine, requested a more flashy name, Shirow requested that Ghost in the Shell be included on the title even if it was in small print. Yuri believes that Kōkaku Kidōtai is the title while Ghost in the Shell is the theme. While most Japanese publications use both names, the publication in Young Magazine used Kōkaku Kidōtai. Shirow considers the manga a completely different kind of work and not a sequel of Ghost in the Shell. The original manga revolved around Public Security Section 9 and Ghost in the Shell 2, Shirow drew the color pages on computer, in which he states was difficult to due to technical issues with his computer. In the short-cut version of the manga, Masamune Shirow made the color darker and softer, concepts like the future of hacking techniques, in which a cyberbrain can be hacked to copy information without being detected. Shirow explains instances of spirit channeling in cyborgs with kiko energy, Shirow even wrote that this phenomenon may be related to the hearing voices in individuals that suffer from mental disabilities like schizophrenia. This belief is represented in Motokos reasons for head hunting Togusa for Section 9, Shirow also notes that he believes these channelers do not speak with a human-like god, but instead tap into a phase of the universe which synchronizes with the channelers functions. Other philosophical stances are represented such as Shirows personal beliefs regarding death sentences and crime, Shirow explains numerous facets of the daily life throughout his notes in Ghost in the Shell
Ghost in the Shell (manga)
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Cover of The Ghost in the Shell, the first volume of the manga
4.
Voice acting
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Voice acting is the art of doing voice-overs or providing voices to represent a character or to provide information to an audience or user. Voice acting is also done for small handheld audio games, performers are called voice actors or actresses, voice artists, or voice talent. Their roles may also involve singing, although a voice actor is sometimes cast as the characters singing voice. Voice acting is recognised in Britain as a specialized dramatic profession, Voice artists are also used to record the individual sample fragments played back by a computer in an automated announcement. The voices for animated characters are provided by voice actors, for live action productions, voice acting often involves reading the parts of computer programs, radio dispatchers, or other characters who never actually appear on screen. With a radio drama or CD drama, there is freedom in voice acting, because there is no need to match a dub to the original actors. In the context of voice acting, narration is the use of commentary to convey a story to an audience. A narrator is a character or a non-personal voice that the creator of the story develops to deliver information to the audience. The voice actor who plays the narrator is responsible for performing the lines assigned to the narrator. In traditional literary narratives, narration is a story element, in other types of narratives, such as plays, television shows, video games. One of the most common uses for voice acting is within commercial advertising, the voice actor is hired to voice a message associated with the advertisement. This has different subgenres, television, radio, cinema, the subgenres are all different styles in their own right. Voiceover used in commercial adverts also is the area of voice acting where de-breathing is used. De-breathing means artificially removing breaths from the recorded voice and this is done to stop the audience being distracted in any way from the commercial message that is being put across. Dub localization is a type of voice-over and it is the practice of voice-over translation altering a foreign language film, art film or television series by voice actors. Voice-over translation is an audiovisual translation technique, in which, unlike in Dub localization, actor voices are recorded over the audio track. This method of translation is most often used in documentaries and news reports to translate words of foreign-language interviewees, automated dialogue replacement is the process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor after the filming process to improve audio quality or reflect dialogue changes. ADR is also used to change original lines recorded on set to clarify context, improve diction or timing, in the UK, it is also called post-synchronization or post-sync
Voice acting
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Voice actors in the
Sierra Leonean radio
soap opera Atunda Ayenda
Voice acting
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Actors dubbing a
television show in China while visitors look on, 1987.
5.
Ghost in the Shell: Arise
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The series features new character designs and is directed by Kazuchika Kise, screenplay by Tow Ubukata, and music by Cornelius. Ghost in the Shell, Arise - Alternative Architecture, a recompilation of the four original parts of the OVA in a television format, aired on nine stations from April 5 to June 14,2015. The AAA broadcast included two episodes that help tie Ghost in the Shell, Arise with its 2015 animated film sequel Ghost in the Shell. The series takes place in the year 2027, where people in developed countries have become cyborgs with prosthetic bodies. Primarily set in the fictional Japanese Newport City, the series follows a younger Motoko Kusanagi before the formation of Public Security Section 9. At the start of Arise she is a member of the federal 501 Organization, the 501 Organization is also the legal owner of Kusanagis prosthetic body, which is lent to her in exchange for her services to the group. This debt displeases her and causes a disparity between herself and her employer, in Ghost Pain, a senior officer, Lieutenant Colonel Kurtz, assigns Kusanagi to a case involving a bomb that sets off in Newport. Throughout the film, Kusanagi is subjected to loss that inhibits her progress in the case. It is later revealed that she was implanted with false memories, a product of a failed Ghost Hack she had performed on the money-laundering conspirator Mamuro, which was infected with a memory virus. Once she realizes that the 501 Organization was involved with the scandal and she is met by Aramaki, who proposes the formation of a new unit within Public Security. In Ghost Whispers, a soldier from the Qhardistani War named Kazuya Soga is being tried for crimes against humanity by the Japanese government. In order to prove his innocence, Soga sends his men to retrieve evidence of his innocence hidden somewhere in a web of information called Pandoras Box. This team is led by the former Ranger Batou, who also employs intel officer Ishikawa, the Major is sent to investigate the matter and becomes subject to an all-out war between Public Security and Kazuya Soga. Along the way, she is allied with Paz from the movie as well an American Special Forces member named VV. Series mainstay Saito is also featured in the film, but is shown to change sides to the one with the greater pay. When he learns the truth he decides to himself. With the help of Batou, she is killed before she can complete the transfer, the Major promises Batou that he may be taken out of incarceration, but only if he decides to join her team. Arise features an original Japanese voice cast, with one actor reprising their role from the Oshii film
Ghost in the Shell: Arise
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Ghost in the Shell: Arise Borders 1 & 2 cover, which includes both Ghost Pain and Ghost Whispers
Ghost in the Shell: Arise
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A
Porsche 911 GT3 branded with Ghost in the Shell: Arise imagery
6.
Ghost in the Shell (video game)
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Ghost in the Shell is a cyberpunk-themed third-person shooter video game developed by Exact and Production I. G for the PlayStation. A part of the larger Ghost in the Shell media franchise, it utilizes the same English voice cast as the film of the same name. The game was first released in July 1997, along with albums, an artbook. The games story and art design were written and illustrated by Masamune Shirow, Ghost in the Shells plot revolves around a recruit of Public Security Section 9 as he investigates and combats the Human Liberation Front. The player controls a Fuchikoma, a fighting vehicle capable of traversing walls. The game received positive reviews. It was praised for its graphics, animation, music and unusual wall-climbing mechanics, however, it received criticism for its tedious and repetitive gameplay and low difficulty. Fifteen years after its release, Game Informer listed Ghost in the Shell as one of the best manga and anime-based games. The player controls a spider-shaped think tank robot, known as Fuchikoma, that is able to jump, thrust forward, strafe to the side, climb walls, the Fuchikoma is equipped with twin machine guns and guided missiles. Both weapons have unlimited ammunition, however up to six missiles can be launched at once after a charge time, grenades can be found throughout missions and a maximum of three can be carried at a time. Enemies vary from humanoid robots to helicopters and sport an array of firearms, some stages of the game are governed by a time limit. Seventeen cutscenes can be unlocked throughout the missions and depending on the score in training mode. Once unlocked, the cutscenes can be reviewed on the options menu, the training mode contains six stages to learn the basic game elements. The first five stages introduce the player to targets in various settings and using the controls effectively, the twelve missions that compose the story take place in different environments, including a warehouse complex, a sewer, the city highways, and the enemy base inside of a skyscraper. The games story is told using mission briefings and animated cutscenes, after the terrorist organization known as the Human Liberation Front claims responsibility for blowing up the Megatech Body Corporation building, Section 9 is sent to resolve the situation. Section 9 is able to trace the terrorists communications and find their location in the bay area, however, chief Aramaki later announces that the leader of the Human Liberation Front is a mercenary known as Zebra 27. Ishikawa then reports that the Energy Ministry is interested in relating to Zebra. The Rookies skill is put to the test, leading chase missions, eventually, the Human Liberation Fronts secret base is discovered in Aeropolis II tower by following the enemy supply line, along with the terrorists intentions of using a nuclear reactor
Ghost in the Shell (video game)
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Masamune Shirow, the main designer, is very protective of his personal image; the craving for his photo led to his fake identification with designer
Toshihiro Kawamoto (pictured).
Ghost in the Shell (video game)
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North American box art
7.
Mary McGlynn
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Mary Elizabeth McGlynn is an American voice actress, ADR director and singer-songwriter. She is best known for her extensive English-language dubbing of various anime, animated films and she also does voice acting in video games such as Maria and Mary Shepherd-Sunderland in the HD collection version of Silent Hill 2 and Nina Williams from the Tekken series. She also works in cartoons as she currently voicing Dr. Maheswaran in Steven Universe and voice directs Penn Zero, McGlynn also contribute the music in multiple games from the Silent Hill series, as well as the movie adaptation and Dance Dance Revolution EXTREME. She has also had movie roles. She was a Guest of Honor at Anime Expo 2007, Long Beach, McGlynn won the 2007 American Anime Award for Best Actress for her role as Major Motoko Kusanagi in Ghost In The Shell, Stand Alone Complex. She won a Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation award in 2008 for Best Director for her work on Naruto, McGlynn was married to actor Daran Norris in 1988. She has a twin sister named Melissa. On the March 17,2017 episode of Toonami Pre-Flight, Steve Blum mentioned that he, official Site Mary Elizabeth McGlynn convention appearances on AnimeCons
Mary McGlynn
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Mary Elizabeth McGlynn in Premiere of Silent Hill: Revelation 3D
8.
Scarlett Johansson
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Scarlett Johansson is an American actress, model and singer. She made her debut in the fantasy comedy North. Johansson subsequently starred in Manny & Lo, and garnered acclaim and prominence with roles in The Horse Whisperer. She shifted to roles with her performances in Girl with a Pearl Earring and Lost in Translation. Since 2010, Johansson has also portrayed the Marvel Comics character Black Widow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and she won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play for her performance in the 2010 Broadway revival of A View from the Bridge. As a singer, Johansson has released two albums, Anywhere I Lay My Head and Break Up, Johansson is considered one of Hollywoods modern sex symbols, and has frequently appeared in published lists of the sexiest women in the world. As of February 2017, she is the actress of all time in North America. In 2016, she added another $1.2 billion to that box office record and her father, Karsten Johansson, is an architect originally from Copenhagen, Denmark, and her paternal grandfather, Ejner Johansson, was an art historian, screenwriter, and director. Her mother, Melanie Sloan, a producer, comes from an Ashkenazi Jewish family from the Bronx, Sloans ancestors were Jewish immigrants from Poland and Minsk in the Russian Empire. Scarlett Johansson has a sister, Vanessa, also an actress, an older brother, Adrian, a twin brother, Hunter. She holds both United States and Danish passports and citizenship, Johansson grew up in a household with little money, and with a mother who was a film buff. She and her brother attended PS41 elementary school in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan. Johansson began her training by attending and graduating from Professional Childrens School in Manhattan in 2002. Johansson began acting during childhood, after her mother started taking her to auditions and she would audition for commercials but took rejection so hard her mother began limiting her to film tryouts. She made her debut at the age of 9, as John Ritters daughter in the fantasy comedy North. Following minor roles in the mystery thriller Just Cause, as the daughter of Sean Connery and Kate Capshaw, and If Lucy Fell, she played the role of Amanda in Manny & Lo. Her performance in Manny & Lo garnered a nomination for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead Female, after appearing in minor roles in Fall and Home Alone 3, Johansson garnered widely spread attention for her performance in the film The Horse Whisperer, directed by Robert Redford. She received a nomination for the Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Most Promising Actress for the film, in 1999, she appeared in My Brother the Pig and in the neo-noir Coen brothers film The Man Who Wasnt There
Scarlett Johansson
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Johansson at the
San Diego Comic-Con in July 2013
Scarlett Johansson
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Johansson at the premiere of
Girl with a Pearl Earring at
Toronto International Film Festival in 2003
Scarlett Johansson
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Johansson at the
2013 Toronto International Film Festival
Scarlett Johansson
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Johansson with
Michael Caine at the
Nobel Peace Prize Concert in 2008
9.
Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)
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The film stars Scarlett Johansson, Takeshi Kitano, Michael Pitt, Pilou Asbæk, Chin Han and Juliette Binoche. The film premiered in Tokyo on March 16,2017, and was released in the United States on March 31,2017, in 2D, 3D, IMAX 3D, the film has grossed $76.9 million worldwide against a production budget of $110 million. In the near future, the vast majority of humans are augmented with cybernetics, enhancing various traits like vision, strength, and intelligence. Hanka Robotics, the leading developer of augmentative technology, establishes a secret project to develop a mechanical body, or shell. A young woman named Mira Killian, who is the survivor of the cyberterrorist attack which killed her parents, is chosen as the test subject after her body is apparently damaged beyond repair. Over the objections of her designer, Dr. Ouelet, Hanka CEO Cutter decides to use Killian as a counter-terrorism operative, a year later, Killian has attained the rank of Major in the anti-terrorist bureau Section 9, working alongside operatives Batou and Togusa under Chief Daisuke Aramaki. The team successfully thwarts a terrorist attack on a Hanka business conference, Killian, who has been experiencing hallucinations that Ouelet dismisses as glitches, is becoming increasingly bothered by how little she remembers about her past. After learning that the geisha was hacked by an entity, known only as Kuze, Killian breaks protocol. The entity attempts a counter-hack, and Batou is forced to disconnect her, using the information she was able to gather, the two trace the hacker to a Yakuza nightclub, where they are lured into a trap. The resulting explosion destroys Batous eyes, and leaves Killians body severely damaged, Cutter is enraged by Killians actions, and threatens to have Section 9 shut down unless Aramaki keeps her in line. Kuze tracks down Section 9s Hanka consultant, Dr. Dahlin, the team links her murder to the deaths of other senior company researchers, and realize that Dr. Ouelet is the next target. Kuze takes control of two workers and sends them to kill Ouelet. Batou, now with eyes, kills one of them while the repaired Killian subdues the other. During interrogation, Kuze briefly speaks through the surviving worker before compelling him to commit suicide, Togusa traces the hack to a secret location, where the team discovers a large number of humans mentally linked together as a makeshift signal network. Killian is captured, and Kuze reveals that he is a failed Hanka test subject from the project that created Killian. He urges her to question her own memories before freeing her, Killian confronts Ouelet, who admits that Killian was in fact the 98th test subject, the only one to survive the process, and her memories are fake implanted ones. Cutter has decided that Killian is too much of a liability, instead, Ouelet gives Killian an address and helps her escape. Cutter kills Ouelet, but blames Killian, saying that she has gone rogue and he subsequently informs Aramaki and the team that Killian must be terminated by any means necessary
Ghost in the Shell (2017 film)
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Ghost in the Shell
10.
Public Security Section 9
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Public Security Section 9 is a fictional intelligence department from Masamune Shirows Ghost in the Shell manga and anime series. In the story, its jurisdiction exists under the Ministry of Internal Affairs, in some translations, the name is given as Public Safety Section 9. In the original film, it is known as the Shell Squad or Security Police Section 9, the Section-9 is composed of former military officers, forensics, and police detectives, these agents answer only to Daisuke Aramaki and arent controlled by the government. They had cross-training exercises in the past with the British SASs 22nd Regiment, Section 9s structure has been partially influenced by the British SAS. Public Security Section 9 was established as a search and rescue organization, officially billed as an international organization, it is actually a counter-terrorist network and anti-crime unit operating in the Japanese National Public Safety Commission. Its operatives are allowed to act with or without government consent as they are almost unknown to the public eye, even though Section 9 team is the creme de la creme of military prowess, there is a competitiveness with the other Section teams as well. Major Motoko Kusanagi is dispatched by Section 9 to spy on a building in New Port City, a foreign power conspires to recruit a domestic programmer to fix the Project 2501 bug. The team moves in while Major activates her therm-optic camouflage, the foreign official refuses to return the programmer, while Kusanagi moves in and kills him. After higher-ranking government officials uncover information about the Section 9 investigation, failing that, they assemble a diversion and escape through a passage in the sewers of New Port City. They are all captured, with the Major apparently killed. Togusa spends the next three months wondering what happened to the rest of Section 9 before encountering Batou, the whole thing turns out to have been Aramakis plan, sacrificing Section 9 in order to leave the prime suspect wide-open to arrest, investigation, and prosecution. Everyone, including the Major is fine, and Aramaki is in the process of rebuilding and securing funding for the newly-reborn Section 9, the 2nd season starts with Section 9 non-existent in an official capacity because of an amendment to the Special Forces Bill. They demand the freedom of the refugees from the point that refugees drain the country. The previous PM of Japan issued a bill that allowed for the entrance of refugees into certain zones. From this point on the 2nd season goes on to focus on the issue from multiple perspectives. A new group iemerges in this season, The Individual Eleven and this group first appears in the premiere episode as a group of Individual Eleven copycats take hostages in the Chinese Embassy. Later in the series it is revealed that the Individual Elevens true intentions were to harm the wellbeing of refugees that had taken shelter in Japan at the end of World War IV and this group destroys itself in a public display of mutually assisted suicide among the members. Only one survives, Hideo Kuze, who sides with the refugees
Public Security Section 9
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Operatives of Public Security Section 9 by 2nd GIG series.
Public Security Section 9
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Section 9 operatives as seen from the opening sequence of 2nd GiG. From left to right: Borma, Ishikawa,
Batou,
Motoko Kusanagi,
Togusa,
Saito, Pazu. Yano and Azuma are not present.
11.
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
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The Japan Ground Self-Defense Force, or JGSDF, is the main branch of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, responsible for land-based military operations, and is the de facto army of Japan. Created on July 1,1954, it is the largest of the three services of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, the JGSDF is chiefly tasked with maintaining internal security in Japan. The Force operates under the command of the chief of the staff, based in the city of Ichigaya, Shinjuku. The present chief of staff is General Kiyofumi Iwata, the JGSDF numbered around 150,000 soldiers in 2008. As of 2010, the remained the same at approximately 150,000 personnel. Japan accepted the Potsdam Declaration in 1945, and, in compliance with Article 9, both were replaced by the United States Armed Forces occupation force, which assumed responsibility for the external defense of Japan. On the outbreak of the Korean War, many U. S. units were transferred to Korea, accordingly, in mid-1952, the National Police Reserve was expanded to 110,000 men and named the National Safety Forces. Japan continued to improve its defensive capabilities, the enabling legislation for this was the 1954 Self-Defense Forces Act. For a long period, the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force possessed an ability to hold off a Soviet invasion of Hokkaido. Zbigniew Brzezinski observed in 1972 that it seemed optimized to fight ‘a Soviet invasion conducted on American patterns of a quarter of a century ago, in 1989, basic training for lower-secondary and upper-secondary academy graduates began in the training brigade and lasted approximately three months. Specialized enlisted and non-commissioned officer candidate courses were available in branch schools, advanced technical, flight, medical and command and staff officer courses were also run by the JGSDF. Like the maritime and air forces, the JGSDF ran a youth cadet program offering technical training to school graduates below military age in return for a promise of enlistment. Because of population density and urbanization on the Japanese islands, only limited areas are available for large-scale training, the JGSDF has two reserve components, the rapid-reaction reserve component and the main reserve component. Members of the rapid-reaction component train 30 days a year, members of the main reserve train five days a year. As of December 2007, there were 8,425 members of the reserve component and 22,404 members of the main reserve component. JGSDF divisions and brigades are combined arms units with infantry, armored and they are regionally independent and permanent entities. The divisions strength varies from 6,000 to 9,000 personnel
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
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JGSDF soldiers from the 22nd Infantry Regiment train with U.S. Army soldiers in a bilateral exercise at Fort Lewis' Leschi Town in October 2008.
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
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Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
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JGSDF Type 10 MBT
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
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JGSDF Type 90 MBT
12.
United Nations peacekeeping
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It is distinguished from both peacebuilding, peacemaking, and peace enforcement. Peacekeepers monitor and observe peace processes in post-conflict areas and assist ex-combatants in implementing the agreements they may have signed. Such assistance comes in forms, including confidence-building measures, power-sharing arrangements, electoral support, strengthening the rule of law. Accordingly, UN peacekeepers can include soldiers, police officers, the United Nations Charter gives the United Nations Security Council the power and responsibility to take collective action to maintain international peace and security. For this reason, the community usually looks to the Security Council to authorize peacekeeping operations through Chapter VI authorizations. Most of these operations are established and implemented by the United Nations itself, in these cases, peacekeepers remain members of their respective armed forces, and do not constitute an independent UN army, as the UN does not have such a force. Hervé Ladsous has served as the head of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations since 2 September 2011, dPKOs highest level doctrine document, entitled United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, Principles and Guidelines was issued in 2008. Peacekeeping forces are contributed by member states on a voluntary basis, as of 31 December 2013, the total size of the peacekeeping force is 98,200 police, troops, and military experts. European nations contribute nearly 6,000 units to this total, pakistan, India, and Bangladesh are among the largest individual contributors with around 8,000 units each. African nations contributed nearly half the total, almost 44,000 units, every peacekeeping mission is authorized by the Security Council. Once a peace treaty has been negotiated, the parties involved might ask the United Nations for a force to oversee various elements of the agreed upon plan. If the Security Council approves the creation of a mission, then the Department of Peacekeeping Operations begins planning for the necessary elements, at this point, the senior leadership team is selected. The department will then seek contributions from member nations, since the UN has no standing force or supplies, it must form ad hoc coalitions for every task undertaken. Doing so results in both the possibility of failure to form a force, and a general slowdown in procurement once the operation is in the field. You had to make a request for everything you needed, for instance, soldiers everywhere have to eat and drink. In a push system, food and water for the number of soldiers deployed is automatically supplied, in a pull system, you have to ask for those rations, and no common sense seems to ever apply. While the peacekeeping force is being assembled, a variety of activities are being undertaken by UN staff. The exact size and strength of the force must be agreed to by the government of the nation whose territory the conflict is on, the Rules of Engagement must be developed and approved by both the parties involved and the Security Council
United Nations peacekeeping
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UN Peacekeepers monitor the
Eritrea -
Ethiopia border.
United Nations peacekeeping
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A multinational UN battalion at the 2008
Bastille Day military parade
United Nations peacekeeping
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Australian peacekeepers in
East Timor
United Nations peacekeeping
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Peacekeepers'
Panhard armoured car in the
Musée des Blindés,
Saumur,
France. These vehicles have served with the UN since the inception of
UNFICYP.
13.
Japanese language
–
Japanese is an East Asian language spoken by about 125 million speakers, primarily in Japan, where it is the national language. It is a member of the Japonic language family, whose relation to language groups, particularly to Korean. Little is known of the prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century recorded a few Japanese words, during the Heian period, Chinese had considerable influence on the vocabulary and phonology of Old Japanese. Late Middle Japanese saw changes in features that brought it closer to the modern language, the standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo region in the Early Modern Japanese period. Following the end in 1853 of Japans self-imposed isolation, the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, English loanwords in particular have become frequent, and Japanese words from English roots have proliferated. Japanese is an agglutinative, mora-timed language with simple phonotactics, a vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or make questions. Nouns have no number or gender, and there are no articles. Verbs are conjugated, primarily for tense and voice, but not person, Japanese equivalents of adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a system of honorifics with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener. Japanese has no relationship with Chinese, but it makes extensive use of Chinese characters, or kanji, in its writing system. Along with kanji, the Japanese writing system uses two syllabic scripts, hiragana and katakana. Latin script is used in a fashion, such as for imported acronyms. Very little is known about the Japanese of this period, Old Japanese is the oldest attested stage of the Japanese language. Through the spread of Buddhism, the Chinese writing system was imported to Japan, the earliest texts found in Japan are written in Classical Chinese, but they may have been meant to be read as Japanese by the kanbun method. Some of these Chinese texts show the influences of Japanese grammar, in these hybrid texts, Chinese characters are also occasionally used phonetically to represent Japanese particles. The earliest text, the Kojiki, dates to the early 8th century, the end of Old Japanese coincides with the end of the Nara period in 794
Japanese language
–
A page from
Nihon Shoki (The Chronicles of Japan), the second oldest book of classical
Japanese history.
Japanese language
–
Map of Japanese dialects and Japonic languages
Japanese language
–
Two pages from a 12th-century
emaki scroll of
The Tale of Genji from the 11th century.
Japanese language
–
Calligraphy
14.
Hepburn romanization
–
The system was originally proposed by the Romanization Club in 1885. The revised edition by Romaji-Hirome-kai in 1908 is called standard style romanization, Hepburn is based on English phonology and has competed with the alternative Nihon-shiki romanization, which was developed in Japan as a replacement of Japanese script. In 1930, a Special Romanization Study Commission was appointed to compare the two, the ordinance was temporarily overturned by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers during the Occupation of Japan, but was reissued in 1954. In 1972, a version of Hepburn was codified as ANSI standard Z39. 11-1972. It was proposed in 1989 as a draft for ISO3602, the ANSI Z39. 11-1972 standard was consequently deprecated on October 6,1994. As of 1978, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry, in addition The Japan Times, the Japan Travel Bureau, and many other private organizations used Hepburn instead of Kunrei-shiki. The National Diet Library used Kunrei-shiki, although Hepburn is not a government standard, some government agencies mandate it. In many other areas where it de jure status, Hepburn remains the de facto standard. Signs and notices in city offices and police stations, at shrines, temples, English-language newspapers and media use the simplified form of Hepburn. Cities and prefectures use it in information for English-speaking residents and visitors, official tourism information put out by the government uses it, as do guidebooks, local and foreign, on Japan. Many students of Japanese as a foreign language learn Hepburn, there are many variants of Hepburn romanization. The two most common styles are, Traditional Hepburn, as defined in various editions of Hepburns dictionary and this variant is characterized by the rendering of syllabic n as m before the consonants b, m and p, e. g. Shimbashi for 新橋. Modified Hepburn, also known as Revised Hepburn, in which the rendering of syllabic n as m before certain consonants is no longer used, in Japan itself, there are some variants officially mandated for various uses, Railway Standard, which follows the Hyōjun-shiki Rōmaji. All JR railways and other major railways use this type for station names, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Standard, which follows the modified Hepburn style. This is used for road signs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Passport Standard, a permissive standard which explicitly allows the use of non-Hepburn romaji in personal names, notably for passports. In particular, rendering the syllabic n as m before b, m, p, details of these variants can be found below. The romanizations set out in the first and second versions of Hepburns dictionary are primarily of historical interest, supporters argue that Hepburn is not intended as a linguistic tool. The long vowels are indicated by macrons
Hepburn romanization
–
Former
JNR -style board of
Toyooka Station. Between the two adjacent stations, “
GEMBUDŌ ” follows the Hepburn romanization system, but “
KOKUHU ” follows the
Nihon-shiki /
Kunrei-shiki romanization system.
15.
Protagonist
–
A protagonist is the main character in any story, such as a literary work or drama. The protagonist is at the center of the story, typically makes the key decisions, the protagonist usually affects the main characters circumstances as well, as they are often the primary actor propelling the story forward. If a story contains a subplot, or is a made up of several stories. The word protagonist is used notably in stories and forms of literature and culture that contain stories, in those forms the protagonist may simply be the leading actor, or the principal character in the story. The antagonist will provide obstacles and complications and create conflict that test the protagonist, thus revealing the strengths, the earliest known examples of protagonist are dated back to Ancient Greece. At first dramatic performances involved merely dancing and recitation by the chorus, but then in Poetics, Aristotle describes how a poet named Thespis introduced the idea of having one actor step out and engage in a dialogue with the chorus. This was the invention of tragedy, which occurred about 536 B. C, then the poet Aeschylus, in his plays, introduced a second actor, inventing the idea of dialogue between two characters. Sophocles then wrote plays that required a third actor, euripides play Hippolytus may be considered to have two protagonists. The protagonist of the first half is Phaedra, who dies partway through the play and her stepson, the titular Hippolytus, assumes the dominant role in the second half of the play. In Ibsen’s play The Master Builder, the protagonist is the architect Halvard Solness, the young woman, Hilda Wangel, whose actions lead to the death of Solness, is the antagonist. In Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is the protagonist and he is actively in pursuit of his relationship with Juliet, and the audience is invested in that story. The character of Tybalt opposes Romeo’s desires, he is the antagonist, in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, Prince Hamlet, who seeks revenge for the murder of his father, is the protagonist. The antagonist would be the character who most opposes Hamlet, Claudius, in the novel The Catcher in the Rye, the character Holden Caulfield is the protagonist. He is the character, and the reader is invested in his story. Sometimes, a work will have a false protagonist, who may seem to be the protagonist, the character Marion in Alfred Hitchcocks film Psycho is an example. A novel that contains a number of narratives may have a number of protagonists, alexander Solzhenitsyns The First Circle, for example, depicts a variety of characters imprisoned and living in a gulag camp. Leo Tolstoys War and Peace, depicts fifteen major characters involved in or affected by a war
Protagonist
–
In
Shakespeare 's
Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, Hamlet is the protagonist. He is set in a tragic situation, where the ghost of his dead father urges him to take revenge on his uncle, who had murdered the father. Portrait of Hamlet by William Morris Hunt, oil on canvas, circa 1864.
16.
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex
–
Ghost in the Shell, Stand Alone Complex is a Japanese anime television series produced by Production I. G and based on Masamune Shirows manga Ghost in the Shell. It was written and directed by Kenji Kamiyama, with character design by Hajime Shimomura. The first season aired from October 2002 to October 2003 and was received by critics. A second season titled Ghost in the Shell, S. A. C, 2nd GIG aired from January 2004 to January 2005. A series of associated short comic animations, titled Tachikomatic Days and these shorts star the Tachikoma think-tanks from the main series, and they typically relate directly to the story of the preceding Stand Alone Complex episode. The first season was adapted into a feature-length OVA titled The Laughing Man, the series had also received video game spin-offs for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, and mobile phones. 2nd GIG was also adapted into a feature-length OVA entitled Individual Eleven. Solid State Society, a TV-film sequel to the Stand Alone Complex series, was released in that year. The series takes place in the year 2030, where people have become cyborgs with prosthetic bodies. While the group investigates various crimes, both seasons feature ongoing investigations into two incidents that embroil the group in corruption within other branches of the Japanese government and his popularity spawned several genuine imitators, resulting in the series titular Stand Alone Complex. At the time of the Third and the Fourth World Wars and these invited refugees, based on the reclaimed island of Dejima, soon became unemployed in the post-war period, and their social unrest borders on outright war. However, he cannot account for the charismatic Hideo Kuze who genuinely believes in the best for the refugees, throughout the investigation, Kusanagi discovers she may know Kuze from her childhood. Ultimately, Goda is found guilty of his part in the incidents and killed before he can defect to the American Empire. The series was directed by Kenji Kamiyama and written by Yoshiki Sakurai, the series was produced with an 800 million yen investment. Kenji Kamiyama decided to make the anime TV series as a relative to the manga and film, for the second season, Mamoru Oshii had contributed with his ideas to the concept of the entire series and initial planning stages. Shuko Murase stated that they were going to concentrate on how Japan was going to participate in war after 9/11 as intended to portray a fictional future. But by the time they were working on the episodes, the Iraq War had already started, during this time Japan also had an election. The soundtrack for the series was composed by Yoko Kanno and produced by Victor Entertainment, the first seasons opening theme is Inner Universe performed by Origa
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex
–
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex complete collection cover.
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex
–
The members of Section 9. From bottom left to top right: Paz, Borma, Saito, Batou, Motoko, Togusa, Aramaki, and Ishikawa
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex
–
Yoko Kanno, composer of the music for the Stand Alone Complex series
17.
Cyborg
–
A cyborg is a being with both organic and biomechatronic body parts. The term was coined in 1960 by Manfred Clynes and Nathan S. Kline, while cyborgs are commonly thought of as mammals, including humans, they might also conceivably be any kind of organism. In popular culture, some cyborgs may be represented as visibly mechanical or as almost indistinguishable from humans, Cyborgs in fiction often play up a human contempt for over-dependence on technology, particularly when used for war, and when used in ways that seem to threaten free will. Cyborgs are also portrayed with physical or mental abilities far exceeding a human counterpart. According to some definitions of the term, the physical attachments humanity has with even the most basic technologies have made them cyborgs. Implants, especially cochlear implants, that combine mechanical modification with any kind of response are also cyborg enhancements. Some theorists cite such modifications as contact lenses, hearing aids, as cyborgs currently are on the rise some theorists argue there is a need to develop new definitions of aging and for instance a bio-techno-social definition of aging has been suggested. The term is used to address human-technology mixtures in the abstract. When augmented with these technologies and connected in communication with people in times and places. This is like a computer, which gains power by using Internet protocols to connect with other computers, bruce Sterling in his universe of Shaper/Mechanist suggested an idea of alternative cyborg called Lobster, which is made not by using internal implants, but by using an external shell. Unlike human cyborgs that appear human externally while being synthetic internally, Lobster looks inhuman externally, the computer game Deus Ex, Invisible War prominently featured cyborgs called Omar, where Omar is a Russian translation of the word Lobster. The concept of a man-machine mixture was widespread in science fiction before World War II, as early as 1843, Edgar Allan Poe described a man with extensive prostheses in the short story The Man That Was Used Up. In 1911, Jean de la Hire introduced the Nyctalope, a science fiction hero who was perhaps the first literary cyborg, edmond Hamilton presented space explorers with a mixture of organic and machine parts in his novel The Comet Doom in 1928. He later featured the talking, living brain of an old scientist, Simon Wright, floating around in a transparent case, in all the adventures of his famous hero, Captain Future. cybernetic organisms. In the short story No Woman Born in 1944, C. L. Moore wrote of Deirdre, the term was coined by Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. The term first appears in print five months earlier when The New York Times reported on the Psychophysiological Aspects of Space Flight Symposium where Clynes, a book titled Cyborg, Digital Destiny and Human Possibility in the Age of the Wearable Computer was published by Doubleday in 2001. Some of the ideas in the book were incorporated into the 35 mm motion picture film Cyberman, Cyborgs tissues structured with carbon nanotubes and plant or fungal cells have been used in artificial tissue engineering to produce new materials for mechanical and electrical uses. The work was presented by Di Giacomo and Maresca at MRS2013 Spring conference on Apr, 3rd, the cyborg obtained is inexpensive, light and has unique mechanical properties
Cyborg
–
Neil Harbisson, cyborg activist and president of the
Cyborg Foundation.
Cyborg
–
Main articles
18.
National Public Safety Commission (Japan)
–
The National Public Safety Commission is a Japanese Cabinet Office commission. It is headquartered in the 2nd Building of the Central Common Government Office at 2-1-2 Kasumigaseki in Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo. The commission consists of a chairman who holds the rank of Minister of State and five members appointed by the Prime Minister. The commission operates independently of the cabinet, but coordinates with it through the Minister of State and it administers the National Police Agency, and has the authority to appoint or dismiss senior police officers. By the 1880s, the police had developed into an instrument of government control, providing support for local leaders. They acted as general civil administrators, implementing policies and thereby facilitating unification and modernization. In rural areas especially, the police had great authority and were accorded the same mixture of fear and their increasing involvement in political affairs was one of the foundations of the authoritarian state in Japan in the first half of the twentieth century. The centralized police system steadily acquired responsibilities, until it controlled almost all aspects of daily life, the system regulated public health, business, factories, and construction, and it issued permits and licenses. The Peace Preservation Law of 1925 gave police the authority to arrest people for wrong thoughts, special Higher Police were created to regulate the content of motion pictures, political meetings, and election campaigns. Military police operating under the army and navy and the justice, after the Manchurian Incident of 1931, military police assumed greater authority, leading to friction with their civilian counterparts. After 1937 police directed business activities for the war effort, mobilized labor, after Japans surrender in 1945, occupation authorities retained the prewar police structure until a new system was implemented and the Diet passed the 1947 Police Law. Contrary to Japanese proposals for a strong, centralized force to deal with postwar unrest, about 1,600 independent municipal forces were established in cities, towns, and villages with 5,000 inhabitants or more, and a National Rural Police was organized by prefecture. Civilian control was to be ensured by placing the police under the jurisdiction of public safety commissions controlled by the National Public Safety Commission in the Office of the Prime Minister. The 1947 Police Law was amended in 1951 to allow the police of smaller communities to merge with the National Rural Police. Most chose this arrangement, and by 1954 only about 400 cities, towns, under the 1954 amended Police Law, a final restructuring created an even more centralized system in which local forces were organized by prefectures under a National Police Agency. The National Public Safety Commission system has been retained, Rural and municipal forces were abolished and integrated into prefectural forces, which handled basic police matters. Officials and inspectors in various ministries and agencies continue to exercise special police functions assigned to them in the 1947 Police Law, Public safety This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http, //lcweb2. loc. gov/frd/cs/
National Public Safety Commission (Japan)
–
2nd Building of the Central Common Government Office, the building which houses the commission
19.
User interface
–
The user interface, in the industrial design field of human–computer interaction, is the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. Examples of this concept of user interfaces include the interactive aspects of computer operating systems, hand tools, heavy machinery operator controls. The design considerations applicable when creating user interfaces are related to or involve such disciplines as ergonomics and psychology. Generally, the goal of user interface design is to produce a user interface makes it easy, efficient. This generally means that the needs to provide minimal input to achieve the desired output. Other terms for user interface are man–machine interface and when the machine in question is a computer human–computer interface, the user interface or human–machine interface is the part of the machine that handles the human–machine interaction. Membrane switches, rubber keypads and touchscreens are examples of the part of the Human Machine Interface which we can see. In complex systems, the interface is typically computerized. The term human–computer interface refers to this kind of system, in the context of computing the term typically extends as well to the software dedicated to control the physical elements used for human-computer interaction. The engineering of the interfaces is enhanced by considering ergonomics. The corresponding disciplines are human factors engineering and usability engineering, which is part of systems engineering, tools used for incorporating human factors in the interface design are developed based on knowledge of computer science, such as computer graphics, operating systems, programming languages. Nowadays, we use the graphical user interface for human–machine interface on computers. There is a difference between a user interface and an interface or a human–machine interface. A human-machine interface is typically local to one machine or piece of equipment, an operator interface is the interface method by which multiple equipment that are linked by a host control system is accessed or controlled. The system may expose several user interfaces to serve different kinds of users, for example, a computerized library database might provide two user interfaces, one for library patrons and the other for library personnel. The user interface of a system, a vehicle or an industrial installation is sometimes referred to as the human–machine interface. HMI is a modification of the original term MMI, in practice, the abbreviation MMI is still frequently used although some may claim that MMI stands for something different now. Another abbreviation is HCI, but is commonly used for human–computer interaction
User interface
–
Example of a
tangible user interface.
User interface
–
IBM 029
User interface
–
Holes are punched in the card according to a prearranged code transferring the facts from the census questionnaire into
statistics
User interface
–
Teletype Model 33 ASR
20.
Brain
–
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the organs for senses such as vision. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrates body, in a human, the cerebral cortex contains approximately 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body, the brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment, the operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. This article compares the properties of brains across the range of animal species. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains, the ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, the shape and size of the brain varies greatly between species, and identifying common features is often difficult. Nevertheless, there are a number of principles of architecture that apply across a wide range of species. Some aspects of structure are common to almost the entire range of animal species, others distinguish advanced brains from more primitive ones. The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives, and then sliced apart for examination of the interior. Visually, the interior of the consists of areas of so-called grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter. Further information can be gained by staining slices of tissue with a variety of chemicals that bring out areas where specific types of molecules are present in high concentrations. It is also possible to examine the microstructure of brain tissue using a microscope, the brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells, neurons and glial cells. Glial cells come in types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabolic support, insulation. Neurons, however, are considered the most important cells in the brain. The property that makes neurons unique is their ability to send signals to target cells over long distances
Brain
–
A
chimpanzee brain
Brain
–
Cross section of the
olfactory bulb of a rat, stained in two different ways at the same time: one stain shows neuron cell bodies, the other shows receptors for the
neurotransmitter GABA.
Brain
–
Neurons generate electrical signals that travel along their axons. When a pulse of electricity reaches a junction called a
synapse, it causes a neurotransmitter chemical to be released, which binds to receptors on other cells and thereby alters their electrical activity.
Brain
–
Neurons often have extensive networks of
dendrites, which receive synaptic connections. Shown is a
pyramidal neuron from the hippocampus, stained for
green fluorescent protein.
21.
Spinal cord
–
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system. The spinal cord begins at the bone and extends down to the space between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, it does not extend the entire length of the vertebral column. It is around 45 cm in men and around 43 cm long in women, also, the spinal cord has a varying width, ranging from 13 mm thick in the cervical and lumbar regions to 6.4 mm thick in the thoracic area. The enclosing bony vertebral column protects the relatively shorter spinal cord, the spinal cord is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system. The length of the cord is much shorter as compared to the length of the vertebral column. The human spinal cord extends from the magnum and continues through to the conus medullaris near the second lumbar vertebra. It is about 45 cm long in men and around 43 cm in women, ovoid-shaped, the cervical enlargement, located from C5 to T1 spinal segments, is where sensory input comes from and motor output goes to the arms. The lumbar enlargement, located between L1 and S3 spinal segments, handles input and motor output coming from and going to the legs. The spinal cord is continuous with the portion of the medulla. It does not run the length of the vertebral column in adults. It is made of 31 segments that contain sensory nerve root. The first cervical segment is very small and may be absent in most individuals. Nerve roots merge into 31 bilaterally symmetric pairs of spinal nerves, the peripheral nervous system is made up of these spinal roots, nerves, and ganglia. Dorsal root ganglia hold the bodies of dorsal root ganglia in the spinal ganglia related with that spinal segment. Ventral roots only have efferent fibers that arise from motor neurons whose cell bodies are found in the ventral horns of the spinal cord. The spinal cord are protected by three layers of tissue or membranes called meninges, that surround the canal, the dura mater is the outermost layer, and it forms a tough protective coating. Between the dura mater and the bone of the vertebrae is a space called the epidural space
Spinal cord
–
A model of segments of the human spine and spinal cord, nerve roots can be seen extending laterally from the (not visible) spinal cord.
Spinal cord
–
The spinal cord (in pinkish red) connects the brain to nerves throughout the body.
Spinal cord
–
Cross-section of rabbit spinal cord.
Spinal cord
–
Cross-section of adult mouse spinal cord: astrocytes (red) and neurons (green)
22.
Grey hat
–
The term began to be used in the late 1990s, derived from the concepts of white hat and black hat hackers. The grey hat will neither illegally exploit it, nor tell others how to do so, a further difference among these types of hacker lies in their methods of discovering vulnerabilities. The grey hat generally has the skills and intent of the white hat but will break into any system or network without permission. According to one definition of a hacker, when they discover a vulnerability, instead of telling the vendor how the exploit works. In 2002, however, the Anti-Sec community published use of the term to refer to people who work in the security industry by day, but engage in black hat activities by night. The irony was that for black hats, this interpretation was seen as a derogatory term, the prosecution in the U. S. of Dmitry Sklyarov for activities which were legal in his home country changed the attitudes of many security researchers. As the Internet became used for more functions, and concerns about terrorism grew. In 2008, the EFF defined grey hats as ethical security researchers who inadvertently or arguably violate the law in an effort to research and they advocate for computer offense laws that are clearer and more narrowly drawn. In April 2000, hackers known as and Hardbeat gained unauthorized access to Apache. org and they chose to alert Apache crew of the problems rather than try to damage the Apache. org servers. In June 2010, a group of computer experts known as Goatse Security exposed a flaw in AT&T security which allowed the e-mail addresses of users to be revealed. The group revealed the security flaw to the soon after notifying AT&T. Since then, the FBI opened an investigation into the incident and raided the house of weev, in April 2011, a group of experts discovered that the Apple iPhone and 3G iPads were logging where the user visits. Apple released a statement saying that the iPad and iPhone were only logging the towers that the phone could access, there have been numerous articles on the matter and it has been viewed as a minor security issue. This instance would be classified as grey hat because although the experts could have used this for malicious intent and he had tried repeatedly to inform Facebook of this bug only to be told by Facebook that the issue was not a bug. After this incident, Facebook corrected this vulnerability which could have been a weapon in the hands of professional spammers. Shreateh was not compensated by Facebook’s White Hat program because he violated their policies making this a grey hat incident, gray Hat Hacking, The Ethical Hackers Handbook. A E. Grey Hat SEO2014, The Most Effective, secrets to Rank High including the Fastest Penalty Recoveries
Grey hat
23.
Security hacker
–
A security hacker is someone who seeks to breach defenses and exploit weaknesses in a computer system or network. The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the computer underground, there is a longstanding controversy about the terms true meaning. The black-hat meaning still prevails among the general public, in computer security, a hacker is someone who focuses on security mechanisms of computer and network systems. While including those who endeavor to strengthen such mechanisms, it is often used by the mass media. That is, the media portrays the hacker as a villain, nevertheless, parts of the subculture see their aim in correcting security problems and use the word in a positive sense. White hat is the given to ethical computer hackers, who utilize hacking in a helpful way. White hats are becoming a part of the information security field. Accordingly, the term bears strong connotations that are favorable or pejorative, the subculture around such hackers is termed network hacker subculture, hacker scene or computer underground. It initially developed in the context of phreaking during the 1960s and it is implicated with 2600, The Hacker Quarterly and the alt.2600 newsgroup. In 1980, an article in the August issue of Psychology Today used the term hacker in its title and it was an excerpt from a Stanford Bulletin Board discussion on the addictive nature of computer use. In the 1982 film Tron, Kevin Flynn describes his intentions to break into ENCOMs computer system, CLU is the software he uses for this. By 1983, hacking in the sense of breaking computer security had already been in use as computer jargon, but there was no public awareness about such activities. However, the release of the film WarGames that year, featuring a computer intrusion into NORAD, the Newsweek article appears to be the first use of the word hacker by the mainstream media in the pejorative sense. Pressured by media coverage, congressman Dan Glickman called for an investigation, as a result of these laws against computer criminality, white hat, grey hat and black hat hackers try to distinguish themselves from each other, depending on the legality of their activities. These moral conflicts are expressed in The Mentors The Hacker Manifesto, use of the term hacker meaning computer criminal was also advanced by the title Stalking the Wily Hacker, an article by Clifford Stoll in the May 1988 issue of the Communications of the ACM. Later that year, the release by Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. of the so-called Morris worm provoked the popular media to spread this usage, the popularity of Stolls book The Cuckoos Egg, published one year later, further entrenched the term in the publics consciousness. Several subgroups of the underground with different attitudes use different terms to demarcate themselves from each other. Eric S. Raymond, author of The New Hackers Dictionary, yet, those people see themselves as hackers and even try to include the views of Raymond in what they see as a wider hacker culture, a view that Raymond has harshly rejected
Security hacker
–
Bruce Sterling, author of
The Hacker Crackdown
24.
World of Ghost in the Shell
–
Masamune Shirows manga and anime series Ghost in the Shell takes place in a cyberpunk version of Earth in the near future. The series focuses on Japan, but several other nations figure prominently in some stories, the brain includes the brain stem but excludes the eyes, optic nerves, and most of the spine. Cyberbrain implants, in conjunction with micromachines, allow the brain to initiate and this capability results in a number of unforeseen psychosocial phenomena whose emergence is a major plot element of the various Ghost in the Shell stories. The process of augmentation of the brain in this fashion is referred to in the series as cyberization. It is not necessary for a subject to undergo complete cyberization, acquiring a full-body prosthesis, to support the cyberized brain, nano-scale interfaces are placed in the cerebellar region, permitting a pluggable interface, and allowing prosthetic parts to be upgraded. Physical improvements are limited to a thin titanium shell around the cortex. Partial cyberization, replacing parts of the cortex with nanotechnological interfaces. However, the systems of the brain remain intact, which is necessary to retain the ghost. Full cyberization, in extreme cases of disease or accident. In the series, super-class-A hackers are able to take over peoples cyberbrains, to the extent that they can alter memories or steal eyes, the Laughing Man character was able to alter the vision of an entire crowd and superimpose his logo over his face to disguise his identity. Ghost hacking is a technique wherein the victims entire memory is replaced with false memories. This is notably used in the series by the Puppet Master in the first Ghost in the Shell film, cyberbrain hijacking involves the replacement of a victims cyberbrain with the criminals own, while the same criminal retains another body in storage. Alternatively, a criminal may choose to place their cyberbrain into a copy of the victims body, both of these methods were portrayed in the episode Face. It can also be a psychological barrier induced by the subconscious to protect the ego from being overwhelmed by the depth, CSS patients have the appearance of savants with extremely high computer skills. Cyberbrain sclerosis is a characterized by a hardening of the brain tissues precipitated by the cyberization process. It is described as being that centurys cancer or tuberculosis, cyberbrain sclerosis is described as being extremely rare, enough so that it doesnt deter most people from being cyberized, but it is incurable once diagnosed. In Ghost in the Shell, a cyborg is a human who has had full-body cyberization, cyborgs do not eat normal food, rather, they eat special processed protein bars which provide nutrients for their remaining organic parts. This food does not taste good to those who still have organic taste buds due to an inability to manipulate taste input cybernetically, the most heavily cyberized individuals, such as Major Kusanagi, have only their brain remaining as their sole organic parts
World of Ghost in the Shell
–
Fully encased cyberbrains revealed by deadly blunt impact, as seen in
Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex.
World of Ghost in the Shell
–
Major Kusanagi with an active thermo-optical camouflage
25.
Femininity
–
Femininity is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles generally associated with girls and women. Femininity is socially constructed, but made up of both socially-defined and biologically-created factors and this makes it distinct from the definition of the biological female sex, as both males and females can exhibit feminine traits. People who exhibit a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics are considered androgynous, and feminist philosophers have argued that gender ambiguity may blur gender classification. In some non-English speaking cultures, certain concepts or inanimate objects are considered feminine or masculine, tara Williams has suggested that modern notions of femininity in English speaking society began during the English medieval period at the time of the bubonic plague in the 1300s. Women in the Early Middle Ages were referred to simply within their traditional roles of maiden, wife, after the Black Death in England wiped out approximately half the population, traditional gender roles of wife and mother changed, and opportunities opened up for women in society. Prudence Allen has traced how the concept of woman changed during this period, the words femininity and womanhood are first recorded in Chaucer around 1380. Girls, second-wave feminists said, were then socialized with toys, games, television and school into conforming to feminine values, femininity is sometimes linked with sexual objectification and sexual appeal. Sexual passiveness, or sexual receptivity, is considered feminine while sexual assertiveness. Some queer theorists and other postmodernists, however, have rejected the sex /gender dichotomy as a dangerous simplification, an ongoing debate with regards to sex and psychology concerns the extent to which gender identity and gender-specific behavior is due to socialization versus inborn factors. According to Diane F. Halpern, both play a role, but the relative importance of each must still be investigated. The nature versus nurture question, for example, is debated and is continually revitalized by new research findings. Some hold that feminine identity is partly a given and partly a goal to be sought, in 1959, researchers such as John Money and Anke Erhardt proposed the prenatal hormone theory. This theory, however, has been criticized on theoretical and empirical grounds, Money also argued that gender identity is formed during a childs first three years. In Carl Jungs school of psychology, the anima and animus are the two primary anthropomorphic archetypes of the unconscious mind. The anima and animus are described by Jung as elements of his theory of the collective unconscious, a domain of the unconscious that transcends the personal psyche. In the unconscious of the male, it finds expression as a feminine inner personality, anima, equivalently, in the unconscious of the female, it is expressed as a masculine inner personality, animus. In Western cultures, the ideal of feminine appearance has traditionally included long, flowing hair, clear skin, a narrow waist, in other cultures, however, expectations are different. For example, in parts of the world, underarm hair is not considered unfeminine
Femininity
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In Egyptian mythology,
Isis is synonymous with femininity.
Femininity
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The Birth of Venus (1486,
Uffizi) is a classic representation of femininity painted by
Sandro Botticelli.
Venus was a
Roman goddess principally associated with love, beauty and
fertility.
Femininity
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Young Woman Drawing (1801,
Metropolitan Museum of Art) painted by
Marie-Denise Villers (possibly a self-portrait), depicts an independent feminine spirit.
Femininity
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In some cultures, cosmetics are associated with femininity
26.
List of Ghost in the Shell characters
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This is a list of fictional characters in the anime, manga, and film series Ghost in the Shell created by Masamune Shirow. In Stand Alone Complex, Lt. Col. Aramaki is a strict chief, even so, he is fiercely loyal to the members of Section 9, and often puts his own career on the line to ensure the survival of the rest of his team. In 2nd GIG, Aramaki uses his connections and no small amount of bargaining with the new prime minister to get Section 9 reinstated. It is revealed in Mamoru Oshiis Ghost in the Shell that Aramaki, in the Stand Alone Complex Visual Book released by Hobby Japan, Aramakis hair was poked at for fun in one comic strip when Batou makes some comments about it. Aramaki lifts his hair to reveal metallic parts, possibly for his cyberbrain, near the end of Ghost in the Shell, S. A. C. 2nd GIG, Aramakis missing brother, Yousuke Aramaki, appears to Kuze and he was last seen in the last episode helping the refugees evacuate to the Dejima bridge via small boats. Aramakis physical appearance looks almost exactly like that of the character Dusty the coffin maker in the 1968 Spaghetti Western, in the movie adaptations of Shirows manga, Batou is a direct representation of Mamoru Oshiis opinions, views, and feelings that are presented throughout the story. He also cares for a cloned basset hound named Gabriel, Stand Alone Complex character designer Hajime Shimomura said that Batous image was based on the Minotaur. Batou keeps his life away from mostly unknown. He also gave his favorite Tachikoma an unapproved, non-synthetic oil until the Major caught him, in the first Stand Alone Complex series, the Laughing Man hacked into his eyes so that Batou could not see him. According with Tachikomatic Days of episode 21, he has a can of beer after his bath, also, he often uses up his paycheck buying muscle training equipment for the upper body, which others find useless, considering his extensive number of cyborg parts. In the first season of Stand Alone Complex, it is inferred that he uses it to himself of who he is, despite his cyberization. Batou is also a chain smoker, in Stand Alone Complex it is stated that he is the only member of Section 9 who has not undergone cybernetic replacement in some manner as he had been referred to as natural. In the movie it is claimed that it is precisely because of his lack of cybernetic enhancements that he was chosen for Kusanagis team. In the manga, it is unclear as to what extent he has undergone cybernization, Togusa is 27 years old and is 5 feet 10 inches in height. In the Solid State Society movie, he is leader of the now expanded Section 9, after the Majors departure. It is also stated in Solid State Society that Togusa had finally undergone cyberization and his Japanese voice is provided by Koichi Yamadera, and Crispin Freeman in English According to character designer Hajime Shimomura, he did the designs of Togusa based on him being the gentle lion. In addition, Shimomura mentions that he was hard to do since his appearance in the manga looks deformed, voiced by, Yutaka Nakano and Shunsuke Sakuya, Michael Sorich and Michael McCarty Portrayed by, Lasarus Ratuere Ishikawa is the information warfare/technology specialist in Public Security Section 9
List of Ghost in the Shell characters
27.
Batou
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Batou is a main male character in Masamune Shirows Ghost in the Shell series. He is the second-best melee fighter in Section 9, and is the second in command under Major Motoko Kusanagi and he is a battle-hardened special operative with a long military career. Though he looks imposing, he is known for his warm heart, while his name is officially romanized as Batou, in some copies of the first films subtitles and credits, it is spelled Bateau. Batous limbs are all augmented-cybernetic prosthetics, despite the fact that exercise provides negligible benefit, Shirows characterization of Batou in the manga, and indeed the other members of Section 9, is notably more light-hearted than the characterization used in Mamoru Oshiis films of the same name. His eyes, though prosthetic, often bulge comically when he is alarmed and he frequently jokes with Motoko, Togusa, the Tachikomas, and practically everyone else who crosses his path. His serious side becomes more pronounced in a chapter of the manga where Yano. Batou loses his temper and impulsively calls up Section 9 Chief Aramaki, demanding an explanation for Yanos death, then storms off announcing, That… Koil is dead meat. Batou had seemingly hated anyone who tried to make Section 9 fix the mess of another organization, however, in the Ghost in the Shell movie he appears more stoic and silent than his TV and manga counterpart. Particularly in Ghost in the Shell 2, Innocence, Batou also appears moderately distant, in addition, he jokes around with a hint of irony being mentioned. Stand Alone Complex character designer Hajime Shimomura said that Batous image was based on the Minotaur, the name Batou means horse in Japanese and may refer to Japanese Buddhisms Batou Kannon with his small robotic implant eyes and long face as visual references. Batou originally appeared in the manga authored by Masamune Shirow, serialized in Kodanshas Young Magazine Pirate Edition from 1989 to 1991, unlike S. A. C. where in a similar situation Batou spares the life of an ex-C. I. A. Operative, Batou makes good on his threat and personally terminates Koil and his appearance and style of dress vary considerably over the series run. In Ghost in the Shell 2, Man/Machine Interface, Batou makes only an appearance and is hardly recognizable. His head is shaved, and he is dressed in a black outfit. This prompts Chief Aramaki to issue an ultimatum, If you cant be serious you can leave the room and he also asks to link with the psychic when she suffers a similar experience to Motokos contact with the Puppet Master, but his request is denied. The portrayal of Batou in Mamoru Oshiis films is different from the depiction in the anime series. Ghost in the Shell and Innocence depict a Batou who is more subdued. His appearance consists of a white crew-cut in the first film, Batou is the central character of Innocence, which centers around his personal life after the disappearance of Major Motoko Kusanagi at the end of the first film
Batou
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Batou of Section 9, as portrayed in the anime series.
28.
Yakuza
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Yakuza, also known as gokudō, are members of transnational organized crime syndicates originating in Japan. The Japanese police, and media by request of the police, call them bōryokudan, the yakuza are notorious for their strict codes of conduct and organized fiefdom-nature. They have a presence in the Japanese media and operate internationally with an estimated 102,000 members. Tekiya were considered one of the lowest social groups in Edo, as they began to form organizations of their own, they took over some administrative duties relating to commerce, such as stall allocation and protection of their commercial activities. During Shinto festivals, these peddlers opened stalls and some members were hired to act as security, each peddler paid rent in exchange for a stall assignment and protection during the fair. The Edo government eventually formally recognized such tekiya organizations and granted the oyabun of tekiya a surname as well as permission to carry a sword—the wakizashi and this was a major step forward for the traders, as formerly only samurai and noblemen were allowed to carry swords. Bakuto had a lower social standing even than traders, as gambling was illegal. Many small gambling houses cropped up in abandoned temples or shrines at the edge of towns, most of these gambling houses ran loan sharking businesses for clients, and they usually maintained their own security personnel. The roots of the yakuza can still be today in initiation ceremonies. During the formation of the yakuza, they adopted the traditional Japanese hierarchical structure of oyabun-kobun where kobun owe their allegiance to the oyabun, in a much later period, the code of jingi was developed where loyalty and respect are a way of life. The oyabun-kobun relationship is formalized by ceremonial sharing of sake from a single cup and this ritual is not exclusive to the yakuza—it is also commonly performed in traditional Japanese Shinto weddings, and may have been a part of sworn brotherhood relationships. However, after the war, the yakuza adapted again, prospective yakuza come from all walks of life. The most romantic tales tell how yakuza accept sons who have been abandoned or exiled by their parents, many yakuza start out in junior high school or high school as common street thugs or members of bōsōzoku gangs. Perhaps because of its lower status, numerous yakuza members come from Burakumin. Yakuza groups are headed by an oyabun or kumichō who gives orders to his subordinates, in this respect, the organization is a variation of the traditional Japanese senpai-kōhai model. Members of yakuza gangs cut their ties and transfer their loyalty to the gang boss. They refer to other as family members - fathers and elder and younger brothers. The yakuza is populated almost entirely by men, and there are few women involved who are called ane-san
Yakuza
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Shinobu Tsukasa, known as the current head of the
Yamaguchi, the largest yakuza syndicate since the mid 20th century.
Yakuza
Yakuza
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An early example of
Irezumi tattoos, 1870s.
Yakuza
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The alleys and streets of
Shinjuku are a popular modern Tokyo yakuza hangout.
29.
Mamoru Oshii
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Mamoru Oshii is a Japanese filmmaker, television director and screenwriter. Famous for his storytelling, Oshii has directed a number of popular anime, including Urusei Yatsura, Ghost in the Shell. He also holds the distinction of having created the first ever OVA, for his work, Oshii has received and been nominated for numerous awards, including the Palme dOr and Golden Lion. He has also attracted praise from international directors such as James Cameron, as a student, Mamoru Oshii was fascinated by the film La jetée by Chris Marker. He also repeatedly watched European cinema, such as films by Federico Fellini, Ingmar Bergman, Michelangelo Antonioni and these filmmakers, together with Jean-Luc Godard, Andrei Tarkovsky and Jerzy Kawalerowicz, would later serve as influences for Oshiis own cinematic career. In 1976, he graduated from Tokyo Gakugei University, the following year, he entered Tatsunoko Productions and worked on his first anime as a storyboard artist on Ippatsu Kanta-kun. During this period at Tatsunoko, Oshii worked on many anime as a storyboard artist, most of which were part of the Time Bokan television series, in 1980, he moved to Studio Pierrot under the supervision of his mentor, Hisayuki Toriumi. Mamoru Oshiis work as director and storyboard artist of the animated Urusei Yatsura TV series brought him into the spotlight, following its success, he directed two Urusei Yatsura films, Urusei Yatsura, Only You and Urusei Yatsura 2, Beautiful Dreamer. While the first film, though a story, continued much in the spirit of the series, Beautiful Dreamer was a significant departure. In the midst of his work with Studio Pierrot, Oshii took on independent work and directed the first OVA, Dallos, in 1984, Oshii left Studio Pierrot. Moving to Studio Deen, he wrote and directed Angels Egg, the producer of the film, Toshio Suzuki, later founded the renowned Studio Ghibli with Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata. Following the release of the film, Miyazaki and Takahata began collaborating with Mamoru Oshii on his next film, the film was canceled early in the initial planning stages when the trio had artistic disagreements. Despite their differences, Toshio Suzuki and Studio Ghibli would later help Oshii with his production of Ghost in the Shell 2, to this day, Oshii maintains skeptical, but respectful, views of each of Takahata and Miyazakis films. Though he has been critical of Miyazakis attitude towards his workers, he claims that he would feel strangely empty. In the late 1980s, Oshii was solicited by his friend Kazunori Itō to join Headgear as a director, the group was composed of Kazunori Itō, Masami Yuki, Yutaka Izubuchi, Akemi Takada and Mamoru Oshii. Together they were responsible for the Patlabor TV series, OVA, between production of the Patlabor movies/series, Oshii delved into live-action for the first time, releasing his first non-animated film, The Red Spectacles. This led to another work titled Stray Dog, Kerberos Panzer Cops. Following Stray Dog Oshii made yet another film, Talking Head
Mamoru Oshii
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Mamoru Oshii introduces his work NEC Sky Crawlers, in 2008
Mamoru Oshii
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Film poster of Mamoru Oshii's landmark film
Ghost in the Shell.
