1.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
2.
Victoria (Australia)
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Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Census in Australia
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The census in Australia, or officially, the Census of Population and Housing, is a descriptive count of population of Australia on one night, and of their dwellings, generally held quinquennially. Participation in the census is compulsory, though answering some questions is optional, the count is taken every five years and is managed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The first Australian census was held in 1911, on the night of 2 April, in 1961 the five-year period was introduced. Censuses are held on the second Tuesday of August, the most recent was held on 9 August 2016. The cost of the 2011 census was $440 million, a separate census of Norfolk Island has been conducted by the Norfolk Island Government every five years since 1981, and occurs on the same day as the Australian census. The census examines data such as age, gender, incomes, occupations, dwelling types and occupancy, transportation modes, ancestry, languages spoken, the Census and Statistics Act 1905 led to the 1906 establishment of the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. The Bureau was renamed the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 1975, the census is collected and published against geographic areas defined by the Australian Standard Geographical Classification. The ASGC provides a set of classifications for the dissemination of all ABS statistics. In 2007 the ABS published a set of spatial units called mesh blocks. The primary aim of mesh blocks is to provide a block for constructing alternative. Only data on persons and total dwellings is released at the mesh block level. Mesh blocks will form the basis of a new statistical geography, the traditional concept of a Collection District is that it was the area that one census collector can cover in about a ten-day period. In the 2001 census, collectors may be allocated more than one urban district because of their size. In urban areas collection districts average about 220 dwellings, in rural areas the number of dwellings per collection district reduces as population densities decrease. For the 2001 census there were 37,209 collection districts and 1,353 Statistical Local Areas defined throughout Australia, the Census and Statistics Act 1905 and Privacy Act 1988 guarantee that no personally-identifiable information is released from the ABS to other government organisations, or the public. However the ABS makes confidential census data available to researchers, who must make various legal commitments before being given access, in the 1970s there was public debate about privacy and the census. In 1979 the Law Reform Commission reported on Privacy and the Census, one of the key elements under question was the inclusion of names. It was found that excluding names reduced the accuracy of the data, individuals were likely to leave questions blank
5.
Postcodes in Australia
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Postcodes are used in Australia to more efficiently sort and route mail within the postal system. All postcodes in Australia have four digits and are placed at the end of the Australian address, Australian postcodes are managed by Australia Post. Postcodes are published in booklets available from post offices or online from the Australia Post website, Australian envelopes and postcards often have four square boxes printed in orange at the bottom right for the postcode. These are used when addressing mail by hand, use of the Australian postcode system commenced in 1967, implemented by the Postmaster-Generals Department, now called Australia Post. It replaced earlier postal sorting systems, such as Melbournes letter and number codes, if addressing a letter from outside Australia, the postcode is recorded before Australia. They are often linked with one area, due to post code rationalization, But are now sometimes they can be quite complex, especially in country areas. The south-western Victoria 3221 postcode of the Geelong Mail Centre also includes twenty places around Geelong with very few people and this means that mail for these places is not fully sorted until it gets to Geelong. Some postcodes cover large populations, while other postcodes have much smaller populations, Australian postcodes range from 0200 for the Australian National University to 9944 for Cannonvale, Queensland. Some towns and suburbs have two postcodes — one for deliveries and one for post office boxes. g. The Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital has the postcode 4029, the Australian National University had the postcode 0200, more postcode ranges were made available for LVRs in the 1990s. Australia Post has been progressively discontinuing the LVR programme since 2006, Australian National Universitys postcode 0200 was the last LVR to be closed in September 2014. For example, postcode 2620 covers both a locality in NSW as well as a locality in the ACT, and postcode 0872 covers a number of localities across WA, SA, NT and QLD. Jervis Bay Territory, once an exclave of the ACT but now a territory, is geographically located on the coast of NSW. It is just south of the towns of Vincentia and Huskisson, Mail to the Jervis Bay Territory is still addressed to the ACT. The numbers used to show the state on each radio callsign in Australia are the number as the first number for postcodes in that state, e. g. 2xx in New South Wales, 3xx in Victoria. Radio callsigns pre-date postcodes in Australia by more than forty years, australias external territories are also included in Australia Posts postcode system. Capital city postcodes were the lowest postcodes in their state or territory range, before new ranges for LVRs, however, postcodes with the same second number are not always next to each other. As an example, postcodes in the range 2200–2299 are split between the suburbs of Sydney and the Central Coast of New South Wales
6.
Frankston, Victoria
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Frankston is an outer-suburb of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia, in the local government area of the City of Frankston. It is located 41 km south-east of the Melbourne city centre, due to its geographic location, it is often referred to as the gateway to the Mornington Peninsula. European settlement of Frankston began around the time as the foundation of Melbourne in 1835—initially as an unofficial fishing village serving the early Melbourne township. Prior to its settlement, the Frankston area was inhabited by the Mayone-bulluk clan from the Bunurong tribe of the Kulin nation. The official village of Frankston was established in 1854, with its first land sales taking place on 29 May and it has subsequently given its name to the broader Frankston local government area since 1893, and serves as both its activity and administrative centre. Situated on the shoreline of Port Phillip, Frankston has been a popular seaside destination of Melbourne since the 1880s. Frankston Beach is still one of the most frequented in Victoria and it is also home to one of the largest exhibitions of sand sculpting in the Southern Hemisphere. Localities in the include, Frankston Central Business District, Frankston East, Frankston Heights, Karingal, Long Island, Mount Erin. The independent suburb of Frankston South also shares the same postcode as Frankston, at the 2011 Australian census the suburb of Frankston had a population of 35,009. The demonym for someone from Frankston is a Frankstonian, the toponymic origins of Frankston are subject to conjecture, and of which there are four popular theories. One of the earliest of these theories is that it was named one of its early European settlers, Frank Liardet. The Liardets were prominent pioneers of early Melbourne and arrived aboard the William Metcalfe from England in 1839, Frank Liardet settled in the Frankston area in 1847, after taking out a 300-acre depasturing license for land that is now the Frankston locality of Karingal. During this time, Liardet built the first wooden house in the Frankston area—which would later part of his Ballam Park estate after the formal land sales of 1854. By the time Liardet had taken out his license for the Frankston area in 1847 an unofficial fishing village was also developing around its foreshore. As a consequence it is possible that the name of Frankston was further adapted from it when naming the village for its formal land sales in 1854. However, in a letter to the editor of The Argus newspaper a member of the Liardet family said that this was in fact not true, in the letter was excerpts of correspondence between the Liardet family and the Victorian state Department of Lands and Survey which refuted the theory. Instead, it puts forward the theory that Frankston was named after the Irish-born settler Charles Franks, Charles Franks arrived in Melbourne aboard the Champion from Van Diemens Land in 1836 and made a squatters claim to land on the western side of Port Phillip near Mount Cottrel. Another theory—that has become folklore—is that Frankston was named after a pub named Frank Stones Hotel, in 1929 the author Don Charlwood, a student of Frankston High School at the time, compiled a history of Frankston using both local records and oral sources supporting the theory
7.
Local government in Victoria
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Local government in the Australian state of Victoria describes the 79 municipal districts often referred to as local government areas. They are constituted as cities, shires, rural cities and, in one case, in addition to the LGAs, there are also 10 coastal islands and ski resorts which are unincorporated areas and administered either by the state or management boards. At present, the councils not controlled by administrators have a total of 611 councillors, after the elections in October 2016, this number will increase due to changes in electoral structure and administrators leaving some councils. Up till 1994 there had been 210 LGAs, when Jeff Kennett, the councils of Benalla and Mansfield split subsequent to this to arrive at the current number. Both bodies continued after the creation of Victoria as a separate colony, Road districts were established pursuant to legislation passed in 1853. From 1862 many road districts became shires pursuant to the District Councils Bill 1862, to become a shire, the road district had to be over 100 square miles in size and have annual rate revenue of over £1000. There were 96 road districts or shires created by 1865, promotion to town or city status was dependent on the gross revenue of the council. Such promotion was not automatic, but it was granted often, the clauses have been amended many times by parliament, but since 2006 the Constitution Act has required a referendum to further alter them. Five shires became rural cities but were dissolved with the 1994 restructure, in 1992 there were 65 cities in Victoria, more than there were in England at the time despite a significantly lower population. In 1994, the Jeff Kennett government restructured local government in Victoria and his reforms dissolved 210 councils and sacked 1600 elected councillors, and created 78 new councils through amalgamations. In suburban Melbourne 53 municipalities were reduced to 26, the new local government areas were headed by commissioners appointed by the State Government, democratically elected councils did not return until 1996. The current total of 79 LGAs arose when the Shire of Delatite was split in 2002 into the Rural City of Benalla and the Shire of Mansfield. A new City of Sunbury was proposed to be created from part of the City of Hume after the 2016 council elections, all local government areas are governed in a similar fashion, with an elected council, one of whom is the mayor. The City of Melbourne and the City of Greater Geelong have a elected mayor. The average area of a district within the Melbourne metropolitan area is 285 square kilometres. In practice, this is understood as referring to the distribution between urban centres and rural areas. The term borough, used of the Borough of Queenscliffe, is not defined by the act but has retained for the single borough which survived the reforms of the 1990s. Under the repealed Local Government Act 1958, boroughs, towns and cities were defined on the basis of area, population, in practice, boroughs were and are small towns
8.
Shire of Mornington Peninsula
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The Shire of Mornington Peninsula is a local government area in Victoria, Australia. It is located to the south of the city of Melbourne on the Mornington Peninsula and it has an area of 723 square kilometres. According to the 2011 Census, it has a population of 144,608 people, the Mornington Peninsula Shire came into existence on 15 December 1994 when the Kennett Liberal government amalgamated the previous Shires of Flinders, Hastings and Mornington. Mornington Peninsula and Western Port Biosphere Reserve Mornington Peninsula Shire web site Metlink local public transport map Link to Land Victoria interactive maps
9.
Electoral district of Mornington
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The Electoral district of Mornington is an electoral district of the Victorian Legislative Assembly. The electorate can be described as outer metropolitan and rural, including farming, grape production. The district is 155 square kilometres in area and it was first created in 1859 when the Electoral district of Evelyn and Mornington was abolished and split in two. The district of Mornington initially included the entire Mornington Peninsula, Phillip Island, currently it includes Mornington, Mount Eliza, Mount Martha and Tuerong, and parts of Baxter and Moorooduc. David Morris, Liberal, retained his seat after the 2014 Victorian election, district profile from the Victorian Electoral Commission
10.
Electoral district of Nepean
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The Electoral district of Nepean is an electorate of the Victorian Legislative Assembly covering the southernmost part of the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria, Australia. It is named after Point Nepean which is contained within the electorate, the seat was created prior to the Victorian state election,2002 after the seat of Dromana was renamed. Traditionally it has been a safe seat for the Liberal Party. The seat has the oldest median age of any electorate in the state, the current member for Nepean is Martin Dixon. Electorate profile, Nepean, Victorian Electoral Commission
11.
Division of Flinders
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The Division of Flinders is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. The division is one of the original 75 divisions contested at the first federal election and it is named for Matthew Flinders, the first man to circumnavigate Australia, and the person credited with giving Australia its name. It has usually been a safe seat for the Liberal Party and its predecessors. However, it has occasionally been won by the Australian Labor Party and this was the first of two times an Australian prime minister lost their own seat at a general election. The second time was not until Liberal Prime Minister John Howard lost his seat of Bennelong at the 2007 federal election, the seats most prominent member was Bruce, who held it for all but two years from 1918 to 1933
12.
Port Phillip
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Port Phillip, is a large bay in southern Victoria, Australia, it is the location of Melbourne. Geographically, the bay covers 1,930 square kilometres and the shore stretches roughly 264 km, although it is extremely shallow for its size, most of the bay is navigable. The deepest portion is only 24 metres, and half the region is shallower than 8 m, the volume of the water in the bay is around 25 cubic kilometres. Prior to British settlement the area around Port Phillip was divided between the territories of the Wathaurong, Wurundjeri and Boonwurrung Nations and its waters and coast are home to seals, whales, dolphins, corals, and many kinds of seabirds and migratory waders. The first British to enter the bay were the crews of HMS Lady Nelson, commanded by John Murray and, ten weeks later, HMS Investigator commanded by Matthew Flinders, in 1802. Subsequent expeditions into the bay took place in 1803 to establish the first settlement in Victoria, near Sorrento, but was abandoned in 1804. Thirty years later, settlers from Tasmania returned to establish Melbourne, now the capital city, at the mouth of the Yarra River in 1835. The Yarra and other tributaries flowed down what is now the middle of the bay, formed a lake in the reaches of the bay, dammed by The Heads. The Aboriginal people were in occupation of the area long before the bay was formed, having arrived at least 20,000 years ago and possibly 40,000 years ago. Large piles of semi-fossilised sea-shells known as middens, can still be seen in places around the shoreline and they made a good living from the abundant sea-life, which included penguins and seals. In the cold season they wore possum-skin cloaks and elaborate feathered head-dresses, a dry period combined with sand bar formation, may have dried the bay out as recently as between 800 BCE and 1000 CE. In 1800, Lieutenant James Grant RN was the first known explorer to pass through Bass Strait from west to east in HMS Lady Nelson. He was also the first to see, and crudely chart, Grant gave the name Governor Kings Bay to the body of water between Cape Otway and Wilsons Promontory, but did not venture in and discover Port Phillip. The first Britons to discover and enter Port Phillip, were the crew of the Lady Nelson, commanded by John Murray, Murray called the bay Port King after the Governor of New South Wales, Philip Gidley King. On 4 September 1805, King formally renamed it Port Phillip, about ten weeks after Murray, Matthew Flinders RN in HMS Investigator also found and entered the port, unaware Murray had been there. As a result of Murrays and Flinders reports, King sent Lieutenant Charles Robbins in HMS Cumberland to explore Port Phillip fully. One of his party, Charles Grimes, became the first European to walk round the bay. King decided to place a convict settlement at Port Phillip, mainly to stake a claim to southern Australia ahead of the French, on 10 October 1803 a convoy of two ships HMS Calcutta and Ocean led by Captain David Collins carrying 402 people entered Port Philip Bay
13.
Mornington, Victoria
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Mornington is a seaside town on the Mornington Peninsula, Victoria, Australia, located 57 km south of Melbournes central business district. It is in the government area of the Shire of Mornington Peninsula. Mornington is known for its atmosphere and its beautiful beaches. Mornington is a popular tourist destination with Melburnians who often make day trips to visit the areas bay beaches and wineries, the town centre runs into the foreshore area and local beach. The Post Office opened on 21 May 1856 as Schnapper Point and was renamed Mornington in 1864, the town centre runs into the foreshore area and local beach, which features a yacht club, restaurant and park with playground facilities. Mornington is a destination for shopping and features some excellent restaurants. The north of Mornington is also home to horse breeders. It has a library, cinema and numerous parks, gardens and historical buildings. It holds several festivals, and holds a market day in the main street every Wednesday. Mornington and its suburbs have many schools on offer including Mt Eliza Secondary College, Mornington Secondary College, Padua College, Toorak College. Mornington is served by three roadways, Peninsula Link, Nepean Highway and Moorooduc Highway. All three are dual-carriageway arterial roads with varying speed limits of 80 km/h-100 km/h, the Melbourne bus routes 781,784,785, and 788 services the area. The Mornington railway line closed in 1981 and reopened in 1991 as the heritage Mornington Railway with the aims of restoring the line in future, the town has an Australian Rules football team competing in the Mornington Peninsula Nepean Football League. Mornington has a racing club, the Mornington Racing Club. The club hosts many state, National, & International regattas, as it provides a location in sheltered. 2014 saw the running of the largest single class Yachting regatta ever held in the Southern Hemisphere - the Optimist National Championships. The Optimist is a class and drew over 2000 people to the Club. Golfers play at the course of the Mornington Country Golf Club on Tallis Drive, Mornington has a strong Field Hockey club competing in the Hockey Victoria Association known as the Mornington Peninsula Falcons
14.
Central business district
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A central business district is the commercial and business centre of a city. In larger cities, it is synonymous with the citys financial district. Both the CBD and the city centre or downtown may also coincide with the central activities district, a citys CBD is usually typified by a concentration of retail and office buildings. The CBD usually has a density higher than the surrounding districts of the city. The CBD is often also the city centre or downtown, Mexico City also has a historic city centre, the colonial-era Centro Histórico, along with two CBDs, the mid-late 20th century Paseo de la Reforma - Polanco, and the new Santa Fe. The shape and type of a CBD almost always reflect the citys history. Cities with maximum building height restrictions often have a historic section quite apart from the financial. It has been said that downtowns are therefore distinct from both CBDs and city centres. CBDs usually have very small resident populations, for example, the population of the City of London declined from over 200,000 in the year 1700 to less than 10,000 today. In some instances, however, CBD populations are increasing as younger professional, the Buenos Aires Central Business District, is the main commercial centre of Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina. The actual area was the point of first European settlement and its north-south axis runs from Monserrat in the south to Retiro railway station in the north. Its east-west axis runs from Buenos Aires Ecological Reserve and Puerto Madero, the district is the financial, commercial, and cultural hub of Argentina. Its port is one of the busiest in South America, navigable rivers by way of the Río de la Plata connect the port to northeast Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay. As a result, it serves as the hub for a vast area of the southeastern region of the South American continent. Tax collection related to the port has caused political problems in the past. The Buenos Aires Human Development Index is likewise high by international standards, the term is used to refer to the business and financial area of a state capital city such as the Sydney CBD, Melbourne CBD, Brisbane CBD, Perth CBD and Adelaide CBD. The city centres of some cities, such as Townsville, Bendigo. More recently, in cities the city centre, which may or may not be distinct from the CBD, is increasingly separately identified
15.
William Lonsdale (colonist)
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William Lonsdale supervised the founding of the official settlement at Port Phillip from 1836 and went on to serve under the Superintendent La Trobe from 1839 to 1854. Lonsdale was born in Den Helder, Batavian Republic, during Britains failed campaign to restore the deposed Prince William of Orange and his father, Lieutenant James Lonsdale, had been accompanied by his wife Jane. William at age 20 joined his fathers old regiment, the Kings Own Regiment of the Foot and he was soon joined by his younger brother, Alured. William and Alured served with their Regiment in the West Indies and on 4 March 1824 William was promoted Lieutenant and he returned to England and was posted to Portugal. By 1830 he was back in England and by 20 March 1831 his Regiment was posted to the Colony of New South Wales to relieve the 39th Regiment and he was to become a colonial administrator as well as his profession as a soldier. Lonsdale arrived in Sydney on 14 December 1831 with a detachment of troops guarding convicts on the Bussorah Merchant. During the next five years he served in the colony of New South Wales, whilst stationed at Port Macquarie, William was able to purchase his commission as a captain, and married Martha néeSmythe on 4 April 1835. He returned to Sydney Town and on 2 January 1836 was gazetted as a Magistrate of the Territory, William and Marthas first child, Alice Mary, was born at Parramatta on 20 February 1836. He immediately appointed Captain William Lonsdale as Chief Agent of Government, Police Magistrate and this effectively gave William Lonsdale authority that made him an unofficial Superintendent. There was added comment that if they became violent they were to be restrained by the gentlest means and he also had instructions from the Governor to submit direct to the Governor Confidential Reports on the developments at Port Phillip. It appears that the Governor was engaged in a struggle with Sydneys Colonial bureaucracy, labelled the Exclusives. This Confidential Report appeared necessary to ensure no one of significance gained too much advantage in any land development at this Port Phillip outpost. It also indicated that Captain William Lonsdale was held in esteem by Governor Sir Richard Bourke who had personally chosen him to manage this Port Phillip settlement foundation. Lonsdales salary was 300 pounds Sterling,50 pounds being deducted whilst he drew half pay from his Regiment as Commandant of a Company of the Kings Own 4th at Port Phillip and he received a 100-pound outfitting allowance for this new appointment. It was important that a warship of the Imperial Navy be present to reinforce the Governors power, only twenty-one days had elapsed from the time Governor Bourke received Imperial authority to establish the settlement to the time Lonsdale sailed in HMS Rattlesnake for Port Phillip. This speed reflected Bourkes concerns about the 200 illegal settlers at Port Phillip and he needed to act quickly, and to the overall credit of the Sydney public service, they arranged it all in three weeks, but then the Governor was determined to make it happen. Lonsdale finally arrived Port Phillip with his wife Martha, daughter Alice and his one assigned servant, on board HMS Rattlesnake, the survey cutter would join them later. A rock bar existed across the river at this point, the river pouring through a fissure in the rock and this location is where the present historic Customs House is now located
16.
Geology of Victoria
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Victoria is an Australian state, situated at the southern end of the Great Dividing Range. The highest mountains in Victoria are the Victorian Alps, located in the northeast of the state, the northwest of the state is mostly Cainozoic rocks while the southeast is primarily made up of Palaeozoic rocks. There have been no discoveries of Precambrian rocks in Victoria, the low flat northwest of the state that borders the Murray River was once the bed of an ancient sea and the land is much afflicted with salinity. Saline drainage from Victorian land is one of the sources of the salinity problem in the Murray-Darling River system, commercial salt evaporation is undertaken near Swan Hill. Central and western Victoria comprise world-class vein-hosted gold deposits, hosted mostly in the extensive Ordovician turbidites, the southeast of the state has enormous brown coal fields. There is an area of volcanism in central and southwestern Victoria. The Western Victorian Volcanic Plains are the third largest in the world after the Deccan in western India, the most recent volcanic activity was at Mt Eccles, which last erupted a few thousand years ago, making it an active volcanic region. Large basaltic lava flows are present on the side of Melbourne. This period is covered by the recent Geological Survey of Victoria publication The Tasman Fold Belt System in Victoria, the sequence of events associated with the building of southeastern Australia reveals that mineralization and magmatic processes are intimately linked with the tectonic development of the region. The history is dominated by east-west compression of oceanic sedimentary and igneous rocks and their resultant folding, faulting. Recently, it has become apparent that major north-south movements have also been involved in constructing eastern Australia. The Palaeozoic basement is traversed by thrust faults more or less parallel to the structural grain. The Moyston Fault is the most important fault as it forms the boundary between the Delamerian and Lachlan fold belts. These twofold belts show important differences, the first regional deformation to affect the Lachlan Fold Belt was the Benambran Orogeny, about 450 MYA, after the Delamerian Orogeny. Granites comprise 20% of the exposed area of the Lachlan Fold Belt. Volcanics associated with the granites are also widespread and cover an additional 5%, the second major structural break in Victoria is the Baragwanath Transform, which occurs along the eastern side of the Selwyn Block. This transform fault divides the Lachlan Fold Belt into two terranes, the Whitelaw Terrane to the west and the Benambra Terrane to the east
17.
Dandenong Ranges
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The Dandenong Ranges are a set of low mountain ranges, rising to 633 metres at Mount Dandenong, approximately 35 km east of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The ranges consist mostly of rolling hills, steeply weathered valleys and gullies covered in temperate rainforest, predominantly of tall Mountain Ash trees. After European settlement in the region, the range was used as a source of timber for Melbourne. The ranges were popular with day-trippers from the 1870s onwards, much of the Dandenongs were protected by parklands as early as 1882 and by 1987 these parklands were amalgamated to form the Dandenong Ranges National Park, which was added to again in 1997. The range experiences light to moderate snow falls a few times most years, today, the Dandenongs are home to over 100,000 residents and the area is popular amongst visitors, many of which stay for the weekend at the various Bed & Breakfasts through the region. The popular Puffing Billy Railway, a steam railway, runs through the southern parts of the Dandenongs. The etymology of the Dandenongs is a complicated one, two names have been used to refer to the ranges, Corhanwarrabul and Dandenong, both derived from the Woiwurrung language of the Wurundjeri people. It is suspected that the name Dandenong was applied to the ranges because Dandenong Creek originates there, however and it is not known where the name Dandenong came from nor what it means, or even its correct spelling, other variations include, Tanjenong, Tangynon and Bangeong. In any case, both names relate at least to watercourses in general, and not to mountains or ranges, so as the name Dandenong may not actually apply to anything in the immediate area, the relevance of the name Corhanwarrabul becomes apparent. Carhanwarrabul was the name for one of the two main summits, perhaps both or perhaps the entire range. The name applied to the summits and was in continued use up until around 1900. At any rate, Corhanwarrabul remains the most relevant name for the ranges to date, the range is the remains of an extinct volcano last active 373 million years ago. It consists predominantly of Devonian dacite and rhyodacite, the topography consists of a series of ridges dissected by deeply cut streams. Rainfall is fairly uniform through the year, tending to peak between April and October with lower rainfall during the months of January and February, the mean annual rainfall is between 1000 and 1500 mm, increasing with elevation and from west to east. Due to the elevation, fog is common in winter months, as a result of its elevation snow typically falls one or two times a year at higher elevations, mostly between the months of June and October. A rare summer snow occurred on Christmas Day 2006, the local region has experienced substantial warming in recent decades and heavy snowfalls which were once common have become rare. The last significant snowfall to affect the Dandenongs Ranges was on August 10,2008, a Bureau of Meteorology weather station sits at an elevation of 513 m in the Ferny Creek Reserve in the southern part of the Dandenongs Ranges. This weather station replaced one that was located on the summit of Dunns Hill
18.
Saint Helena
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It is part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Saint Helena measures about 16 by 8 kilometres and has a population of 4,534 and it was named after Saint Helena of Constantinople. The island, one of the most remote islands in the world, was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502 and it was an important stopover for ships sailing to Europe from Asia and South Africa for centuries. Napoleon was imprisoned there in exile by the British, as were Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo, between 1791 and 1833, Saint Helena became the site of a series of experiments in conservation, reforestation and attempts to boost rainfall artificially. This environmental intervention was closely linked to the conceptualisation of the processes of environmental change, Saint Helena is Britains second-oldest remaining overseas territory after Bermuda. The Portuguese found the island uninhabited, with an abundance of trees and they imported livestock, fruit trees and vegetables, and built a chapel and one or two houses. Englishman Sir Francis Drake probably located the island on the leg of his circumnavigation of the world. In developing their Far East trade, the Dutch also began to frequent the island, the Dutch Republic formally made claim to Saint Helena in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonized, or fortified it. By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope. In 1657, Oliver Cromwell granted the English East India Company a charter to govern Saint Helena and, the following year, the first governor Captain John Dutton arrived in 1659, making Saint Helena one of Britains oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean. A fort and houses were built, after the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a royal charter giving it the sole right to fortify and colonise the island. The fort was renamed James Fort and the town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York, between January and May 1673, the Dutch East India Company forcibly took the island, before English reinforcements restored English East India Company control. The company experienced difficulty attracting new immigrants, and sentiments of unrest, a census in 1723 recorded 1,110 people, including 610 slaves. The island enjoyed a period of prosperity from about 1770. Captain James Cook visited the island in 1775 on the leg of his second circumnavigation of the world. St. James Church was erected in Jamestown in 1774, the site of this telescope is near Saint Mathews Church in Hutts Gate in the Longwood district. The 680-metre high hill there is named for him and is called Halleys Mount, throughout this period, Saint Helena was an important port of call of the East India Company. East Indiamen would stop there on the leg of their voyages to British India
19.
Mabel Brookes
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Dame Mabel Brookes, DBE was an Australian community worker, activist, socialite, writer, memoirist and humanitarian. After being withdrawn from kindergarten by her mother in order to avoid developing a bad accent, educated by her father and a series of governesses, very early on she developed a fascination with St. Helenas Isle and her own familys history with Napoleon whilst he was in exile. When Mabel was 14, a man allegedly told her mother that Mabel was dull, plain and reads too much. After being presented at the Edwardian court in London, at 18 Mabel was engaged to Norman Brookes, a tennis player and they married in St Pauls Anglican Cathedral, Melbourne, on 19 April 1911. In 1914, with a daughter, she accompanied Brookes on his tennis trips to Europe. Whilst in the USA Norman Brookes and Tony Wilding won the Davis Cup, during World War I, in 1915, she joined her husband in Cairo where he was working as commissioner for the Australian Branch of the British Red Cross. Along with other officers wives she tended to sick and wounded servicemen, on her husbands posting to Mesopotamia, she returned to Melbourne in 1917. She was a member and a divisional officer of the Girl Guides Association executive committee, foundation president of the Institute of Almoners. She was also a member of the Australian Red Cross Societys federal executive, during World War II the Brookes family vacated their home Kurneh to allow it to be used by the Red Cross as a convalescent home for returned soldiers. The Brookes family moved to their property, Elm Tree House. Mabel Brookes was commandant of the Australian Womens Air Training Corps, other war-work included establishing Air Force House and organizing, at the request of the minister for the army, an annexe for servicewomen at the Queen Victoria Hospital. From 1923 to 1970, Mabel served as president for the Queen Victoria Hospital and it was when I realised that the women of Melbourne had finally and decisively won their 55-year-old battle for a large hospital completely staffed by women. It was a fight by women against prejudice, suspicion and intolerance of women, she was quoted in The Argus as saying, Brookes attempted a political career by standing twice for parliament, but was unsuccessful. She stood for the federal Division of Flinders in 1943 as a Woman for Canberra candidate and she was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1933 and became a Dame of the order in 1955 for services to hospitals and charity. In 1967 Monash University conferred an honorary LL. D. for her services to the Queen Victoria Hospital and it had by that time become a Monash University teaching hospital. Dame Mabel Brookes published her memoirs in 1974 in which she recounted events in her life, including meeting many notable and she died at South Yarra on 30 April 1975, aged 84, survived by two of her three daughters. Brookes was a published novelist and memoirist and she wrote the following works, Broken Idols. On the Knees of the Gods, deals with Napoleon Bonapartes internment on St Helena island and was introduced by Sir Robert Menzies, former Prime Minister of Australia
20.
Victorian Heritage Register
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The Victorian Heritage Register lists places of cultural heritage significance to the State of Victoria, Australia. It has statutory weight under the Heritage Act 1995 which establishes Heritage Victoria as the permit authority, Heritage Victoria is part of the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, a department of the Government of Victoria, Australia. Heritage Victoria reports to the Heritage Council who assess nominations to the register, the Minister for Planning is the responsible Minister for Heritage Victoria and the Heritage Act 1995. As of 2013, there were over 2,200 places, delisting of a site requires the intervention of the relevant government minister. All places and objects listed on the register are entitled to a Blue plaque
21.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
22.
United States Marine Corps
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The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
23.
1st Marine Division (United States)
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The 1st Marine Division is a Marine infantry division of the United States Marine Corps headquartered at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. It is the combat element of the I Marine Expeditionary Force. It is the oldest and largest active duty division in the United States Marine Corps and it is one of three active duty divisions in the Marine Corps today and is a multi-role, expeditionary ground combat force. It is nicknamed The Old Breed, the division is employed as the ground combat element of the I Marine Expeditionary Force or may provide task-organized forces for assault operations and such operations as may be directed. The 5th Marines were created in Vera Cruz, Mexico on 13 July 1914 and participated in 15 major engagements during World War I, including Belleau Wood, Chateau Thierry, and St. Mihiel. On 7 August 1917, 7th Marines were activated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the 11th Marines was formed in January 1918 at Quantico, Va. as a light artillery regiment. The regiment went to France as a unit, providing a machine gun company. Decommissioned and reactivated twice between the wars, the regiment was re-formed in 1940 as a full-fledged artillery unit. The 1st Marine Division was activated aboard the USS Texas on 1 February 1941, the 1st Raider Battalion was on New Caledonia, and the 3rd Defense Battalion was in Pearl Harbor. All of the units, with the 11th Marines and 75mm howitzer armed 10th Marines battalion would rendezvous at Fiji. Also, because the Wellington dock workers were on strike at the time, other things not yet available to this first wave of Marine deployments were insect repellent and mosquito netting. On 31 July the entire Marine task force was placed under the command of Vice Admiral Frank J. Fletchers Task Force 61, the division as a whole would fight in the Guadalcanal Campaign until relieved at 1400 on 9 December 1942 by Alexander Patchs Americal Division. This operation won the Division its first of three World War II Presidential Unit Citations, the battle would cost the division 650 killed in action,1,278 wounded in action with a further 8,580 contracting malaria and 31 missing in action. Others were awarded for the battles of Peleliu and Okinawa, following the Guadalcanal Campaign, the divisions Marines were sent to Melbourne, Australia for rest and refit. It was during this time that the division took the traditional Australian folk song Waltzing Matilda as its battle hymn, to this day, 1st Division Marines still ship out to this song being played. The division would see action during Operation Cartwheel which was the codename for the campaigns in Eastern New Guinea. They came ashore at the Battle of Cape Gloucester on 26 December 1943 and fought on New Britain until March 1944 at such places as Suicide Creek, during the course of the battle the division had 310 killed and 1,083 wounded. Following the battle they were sent to Pavuvu in the Russell Islands for rest, the next battle for the 1st Marine Division would be the bloodiest yet at the Battle of Peleliu
24.
Guadalcanal Campaign
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It was the first major offensive by Allied forces against the Empire of Japan. The Allies also intended to use Guadalcanal and Tulagi as bases to support a campaign to capture or neutralize the major Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain. Powerful American and Australian naval forces supported the landings, surprised by the Allied offensive, the Japanese made several attempts between August and November to retake Henderson Field. In December, the Japanese abandoned their efforts to retake Guadalcanal and evacuated their forces by 7 February 1943. The Guadalcanal campaign was a significant strategic combined arms Allied victory in the Pacific theater, along with the Battle of Midway, it has been called a turning point in the war against Japan. The Japanese had reached the peak of their conquests in the Pacific, on 7 December 1941, Japanese forces attacked the United States Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack crippled much of the U. S. battleship fleet and precipitated an open, to further those goals, Japanese forces captured the Philippines, Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, Burma, the Dutch East Indies, Wake Island, Gilbert Islands, New Britain and Guam. Joining the U. S. in the war against Japan were the rest of the Allied powers, several of whom, including the United Kingdom, Australia, coral Sea was a tactical stalemate, but a strategic Allied victory which became clear only much later. Up to this point, the Allies had been on the defensive in the Pacific, originally the objectives were the occupation of the Santa Cruz Islands, codenamed Huddle, Tulagi, codenamed Watchtower, and adjacent positions. Guadalcanal, eventually the focus of the operation, was not even mentioned in the early directive, the Imperial Japanese Navy had occupied Tulagi in May 1942 and had constructed a seaplane base nearby. By August 1942, the Japanese had about 900 naval troops on Tulagi and these bases would protect Japans major base at Rabaul, threaten Allied supply and communication lines and establish a staging area for a planned offensive against Fiji, New Caledonia and Samoa. The Japanese planned to deploy 45 fighters and 60 bombers to Guadalcanal, in the overall strategy for 1942 these aircraft could provide air cover for Japanese naval forces advancing farther into the South Pacific. The Allied plan to invade the southern Solomons was conceived by U. S. Admiral Ernest King, Commander in Chief, United States Fleet. He proposed the offensive to deny the use of the islands by the Japanese as bases to threaten the supply routes between the United States and Australia and to use them as starting points. With US President Franklin D. Roosevelts tacit consent, King also advocated the invasion of Guadalcanal, an early obstacle was a desire by both the Army and Roosevelt to initiate action in Europe. The directive held that the goal was the American reconquest of the Philippines. Joint Chiefs of Staff created the South Pacific theater, with Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley taking command on 19 June 1942, Admiral Chester Nimitz, based at Pearl Harbor, was designated as overall Allied commander in chief for Pacific forces. In preparation for the offensive in the Pacific in May 1942, other Allied land, naval and air force units were sent to establish or reinforce bases in Fiji, Samoa, New Hebrides and New Caledonia
25.
Peninsula Link
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It runs via Baxter and Moorooduc, almost parallel to the existing arterial Moorooduc Highway. It was opened on 18 January 2013, the contract with Southern Way to design, construct and finance the freeway was signed in January 2010, with a total project delivery cost for the two parties being $759 million. Construction commenced in February 2010, with completion expected in early 2013, with Southern Way to operate, the Victorian Parliament enacted legislation, the Road Management Amendment Act 2012 in November 2012 to confer rights on the private operator to manage and maintain the road. The Peninsula Link control room is located on Golf Links Rd, the freeway has been proposed numerous times over the years, appearing in the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan. The Mornington Peninsula Freeway was progressively opened at each end by the 1980s, the contract for the construction of the EastLink Tollway north from Seaford was signed in 2004, with construction starting the following year. In early 2006 operator of EastLink, ConnectEast, offered to build the bypass by June 2009, the government would be required to contribute $100 million to the project, which would also have been funded through a 1c-2c increase in tolls. ConnectEast also wanted the EastLink concession period extended from 39 to 49 years, a leaked report sent by VicRoads to the City of Frankston in 2006 and obtained by the State Opposition in 2008 showed the cost of building the Frankston bypass was $240 million. In October 2006 $6.5 million was allocated by the Bracks Government towards extra ramps at the Frankston end of EastLink to cater for a future bypass. Recommended by the Southern and Eastern Integrated Transport Authority, the Transport Minister said that no decision has made about the requirement for a bypass of Frankston. For the 2006 State Election Liberal opposition leader Ted Baillieu promised $250 million to build a 22 kilometre long road toll free, peter Batchelor responded that the costing did not add up, with smaller projects costing more. Work on the EES started in March 2007 at a cost of $5 million, VicRoads however did not publicly anticipate such congestion would actually occur, with Federal MP Bruce Billson raising this issue in the local press and in parliament. City of Frankston councillors however, along with Mr. Billson, are pushing for the bypass to be built, on 28 October 2007 the Federal Liberal Party pledged a maximum of $150 million towards constructing the road toll free if elected, to be matched by Victorian Government. They were defeated at the election, a group of Moorooduc residents claimed they were not consulted in the first phase of the project, and the figures had been skewed to show public support for the selected preferred option. A high standard, continuous, duplicated road from the end of Eastlink to the Mornington Peninsula Freeway at Mount Martha would reduce travel time in 2031 to around 20 minutes. These projected traffic conditions would arise, even with planned upgrades to roads such as the widening of Western Port Highway, 84% of people who provided feedback during Phase 1 supported a bypass. The Frankston Bypass would be a 25 km freeway standard road with two lanes in each direction with a limit of 100 km/h. Interchanges at Skye Road and Mornington-Tyabb Road will have half diamond grade separated with northbound entry, the cost was estimated between $500 million to $750 million. In September 2008 ConnectEast held talks with Roads Minister Tim Pallas, on 16 October 2008 State Premier John Brumby announced the bypass would be built
26.
EastLink (Melbourne)
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EastLink is a tolled section of the M3 freeway linking a large area through the eastern and south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. It is a part of Melbournes Metropolitan Ring Road project, EastLink is electronically tolled with no cash booths, using a system developed by SICE. The SICE Tolling System is similar to the system used on the CityLink tollway. EastLink was opened to traffic on Sunday 29 June 2008 and in conjunction with the opening, the final project cost was A$2.5 billion. Signs are at the entrances and on the direct to Ringwood, Dandenong, Frankston. The road was shown in the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan as the F35 Freeway. The freeway has been an issue, amid concerns over environmental damage. In October 1999 the Bracks Government announced that the freeway had been scrapped, instead the government promised to investigate a preferred route for the Rowville railway line and extend the 75 tram to Knox, of which neither have been fulfilled. However, in major policy about-face the Bracks Government announced in August 2000 that they would seek funding for the freeway. To obtain funding the freeway would need to be classified as a road of national importance and he alleged that the freeway would threaten migratory birds, plant species and wetlands and that the freeway was part of a larger plan to build a metropolitan ring road to Greensborough. In light of the case, state government bureaucrats removed references to the metropolitan ring road from a draft Metropolitan Strategy. In 2003, the Southern and Eastern Integrated Transport Authority was established by the Victorian Government, to manage, SEITA was responsible for managing the process of selecting a private sector bidder. In October 2004, SEITA awarded the contract for the design, construction, and operation of EastLink to ConnectEast, ConnectEast subsequently contracted Thiess John Holland, a group formed by the partnership of two major construction companies, to carry out the detailed design and construction of EastLink. ConnectEast, as owner of the road, is now responsible for its day-to-day management, on 24 March 2008 Tim Pallas announced that the twin tunnels would be named Melba and Mullum Mullum, in the inbound and outbound direction, respectively. On average 270,868 cars, trucks and motorbikes travelled on the every day until the tolling was introduced on 23 July. In the first week after the introduction of tolls, the number of daily trips fell to 133,722. This was in line with estimates of a 40 to 50 per cent decline, the average toll per trip was $3.10 – above the estimates of $2.91. In its first six months of operation, Eastlink made a loss of almost $93 million, in 2010 the road had to be refinanced with its traffic forecasts rewritten due to lower than expected traffic volumes
27.
Australian Bureau of Statistics
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The Australian Bureau of Statistics is the statistical agency of the Government of Australia. The ABS website provides ABS data free of charge, in 1901, statistics were collected by each state for their individual use. The Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics was established under the Census, sir George Knibbs was appointed as the first Commonwealth Statistician. Initially, the Bureau was located in Melbourne and was attached to the Department of Home Affairs, in 1928, the Bureau was relocated to Canberra and in 1932, it moved to the Treasury portfolio. Initially, the states maintained their own offices and worked together with the CBCS to produce national data. However, some found it difficult to resource a state statistical office to the level required for an adequate statistical service. In 1924, the Tasmanian Statistical Office transferred to the Commonwealth, in 1974, the CBCS was abolished and the Australian Bureau of Statistics was established in its place. The Australian Bureau of Statistics Act in 1975, established the ABS as a Statutory Authority headed by the Australian Statistician, the ABS mission is to deliver high quality official statistics and value-added statistical solutions, to inform decisions on important issues. The ABS undertakes the Australian Census of population and housing, the Census is conducted every five years under the authority of the federal Census and Statistics Act 1905. The last Australian Census was held on 9 August 2011 and this was Australias 16th national census, and marked 100 years of national census taking in Australia. The census of population and housing is the largest statistical collection undertaken by the ABS, the census aims to accurately measure the number of people and dwellings in Australia on census night, and a range of their key characteristics. This information is used to public policy as well as electoral boundaries, infrastructure planning. Users of Census data include government, the media, not for profit organisations, researchers and academics, results from the 2011 census are available on the ABS website. The next Census of Population and Housing was scheduled for 9 August 2016, a move was undertaken by the ABS to largely implement the Census on-line through their website and logins rather than through traditional paper forms. The 2016 Census was unsuccessful on August 9 due to multiple website errors which caused a crash where people were unable to fill in their details. The Chief Statistician, David Kalisch, said the website was closed after multiple internet denial-of-service attacks were blamed for the website problems, the online census webpage was back up at 2,30 pm on 11 August. The ABS has a work program covering a vast range of topics. Topics include, Economy Industry People Labour Health Environment Snapshots of Australia, the ABS publishes a suite of monthly and quarterly economic publications that are part of the core of the organisations work program
28.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
29.
Arthurs Seat, Victoria
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Arthurs Seat is a hill and locality on the Mornington Peninsula, within the Shire of Mornington Peninsula, about 75 km south east of Melbourne, Australia. The Aboriginal Boonwurrung name for the hill is Wonga and it is a major tourist attraction, owing to its natural bushland, sweeping views and man-made attractions. The hill rises to 314 m above sea level, the underlying rocks are Devonian granite, bounded to the west by the Selwyn Fault. The vegetation consists of dry open forest of mixed eucalypt species, the indigenous vegetation on the north-west face has been heavily infested with noxious weed and much of the natural vegetation has been cleared away, although several large stands still remain. Wonga was home to the Boonwurrung prior to European settlement, the lower slopes of the hill were known as Wango, and were a place where corroborees were held. Three Boonwurrung names have been recorded for this hill, Momo, Wonga and Tubberrubberbil and it was named by Acting Lieutenant John Murray when he entered Port Phillip in HMS Lady Nelson in February 1802, for an apparent resemblance to the hill of Arthurs Seat in Edinburgh. I ascend the hill and took a set of bearings from the cleared place to be found on the north western bluff part of the hill. Another notable ascent was in 1844 Sir John Franklin climbed Arthurs seat with Andrew McCrae and it was not until 1853 That a structure was placed on the summit, a trigonometrical station, for survey purposes. In 1913 the Flinders Shire Council cut and formed a track for vehicles to the summit and it offered attractions such as a dance hall, camera obscura, telescopes, swimming pool, fish-pond, hexagonal kiosk and wishing well. The lookout tower opened in 1934, Tourism at the summit has been in decline since both the closure of the chairlift in 2006 and the closure and subsequent removal of the lookout tower in 2012. Current attractions at Arthurs Seat include Arthurs Seat State Park, a maze, the viewing area near the summit has disrupted views of Port Phillip with the Melbourne City skyline and the You Yangs visible on the horizon on a clear day from some of the lookouts. The summit is connected to nearby Dromana by a winding tourist road which opened in 1929, the road provides access to the Dromana cemetery on the way to the summit. Due to frequent vandalism the higher view points have had their Carved wooden signage replaced by smaller metal signage in an attempt to lower maintenance, the current occupation of housing is reflective of the locations original intention as a holiday destination with 40% of private dwellings listed as unoccupied. Arthurs seat boasts an expansive network of marked and unmarked walking tracks, the large number of Bush tracks and open bush land can make navigating the officially marked tracks confusing at times. The two bays walking track runs the length of Arthurs seat state park from Bunurong Track to Waterfall Gully Road. The Entire track runs from Dromana to Cape Schanck and is the longest continuous track on the Mornington Peninsula and was first proposed as a part of celebrating Victorias 150th Celebrations. Parks Victoria Does not recommend visitors attempt the entire track in a single visit, picturesque walk suitable for most levels of walker. The Kings Falls Circuit walk starts at the car park on Waterfall Gully Road, initially the walk is along a dirt track but this changes in some places to a boardwalk with steps making it easy on the steeper sections
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Balnarring, Victoria
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Balnarring is a town in Victoria, Australia, in the southeastern Mornington Peninsula about halfway between Hastings and Flinders. Its local government area is the Shire of Mornington Peninsula, early settlers were involved in wattle bark stripping and cutting piles and sleepers for shipping to Melbourne via Shoreham to the southwest. From 1857 onwards, the Government enacted a series of Land Acts designed to open the land, dividing it into small blocks, the Parish of Balnarring was surveyed in 1865, as part of the Agricultural Area of Mount McMahon. Most of the selectors were orchardists although dairymen also took an interest in the area, in the 1920s, the construction of cool stores at Red Hill increased their ability to trade their produce with the outside world. This and the Sandy Point Road had already established as tracks. An 1891 map shows a store where the panel beaters operation presently stands at this intersection. A writer in 1902 described Balnarring as a little hamlet on the road between Hastings and Flinders. probably one of the least pretentious in the state. It consists chiefly of a school, but there are a few buildings within sight of the main road. In 1962, the Victorian Municipal Directory stated Balnarring had a post and telegraph office, the railway station in Balnarring opened on 2 December 1921 but, like its Red Hill branch line, was relatively short-lived, officially closing on 29 June 1953. However, it was kept in service for local events until about 10 years after the closure. On 23 August 1899, the Balnarring Mechanics Institute was opened by the Hon. F. S and it was a timber hall, used as a community hall and social centre by the community until the 1960s. A new hall was built in 1969, in 1970 the Mechanics Institute building burned down, and in 1979 a reserve was declared in its original location. It also has a school, Balnarring Primary School. The Emu Plains Market which operates monthly in summer at the location is very popular with locals. Balnarring is served by the 782 bus route operated by Peninsula Bus Lines between Frankston and Flinders
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Balnarring Beach, Victoria
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Balnarring Beach is a town in Victoria, Australia,2 km south of Balnarring. Its local government area is the Shire of Mornington Peninsula and in 2006 it was rated by the Keep Australia Beautiful Council as Australias Cleanest Beach and it was previously known as Tulum Beach. The township was first gazetted in 1886, in a street configuration quite different to what exists today, the beach first began to attract holidaymakers in the 1910s, and beach stores and kiosks commenced operations, serving both day-trippers and campers. The Harley-Davidson Motorcycle Club set up here after their formation in 1924. During World War II, businesses were sustained by servicemen training at Somers, in 1944, a mobile library operated from a private home for the Flinders Shire by Wally Turner. Balnarring Beach Post Office opened on 1 July 1947 and closed in 1978, in 1960 the yacht club was given permission to erect a winch and slipway and build a clubhouse. Balnarring Beach today consists primarily of holiday homes and camping grounds, most other services are provided by nearby Balnarring township
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Baxter, Victoria
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Baxter is a township and rural locality in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, beyond the urban area. Its local government area is the Shire of Mornington Peninsula and it is served by Baxter railway station on the Stony Point greater-metropolitan line. Originally named Baxters Flat, Baxter was founded by pastoralist Benjamin Baxter, the property still exists today on what is now the Frankston-Flinders road, as does the original cottage he and his wife Martha lived in. Benjamin Baxter died in 1892 and his gravestone, found in the Frankston Cemetery, reads Benjamin Baxter, died at Currup Currup 15 May 1892, aged 87. Also Martha, beloved wife of above 31 January 1906 age 94 years and it was at Baxters Flat that the railway to Mornington and Stony Point separated. The station was called Mornington Junction before being changed to Baxter, however its role as a junction ended in the 1980s with the closure of the Mornington line, Baxter Primary School was established in 1890. Brown-May, Andrew & Swain, Shurlee The Encyclopedia Of Melbourne
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Bittern, Victoria
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Its local government area is the Shire of Mornington Peninsula. It is served by Bittern railway station on the Stony Point greater-metropolitan line, Bittern is named after the shy wetland bird, the Australasian bittern, which reflects the suburbs location amongst significant areas of native bushland and dense coastal vegetation. The town was part of the Coolart pastoral run of the 1860s, Bittern Post Office opened on 5 January 1891. The railway opened for Bittern in 1889 and small commercial development began during the early 1900s. There is also an oval located outside the stadium
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Blairgowrie, Victoria
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Blairgowrie is a seaside village approximately 87 km from Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Its local government area is the Shire of Mornington Peninsula, Blairgowrie was named after the Burgh of Blairgowrie, the largest town in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. A post office was not opened until 1 November 1947, rhys Isaac, Pulitzer-prize-winning author, died in Blairgowrie on 6 October 2010. Blairgowrie is located near the tip of the Mornington Peninsula. It is bordered on the north by Port Phillip, and on the south by Bass Strait and it is frequented by tourists in the summer months, and has been featured on numerous travel programs
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Cape Schanck
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Cape Schanck is a locality in the Australian state of Victoria. It is the southernmost tip of the Mornington Peninsula and separates the ocean waters of Bass Strait from the slightly calmer waters of Western Port. The most recognisable symbol of Cape Schanck is the Cape Schanck Lighthouse, the lighthouse was built in 1859 and was the second lighthouse built in Victoria. A prominent rock outcrop is Pulpit Rock and stands out at the tip of the cape. Cape Schanck is also home to the RACV Resort Cape Schanck on Boneo Road which includes a golf course. British-Australian artist Georgiana McCrae produced many of her paintings at Cape Schanck, the location was named in 1800 after Captain John Schank, R. N. by Lieutenant James Grant sailing on the Lady Nelson. Shanck had designed the keel on the Lady Nelson. Nicolas Baudin called it Cap Richelieu when he sailed past on the Géographe on 30 March 1802, Cape Schanck Post Office opened around March 1879 and closed in 1962. In 1893 a steamship, the SS Alert, sank off the coast at Cape Schanck during a storm and it was rediscovered after 113 years on the ocean floor in June 2007. Albatrosses are occasionally spotted off the cliffs as are short-tailed shearwaters, black-faced and pied cormorants, kelp gulls, the shrubs decorating the area are frequently home to brown thornbills, singing honeyeaters and a number of other passerines. The elusive striated fieldwren has also known to inhabit the area
