Mountain warfare or alpine warfare is warfare in mountains or similarly rough terrain. The term encompasses military operations affected by the terrain, hazards, and factors of combat and movement through rough terrain, as well as the strategies and tactics used by military forces in these situations and environments.
United States Army soldiers scaling the Smugglers Notch mountain pass in Vermont during Army Mountain Warfare School training in 2016
General Suvorov crossing the St. Gotthard Pass in the Alps in 1799
The last stand of the 44th Foot, during the 1842 retreat from Kabul
Italian Front in 1915–1917: eleven Battles of the Isonzo and Asiago offensive. In blue are initial Italian conquests.
Cold-weather warfare, also known as arctic warfare or winter warfare, encompasses military operations affected by snow, ice, thawing conditions, or cold, both on land and at sea, as well as the strategies and tactics used by military forces in these situations and environments.
United Kingdom Royal Marine reservists training for winter operations in Norway in 2014
A bivouac of Napoleon's army during retreat from Russia in 1812
Japanese troops during the 1895 Battle of Weihaiwei
Italian mountain troops in WWI
