1.
Eureka, California
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Eureka is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California. The city is located on U. S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay,270 miles north of San Francisco and 100 miles south of the Oregon border. At the 2010 census, the population of the city was 27,191, Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland, and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states. It is the center for government, health care, trade. Greater Eureka, one of Californias major commercial fishing ports, is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay, a stretch of about 500 miles. The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka. As entrepôt for hundreds of mills that once existed in the area. Eureka is home to Californias oldest zoo, the Sequoia Park Zoo, Eurekas Pacific coastal location on Humboldt Bay, adjacent to abundant redwood forests, provided the reason for settlement of this 19th-century seaport town. Before the arrival of Euro-American settlers, including farmers, miners, fishermen, and loggers, the Wiyot people lived in Jaroujiji, now known as Eureka, for thousands of years prior to European arrival. They are the farthest-southwest people whose language has Algonquian roots and their traditional coastal homeland ranged from the lower Mad River through Humboldt Bay and south along the lower basin of the Eel River. The Wiyot are particularly known for their basketry and fishery management, an extensive collection of intricate basketry of the areas indigenous groups exists in the Clarke Historical Museum in Old Town Eureka. As of 2013, Eureka High School has the largest Yurok language program in California, the timing of this discovery would lead to the May 13,1850 founding of the settlement of Eureka on its shore by the Union and Mendocino Exploring companies. Eureka received its name from a Greek word meaning I have found it and this exuberant statement of successful gold rush miners is also the official Motto of the State of California. Eureka is the only U. S. location to use the seal as the state for its seal. In the United States, Eureka, California is the largest of about a dozen towns, the first Europeans venturing into Humboldt Bay encountered the indigenous Wiyot. Records of early forays into the bay in 1806 reported that the violence of the indigenous people made it nearly impossible for landing parties to survey the area. After 1850, Europeans ultimately overwhelmed the Wiyot, whose maximum population before the Europeans was in the hundreds in the area of what would become the primary city. The 1860 Wiyot Massacre took place on Indian Island in the spring of 1860, committed by a group of locals, thought to be primarily Eureka businessmen
2.
Experimental rock
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Experimental rock is a subgenre of rock music which pushes the boundaries of common composition and performance technique or which experiments with the basic elements of the genre. From its inception, rock music was experimental, but it wasnt until the late 1960s that rock artists began creating extended, in 1967, the genre was as commercially viable as pop music, but by 1970, most of its leading players had incapacitated themselves in some form. In Germany, the krautrock subgenre merged elements of improvisation and psychedelic rock with avant-garde, later in the 1970s, significant musical crossbreeding took place in tandem with the developments of punk and new wave, DIY experimentation, and electronic music. Funk, jazz-rock, and fusion rhythms became integrated into experimental rock music. The first wave of 1980s experimental rock groups had few precedents for their sound. Later in the decade, avant-rock pursued a psychedelic aesthetic that differed from the self-consciousness, during the 1990s, a loose movement known as post-rock became the dominant form of experimental rock. As of the 2010s, the experimental rock has fallen to indiscriminate use, with virtually every modern rock band being categorized under prefixes such as post-, kraut-, psych-. Although experimentation had always existed in music, it wasnt until the late 1960s that new openings were created from the aesthetic intersecting with the social. In 1966, the boundaries between pop music and the avant-garde began to blur as rock albums were conceived and executed as distinct, self-taught rock musicians in the middle and late 1960s drew from the work of composers such as John Cage, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Luciano Berio. In addition, The Quietus Ben Graham described duos the Silver Apples, calling attention to the very recordedness of the album. This would also be reflected in contemporary experimental rock LPs, such as the Beach Boys Pet Sounds and Smile, the Whos The Who Sell Out and Tommy. The Velvet Underground were a group in experimental rock, according to Rosenberg. Peppers inspired a new consideration for experimental rock as commercially viable music, as progressive rock developed, experimental rock acquired notoriety alongside art rock. By 1970, most of the musicians which had been at the forefront of rock had incapacitated themselves. Groups such as Can, Faust, Neu, the ideas of minimalism and composers such as Stockhausen would be particularly influential. During this era, funk, jazz-rock, and fusion rhythms became integrated into experimental rock music, some groups who were categorized as post-punk considered themselves part of an experimental rock trajectory, with This Heat as one of the prominent players. Anderson claims that the no wave scene represented New York’s last stylistically cohesive avant-rock movement, steve Redhead noted the resuscitation of New Yorks avant-rock scene, including artists such as Sonic Youth and John Zorn, in the 1980s. In the late 1980s, avant-rock pursued a frazzled, psychedelia-tinged, blissed out aesthetic that differed from the self-consciousness, the UK shoegaze scene was seen by some as a continuation of an experimental rock tradition
3.
Alternative metal
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Alternative metal is a music genre that infuses heavy metal with influences from alternative rock and other genres not normally associated with metal. The term has been in use since the 1980s, although it came into prominence in the 1990s, other genres considered part of the alternative metal movement included rap metal and funk metal, both of which influenced another prominent subgenre, nu metal. Nu metal expands the alternative metal sound, combining its vocal stylings and downtuned riffs with elements of genres, such as hip hop, funk, hardcore. They also remarked that alternative metal was originally a style united by its nonconformist sensibility rather than any immediately classifiable sound, one of the main characteristics of alternative metal and its subgenres are heavily downtuned, mid-paced chug-like guitar riffs. However, funk metal bands use a more conventional riffing style influenced by 1980s thrash metal. Alternative metal features clean and melodic vocals, influenced by those of alternative rock, later bands frequently incorporated vocal styles that alternated between clean singing, growls and screaming. Examples include alternative metal bands associated with the nu metal movement, such as Korn and Deftones, jonathan Gold of the Los Angeles Times wrote in 1990 Just as rock has an alternative, wing-bands like the Replacements and Dinosaur Jr. -so does metal. Alternative metal is alternative music that rocks, and alternative metal these days can reach 10 times the audience of other alternative rock. Janes Addiction plays an intense brand of 70s-influenced arty metal, so does Soundgarden, in fact, the arty meanderings of Sab and the Zep themselves would be considered alternative metal. Houston Press has described the genre as being a compromise for people for whom Nirvana was not heavy enough but Metallica was too heavy. The first wave of metal bands emerged from many backgrounds, including hardcore punk, noise rock, Seattles grunge scene, stoner rock, sludge metal. These bands never formed a movement or scene, rather they were bound by their incorporation of traditional metal influences. Fudge Tunnels style of alternative metal included influences from both sludge metal and noise rock, other early bands in the genre also came from hardcore punk backgrounds. During the 1980s, alternative metal appealed mainly to rock fans. Several bands associated with the genre denied their status as metal bands, Helmet drummer John Stanier said We fell into the whole metal thing by accident, we always hated it when people mentioned metal in conjunction with us. Saby Reyes-Kulkarni of Pitchfork Media stated bands like Faith No More, Soundgarden, Primus, Helmet, the Rollins Band, and dozens more were initially marketed as quasi-metal acts. This was only possible in a climate where record labels, journalists, many established 1980s metal bands released albums in the 1990s that were described as alternative metal, including Anthrax, Metallica and Mötley Crüe. It resulted in a standardized sound among alternative metal bands, in contrast to the more eccentric
4.
Avant-garde metal
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Avant-garde metal is influenced by progressive rock and extreme metal, particularly death metal, and is closely related to progressive metal. Some local scenes include Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, Boston, and Seattle in the United States, Oslo in Norway, and Tokyo in Japan. Avant-garde metal is interchangeable with experimental metal and avant-metal, and may refer to a separate genre of atmospheric metal or post-metal. Avant-garde metal also uses sounds, breaks conventions, and often includes new elements. The lyrics and visual presentation of the genre are eclectic as well, the Canadian group Voivod also influenced future bands in the genre, pioneering technique such as robotic vocal effects, unusual time signatures, and fractured, dissonant, unorthodox guitar sounds. Progressive rock has also cited as an influence. Another early example is the 1976 Led Zeppelin album Presence, pioneers of avant-garde metal include Celtic Frost, Boris, Earth, Helmet, Mayhem, maudlin of the Well, Neurosis, Sunn O))), Mr. Bungle, and Voivod. Wagner states that with the support of and other specialty labels, metals new avant-garde had arrived, according to The New York Times, some regional scenes that developed in the mid-1990s included the cities of Tokyo, Los Angeles, and Oslo. List of avant-garde metal artists Wagner, Jeff, avantgarde-Metal. com – website for avant-garde metal
5.
Funk metal
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Funk metal is a subgenre of funk rock and alternative metal which infuses heavy metal music with elements of funk. It was prevalent in the mainstream during the late 1980s and early 1990s, the genre has been described as a brief but extremely media-hyped stylistic fad. According to AllMusic, funk metal takes the loud guitars and riffs of heavy metal and melds them to the bass lines. AllMusic has claimed that funk metal evolved in the mid-80s when alternative bands like the Red Hot Chili Peppers, the self-titled 1984 debut album from Red Hot Chili Peppers has been cited as the first funk metal release. Faith No More have been described as a metal band that dabbled in rap-metal. Rage Against the Machines mix of funk and metal not only included rap, certain bands not from a punk/alternative background, such as glam metal groups Bang Tango and Extreme, have also frequently incorporated funk into their musical style. Bands such as Primus and Mordred emerged from the metal underground. Primus, a band that many genres, has been widely described as funk metal. Claypool has stated Weve been lumped in with the funk metal thing just about everywhere, I guess people just have to categorise you. Living Colour have been cited by Rolling Stone as black funk metal pioneers, entertainment Weekly noted in a May 1991 article that Despite the rise of black rockers like Living Colour, the American funk-metal scene is predominantly white. The success of Faith No Mores 1989 single Epic helped heighten interest in the genre, mark Jenkins of The Washington Post claimed in an 1991 article that much of it sounds like art rock. By the latter part of the 90s, the genre was represented by a group of bands, including Incubus. During 2001, Alien Ant Farm released a hugely successful funk metal cover of Michael Jacksons Smooth Criminal, in 2016, Vice Magazine referred to funk metal as a mostly-forgotten and occasionally-maligned genre. Mr. Bungle guitarist Trey Spruance mentioned his fondness for the genre in a 2007 interview, when asked if he thought it would make a comeback, he stated Fuckin revisionists probably wont think its cool enough. Theyll go straight for the flannels and heroin, dimery, Robert, ed.1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die
6.
Ska
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Ska is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and was the precursor to rocksteady and reggae. Ska combined elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and it is characterized by a walking bass line accented with rhythms on the off-beat. Ska developed in Jamaica in the 1960s when Prince Buster, Clement Coxsone Dodd, some suggest ska dates to earlier times, however. In the early 1960s, ska was the dominant music genre of Jamaica and was popular with British mods, later it became popular with many skinheads. There are multiple theories about the origins of the word ska, ernest Ranglin claimed that the term was coined by musicians to refer to the skat. skat. skat. Ranglin asserted that the difference between R&B and ska beats is that the former goes chink-ka and the latter goes ka-chink, a further theory is that it derives from Johnsons word skavoovie, with which he was known to greet his friends. Jackie Mittoo insisted that the called the rhythm Staya Staya. Dominos rhythm, accentuating the offbeat as in the song Be My Guest, was a particular influence, to meet the demand for that music, entrepreneurs such as Prince Buster, Coxsone Dodd, and Duke Reid formed sound systems. Drums kept 4/4 time and the drum was accented on the third beat of each 4-triplet phrase. The snare would play side stick and accent the third beat of each 4-triplet phrase, the upstroke sound can also be found in other Caribbean forms of music, such as mento and calypso. One theory about the origin of ska is that Prince Buster created it during the recording session for his new record label Wild Bells. The session was financed by Duke Reid, who was supposed to get half of the songs to release, the guitar began emphasizing the second and fourth beats in the bar, giving rise to the new sound. The drums were taken from traditional Jamaican drumming and marching styles, to create the ska beat, Prince Buster essentially flipped the R&B shuffle beat, stressing the offbeats with the help of the guitar. The first ska recordings were created at facilities such as Studio One and WIRL Records in Kingston, Jamaica with producers such as Dodd, Reid, Prince Buster, and Edward Seaga. Until Jamaica ratified the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and this created a large number of cover songs and reinterpretations. One such cover was Millie Smalls version of the R&B/shuffle tune, Smalls rhythmically similar version, released in 1964, was Jamaicas first commercially successful international hit. With over seven million copies sold, it one of the best selling reggae/ska songs of all time. The Wailers covered The Beatles And I Love Her, and radically reinterpreted Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone and they also created their own versions of Latin-influenced music from artists such as Mongo Santamaria
7.
Warner Bros. Records
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Warner Bros. Records was established on March 19,1958, as the recorded-music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. For most of its existence it was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a series of corporate mergers. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a minor player in the music industry to become one of the top recording labels in the world. In 2003, these assets were divested by their then owner Time Warner. This independent company traded as the Warner Music Group before being bought by Access Industries in 2011, WMG is the smallest of the three major international music conglomerates and the worlds last publicly traded major music company. Cameron Strang serves as CEO of the company, artists currently signed to Warner Bros. At the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros, pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. In December 1931, Warner Bros. offloaded Brunswick to the American Record Corporation for a fraction of its former value, in a lease arrangement which did not include Brunswicks pressing plants. Warner Bros. sold Brunswick a second time, this time along with the old Brunswick pressing plants Warner owned, to Decca Records in exchange for a financial interest in Decca. The studio stayed out of the business for more than 25 years. Warner Bros. reëntered the record business in 1958 with the establishment of its own recording division, by this time, the established Hollywood studios were reeling from multiple challenges to their former dominance - the most notable being the introduction of television in the late 1940s. Legal changes also had a impact on their business—lawsuits brought by major stars had effectively overthrown the old studio contract system by the late 1940s. Pictures sold off much of its library in 1948 and, beginning in 1949. Semenenko in particular had a professional interest in the entertainment business. With the record business booming - sales had topped US$500 million by 1958 - Semnenko argued that it was foolish for Warner Bros, another impetus for the labels creation was the brief music career of Warner Bros. actor Tab Hunter. In 1958, the studio signed Hunter as its first artist to its newly formed record division, to establish the label, the company hired former Columbia Records president James B
8.
Faith No More
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Faith No More is an American rock band from San Francisco, California, formed in 1979. Before settling on their current moniker in 1982, the band performed under the names Sharp Young Men, bassist Billy Gould and drummer Mike Bordin are the longest remaining members of the band, having been involved with Faith No More since its inception. The band underwent several lineup changes early in their career, along with major changes later on. The current lineup of Faith No More consists of Gould, Bordin, keyboardist Roddy Bottum, guitarist Jon Hudson, after releasing six studio albums, Faith No More officially announced their breakup on April 20,1998. They have since reunited, embarked on The Second Coming Tour from 2009 to 2012, Faith No More was originally formed as Sharp Young Men in 1979 by bassist Billy Gould, drummer Mike Bordin, vocalist Mike Morris, and keyboardist Wade Worthington. Mike Morris described the name as a piss-take on all the groups at the time. Later on Morris proposed the name Faith In No Man but eventually the band settled on Bordins suggestion Faith No Man and they recorded Quiet in Heaven/Song of Liberty, released in 1983. They changed their name to Faith No Man for the release of the single, Bottum, Gould and Bordin quit the band shortly after and formed Faith No More. They chose the name to accentuate the fact that The Man was No More and they didnt have any constant guitarists or vocalists until they eventually settled on Chuck Mosley in 1983 and later Jim Martin. After the name change, the band started recording We Care a Lot without backing from a record label and, after pooling their money. It was the first official release for both the band and the label, in late 1986, Faith No More was signed to Los Angeles label Slash Records by Anna Statman. The label had recently sold to the Warner Music Group subsidiary London Records. Introduce Yourself was released in 1987, and a version of their debut albums title track We Care a Lot saw minor success on MTV. Mosleys behaviour had started to increasingly erratic, particularly during a troubled tour of Europe in 1988. Mosley was eventually fired after the band returned home from Europe, Billy Gould reflected There was a certain point when I went to rehearsal, and Chuck wanted to do all acoustic guitar songs. It was just so far off the mark, the upshot was that I got up, walked out and quit the band. I Just said, ‘I’m done – I can’t take this any longer, the same day, I talked to Bordin, and he said, ‘Well, I still want to play with you’. It was another one of these ‘firing somebody without firing them’ scenarios, Chuck Mosley was replaced with singer Mike Patton in 1988
9.
Secret Chiefs 3
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Secret Chiefs 3 is an avant-garde group led by guitarist/composer Trey Spruance. The bands name was inspired by the Secret Chiefs said to inspire and guide various esoteric and mystical groups, in 2007, it was announced Secret Chiefs 3 has always been a general name for seven different bands, each representing a different aspect of Spruances musical and philosophical interests. The seven bands are Electromagnetic Azoth, UR, Ishraqiyun, Traditionalists, Holy Vehm, FORMS, Spruance has stated that the sound collages of Electromagnetic Azoth serve as the center of Secret Chiefs 3. The albums Book of Horizons and Satellite Supersonic Vol.1 were conceived as compilation albums featuring the bands under their own names. All bands have appeared on at least one of these albums, some satellite bands have also released records on their own. So far, five of the bands have had tracks featured across a series of six 7 singles. Spruance formed the band in the mid-1990s with fellow Mr. Bungle members Trevor Dunn on bass, musicians tend to float in and out of SC3, so the concept of current and former members isnt entirely applicable. Below is a list of past and present members, guests and collaborators, This is a list of all releases by SC3, the column artist states under what name the recording is released, not who is credited with the individual songs. Media related to Secret Chiefs 3 at Wikimedia Commons Official Secret Chiefs 3 official website Secret Chiefs 3 at Web of Mimicry Free live recordings Secret Chiefs 3 at the Live Music Archive
10.
Tomahawk (band)
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Tomahawk is an American experimental alternative metal/rock supergroup. They formed in 1999 when Fantômas, ex-Mr, Bungle and Faith No More singer/keyboardist Mike Patton and ex-The Jesus Lizard guitar player Duane Denison started swapping tapes with the intention of collaborating. Denison then recruited ex-Helmet drummer John Stanier, while Patton recruited then-Melvins/ex-Cows bass player Kevin Rutmanis into the group, Patton met Duane Denison in 1999 at a Mr. Bungle concert in Nashville and the two began exchanging music and jamming. During May and June 2001 the band recorded their eponymous album in Nashville. The album was released on October 30,2001, it was produced by Joe Funderburk, after the release of Tomahawk the band began touring extensively, playing in many countries around the world, including the United States, Australia, Europe and Japan. They generally headlined shows but were the act for bands such as Tool. When opening for Tool on their 2002 summer tour of North America, Tomahawk also played at various festivals, including the 2002 Big Day Out festival in Australia. Second album Mit Gas, recorded with producer Joe Barresi, was released in 2003, Tomahawk took part in the Geek Tour during 2003, which featured labelmates the Melvins and Fantômas. During the bands early years they were known for dressing up as police officers in promotional photo shoots, the band went on a short hiatus from 2004 to 2006 after finishing touring for Tomahawk and Mit Gas in late 2003 as the members began to focus on other projects. The bands third album, Anonymous, was released on June 19,2007 through Ipecac Recordings, Kevin Rutmanis left the band during the recording, reasons for his departure are unknown. For the album, Denison and Stanier recorded their parts in Nashville, No live shows were performed during this period. Tomahawk remained inactive from 2008 to 2011, in July 2011, Mike Patton announced that Tomahawk was preparing to record its fourth album. In early 2012, Tomahawk announced that Trevor Dunn would play bass for the band, on April 21,2012 the band released Eponymous To Anonymous, a box set containing the bands first three records released on vinyl for the first time. In late 2012, the band playing their first live shows since 2003. On December 3,2012, a video for first single. Oddfellows was released January 29,2013, the band were scheduled to play in Mexico for the first time on March 21,2014 but withdrew due to an illness. On April 9,2014 the band announced they would be releasing two previously unreleased tracks from the Oddfellows recording session, the single, entitled M. E. A. T. was first released on May 23,2014 on vinyl. According to Mike Patton, Duane Denison is currently writing material for a new Tomahawk album, critics have described the bands sound as alternative metal, alternative rock and experimental rock
11.
Northern California
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Northern California, often abbreviated NorCal, is the northern portion of the U. S. state of California. The 48-county definition is not used for the Northern California Megaregion, the megaregions area is instead defined from Metropolitan Fresno north to Greater Sacramento, and from the Bay Area east across Nevada state line to encompass the entire Lake Tahoe-Reno area. The arrival of European explorers from the early 16th to the mid-18th centuries, in 1770, the Spanish mission at Monterey was the first European settlement in the area, followed by other missions along the coast—eventually extending as far north as Sonoma County. Northern California is not a geographic designation. Californias north-south midway division is around 37° latitude, near the level of San Francisco, popularly, though, Northern California usually refers to the states northernmost 48 counties. This definition coincides with the county lines at 35° 47′ 28″ north latitude, the term is also applied to the area north of Point Conception and the Tehachapi Mountains. Because of Californias large size and diverse geography, the state can be subdivided in other ways as well, the state is often considered as having an additional division north of the urban areas of the San Francisco Bay Area and Sacramento metropolitan areas. The coastal area north of the Bay Area is referred to as the North Coast while the region north of Sacramento is referred by locals as the Northstate. Since the events of the California Gold Rush, Northern California has been a leader on the economic, scientific. In science, advances range from being the first to isolate and name fourteen transuranic chemical elements, other examples of innovation across diverse fields range from Genentech to CrossFit as a pioneer in extreme human fitness and training. It is also Home to one of the largest Air Force Bases on the West Coast, Northern Californias largest metropolitan area is the San Francisco Bay Area which includes the cities of San Francisco, San Jose, Oakland, and their many suburbs. In recent years the Bay Area has drawn more commuters from as far as Central Valley cities such as Sacramento, Stockton, Fresno, Turlock and Modesto. The 2010 U. S. Census showed that the Bay Area grew at a faster rate than the Greater Los Angeles Area while Greater Sacramento had the largest growth rate of any area in California. The states larger cities are considered part of Northern California in cases when the state is divided into two parts. The first European to explore the coast was Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, sailing for the Spanish Crown, in 1542, beginning in 1565, the Spanish Manila galleons crossed the Pacific Ocean from Mexico to the Spanish Philippines, with silver and gemstones from Mexico. The Manila galleons returned across the northern Pacific, and reached North America usually off the coast of northern California, in 1579, northern California was visited by the English explorer Sir Francis Drake who landed north of todays San Francisco and claimed the area for England. In 1602, the Spaniard Sebastián Vizcaíno explored Californias coast as far north as Monterey Bay, other Spanish explorers sailed along the coast of northern California for the next 150 years, but no settlements were established. The first European inhabitants were Spanish missionaries, who built missions along the California coast, the mission at Monterey was first established in 1770, and at San Francisco in 1776
12.
Heavy metal music
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Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are associated with aggression. The first heavy metal such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath. During the mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the evolution by discarding much of its blues influence, Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility. Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden, before the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as metalheads or headbangers. During the 1980s, glam metal became popular with such as Mötley Crüe. Since the mid-1990s popular styles have further expanded the definition of the genre and these include groove metal and nu metal, the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop. Heavy metal is characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound. Metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes, the typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are used to enhance the fullness of the sound. Deep Purples Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ, in 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III, by the 1990s, in. almost every subgenre of heavy metal synthesizers were used. The electric guitar and the power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a use of high volumes. Guitar solos are an element of the heavy metal code. That underscores the significance of the guitar to the genre, most heavy metal songs featur at least one guitar solo, which is a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity. One exception is nu metal bands, which tend to omit guitar solos, with rhythm guitar parts, the heavy crunch sound in heavy metal. Palm muting the strings with the hand and using distortion. Palm muting creates a tighter, more sound and it emphasizes the low end
13.
Disco
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Disco is a genre of dance music containing elements of funk, soul, pop, and salsa. It achieved popularity during the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, Disco can be seen as a reaction against both the domination of rock music and the stigmatization of dance music by the counterculture during this period. It was popular with men and women, from many different backgrounds. The disco sound often has several components, a beat, an eighth note or 16th note hi-hat pattern with an open hi-hat on the off-beat. In most disco tracks, string sections, horns, electric piano, Orchestral instruments such as the flute are often used for solo melodies, and lead guitar is less frequently used in disco than in rock. Many disco songs use electronic synthesizers, particularly in the late 1970s, well-known 1970s disco performers included Donna Summer, the Bee Gees, Boney M. KC and the Sunshine Band, The Trammps, Sylvester, Village People, Gloria Gaynor and Chic. While performers and singers garnered much attention, record producers working behind the scenes played an important role in developing the disco sound. Many non-disco artists recorded songs at the height of discos popularity. Disco was the last mass popular movement that was driven by the baby boom generation. Disco was a phenomenon, but its popularity drastically declined in the United States in 1980. Disco Demolition Night, an anti-disco protest held in Chicago on 12 July 1979, is thought of as a factor in discos fast. By the late 1970s most major U. S. cities had thriving disco club scenes, Studio 54, a venue popular amongst celebrities, is a well-known example of a disco club. Popular dances included the Hustle, a suggestive dance. Discotheque-goers often wore expensive, extravagant and sexy fashions, Disco clubs were also associated with promiscuity. Disco was a key influence on the 1980s electronic dance style called house. The term is derived from discothèque, by the early 1940s, the terms disc jockey and DJ were in use to describe radio presenters. During WWII, because of restrictions set in place by the Nazi occupiers, eventually more than one of these jazz venues had the proper name discothèque. By 1959, the term was used in Paris to describe any of these type of nightclubs and that year a young reporter named Klaus Quirini started to select and introduce records at the Scotch-Club in Aachen, West Germany
14.
Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths. Other musical groups, including Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament-Funkadelic, soon began to adopt, Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music, and drum and bass. It is also the influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk. The word funk initially referred to a strong odor and it is originally derived from Latin fumigare via Old French fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 funky meaning musty was first documented, which, in turn, in early jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to get down by telling one another, Now, put some stank on it. At least as early as 1907, jazz songs carried titles such as Funky, as late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer was the first to use the word funky to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated, the style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the set the pattern for later musicians. The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented, a great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Browns rhythm section used it to great effect. Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and bass lines, like Motown recordings, funk songs used bass lines as the centerpiece of songs. Slap basss mixture of thumb-slapped low notes and finger popped high notes allowed the bass to have a rhythmic role. In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a style, often using the wah-wah sound effect. Guitarist Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic were notably influenced by Jimi Hendrixs improvised solos, Eddie Hazel, who worked with George Clinton, is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Ernie Isley was tutored at an age by Jimi Hendrix himself. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown, on Browns Give It Up or Turnit a Loose, Jimmy Nolens guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure
15.
Sampling (music)
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In music, sampling is the act of taking a portion, or sample, of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or a sound recording in a different song or piece. Sampling was originally developed by experimental musicians working with musique concrète and electroacoustic music, by the late 1960s, the use of tape loop sampling influenced the development of minimalist music and the production of psychedelic rock and jazz fusion. Hip hop music was the first popular music based on the art of sampling – being born from 1970s DJs who experimented with manipulating vinyl on two turntables and an audio mixer. Historically, sampling was most often done with a sampler — a specialized piece of hardware — but today, however, vinyl emulation software may also be used, and turntablists continue to sample using traditional methods. Often samples consist of one part of a song, such as a rhythm break, for instance, hip hop music developed from DJs looping the breaks from songs to enable continuous dancing. Samples can also consist of words and phrases, including those in non-musical media such as movies, TV shows. Sampling does not necessarily mean using pre-existing recordings, a number of composers and musicians have constructed pieces or songs by sampling field recordings they made themselves, and others have sampled their own original recordings. The use of sampling is controversial legally and musically, in the 1970s, when hip hop was confined to local dance parties, it was unnecessary to obtain copyright clearance in order to sample recorded music at these parties. Aside from legal issues, sampling has been championed and criticized. Hip-hop DJs today take different approaches to sampling, with critical of its obvious use. Some critics, particularly those with a rockist outlook, have expressed the belief all sampling is lacking in creativity, while others say sampling has been innovative and revolutionary. Those whose own work has been sampled have also voiced a variety of opinions about the practice. Once recorded, samples can be edited, played back, or looped, types of samples include, The drums and percussion parts of many modern recordings are really a variety of short samples of beats strung together. Many libraries of such beats exist and are licensed so that the user incorporating the samples can distribute their recording without paying royalties, such libraries can be loaded into samplers. Though percussion is an application of looping, many kinds of samples can be looped. A piece of music may have an ostinato which is created by sampling a phrase played on any kind of instrument, there is software which specializes in creating loops. Whereas loops are usually a phrase played on a musical instrument, Music workstations and samplers use samples of musical instruments as the basis of their own sounds, and are capable of playing a sample back at any pitch. Many modern synthesizers and drum machines also use samples as the basis of their sounds, most such samples are created in professional recording studios using world-class instruments played by accomplished musicians
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Cover song
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A cover version can also refer to a rerecording of a song by the original artist or performers under a different record company. Originally, Billboard and other magazines that track the popularity of artists and hit tunes measured the sales success of the published tune. Later, they tracked the airplay that songs achieved, some versions being more successful recording than the original song. Before the onset of rock n roll in the 1950s, songs were published and several records of a song might be out by singers of the day. The Hendrix version, released six months after Dylans original, became a Top 10 single in the UK in 1968 and was ranked 48th in Rolling Stone magazines 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The term cover goes back decades when cover version originally described a version of a tune recorded to compete with the recently released version. The Chicago Tribune described the term in 1952, trade jargon meaning to record a tune that looks like a hit on someone elses label. Examples of records covered include Paul Williams 1949 hit tune The Hucklebuck, both crossed over to the popular Hit Parade and had numerous hit versions. In fact, one of the objects of publishing sheet music was to have a composition performed by as many artists as possible. In previous generations, some artists made very successful careers of presenting revivals or reworkings of once-popular tunes, musicians now play what they call cover versions of songs as a tribute to the original performer or group. Using familiar material is an important method of learning music styles, until the mid-1960s most albums, or long playing records, contained a large number of evergreens or standards to present a fuller range of the artists abilities and style. Artists might also perform interpretations of a favorite artists hit tunes for the pleasure of playing a familiar song or collection of tunes. A cover band plays cover versions exclusively. Some tribute acts salute the Who, The Rolling Stones and many classic rock acts. Many tribute acts target artists who remain popular but no longer perform, many tribute bands attempt to recreate another bands music as faithfully as possible, but some such bands introduce a twist. Dread Zeppelin performs reggae versions of the Zeppelin catalog and Beatallica creates heavy metal fusions of songs by the Beatles, there are also situations in which a member of a tribute band will go on to greater success, sometimes with the original act they tribute. One notable example is Tim Ripper Owens who, once the singer of Judas Priest tribute band British Steel. Cover acts or bands are entertainers who perform a variety of crowd-pleasing cover songs for audiences who enjoy the familiarity of hit songs
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Pee-wee Herman
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Pee-wee Aloysius Herman is a comic fictional character created and portrayed by American comedian Paul Reubens. He is best known for his two series and film series during the 1980s. The childlike Pee-wee Herman character developed as an act that quickly led to an HBO special in 1981. As the stage performance gained popularity, Reubens took the character to motion picture with Pee-wees Big Adventure in 1985. This paved the way for Pee-wees Playhouse, an Emmy Award-winning childrens series that ran on CBS from 1986 to 1991, another film, Big Top Pee-wee, was released in 1988. Due to negative media attention following a scandal in 1991, Reubens decided to shelve his alter ego during the 1990s and it was at that time that Reubens addressed plans to write a new Pee-wee film, Pee-wees Playhouse, The Movie. In June 2007, Reubens appeared as Pee-wee Herman for the first time since 1991 at Spike TVs Guys Choice Awards, Hartman and Reubens became close friends, often writing and working on material together. Reubens wrote sketches, developed his skills and, with Hartman. In 1977, The Groundlings staged a performance in which its members created characters one might see in a comedy club, Pee-wees later checkered clothing and persona were largely lifted from manic 1950s childrens TV host Pinky Lee. Also incorporated into the look were short black hair, pale skin with red rouge, the inspiration for the name came from a Pee-wee brand miniature harmonica and the surname of an energetic boy Reubens knew from his youth. Reubens thought the name Pee-wee Herman was a name that sounded too real to be made up, sometime in 1979 Reubens debuted his character on the television show The Dating Game, appearing three times. Throughout his film and television programs, Pee-wee Hermans background has remained relatively ambiguous, during interviews, he has been portrayed as though he is a real life stand-up comedian who expanded his career by playing himself in his films and TV series. This is echoed by the fact that a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame was awarded to Pee-wee Herman rather than Paul Reubens and he went on to say that everyone in his family has a first name that begins with an H except for him. This was again stated during a 1988 special which elaborated that Pee-wee was raised in Florida, Pee-wee is commonly portrayed as an impatient and fun-loving child with dainty, effeminate mannerisms and quirky facial expressions. His age has never explicitly stated, although, he once proclaimed on The Pee-wee Herman Show. David Letterman once said of the character, What makes me laugh, is that it has the external structure of a bratty little precocious kid, but you know its being controlled by the incubus – the manifestation of evil itself. While the character is typically cheerful and flamboyant, Pee-wee has indeed displayed an aggressive side and he also played vengeful tricks in the aforementioned film and occasionally threw childish tantrums on Pee-wees Playhouse. Instead, he started a show with the Herman character
18.
HBO
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Home Box Office is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Time Warner through its respective flagship company Home Box Office, Inc. HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service in the United States, in 2014, HBO had an adjusted operating income of US$1.79 billion, compared to the US$1.68 billion it accrued in 2013. HBO has 49 million subscribers in the United States and 130 million worldwide as of 2016, the network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels, including HBO Comedy, HBO Latino, HBO Signature and HBO Family. It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015, and has over 2 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2017. In addition to its U. S. subscriber base, HBO distributes content in at least 151 countries, HBO subscribers generally pay for an extra tier of service that includes other cable- and satellite-exclusive channels even before paying for the channel itself. Cable providers can require the use of a converter box – usually digital – in order to receive HBO, many HBO programs have been syndicated to other networks and broadcast television stations, and a number of HBO-produced series and films have been released on DVD. The new system, which Dolan named Sterling Information Services, became the first urban underground cable system in the United States. In that same year, Time-Life, Inc. purchased a 20% stake in Dolans company, in the summer of 1971, while on a family vacation in France, Charles Dolan began to think of ideas to make Sterling Manhattan profitable. He came up with the concept for a television service. Dolan later presented his idea to Time-Life management, though satellite distribution seemed only a distant possibility at the time, he persuaded Time-Life to back him on the project. To gauge whether consumers would be interested in subscribing to a pay television service, in a meeting of Dolan and some Time-Life executives who were working on the project, various other names were discussed for the new service. Home Box Office launched on November 8,1972, however, HBOs launch came without fanfare in the press, as it was not covered by any local or national media outlets. Home Box Office distributed its first sports event immediately after the film, Four months later in February 1973, Home Box Office aired its first television special, the Pennsylvania Polka Festival. Home Box Office would use a network of relay towers to distribute its programming to cable systems throughout its service area. Sterling Manhattan Cable continued to lose money because the company had only a small base of 20,000 customers in Manhattan. Time-Life dropped the Sterling name and the company was renamed Manhattan Cable Television under Time-Lifes control in March 1973, Gerald Levin, who had been with Home Box Office since it began operations as its vice president of programming, replaced Dolan as the companys president and chief executive officer. In September 1973, Time-Life, Inc. completed its acquisition of the pay service. HBO would eventually increase its fortunes within two years, by April 1975, the service had around 100,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania and New York state, in 1974, they settled on using a geostationary communications satellite to transmit HBO to cable providers throughout the United States
19.
Demo (music)
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A demo is a song or group of songs recorded for limited circulation or reference use rather than for general public release. Demos are typically recorded on relatively crude equipment such as boom box cassette recorders, small four-track or eight-track machines, songwriters and publishers demos are recorded with minimal instrumentation - usually just an acoustic guitar or piano, and the vocalist. Many unsigned bands and artists record demos in order to obtain a recording contract and these demos are usually sent to record labels in hopes that the artist will be signed onto the labels roster and allowed to record a full-length album in a professional recording studio. Many signed bands and artists record demos of new songs before recording an album, Demos may include as few as one or two songs or as many as would be contained on a full-length album. Demo recordings are heard by the public, although some artists do eventually release rough demos in rarities compilation albums or box sets. Other demo versions have been released as bootleg recordings, such as The Beatles The Beatles Bootleg Demos. Several artists have made official releases of demo versions of their songs as albums or companion pieces to albums, such as Florence. The event of a demo tape appearing on eBay has happened in the past, in more underground forms of music, such as noise music, black metal or punk, demos are often distributed by bands to fans as self-releases, or sold at a very low price. Collection of Demo Covers Music From the Demo Scene
20.
Mike Patton
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Patton was also the founder and lead singer of Mr. Bungle, and has played with Tomahawk, Fantômas, Lovage, The Dillinger Escape Plan, and Peeping Tom. Known for his influences and experimental projects, Patton has earned critical praise for his diverse array of vocal techniques. VVN Music found Patton to possess the highest vocal range of any singer in popular music. He has worked as a producer or co-producer with artists such as John Zorn, Sepultura, Melvins, Melt-Banana and he co-founded Ipecac Recordings with Greg Werckman in 1999, and has run the label since. Pattons vast number of musical endeavours and constant touring have led to him being identified as a workaholic. Patton was born and raised in Eureka, California, where he formed Mr. Bungle, with Trey Spruance and Trevor Dunn, according to Steffan Chirazis 1993 book The Real Story, Patton first met Faith No More during 1986. In the book, Patton was quoted as saying Faith No More played Eureka in a pizza parlour place Mr. Bungle played dozens of times, there were 6 people there and 3 of them were my friends. It was really bad, a really pathetic show and I remember them standing around the van really upset, puffy was really uptight wanting to know where to get weed. Nobody was talking to him, I think he asked us because we were just hanging around and their situation then never even registered with me, touring was unreal, Warner Bros. was like a Tom and Jerry cartoon. At that time I didnt wanna know any of that shit. Patton was approached to join Faith No More after they heard Mr. Bungles demo tapes in 1988 and this forced him to quit his studies at Humboldt State University. In January 1989, he officially replaced Chuck Mosley as lead singer of the group, Mosley subsequently formed the bands Cement and VUA, and has had several special one-off performances at shows with Faith No More and Patton. Faith No Mores The Real Thing was released in 1989, the album reached the top ten on the US charts, thanks largely to MTVs heavy rotation of the Epic music video. Faith No More released three studio albums before disbanding in 1998. To coincide with the reunion tour, Rhino released the sixth Faith No More compilation. The same line-up eventually released a new album called Sol Invictus in 2015, when interviewed about his lyrical content with Faith No More, Patton responded, I think that too many people think too much about my lyrics. I am more a person who works more with the sound of a word than with its meaning, often I just choose the words because of the rhythm, not because of the meaning. During his time in Faith No More, Patton continued to work with Mr. Bungle and his success in mainstream rock and metal ultimately helped secure Mr. Bungle a record deal with Warner Bros
21.
Trey Spruance
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Preston Lea Trey Spruance III is an American composer, producer, and musician, perhaps best known as guitarist and keyboardist with Mr. Bungle. He is also leader of the multi-genre outfit Secret Chiefs 3, originally a guitarist and trumpeter, Spruance later began playing vintage electronic organs, saz, santur, electric sitar, tar, pipa, and various other string and percussion instruments. Spruance was a member of Mr. Bungle, along with Mike Patton. He has focused on his band Secret Chiefs 3 for the last 15 years, though once secular, Spruance began exploring spiritual themes in Secret Chiefs 3 after joining the Eastern Orthodox Church. Spruance has toured extensively as Secret Chiefs 3 band leader, Spruance regularly expands Secret Chiefs 3 into hybrid ensembles of varying sizes. In 2013 he scored his music for the 61-piece Traditional Russian Orchestra of Krasnoyarsk and performed with orchestra in Kansk, Siberia. He has performed with John Zorn and works regularly in Secret Chiefs 3 with Eyvind Kang, Ches Smith and he also contributed some guitar and tubular bells to the ASVA recordings Futurists Against the Ocean and What You Dont Know Is Frontier with whom he toured the US and Europe. He, notably also recorded with Patton for Faith No More on their 1995 album King for a Day, Spruance has often worked as a producer, beginning with Mr. Bungles albums Disco Volante and California. In 2001, Spruance produced Chicago-based rock band Tub rings first full-length album, in 2004, he produced the album Death After Life for Oakland, CA death metal group Impaled, also contributing guitar solos for their songs Resurrectionists, and Medical Waste. Other production duties have included Ill Have Whats Shes Having by The Tuna Helpers, sampling and foley work also play a large role in his recordings. The only movie score he has worked on thus far was for a micro-independent, The Anna Cabrini Chronicles, Mr. Bungle The Raging Wrath of the Easter Bunny Bowel of Chiley Goddammit I Love America. OU818 Mr.1 Book of Souls Perichoresis Weird Little Boy Weird Little Boy With Eyvind Kang Theater of Mineral NADEs Faith No More King for a Day
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Trevor Dunn
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Trevor Roy Dunn is an American composer, bass guitarist, and double bassist. Dunn came to prominence in the 1990s with the experimental band Mr. Bungle and he has since worked in an array of musical styles, notably with singer and Mr. He is also a member of the band Tomahawk, replacing founding member Kevin Rutmanis, after four years of studying the clarinet, Dunn began playing electric bass at the age of 13. His earliest musical influences included the Beach Boys, Blondie, Cheap Trick, Dunn studied double bass and music in college. In 1986, Dunn formed Mr. Bungle with vocalist Mike Patton, Mr. Bungles early compositions mixed thrash metal, hard rock, death metal, ska and funk with an air of adolescent humor and vulgarity. With a background in metal, Dunn branched out his abilities playing jazz around San Francisco while immersing himself in different music. Mr. Bungle released four demo tapes in the mid to late 1980s before being signed to Warner Bros. Records, like the other members of Mr. Bungle, Trevor Dunn is reluctant to talk about what exactly caused their break-up. For that matter, Dunn is reluctant to talk about Mr. Bungle in general and he initially stated that he was going to release a book, but the book concept is FAR from being a reality. Its just a thought in my mind at this point. Part of that includes demos, rehearsals, prank phone calls, unused photos. The amount of unseen/unheard material I have collected over the years is somewhat baffling, believe me, its not going to happen anytime soon. reference needed Trey Spruance formed Secret Chiefs 3 with fellow Mr. Bungle members Dunn and Danny Heifetz in the mid-nineties. In 1999, Mike Patton formed the supergroup Fantômas with Dunn on bass, Buzz Osborne of the Melvins on guitar, Fantômas has released several albums of eclectic avante-garde, ambient, and heavy metal compositions. In 1998, Dunn formed his Trio-Convulsant and their first release, Debutantes & Centipedes, features Dunn on bass, Adam Levy on guitar, and Kenny Wollesen on drums. The album Sister Phantom Owl Fish on Ipecac includes Ches Smith on percussion, citing his long hiatus from writing rock music, Dunn formed the band MadLove with Sunny Kim on lead vocals, Ches Smith on drums, Hilmar Jensson on guitar, and Erik Deutch on keyboard. They recorded their album, White with Foam, during 2008. Trevor has recently joined the band Tomahawk, replacing Kevin Rutmanis, Trevor joined the Melvins as an on-and-off touring bassist starting in 2005, initially to play on their 1993 album Houdini in its entirety for All Tomorrows Parties Dont Look Back series. In 2011, he joined the band full-time playing standup bass for a side known as Melvins Lite. They at first toured in 2011 which led to the 2012 album Freak Puke and 2012 tour in which they performed in all 50 states in 51 days, Dunn later appeared on three songs included on the bands all-covers album Everybody Loves Sausages in 2013
23.
Clinton McKinnon (musician)
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Clinton Bär McKinnon is an American musician, perhaps best known playing saxophone in San Francisco based band Mr. Bungle. Bär, pronounced bear, is a nickname, given to him by his older sisters. In 1989 Bär joined Mr. Bungle and studied music at Humboldt State University and his primary instrument is the saxophone, but he plays a number of other instruments including flute, keyboards, guitar, drums, percussion, bass and other assorted woodwinds. He was a member of Mr. Bungle from 1989 to their disbandment in 2000, Bär McKinnon is currently gigging around Melbourne with a band called Umläut. The band released an album in 1991, followed by the highly surreal Disco Volante in 1995. As a multi-instrumentalist, Bär provided a distinct style both as a player and songwriter, most notably on Mr. Bungles final album, California, the album takes inspiration from Burt Bacharach and The Beach Boys, influences close to Bärs heart. The album allowed more freedom for all members of Bungle in the songwriting process, California blended lounge, pop, jazz, funk, thrash metal, Hawaiian, Middle Eastern, kecak and avant-garde music. The band did 5 tours to support this record, for the most part, perhaps with the exception of the Sno-Core 2000 tour where they were often booed, the band did have success attracting an audience. Clintons self-titled project Umläut was released with guest vocals from Mike Patton on one of the tracks titled Atlas Face, Umläut is the culmination of years of work for McKinnon, after moving to Melbourne, Australia. The current lineup includes vibraphone and keyboards as well as Bär on saxophone,1989 – OU8181991 – Mr. Bungle Gallery Bungle Grind, Biography
24.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
25.
Devo
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Devo is an American rock band that formed in 1973, consisting of members from Kent and Akron, Ohio. Their classic line-up consisted of two sets of brothers, the Mothersbaughs and the Casales, along with Alan Myers, the band had a No.14 Billboard chart hit in 1980 with the single Whip It and has maintained a cult following throughout its existence. Devos music and stage shows mingle kitsch science fiction themes, deadpan surrealist humor, Devo was also a pioneer of the music video, creating many memorable clips for the LaserDisc format, with Whip It getting heavy airplay in the early days of MTV. In the late 1960s, this idea was developed as a joke by Kent State University art students Gerald Casale and Bob Lewis, at this time, Casale had also performed with the local band 15-60-75. They met Mark Mothersbaugh around 1970, a talented keyboardist who had been playing with the band Flossy Bobbitt, the joke about de-evolution became serious following the Kent State shootings of May 4,1970. This event would be cited multiple times as the impetus for forming the band Devo, the first form of Devo was the Sextet Devo which performed at the 1973 Kent State performing arts festival. It included Casale, Lewis and Mothersbaugh, as well as Geralds brother Bob Casale on guitar and this performance was filmed and a part was included on the home video The Complete Truth About De-Evolution. Devo returned to perform in the Student Governance Center at the 1974 Creative Arts Festival with a line-up including the Casale brothers, Bob Lewis, Mark Mothersbaugh, and Jim Mothersbaugh on drums. The band continued to perform, generally as a quartet, but with a fluid line-up including Marks brothers Bob Mothersbaugh, Bob played electric guitar, and Jim provided percussion using a set of home-made electronic drums. Their first two videos, Secret Agent Man and Jocko Homo featured on The Truth About De-Evolution, were filmed in Akron, and Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. This line-up of Devo lasted until 1976 when Jim left the band, Bob Lewis would sometimes play guitar during this period. In concert, Devo would often perform in the guise of characters, such as Booji Boy. Live concerts from this period were often confrontational, and would remain so until 1977, a recording of an early Devo performance from 1975 with the quartet line-up appears on DEVO Live, The Mongoloid Years, ending with the promoters unplugging Devos equipment. Following Jim Mothersbaughs departure, Bob Mothersbaugh found a new drummer, Alan Myers, Casale re-recruited his brother Bob Casale, and the line-up of Devo remained the same for nearly ten years. Devo gained some fame in 1976 when the short film The Truth About De-Evolution directed by Chuck Statler won a prize at the Ann Arbor Film Festival and this attracted the attention of David Bowie, who began work to get the band a recording contract with Warner Music Group. In 1977, Devo were asked by Neil Young to participate in the making of his film Human Highway, released in 1982, the film featured the band as Nuclear garbagemen. The band members were asked to write their own parts and Mark Mothersbaugh scored and recorded much of the soundtrack, his first of many. In March 1977, Devo released their first single Mongoloid b/w Jocko Homo and this was followed by a cover of the Rolling Stones Satisfaction
26.
AC/DC
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AC/DC are an Australian rock band, formed in 1973 by brothers Malcolm and Angus Young. A hard rock/blues rock band, they have also considered a heavy metal band, although they have always dubbed their music simply rock. AC/DC underwent several changes before releasing their first album, High Voltage, in 1975, Malcolm. Membership subsequently stabilised until bassist Mark Evans was replaced by Cliff Williams in 1977 for the album Powerage, within months of recording the album Highway to Hell, lead singer and co-songwriter Bon Scott died on 19 February 1980 after a night of heavy alcohol consumption. The group considered disbanding, but buoyed by support from Scotts parents, decided to continue, ex-Geordie singer Brian Johnson was auditioned and selected to replace Scott. Later that year, the released the new album, Back in Black. The album launched them to new heights of success and became their all-time best-seller, the bands next album, For Those About to Rock We Salute You, was their first album to reach number one in the United States. Drummer Phil Rudd was fired in 1983 and replaced by ex-A II Z drummer Simon Wright, the band experienced a resurgence in the early 1990s with the release of The Razors Edge. Phil Rudd returned in 1994 after Chris Slade, who was with the band from 1989 to 1994, was asked to leave in favour of him, Stiff Upper Lip, released in 2000, was well received by critics. The bands line-up remained the same until 2014 with Malcolm Youngs retirement, in 2016, Johnson was advised to stop touring on account of worsening hearing loss and Guns N Roses frontman Axl Rose stepped in as the bands vocalist for the remainder of that years dates. Long-term bass player Cliff Williams subsequently indicated that he would retire from the band on the completion of their current world tour, Back in Black has sold an estimated 50 million units worldwide, making it the second-highest-selling album by any artist – and the highest-selling album by any band. The album has sold 22 million units in the US alone, AC/DC ranked fourth on VH1s list of the 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock and were named the seventh Greatest Heavy Metal Band of All Time by MTV. In 2004, AC/DC ranked No.72 on the Rolling Stone list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Producer Rick Rubin, who wrote an essay on the band for the Rolling Stone list, referred to AC/DC as the greatest rock, in 2010, AC/DC were ranked number 23 in the VH1 list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Brothers Malcolm, Angus, and George Young were born in Glasgow, Scotland, George was the first to learn to play the guitar. He became a member of The Easybeats, one of Australias most successful bands of the 1960s, in 1966, they became the first local rock act to have an international hit, with the song Friday on My Mind. Malcolm followed in Georges footsteps by playing with a Newcastle, New South Wales and their oldest brother Alex Young chose to remain in Britain to pursue musical interests. Malcolm and Angus Young developed the idea for the name after their sister, Margaret Young
27.
Energy dome
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The American new wave band Devo has often worn a red, terraced energy dome as part of its stage outfit. The dome was first worn during the bands Freedom of Choice campaign of 1980 and it reappeared in the 1982,1988, and 1990 tours, as well as most performances since 1997. The domes were made for the band from vacuum formed plastic, in a distinctive round, ziggurat shape. The shape is reminiscent of the Waldviertel Pyramid. When asked about the story behind the hats, Mark Mothersbaugh recounted, We designed them, Jerry and we were influenced both by German Bauhaus movement and geometric fashion, and Aztec temples. It looked good, and it didnt look like any other bands out there and we werent interested in wearing groovy hats or groovy clothing. We kind of looked like Lego toys or something by the time we got those on our heads, though the traditional energy dome is red, several variants of the dome have existed. In 1981, Devo wore green Energy Domes while performing Whip It on the Solid Gold television show, in a 1984 Diet Coke advertisement, Devo sported white Domes. Silver chrome Domes were worn by Devo in concert in 2002, in 2004, for Devos shows on the Nike-sponsored Run Hit Wonder race/concert, blue Domes were used, and sold to fans. In the music video for Go Monkey Go, Mark Mothersbaugh can be wearing a white Dome with a purple bottom tier. An appearance by Devo on the VH1 show TrueSpin featured charcoal gray Domes, assorted prototype and fan-made Domes in a rainbow of colors exist, as well. Energy Domes sold through Club Devo have come in several forms, the original Club Devo Domes were of a smaller size than the stage-worn Domes, with raised DEVO text on the top and a lip around the edge. This same mold was used again in 2005 for mass-produced Energy Domes sold as Halloween costumes, in 1996, Devo sold new Energy Domes that roughly matched the stage-worn model, though the new stage domes were slightly smaller than the original. The first versions of these Domes were made of white plastic and these were later replaced with Domes made in a solid red plastic in 2004, manufactured by Chaser Shirts. In 2005, NECA Collectibles began manufacturing Energy Domes for Devo out of thin and these were used until 2008 when a fan began custom manufacturing Domes out of thick, red plastic for the band. The new Domes revert to the dimensions of the original stage Energy Domes, on February 22,2010 at an appearance during the 2010 Winter Olympics in Whistler, British Columbia, blue Domes were distributed to the audience and worn on stage. Blue domes were later put on sale in April 2010, the new color for the domes was selected through an online survey and focus group testing as part of the marketing campaign to promote Something for Everybody, Devos ninth studio album. The newest edition of the domes are cyan, while the 2004 domes are a dark blue, according to Gerald Casale on the Devo website, It was designed according to ancient ziggurat mound proportions used in votive worship
28.
Serial killer
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Different authorities apply different criteria when designating serial killers, while most set a threshold of three murders, others extend it to four or lessen it to two. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, for example, defines serial killing as a series of two or more murders, committed as separate events, usually, but not always, by one offender acting alone. The murders may be attempted or completed in a fashion. Serial killing is not the same as mass murdering, nor is it spree killing, however, there is ample evidence the term was used in Europe and the U. S. earlier. The German term and concept were coined by the influential Ernst Gennat, psychopathic behavior that is consistent with traits common to some serial killers include sensation seeking, a lack of remorse or guilt, impulsivity, the need for control, and predatory behavior. They were often abused—emotionally, physically and/or sexually—by a family member, a disproportionate number exhibit one, two, or all three of the Macdonald triad of predictors of future violent behavior, Many are fascinated with fire setting. They are involved in activity, especially in children who have not reached sexual maturity. More than 60 percent, or simply a large proportion, wet their beds beyond the age of 12 and they were frequently bullied or socially isolated as children or adolescents. For example, Henry Lee Lucas was ridiculed as a child, kenneth Bianchi was teased as a child because he urinated in his pants, suffered twitching, and as a teenager was ignored by his peers. Some were involved in petty crimes, such as fraud, theft, vandalism, often, they have trouble staying employed and tend to work in menial jobs. The FBI, however, states, Serial murderers often seem normal, have families and/or a steady job, other sources state they often come from unstable families. Studies have suggested that serial killers generally have an average or low-average IQ, although they are often described, a sample of 202 IQs of serial killers had a median IQ of 89. There are exceptions to these criteria, however, for example, Harold Shipman was a successful professional. He was considered a pillar of the community, he even won a professional award for a childrens asthma clinic and was interviewed by Granada Televisions World in Action. Dennis Nilsen was an ex-soldier turned civil servant and trade unionist who had no criminal record when arrested. Neither was known to have exhibited many of the tell-tale signs, vlado Taneski, a crime reporter, was a career journalist who was caught after a series of articles he wrote gave clues that he had murdered people. Russell Williams was a successful and respected career Royal Canadian Air Force Colonel who was convicted of murdering two women, along with fetish burglaries and rapes, Many serial killers have faced similar problems in their childhood development. Family, or lack thereof, is the most prominent part of a childs development because it is what the child can identify with on a regular basis
29.
Gothic metal
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Gothic metal is a fusion genre combining the heaviness of heavy metal with the dark atmospheres of gothic rock. The music of gothic metal is diverse with bands known to adopt the approach to different styles of heavy metal music. The genre originated during the early 1990s in Europe originally as an outgrowth of death-doom, lyrics are generally dark and introspective with inspiration from gothic fiction as well as personal experiences. Pioneers of gothic metal include Paradise Lost, My Dying Bride and Anathema, other pioneers from the first half of the 1990s include Type O Negative from the United States, Tiamat from Sweden, and The Gathering from the Netherlands. During the mid-1990s, Moonspell, Theatres des Vampires and Cradle of Filth brought the gothic approach to black metal, by the end of the decade, a symphonic metal variant of gothic metal had been developed by Tristania and Within Temptation. Nightwish also integrated elements of metal into their well-known mix of symphonic metal. In the US, however, only a few such as Type O Negative, HIM, Lacuna Coil, Evanescence. The term gothic entered heavy metal music with the release of Paradise Losts Gothic album in 1991, since then, fans have often been at odds with one another as to which bands are, or most definitely are not, authentically Goth. Some musicians have disputed the gothic label associated with their bands, including Rozz Williams of Christian Death, in the gothic metal subgenre, members from such groups as After Forever, HIM and Nightwish have similarly downplayed or dismissed the gothic label from their music. The music of gothic metal is characterised by its dark atmospheres. The adjective dark is used to describe gothic music in general while other terms that are less frequently used include deep, romantic, passionate. Gothic metal has sometimes been viewed as a combination of the darkness. Gothic metal is a genre with bands pursuing many different directions, from slow and crushing variations to orchestral. The doom metal background of early pioneers like Anathema, Paradise Lost and My Dying Bride has been taken up by groups like Artrosis, Ava Inferi, there is also a diverse range of vocal styles in gothic metal. Male singers in the range from the guttural growls and black metal shrieks of Dani Filth and Morten Veland to the clean baritone vocals of Østen Bergøy. There are more female singers in gothic metal than there are in any heavy metal subgenre. Liv Kristine of Theatre of Tragedy and Leaves Eyes notes that the tag is often misinterpreted. The genre is known to attract more female fans relative to other subgenres of heavy metal music
30.
Metallica
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Metallica is an American heavy metal band based in San Rafael, California. The band was formed in 1981 in Los Angeles when vocalist/guitarist James Hetfield responded to an advertisement posted by drummer Lars Ulrich in a local newspaper, Metallicas current line-up comprises founding members Hetfield and Ulrich, longtime lead guitarist Kirk Hammett and bassist Robert Trujillo. Guitarist Dave Mustaine and bassists Ron McGovney, Cliff Burton and Jason Newsted are former members of the band, the bands fast tempos, instrumentals, and aggressive musicianship placed them as one of the founding big four bands of thrash metal, alongside Anthrax, Megadeth, and Slayer. The band expanded its musical direction and achieved commercial success with its eponymous fifth album Metallica. The album was also their first to debut at number one on the Billboard 200, in 2000, Metallica joined with other artists who filed a lawsuit against Napster for sharing the bands copyright-protected material without consent from the band. A settlement was reached and Napster became a pay-to-use service, the band returned to its original musical style with the release of Death Magnetic, and in 2009, Metallica was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Metallica has released ten albums, four live albums, five extended plays,26 music videos. The band has won eight Grammy Awards and six of its albums have debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. The bands eponymous 1991 album has sold over 16 million copies in the United States, Metallica ranks as one of the most commercially successful bands of all time, having sold over 110 million records worldwide. Metallica has been listed as one of the greatest artists of all time by many magazines, including Rolling Stone, in 2012, Metallica formed the independent record label Blackened Recordings and took full ownership of its albums and videos. The band is currently promoting Hardwired. to Self-Destruct, which was released on November 18,2016, guitarists James Hetfield and Hugh Tanner of Leather Charm answered the advertisement. Although he had not formed a band, Ulrich asked Metal Blade Records founder Brian Slagel if he could record a song for the upcoming compilation album Metal Massacre. Slagel accepted and Ulrich recruited Hetfield to sing and play rhythm guitar, the band was officially formed in October 1981, five months after Ulrich and Hetfield first met. Ulrich talked to his friend Ron Quintana, who was brainstorming names for a fanzine, Quintana had proposed the names MetalMania and Metallica. A second advertisement was placed in The Recycler for a position as lead guitarist, Dave Mustaine answered, Ulrich and Hetfield recruited him after seeing his expensive guitar equipment. In early 1982, Metallica recorded its first original song Hit the Lights for the Metal Massacre I compilation, Hetfield played bass on the song and Lloyd Grant was credited with a guitar solo. Metal Massacre I was released on June 14,1982, early pressings listed the band incorrectly as Mettallica, the bands first taste of live success came early, they were chosen to open for British heavy metal band Saxon at one gig of their 1982 US tour. Metallica recorded its first demo, Power Metal, an inspired by Quintanas early business cards in early 1982
31.
Death metal
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Death metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music. Building from the structure of thrash metal and early black metal. Bands such as Venom, Celtic Frost, Slayer, and Kreator were important influences on the genres creation, Possessed and Death, along with bands such as Obituary, Autopsy and Morbid Angel, are often considered pioneers of the genre. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, death metal gained more attention as popular genre niche record labels like Combat, Earache. Since then, death metal has diversified, spawning several subgenres, melodic death metal combines death metal elements with those of the new wave of British heavy metal. Technical death metal is a style, with uncommon time signatures, atypical rhythms. Death-doom combines the deep growled vocals and double-kick drumming of death metal with the slow tempos, deathgrind, goregrind and pornogrind mix the complexity of death metal with the intensity, speed, and brevity of grindcore. Deathcore combines death metal with metalcore traits, Death n roll combines death metals growled vocals and highly distorted, detuned guitar riffs with elements of 1970s hard rock and heavy metal. English heavy metal band Venom, from Newcastle, crystallized the elements of what became known as thrash metal, death metal and black metal. Their dark, blistering sound, harsh vocals, and macabre, another highly influential band, Slayer, formed in 1981. Although the band was a metal act, Slayers music was more violent than their thrash contemporaries Metallica, Megadeth. Their breakneck speed and instrumental prowess combined with lyrics about death, violence, war, according to AllMusic, their third album Reign in Blood inspired the entire death metal genre. It had a big impact on the genre such as Death, Obituary. While attributed as having a Slayer influence, current and former members of the band had actually cited Venom and Motörhead, as well as work by Exodus. Possessed arguably did more to further the cause of Death Metal than any of the acts on the scene back in the mid-late 80s. During the same period as the dawn of Possessed, an influential metal band was formed in Florida. Death, originally called Mantas, was formed in 1983 by Chuck Schuldiner, Kam Lee, in 1984 they released their first demo entitled Death by Metal, followed by several more. The tapes circulated through the tape trader world, quickly establishing the bands name, with Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene
32.
Speed metal
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Speed metal is a subgenre of heavy metal music that originated in the late 1970s from new wave of British heavy metal roots. It is described by AllMusic as extremely fast, abrasive, and it is usually considered less abrasive and more melodic than thrash metal, showing less influence from hardcore punk. However, speed metal is usually faster and more aggressive than traditional heavy metal, Speed metal songs frequently make use of highly expressive vocals, but are usually less likely to employ harsh vocals than thrash metal songs. One of the key influences on the development of speed metal was the new wave of British heavy metal and this was a heavy metal movement that started in the late 1970s, in Britain, and achieved international attention by the early 1980s. NWOBHM bands toned down the blues influences of earlier acts, incorporated elements of punk, increased the tempo and it was an era directed almost exclusively at heavy metal fans and is considered to be a major foundation stone for the extreme metal genres. The NWOBHM came to dominate the heavy metal scene of the early-mid-1980s and it was musically characterized by fast upbeat tempo songs, power chords, fast guitar solos and melodic, soaring vocals. Groups such as Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, Venom, Saxon and Motörhead as well as many lesser-known ones, Motörhead is often credited as the first band to invent/play speed metal. The latter was called early speed metal by Robb Reiner of speed metal band Anvil, black Sabbath are a British heavy metal band from Birmingham, England, and are often cited as one of the grandfathers of the genre. Though usually known for playing a slow, sludgy tempo. Their are those that believe that their song, Symptom of the Universe from their 1975 released Sabbotage album is thee first true example of a metal song. Judas Priest are a British heavy metal band formed in Birmingham. They often played faster than most rock groups of the time, some songs, such as 1978s Exciter, were groundbreaking for their sheer ferocity and speed, few, if any, bands exempting Motörhead, played with the same tempo. Exciter is a Canadian speed metal band from Ottawa, Ontario which was formed in 1978 and they are widely considered to be one of the first speed metal bands and a seminal influence of the thrash metal genre. Anvil are another Canadian speed metal band, from Toronto, Ontario, to date, the band has released sixteen studio albums, and has been cited as having influenced many notable thrash metal groups, including Metallica, Anthrax, Slayer and Megadeth. Annihilator is a Canadian speed/thrash metal band founded in 1984 by vocalist, guitarist and bassist Jeff Waters and they are the highest selling heavy metal group in Canadian history, having sold 2 million records worldwide. Accept is a German heavy metal band played an important role in the development of speed and thrash metal, being part of the German heavy metal scene. Of particular importance was their 1982 track Fast as a Shark, Speed metal eventually evolved into thrash metal. Although many tend to equate the two subgenres, others argue there is a distinct difference between them
33.
Thrash metal
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Thrash metal is an extreme subgenre of heavy metal music characterized by its fast tempo and overall aggression. The songs usually use fast percussive beats and low-register guitar riffs, the lyrics often deal with social issues and reproach for The Establishment, using direct and denunciatory language, an approach borrowed from hardcore punk. The genre evolved in the early 1980s from combining the fast drum beats and attitude of hardcore with the double bass drumming, heavy and complex guitar style of the new wave of British heavy metal. It emerged partially as a reaction to the conventional and widely acceptable glam metal. Thrash metal was an inspiration for subsequent extreme genres such as death metal, Four American bands—Anthrax, Megadeth, Metallica, and Slayer—are credited with pioneering and popularizing the genre. The Clash of the Titans tour, which featured Megadeth, Slayer, thrash metal has seen a resurgence in recent times, with many of the older bands returning to their roots with their new releases. A new generation of metal bands emerged in the early 2000s. Thrash metal generally features fast tempos, low-register, complex riffs, high-register guitar solos. The genre evolved in the early 1980s from combining the drum beats of hardcore punk with the style of the new wave of British heavy metal. It emerged partially as a reaction to the conventional and widely acceptable glam metal. The rhythm guitar parts are played with distortion and often palm muted to create a tighter. Vocally, thrash metal can employ anything from singing to shouted vocals. The guitar riffs often use chromatic scales and emphasize the tritone and diminished intervals, for example, the intro riff of Metallicas Master of Puppets is a chromatic descent, followed by a chromatic ascent based on the tritone. Speed, pacing and time-changes also define thrash metal, thrash tends to have an accelerating feel which may be due in large part to its aggressive drumming style. For example, drummers often use two drums, or a double-bass pedal, in order to create a relentless, driving beat. Cymbal stops/chokes are often used to transition from one riff to another or to precede an acceleration in tempo, to keep up with the other instruments, many bassists use a plectrum. However, some prominent thrash metal bassists have used their fingers, such as Frank Bello, Greg Christian, Steve DiGiorgio, Robert Trujillo, several bassists use a distorted bass tone, an approach popularized by Burton and Motörheads Lemmy. Lyrical themes in thrash metal include warfare, corruption, injustice, murder, suicide, isolation, alienation, addiction, in addition, politics, particularly pessimism and dissatisfaction towards politics, are common themes among thrash metal bands
34.
Hardcore punk
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Hardcore punk is a punk rock music genre and subculture that originated in the late 1970s. It is generally faster, harder, and more aggressive than other forms of punk rock, New York punk had a harder-edged sound than its San Francisco counterpart, featuring anti-art expressions of masculine anger, energy and subversive humor. Hardcore punk generally disavows commercialism, the music industry and anything similar to the characteristics of mainstream rock. Hardcore sprouted underground scenes across the United States in the early 1980s, particularly in Washington, New York, New Jersey, and Boston—as well as in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. Hardcore has spawned the straight movement and its associated submovements, hardline. Hardcore was heavily involved with the rise of the independent record labels in the 1980s and it has also influenced various music genres that have experienced widespread commercial success, including alternative rock, thrash metal, emo and metalcore. While traditional hardcore has never experienced mainstream success, some of its early pioneers have garnered appreciation over time. In 2011, Rolling Stone writer David Fricke placed Greg Ginn of Black Flag 99th place in his 100 Greatest Guitarists list, although the music genre started in English-speaking western countries, notable hardcore scenes have existed in Italy, Brazil, Japan, Europe and the Middle East. The origin of the hardcore punk is uncertain. The Vancouver-based band D. O. A. may have helped to popularize the term with the title of their 1981 album, Hardcore 81. C. Hardcore historian Steven Blush said that the term hardcore is also a reference to the sense of being fed up with the existing punk, Blush also states that the term refers to an extreme, the absolute most Punk. One definition of the genre is a form of exceptionally harsh punk rock, like the Oi. subgenre of the UK, hardcore punk can be considered an internal music reaction. According to one writer, distressed by the artificiality of much post-punk, lacking the art-school grace of post-punk, hardcore punk favor low key visual aesthetic over extravagance and breaking with original punk rock song patterns. One of the important philosophies in the scene is authenticity. The pejorative term poseur is applied to those who associate with punk and adopt its stylistic attributes but are deemed not to share or understand the underlying values and philosophy. Joe Keithley, the vocalist of D. O. A. said in an interview, in the vein of earlier punk rock, most hardcore punk bands have followed the traditional singer/guitar/bass/drum format. The songwriting has more emphasis on rather than melody. Critic Steven Blush writes The Sex Pistols were still rocknroll. like the craziest version of Chuck Berry, Hardcore was a radical departure from that
35.
Camper Van Beethoven
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Camper Van Beethoven is an American rock band formed in Redlands, California in 1983 and later located in Santa Cruz and San Francisco. Their style mixes elements of pop, ska, punk rock, folk, alternative country, the band initially polarized audiences within the hardcore punk scene of Californias Inland Empire before finding wider acceptance and, eventually, an international audience. Their strong iconoclasm and emphasis on do-it-yourself values proved influential to the indie rock movement. The bands first three independent records were released within an 18-month period and their debut single was Take the Skinheads Bowling. They disbanded the year due to internal tensions. Lead singer David Lowery formed Cracker, David Immerglück joined Counting Crows, beginning in 1999, the former members reunited and made several new records. Camper Van Beethoven was preceded by several related garage bands based in Redlands, including Sitting Duck and these bands included future Camper Van Beethoven members bassist and vocalist David Lowery, guitarist and multi-instrumentalist Chris Molla, and often drummer Bill McDonald as well. At the same time, Lowery, Molla and Krummenacher were studying in Santa Cruz at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and were musically active there as well. The former two played in the Santa Cruz-based Box O Laffs, which included future Camper Van Beethoven members Richie West, Anthony Guess. While on summer break in 1983, Lowery and Molla returned to Redlands and formed a new band, Camper Van Beethoven, when Lowery, Molla and Krummenacher returned to college in Santa Cruz, Lowery and Molla resumed playing with Box O Laffs. After meeting violinist, keyboardist and guitarist Jonathan Segel, they decided to re-form Camper Van Beethoven, in 1985, the band reduced its name to Camper Van Beethoven, replaced West with Anthony Guess, and recorded their debut album, Telephone Free Landslide Victory. Shortly after this record was released, lead guitarist Greg Lisher joined the group, the band recorded a set of songs with an expanded version of the lineup that recorded the debut, with Lisher playing lead on some songs. Guess departed shortly thereafter, leaving Lowery and Molla briefly to take turns swapping drumming duties and this incarnation recorded a second set of songs, with Molla handling the drums. At the end of the sessions, in 1986, long-term drummer Chris Pedersen was added, the bands second album, II & III, was culled from both recording sessions. Segel played mandolin and sitar in addition to violin, and Molla played pedal steel guitar on some tracks, the album featured a noticeably expanded sound, with influences of country music and Americana mixed in with faux Indian or Arabic music and psychedelia. On the album, the elements of psychedelia on the album came to the fore. The album also featured some satirical commentary on songs like Good Guys and Bad Guys and Joe Stalins Cadillac. Krummenacher, Lisher, Pedersen and Molla also formed the side project Monks of Doom, released in November 1987, the EP Vampire Can Mating Oven preceded a major label bidding war
36.
Oingo Boingo
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Oingo Boingo /ˈɔɪŋɡoʊ ˈbɔɪŋɡoʊ/ was an American new wave band, best known for their hits Dead Mans Party and Weird Science. They are noted for their contributions and high energy Halloween concerts, as well as their mixture of styles, including ska, pop, rock. The band was founded in 1972 as The Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo, the band was led by songwriter/vocalist Danny Elfman, who has since achieved success as a composer for film and television. In 1979, it reshaped from a music and comedy troupe into a ska-influenced new wave octet. In 1994 the band shortened their name again to Boingo, following an away from the use of horns. The band retired after a concert on Halloween 1995, for which they reverted to their earlier style. The name was inspired by a secret society on the Amos n Andy TV series called The Mystic Knights of the Sea. Most of the members performed in whiteface and clown makeup, and this version of the band employed as many as 15 musicians at any given time, playing over 30 instruments, including some instruments built by bandmembers. While this Richard Elfman-led incarnation of the group performed live, it did not issue any recordings and they gained a following in Los Angeles, and appeared as contestants on The Gong Show in 1976, winning the episode they appeared on with 24 points out of a possible 30. The Gong Show presentation included an accordion, a purple dragon, later in 1976, The Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo released a doo-wop styled novelty single about kidnapped heiress Patty Hearst entitled You Got Your Baby Back. Both this track and the B-side Ballad of the Caveman were written and they were featured in the 1976 Martin Brest film Hot Tomorrows, performing the songs St. James Infirmary and 42nd Street. The band appeared as extras in hallucinatory sequences in the 1977 movie I Never Promised You a Rose Garden, in one scene, Danny, as Satan, sings a version of Calloways Minnie the Moocher with modified lyrics integrated into the plot of the film. In another, Richard sings the 1920s novelty song The Yiddishe Charleston, the movie attained cult status and provided a springboard for the film and music careers of Richard and Danny. Various reasons were given for the transformation from musical theater troupe to rock band. They included cutting costs, increasing mobility, exploring new directions such as Dannys interest in ska. The shift was inspired by Danny reconnecting with pop music after becoming a fan of the 2 Tone ska revival bands, the Specials, Madness, the Selecter, and also XTC. While the troupe was transforming itself into a band, there was some confusion about what name the band would use. A. The effort paid off as the Oingo Boingo Demo EP caught the attention of I. R. S, Records, and a slightly altered version of the EP was reissued by the label in 1980 as the bands first official public release, an EP known as Oingo Boingo
37.
Bad Manners
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Bad Manners are an English 2 Tone and ska band led by frontman Buster Bloodvessel. Early appearances included Top of The Pops and the film documentary. They were at their most popular during the early 1980s, during a period when other ska bands such as Madness, The Specials. Bad Manners spent 111 weeks in the UK Singles Chart between 1980 and 1983, and they also achieved success with their first four studio albums with Gosh Its. Bad Manners, Loonee Tunes. and Ska n B being their biggest hits, fronted by Buster Bloodvessel, the band was formed in 1976 while the members were together at Woodberry Down Comprehensive School near Manor House, North London. They commemorated the 1981 closure of the school on the sleeve of their Gosh Its. After becoming popular in their native London, Bad Manners signed to Magnet Records in 1980, the band also appeared on The British Music Awards and Cheggers Plays Pop. In 1985, they appeared on The Time of Your Life. Being closely associated with the 2 Tone movement, they were one of six featured in the 1981 documentary film Dance Craze. Some of their notable hits include My Girl Lollipop, Lip Up Fatty, Can Can, Special Brew. One of the reasons for their notoriety, was their outlandish huge-tongued and shaven-headed frontman. His manic exploits got them banned from the British BBC TV chart show Top of the Pops, the band was also banned from Italian TV after Bloodvessel mooned a concert audience, after being told that the Pope was watching on TV. Bad Manners left Magnet Records in 1983, and Telstar Records released an album, The Height of Bad Manners. The album was assisted with a television advertisement promotion, and it brought the band back to the attention of the media, the group then went on to sign a contract with Portrait Records in the United States and Mental Notes was released in 1985. For two years the band toured all over the world but decided to disband in 1987. After Blue Beat closed for business in 1990, Bad Manners were without a recording contract, in 1992, they signed a deal with Pork Pie Records and Fat Sound was released in Europe. The album was intended to be released in the UK on Blue Beat. In 1996, Buster Bloodvessel moved to Margate, and opened a hotel on the seafront called Fatty Towers, while living in Margate, he was a regular spectator at Margate F. C. and Bad Manners sponsored the club for one season
38.
Ska stroke
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The ska stroke or ska upstroke, skank or bang, is a guitar strumming technique that is used mostly in the performance of ska, rocksteady, and reggae music. Reggae is most easily recognized by. the skank, Ska strokes serve as a rhythmic base to a song, and may be doubled by the drums. This style of playing has an associated with it, the skank. In reggae, the guitar plays a short, percussive, scratchy chop sound, on beats 2 and 4. Play Ska strokes create a rhythm, going up then down in pitch. Played in 44 time, the guitar chord is played on the downbeat. However most traditional ska is focused on the upbeat, playing on the downbeat is more associated with reggae. Chop chord Mento One drop rhythm Basic Ska Strokes
39.
The Specials
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The Specials, also known as The Special AKA, are an English 2 Tone and ska revival band formed in 1977 in Coventry. Their music combines a danceable ska and rocksteady beat with punks energy, lyrically they present a more focused and informed political and social stance than most other ska groups. The band wore mod-style 1960s period rude boy outfits, in 1980, the song Too Much Too Young, the lead track on their The Special AKA Live. EP, reached No.1 in the UK, in 1981, the unemployment-themed single Ghost Town also hit No.1 in the UK Singles Chart. After seven consecutive UK Top 10 singles between 1979 and 1981, three members of the abruptly left to form Fun Boy Three. Continuing on as The Special AKA, a substantially revised Specials line-up issued new material through 1984, afterwards, founder and songwriter Jerry Dammers dissolved the band and pursued political activism. The group reformed in 1993, and have continued to perform, the group was formed in 1977 by songwriter/keyboardist Dammers, vocalist Tim Strickland, guitarist/vocalist Lynval Golding, drummer Silverton Hutchinson and bassist Horace Panter. Strickland was replaced by Terry Hall shortly after the bands formation, the band was first called the Automatics, then the Coventry Automatics. Vocalist Neville Staple and guitarist Roddy Byers joined the band the year. Joe Strummer of the Clash had attended one of their concerts and this performance gave the Special AKA a new level of national exposure, and they briefly shared the Clashs management. The Specials began at the time as Rock Against Racism. According to Dammers, anti-racism was intrinsic to the formation of the Specials, in that the band was formed with the goal of integrating black and white people. Many years later Dammers stated, Music gets political when there are new ideas in music. punk was innovative, so was ska, and that was why bands such as the Specials, the record became a Top 10 hit that summer. The band had begun wearing mod/rude boy/skinhead-style two-tone tonic suits, along with elements of late 1960s teen fashions. Changing their name to the Specials, they recorded their eponymous album in 1979. Horn players Dick Cuthell and Rico Rodriguez were featured on the album, the Specials led off with Dandy Livingstones Rudy, A Message to You and also had covers of Prince Buster and Toots & the Maytals songs from the late 1960s. In 1980, the EP Too Much Too Young was a No.1 hit in the UK Singles Chart, despite controversy over the songs lyrics, which reference teen pregnancy and promote contraception. Female backing vocalists on the Specials first two albums included, Chrissie Hynde, Rhoda Dakar, and Belinda Carlisle, Jane Wiedlin
40.
Train whistle
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A train whistle or air whistle is an audible signaling device on a steam locomotive used to warn that the train is approaching, and to communicate with rail workers. Modern locomotives primarily use an air horn instead of a whistle as an audible warning device. However, whistle continues to be used by railroaders in the context of audible signaling, the need for a whistle on a locomotive exists because trains move on fixed rails and thus are uniquely susceptible to collision. This susceptibility is exacerbated by an enormous weight and inertia. Hence a means of warning others of the approach of a train from a distance is necessary, as train whistles are inexpensive compared to other warning devices, the use of loud and distinct whistles became the preferred solution for railway operators. Steam whistles were almost always actuated with a cord that permitted proportional action. Many locomotive operators would have their own style of blowing the whistle, modern locomotives often make use of a push button switch to operate the air horn, eliminating any possibility of altering the horns volume or pitch. A local musical instrument builder was commissioned to provide a steam-powered whistle, the article also describes a train collision with a cart, wherein the train used a horn blown by the driver. Although nobody was injured, the accident was deemed enough to warrant George Stephenson’s personal intervention. Stephenson mounted the whistle on the top of the steam dome. The device was apparently about 18 inches high and had a trumpet shape with a 6-inch diameter at its top or mouth. The company went on to mount similar devices on its other locomotives, there is another account that sets the invention of the steam whistle against the actual opening of the line in 1832, rather than associating it with a specific incident. North American steam locomotive whistles have different sounds from one another and they come in many forms, from tiny little single-note shriekers to larger plain whistles with deeper tones. Even more well known were the multi-chime train whistles, Nathan of New York copied and improved Casey Joness boiler-tube chime whistle by casting the six chambers into a single bell, with open steps on top to save on casting. This whistle is considered the king of train whistles. It is the most copied train whistle in the United States, another very popular American train whistle was, again, a Nathan product. This was a whistle, with a much shorter bell. This whistle produced a bright G-major 6th chord and, again, was heavily imitated, the most popular American chime train whistle was the three-note version
41.
Bongo drum
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Bongos are an Afro-Cuban percussion instrument consisting of a pair of small open bottomed drums of different sizes. In Spanish the larger drum is called the hembra and the smaller the macho, the origin of the bongo is largely unclear. Most sources on Afro-Cuban cultural history argue that the bongo derives from Central African drum models, also a Santería influence from Yoruba culture in the symbolic twin drum is assumed. The strong historical presence of Africans from the Congo/Angola region in Eastern Cuba makes such an influence probable, moreover, Central African/Congo influences are also documented in the Cuban son music genre, including changüí, and initially the development of the bongo drum went parallel with these genres. From such conceptual African drum models, the bongo developed further in Cuba itself, and some historians state that the attaching of the two drums was a later invention that took place in Cuba. Although the bongos are defined as African in concept, but Cuban in invention - e. g. by author Ned Sublette - some Moorish or European aspects may also have shaped the bongos over time. Etymologically, Sublette traces the origin of the bongo to a multi-purpose word of Bantu origin. The bongo came to western Cuba at the turn of the 20th century, as son inspired Cuban big band music gained international popularity, the Cuban bongo was exported all over the world. It is today one of the most common hand drums, bongo drums produce relatively high-pitched sounds compared to conga drums, and should be held behind the knees with the larger drum on the right when right-handed. It is most often played by hand and is associated in Cuban music with a steady pattern or ostinato of eighth-notes known as the martillo or hammer. They are traditionally played by striking the edge of the drumheads with the fingers, the glissando used with bongó de monte is done by rubbing the third finger, supported by the thumb, across the head of the drum. The finger is sometimes moistened with saliva, or sweat before rubbing it across the head, when used in art music compositions they are usually struck with drum sticks. These drums can also be played on a stand, as is the case with concert orchestras, bongo drummers are known as bongoseros. The following drummers are important figures in the history of the instrument
