Mswati III

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For the previous king of Swaziland named Mswati II, see Mswati II.

Mswati III
King Mswati III 2014.jpg
King of Eswatini
Reign25 April 1986 – present
Coronation25 April 1986
PredecessorSobhuza II
Prime Ministers
BornPrince Makhosetive
(1968-04-19) 19 April 1968 (age 50)
Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital, Manzini, Swaziland
Spouse16 wives concurrently
Issue35 children
HouseDlamini
FatherSobhuza II
MotherNtfombi Tfwala
ReligionChristianity[1]

Mswati III (born as Prince Makhosetive on 19 April 1968)[2] is the King (Swazi language: Ngwenyama or Ingwenyama) of Eswatini and head of the Swazi Royal Family. He was born in Manzini, Swaziland, to King Sobhuza II and one of his younger wives, Ntombi Tfwala.[3] He was Tfwala’s only child. He attended primary school at Masundvwini Primary School and secondary school at Lozitha Palace School. From 1983 to 1986, he attended Sherborne School in north-west Dorset, England. He was crowned as Mswati III, Ingwenyama and King of Swaziland, on 25 April 1986 at the age of 18, thus becoming the youngest ruling monarch in the world at that time. Together with his mother, Ntombi Tfwala, now Queen Mother (Ndlovukati), he rules the country as an absolute monarch. Mswati III is known for his practice of polygamy (although at least two wives are appointed by the state) and currently has 15 wives.[4] Although he is respected and fairly popular in Swaziland, his policies and lavish lifestyle have led to local protests and international criticism.[5]

Early life[edit]

Mswati III is one of many sons fathered by the previous king, Sobhuza II (who had more than 125 wives during his reign of 82 years),[6] and the only child of Ntfombi Tfwala, also known as Inkhosikati LaTfwala, one of Sobhuza's younger wives. He was born at the Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital in Manzini, four months before Swaziland attained independence from the United Kingdom. When he and his mother were discharged from the hospital, they went to live at one of Sobhuza's residences, Etjeni, near the Masundwini royal residence. His birth name was Makhosetive (lit. "Kings of Nations").

As a young prince, Makhosetive attended Masundwini Primary School and later Lozitha Palace School. He sat for the Swaziland Primary Certificate examination in December 1982 at Phondo Royal Residence and received First Class with merit in Mathematics and English. He developed a great interest in the royal guard, becoming the first young cadet to join the Umbutfo Swaziland Defence Force (USDF).

When King Sobhuza II died on 21 August 1982, the Great Council of State (the Liqoqo) selected the 14-year-old prince Makhosetive to be the next king.[7] For the next four years two wives of Sobhuza II, Queen Dzeliwe Shongwe (1982–1983) and Queen Ntfombi Tfwala (1983–1986), served as regent while he continued his education in the United Kingdom, attending Sherborne School (International College), before he was called back to ascend to the throne.

Kingship[edit]

King Mswati at the Reed Dance 2006

Mswati was introduced as Crown Prince in September 1983 and was crowned king on 25 April 1986, aged 18 years and 6 days, and thus making him the youngest reigning monarch until the ascension of King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck of Bhutan on 14 December 2006; he was also the youngest head of state until Joseph Kabila took office on 26 January 2001 as President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The king and his mother, whose title is Indlovukati ("Great She-Elephant"), rule jointly.

Today King Mswati III is Africa's last absolute monarch in the sense that he has the power to choose the prime minister, other top government posts and top traditional posts. Even though he makes the appointments, he still has to get special advice from the queen mother and council, for example when he chooses the prime minister. In matters of cabinet appointments, he gets advice from the prime minister. He ruled by decree, but did restore the nation's Parliament, which had been dissolved by his father in order to ensure concentration of power remained with the king.

In 2004, Mswati promulgated a new constitution that allows freedom of speech and assembly for the media and public, while retaining the traditional Tinkhundla system. Amnesty International has criticized the new constitution as inadequate in some respects.

In an attempt to mitigate the HIV and AIDS pandemic in 2001, the king used his traditional powers to invoke a time-honoured chastity rite (umcwasho) under the patronage of a princess, which encouraged all Swazi maidens to abstain from sexual relations for five years. This was last done under Sobhuza II in 1971.[8] This rite banned sexual relations for Swazis under 18 years of age from 9 September 2001 and 19 August 2005, but just two months after imposing the ban, he violated this decree when a liphovela (royal fiancée) was chosen, who became his 13th wife. As per custom, he was fined a cow by members of her regiment, which he duly paid.

Mswati has visited Taiwan seventeen times as of June 2018, and has promised to continue recognizing the Republic of China instead of the People's Republic of China.[9]

Family and succession[edit]

Main article: Succession to the Swazi throne
Some of his wives meeting the wife of the Japanese prime minister in 2013

The king currently has 15 wives and 23 children. A Swazi king's first two wives are chosen for him by the national councillors. There are complex rules on succession. Traditionally the king is chosen through his mother as represented in the Swazi saying Inkhosi, yinkhosi ngenina, meaning "a king is king through his mother".[10] According to tradition, he can marry his fiancées only after they have fallen pregnant, proving they can bear heirs. Until then, they are termed liphovela, or "brides".

Controversies[edit]

Mswati's reign has brought some changes in the government and political transformation. However, critics such as the People's United Democratic Movement (PUDEMO)[11] believe that these changes are solely aimed at strengthening and perpetuating the traditional order.[12] His attendance at the May 2012 Sovereign Monarchs lunch, to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II, caused some controversy, given criticisms of his regime’s human rights record.[13]

Swaziland has been described as having been gripped by years of fiscal indiscipline, government corruption, and lavish lifestyles of the royal family. The nation has also been described as being on the brink of economic disaster due to these factors. Under Swazi law and custom, the king is vested with virtually all powers of the state. Despite Swaziland having a prime minister, Mswati holds supreme executive authority over the legislature and courts.[14]

Mswati's reign has been criticized for its several alleged human rights violations. His regime has been accused of using torture and excessive force to control the masses as well as blatant discrimination against various dissenting groups. His regime has been accused of extrajudicial killings by his forces, along with arbitrary arrests, detentions, and unwarranted searches and seizures of homes and property. His government has restricted freedom of speech, assembly and association, and has harassed activists and journalists. The government has reportedly targeted the LGBT community, labor leaders, and activists against child labor, among other groups. The courts took little or no action to punish Mswati's actions or the officials who committed the abuses.[15]

He has been accused of kidnapping women he desires to marry, although no case can be brought against him. In addition, in 2000 he allegedly called for a parliamentary meeting to debate if HIV-positive people should be "sterilized and branded".[16]

Wealth[edit]

Mswati has been criticized for his lavish lifestyle, especially by the media; in one report he has been accused of living a lifestyle like this whilst the people of his country starve.[17][18] In the 2014 national budget, parliament allocated $61 million (US) for the King's annual household budget,[19] while 63% of Swazis live on less than $1.25 per day.[20] Following criticism of his purchase of luxury cars, including a $500,000 DaimlerChrysler's flagship Maybach 62 luxury automobile, he banned the photography of his vehicles.[21] According to the Forbes 2009 list of the World's 15 Richest Royals, King Mswati is worth a reported $200 million.[22] In January 2004 the Times of Swaziland reported that the king asked his government to spend about $15-million to redecorate three main palaces and build others for each of his 11 wives.[23] The Prime Minister's Office issued a press statement saying the article in the Times of Swaziland was "reckless and untrue" and that the proposal was for the construction of 5 State Houses, not Palaces, and the cost was only €19.9 million.[24] Later that year the go-ahead was given to build five new buildings at a cost of more than $4-million out of public funds.[25] In August 2008, Swazi scouts marched through the capital protesting the cost of a shopping spree taken abroad by nine of the King's thirteen wives.[citation needed][clarification needed] The demonstration was organized by Positive Living, a non-governmental organization for Swazi women living with AIDS.[26]

Mswati has a personal stake in a large portion of Swaziland's economy which is a factor in its below-average economic growth for a Sub-Saharan nation. As an absolute monarch, he holds the power to dissolve parties, and can veto any legislation parliament passes.[16]

LaMahlangu controversy[edit]

According to accusations by Amnesty International, Zena Mahlangu, an 18-year-old high school student, disappeared from her school in October 2002. Her mother, Lindiwe Dlamini, learned that her daughter had been taken by two men, Qethuka Sgombeni Dlamini and Tulujani Sikhondze, and she reported the matter to the police. Some time later, she was told that her daughter was at Ludzidzini Royal Village and was being prepared to be the next wife of the king.[27] She demanded that her daughter be returned to her custody, and threatened to sue.

Among the criteria for a liphovela, (future bride), the girl must not be disabled, or a twin; Zena Mahlangu was half of a brother-sister twin set, and therefore not eligible.[28] The matter went to the High Court, but Swaziland's Attorney-General Phesheya Dlamini intervened.[29] She has since had two children, and formally became the king's wife in 2010.[30]

Amnesty International said:

The king and his agents have violated the internationally recognized human rights of women and girls, including their right not to be arbitrarily detained and the right not to be subjected to forced marriage.

Name change[edit]

On 19th April 2018 King Mswati III changed the name of the country to Eswatini. The change was to mark the country's 50th anniversary of independence.[31] Mswati III wanted the name Eswatini which is the ancient original name for the country and this change was to give up the previous colonial name Swaziland.[32]

Honours[edit]

Royal standard of Mswati III

National[edit]

  •  Swaziland : Grand Master of the Royal Order of King Sobhuza II (1986)[33]
  •  Swaziland : Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Great She-Elephant (2002)
  •  Swaziland : Grand Master of the Royal Order of the Crown (2002)
  •  Swaziland : Grand Master of the Royal Family Order of Mswati III (2002)
  •  Swaziland : Grand Master of the Military Order of Swaziland (2002)

Foreign[edit]

Ancestry[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2005/51498.htm
  2. ^ Genealogy:SWAZILAND, World of Royalty
  3. ^ "King Mswati III is born | South African History Online". Sahistory.org.za. 1968-04-19. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
  4. ^ Laing, Aislinn (18 September 2013). "King of Swaziland chooses teenager as 15th wife". Telegraph. London: Telegraph. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  5. ^ Bearak, Barry. "In Destitute Swaziland, Leader Lives Royally," New York Times. 6 September 2008.
  6. ^ "'Mother-in-law' sues Swazi king". BBC News. 17 October 2002.
  7. ^ Simelane, Hamilton Sipho. (2005). "Swaziland: Reign of Mswati III," in Encyclopedia of African History, p. 1528.
  8. ^ Kuipers, Ludo (2014-03-10). "The uMcwasho Ceremony in 1971". ozoutback.com.au. Cairns, Queensland, Australia: OzOutback. Retrieved 2014-04-26. Photos of the umcwasho Ceremony in 1971, in which girls finish a period of moral restrictions and dance in front of the King.
  9. ^ Hsu, Stacy (June 9, 2018). "Swazi king promises loyalty to Taiwan". Taipei Times.
  10. ^ Hilda Kuper (1944). "A ritual of kingship among the Swazi". Journal of the International African Institute. 14 (5).
  11. ^ People's United Democratic Movement (PUDEMO); Dlamini, Ignatius Bonginkosi (2005-07-31). "PUDEMO rejects the Dlamini family constitution as it is meant to legitimize the continued oppression of our people by one family, King Mswati's family" (PDF). pudemo.org. Swaziland: PUDEMO. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
  12. ^ Maroleng, Chris (2003-06-26). "Swaziland: The King's Constitution" (PDF). iss.co.za. Paris, France: European Union Institute for Security Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-08. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
  13. ^ The Daily Telegraph (2012-05-18). "King of Bahrain lunches with Queen as human rights storm rages". UK News. London, UK: Telegraph Media Group. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
  14. ^ "World Report 2012: Swaziland". Human Rights Watch.
  15. ^ "Swaziland" (PDF). United States Department of State.
  16. ^ a b Davis, Rebecca (10 May 2013). "King Mswati to WEF: Swazi people don't want change". Daily Maverick.
  17. ^ "King of Bahrain lunches with Queen as human rights storm rages". Daily Telegraph. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  18. ^ King Mswati is Bankrupting Swaziland: Mornachy not for Africa!, Ole Africa
  19. ^ King of impoverished Swaziland increases household budget to $61m, Agence France-Presse in Mbabane, 15 May 2014, The Guardian
  20. ^ UNDP, About Swaziland
  21. ^ Now only Mswati owns a Maybach!, City Press, 25 January 2009
  22. ^ Serafin, Tatiana (17 June 2009). "The World's Richest Royals". Forbes.
  23. ^ "king needs R100m for palaces for 13 wives". The Argus (South Africa). 13 April 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-13.
  24. ^ "The Issue of "€1 Million Spent on Princess Sikhanyiso" and The Issue of "Building" Royal Palaces by Swaziland Government". Prime Ministers Office. 2004-01-26. Archived from the original on 2007-11-26. Retrieved 2014-04-26.
  25. ^ "Swazi king gets go ahead for wives' palaces". Independent Online. 25 July 2004.
  26. ^ "Swazi anger at royal wives' trip," BBC News. 21 August 2008.
  27. ^ Amnesty International: "Swaziland: Human rights at risk in a climate of political and legal uncertainty,"Index No. AFR 55/004/2004. 29 July 2004.
  28. ^ Wayua, Muli. "A king, his culture, his wives," Daily Nation (Nairobi, Kenya). 7 December 2002.
  29. ^ "Swaziland's Royal Bridal Mess," CBS News. 4 November 2002.
  30. ^ "allAfrica.com: Uganda: Swaziland's King Mswati Iii Weds Again". 27 November 2010.
  31. ^ http://www.un.org/en/member-states/index.html#gotoE
  32. ^ https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00060418.html
  33. ^ Decorations of Swaziland
  34. ^ London Gazette
  35. ^ 1995 National Orders Awards Archived 22 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  36. ^ Info.gov.za

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

Regnal titles
Preceded by
Ntfombi
as Ndlovukati 		King of Swaziland
1986–present 		Incumbent


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