1.
Coronation
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The ceremony can also be conducted for the monarchs consort, either simultaneously with the monarch or as a separate event. A ceremony without the placement of a crown on the head is known as an enthronement. Coronations are still observed in the United Kingdom, Tonga, in addition to investing the monarch with symbols of state, Western-style coronations have often traditionally involve anointing with holy oil, or chrism as it is often called. Wherever a ruler is anointed in this way, as in Great Britain and Tonga, some other lands use bathing or cleansing rites, the drinking of a sacred beverage, or other religious practices to achieve a comparable effect. Such acts symbolise the granting of divine favour to the monarch within the relevant spiritual-religious paradigm of the country, in the past, concepts of royalty, coronation and deity were often inexorably linked. Rome promulgated the practice of worship, in Medieval Europe. Coronations were once a direct expression of these alleged connections. Thus, coronations have often been discarded altogether or altered to reflect the nature of the states in which they are held. However, some monarchies still choose to retain an overtly religious dimension to their accession rituals, others have adopted simpler enthronement or inauguration ceremonies, or even no ceremony at all. In non-Christian states, coronation rites evolved from a variety of sources, buddhism, for instance, influenced the coronation rituals of Thailand, Cambodia and Bhutan, while Hindu elements played a significant role in Nepalese rites. The ceremonies used in modern Egypt, Malaysia, Brunei and Iran were shaped by Islam, Coronations, in one form or another, have existed since ancient times. Egyptian records show coronation scenes, such as that of Seti I in 1290 BC, judeo-Christian scriptures testify to particular rites associated with the conferring of kingship, the most detailed accounts of which are found in II Kings 11,12 and II Chronicles 23,11. Following the assumption of the diadem by Constantine, Roman and Byzantine emperors continued to wear it as the symbol of their authority. Although no specific coronation ceremony was observed at first, one gradually evolved over the following century, the emperor Julian was hoisted upon a shield and crowned with a gold necklace provided by one of his standard-bearers, he later wore a jewel-studded diadem. Later emperors were crowned and acclaimed in a manner, until the momentous decision was taken to permit the Patriarch of Constantinople to physically place the crown on the emperors head. Historians debate when exactly this first took place, but the precedent was established by the reign of Leo II. This ritual included recitation of prayers by the Byzantine prelate over the crown, after this event, according to the Catholic Encyclopedia, the ecclesiastical element in the coronation ceremonial rapidly develop. This was usually performed three times, following this, the king was given a spear, and a diadem wrought of silk or linen was bound around his forehead as a token of regal authority
2.
Sobhuza II
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Sobhuza II, KBE was the Paramount Chief and later King of Swaziland for 82 years, the longest verifiable reign of any monarch in recorded history. Sobhuza was born on 22 July 1899 at Zombodze Royal Residence, when he was only four months old, his father died suddenly while dancing incwala. Sobhuza was chosen King soon after that and his grandmother Labotsibeni, Sobhuza led Swaziland through independence until his death in 1982. He was succeeded by Mswati III, his son with Inkhosikati Ntfombi Tfwala. Ingwenyama Sobhuza was born in Zombodze on 22 July 1899 and he ascended to the throne after the death of his father, Ngwane V, as King of Swaziland on 10 December 1899, when he was only four months old. He was educated at the Swazi National School, Zombodze, and at the Lovedale Institution in the Eastern Cape and his grandmother, Labotsibeni Mdluli, served as regent throughout his youth, formally transferring power to the Ngwenyama on 22 December 1921. Early in his reign, Sobhuza sought to address the problem of land partition and deprivation instituted by the British authorities in 1907 and he did so by first leading a delegation to London to meet with King George V and petition him to restore the lands to the Swazi people. He again took his case on the issue in 1929 to the Privy Council. He was defeated by the terms of the Foreign Jurisdictions Act, Sobhuzas role during this colonial period was for the most part ceremonial, but he still had major influence as a traditional head of the Swazi nation. In 1953 he attended the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in London, in the early 1960s Sobhuza played a major role in events that led to independence for his country in 1968. He opposed the post-colonial Westminster constitution proposed by the British government, as a consequence, acting through his advisory council, he formed the Imbokodvo National Movement, a political party, which contested and won all seats in the 1967 pre-independence elections. He became recognized by the British as King of Swaziland in 1967 when Swaziland was given direct rule, independence was achieved on 6 September 1968. Following this, Sobhuza skilfully blended appeal to tribal custom with a capacity to manage economic, on 12 April 1973, the king repealed the constitution and dissolved parliament, henceforth exercising power as an absolute ruler. The Swazi economy prospered under Sobhuzas leadership, Swaziland is rich in natural resources, and much of the land and mineral wealth originally owned by non-Swazi interests was brought under indigenous control during Sobhuzas reign. Sobhuza celebrated his Diamond Jubilee in 1981, at this time, he had successfully restored and indeed strengthened the monarchs role as the chief arbiter of decision-making in his kingdom. He died on 21 August 1982 at Embo State house at the age of 83, Sobhuzas official incumbency of 82 years and 254 days is the longest precisely dated monarchical reign on record and the worlds longest documented reign of any sovereign since antiquity. Only Pepi II Neferkare of Ancient Egypt and Taejo of the ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo are claimed to have reigned longer, King Sobhuza continued the tribal practice of maintaining many consorts. According to the Swaziland National Trust Commission, King Sobhuza II married 70 wives, about 180 children survived infancy, and 97 sons and daughters were reported living as of 2000
3.
Prime Minister of Swaziland
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This is a list of Prime Ministers of Swaziland since the formation of the post of Prime Minister of Swaziland in 1967, to the present day. A total of nine people have served as Prime Minister of Swaziland, additionally, one person, Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini, has served on two non-consecutive occasions. The current Prime Minister of Swaziland is Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini, since 23 October 2008, political parties Other factions Status List of Kings of Swaziland Lists of office-holders World Statesmen - Swaziland
4.
Manzini, Swaziland
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Manzini is a city in Swaziland, it is the capital of Swazilands Manzini Region. The city is the second largest urban centre behind Mbabane. It is known as The Hub of Swaziland and lies on the MR3 road, Swazilands primary industrial site at Matsapha lies near the towns western border. A commercial centre from the time a trading post was opened in 1885, the name reverted to its original Swazi name, Manzini, in 1960. The town was a British/Boer colonial headquarters from 1890, but was destroyed in 1902 amid the Anglo-Boer War when the centre was transferred to Mbabane. However, Bremersdorp subsequently remained the commercial, agricultural and transportation heart of Swaziland, since its inception in the 1920s, the Agricultural Show has been the countrys largest and best-attended annual event. In 1915, the first hotel since Bremersdorps post-Anglo/Boer War reconstruction was opened on the banks of the Mzimene River, named the Riverside Hotel, it remained opened until 1997, changing its name over the years to the Manzini Arms Hotel and in the 1990s the Velebantfu Hotel. The buildings were intact after closure for years, but were leveled in 2008 by private developers. A shopping mall opened on the site in 2011, opened in the 1970s, Matsapha International Airport, Swazilands only commercial airport, lies 10 km. to the west. Under construction in Sikhupe,60 km east, is a new international airport, Manzini is the closest urban centre. Manzini was declared a city in 1994, when its administrative apparatus, Manzini is home to a Nazarene High School, which has a successful school choir. Residential areas radiate outward from the Central Business District, at the western terminous of the city on the highway to Mbabane is KaKhoza Township, a poor neighborhood with the appearance of an informal settlement. North of downtown beyond the Mavuso International Trade Fair along a road is Helemesi Estates. Here middle-class dwellings were erected in the early 1990s on the farm of Sydney Williams. Helemesi is the SiSwati corruption of the name Williams, the housing development is surrounded by Fairview Township, developed in 1964 during the twilight of colonial rule as Swazilands first integrated residential neighbourhood. 19th century law, reaffirmed by ordinances in the 1920s, forbade Swazis from residing or owning businesses in Bremserdorp, until the 1960s Swazi business proprietors used Europeans as fronts in order to operate Native Eating Houses and other establishments. The popularity of Fairview Township prompted the expansion of the north of a hill occupied at its summit by St. Pauls Methodist Church and School. The newer development was named Fairview North and the development became Fairview South
5.
Swaziland
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Swaziland, officially the Kingdom of Eswatini, is a sovereign state in Southern Africa. It is neighboured by Mozambique to its northeast and by South Africa to its north, west and south, the country and its people take their names from Mswati II, the 19th-century king under whose rule Swazi territory was expanded and unified. At no more than 200 kilometres north to south and 130 kilometres east to west, despite its size, its climate and topography are diverse, ranging from a cool and mountainous highveld to a hot and dry lowveld. The population is primarily ethnic Swazis whose language is Swati and they established their kingdom in the mid-18th century under the leadership of Ngwane III, the present boundaries were drawn up in 1881. After the Anglo-Boer War, Swaziland was a British protectorate from 1903 until 1967 and it regained its independence on 6 September 1968. The country is a monarchy, ruled by iNgwenyamaiNgwenyama Mswati III since 1986. He is head of state and appoints the prime ministers. Elections are held five years to determine the House of Assembly majority. The current constitution was adopted in 2005, Swaziland is a developing country with a small economy. Its GDP per capita of $9,714 means it is classified as a country with a lower-middle income, as a member of the Southern African Customs Union and Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, its main local trading partner is South Africa. Swazilands currency, the lilangeni, is pegged to the South African rand, Swazilands major overseas trading partners are the United States and the European Union. The majority of the employment is provided by its agricultural. Swaziland is a member of the Southern African Development Community, the African Union, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Swazi population faces major health issues, HIV/AIDS and, to a lesser extent, tuberculosis are serious challenges. As of 2013, Swaziland has a life expectancy of 50 years. The population of Swaziland is fairly young with an age of 20.5 years. The present population growth rate is 1. 195%, Swaziland is well known for its culture. Umhlanga, held in August/September and incwala, the kingship dance held in December/January, are the nations most important events, artifacts indicating human activity dating back to the early Stone Age, around 200,000 years ago, have been found in the Kingdom of Swaziland. Prehistoric rock art paintings date from c.25,000 BC, the earliest known inhabitants of the region were Khoisan hunter-gatherers
6.
Dynasty
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A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic
7.
House of Dlamini
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The House of Dlamini is the royal house of the Kingdom of Swaziland. Mswati III, as king and Ngwenyama of Swaziland, is the current head of the house of Dlamini, Swazi kings up to the present day are referred to as Ingwenyama and they rule together with the Queen Mother who is called Indlovukati. The Swazi kings like other Nguni nations practice polygamy and thus have many wives, the Dlamini dynasty traces itself back to a chief Dlamini I, who is said to have migrated with the Swazi people from East Africa through Tanzania and Mozambique. Ngwane III, however, is considered to be the first King of modern Swaziland. In the early years of the Dlamini dynasty, the people, in the early 19th century, the Dlamini centre of power shifted to the central part of Swaziland, known as Ezulwini valley. This occurred during the rule of Sobhuza I, in the south of country, tensions between the Ngwane and the Ndwandwe led to armed conflict. To escape this conflict, Sobhuza moved his capital to Zombodze. In this process, he conquered many of the inhabitants of the country. Later on, Sobhuza was able to avoid conflict with the powerful Zulu kingdom which was now ruling in the south of the Pongola River. The Dlamini dynasty grew in strength and ruled over a country encompassing the whole of present Swaziland during this time. The royal family includes, but is not strictly limited to, the king, the mother, the kings wives, the kings children, as well as the kings siblings. Due to the practice of polygamy, the number of people who can be counted as members of the family is relatively large. For example, Mswati III is thought to have over 200 brothers and sisters, members of the royal family, including the king himself, have often courted both internal and international controversy. The king and his household have been criticized for their spending in a country with high poverty rates. Prince Banele Maphevu Dlamini Banele did a few years of his studies in New York City and he was also part of the adjudication panel for SAIIA in their annual model UN debates and 1 of 4 that represented South Africa at the United Nations for international youth debates. Succession to the Swazi throne List of kings of Swaziland Ndlovukati
8.
Ntfombi of Swaziland
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Queen Mother Ntfombi, Ndlovukati of Swaziland, has been the Ndlovukati and Joint Head of State of Swaziland since 1986. She was also regent of Swaziland from 1983 to 1986 and she is the mother of King Mswati III. In 1982, two prior to the death of King Sobhuza II, he had designated another of his wives, Queen Dzeliwe, as the Indlovukati. But instead of recognizing one of her sons as his heir apparent, he indicated to his Loqoqo that he wanted his son by Ntfombi, Prince Makhosetive Dlamini, to succeed him on the throne. Once Prince Makhosetive Dlamini attained his majority and officially became king, however, Queen Dzeliwe was placed under house arrest in 1983. Following a 9-day period during which Swaziland was ruled by Prince Sozisa Dlamini, in 1986, when he turned 18, Makhosetive was crowned King Mswati III. Upon becoming king, as was the custom, he declared his mother to be the Indlovukazi and, as such, as Queen Mother, Ntfombi is seen as the spiritual and national head of state, while her son is considered the administrative head of state. Marriage-1983, Her Majesty Queen Ntfombi, The Inkhosikati LaTfwala of Swaziland, 1983-1986, Her Majesty Queen Ntfombi, The Indlovukazi of Swaziland. 1986–present, Her Majesty Queen Ntfombi, The Ndlovukati of Swaziland
9.
Christianity
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Christianity is a Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the worlds largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament. Christian theology is summarized in creeds such as the Apostles Creed and his incarnation, earthly ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection are often referred to as the gospel, meaning good news. The term gospel also refers to accounts of Jesuss life and teaching, four of which—Matthew, Mark, Luke. Christianity is an Abrahamic religion that began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the mid-1st century, following the Age of Discovery, Christianity spread to the Americas, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world through missionary work and colonization. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization, throughout its history, Christianity has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches and denominations. Worldwide, the three largest branches of Christianity are the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the denominations of Protestantism. There are many important differences of interpretation and opinion of the Bible, concise doctrinal statements or confessions of religious beliefs are known as creeds. They began as baptismal formulae and were expanded during the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries to become statements of faith. Many evangelical Protestants reject creeds as definitive statements of faith, even agreeing with some or all of the substance of the creeds. The Baptists have been non-creedal in that they have not sought to establish binding authoritative confessions of faith on one another. Also rejecting creeds are groups with roots in the Restoration Movement, such as the Christian Church, the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, the Apostles Creed is the most widely accepted statement of the articles of Christian faith. It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists and this particular creed was developed between the 2nd and 9th centuries. Its central doctrines are those of the Trinity and God the Creator, each of the doctrines found in this creed can be traced to statements current in the apostolic period. The creed was used as a summary of Christian doctrine for baptismal candidates in the churches of Rome. Most Christians accept the use of creeds, and subscribe to at least one of the mentioned above. The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God, Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was anointed by God as savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from the contemporary Jewish concept, Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not sin
10.
Swazi language
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The Swazi or Swati language is a Bantu language of the Nguni group spoken in Swaziland and South Africa by the Swazi people. The number of speakers is estimated to be in the region of 3 million, the language is taught in Swaziland and some South African schools in Mpumalanga, particularly former KaNgwane areas. Swazi is a language of Swaziland, and is also one of the eleven official languages of South Africa. Although the preferred term is Swati among native speakers, in English it is referred to as Swazi. Swazi spoken in Swaziland can be divided into four dialects corresponding to the four regions of the country, Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini. Swazi has at least two varieties, the standard, prestige variety spoken mainly in the north, centre and southwest of the country, in the far south, especially in towns such as Nhlangano and Hlatikhulu, the variety of the language spoken is significantly influenced by iSiZulu. Many Swazis, including those in the south who speak this variety and this is what may be referred to as the second dialect in the country. The sizeable number of Swazi speakers in South Africa are considered by Swaziland Swazi speakers to speak a form of the language. Unlike the variant in the south of Swaziland, the Mpumalanga variety appears to be influenced by Zulu. However, this Mpumalanga variety is distinguishable by distinct intonation, intonation patterns in Mpumalanga Swazi are often considered discordant to the Swazi ear. This South African variety of Swazi is considered to influence from other South African languages spoken close to Swazi. A feature of the prestige variety of Swazi is the royal style of slow, heavily stressed enunciation. Swazi does not distinguish between places of articulation in its clicks, any of them may be dental or alveolar. It does, however, distinguish five or six manners of articulation and of manner, including tenuis, aspirated, voiced, nasal, other consonants are /ɓ, bʱ, ɡ, kʰ, kʼ, n/. The Swazi noun consists of two parts, the prefix and the stem. Using the prefixes, nouns can be grouped into noun classes, the following table gives an overview of Swazi noun classes, arranged according to singular-plural pairs. 1 umu- replaces um- before monosyllabic stems, e. g. umuntfu,2 s- and t- replace si- and ti- respectively before stems beginning with a vowel, e. g. sandla/tandla. 3 The placeholder N in the prefixes iN- and tiN- for m, n or no letter at all, baphiwe ingcondvo nekucondza kanye nanembeza ngakoke bafanele batiphatse nekutsi baphatse nalabanye ngemoya webuzalwane
11.
Ngwenyama
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Ngwenyama is the title of the male ruler of Swaziland. The Ngwenyama is the counterpart of the Ndlovukati, all Swazi kings must belong to the Dlamini clan. Ingwenyama means lion in siSwati, but in a sense, distinguished from libhubesi. The title will sometimes be seen as Ingwenyama, iNgwenyama or ingwenyama, which means the king
12.
Sherborne School
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Sherborne School is a British independent boys school, located in the town of Sherborne in north-west Dorset, England. It is one of the member schools of the Headmasters. It has close partnerships with the girls school Sherborne Girls and shares some activities. The schools origins date back to the century, when a tradition of education in Sherborne was begun by St Aldhelm. According to legend, Alfred the Great was one of the early pupils. The school was linked with Sherborne Abbey, formerly a Benedictine house. The earliest known Master was Thomas Copeland in 1437, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, Edward VI re-founded the school in 1550 as King Edwards School, a free grammar school for local boys. The present-day school stands on land once belonged to the abbeys monastery. The Library, Chapel, and Headmasters rooms, which adjoin the Abbey Church, are modifications of its monastic buildings. In the Beckett Room below the library there survives Anglo-Saxon masonry, each school was required to pay a nominal penalty of £10,000. All schools involved in the agreed to make ex-gratia payments, totalling £3 million. The trust was designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared. She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying and they are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed. Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, the current emir of Qatar received his education at the school obtaining his A Levels in 1997. In March 2009, it was announced that a replica of the school would be built in Doha, Qatar, with the first academic year starting in September 2009, as Sherborne is predominantly a boarding school, the house system is based on the boarding programme. Each house has around 70 boys with a mix of boarders and day pupils. Day boys are fully integrated into after-school and weekend programmes, there are eight houses, The schools cricket ground – the Upper – is usually used by the 1st XI cricket team. The ground was first used in 1870, when Sherborne School played Clifton College, the ground is also one of the venues used by Dorset for their home fixtures
13.
Dorset
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Dorset /ˈdɔːrsᵻt/ is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast. The ceremonial county comprises the county, which is governed by Dorset County Council. Covering an area of 2,653 square kilometres, Dorset borders Devon to the west, Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north-east, the county town is Dorchester which is in the south. After the reorganisation of government in 1974 the countys border was extended eastward to incorporate the Hampshire towns of Bournemouth. Around half of the lives in the South East Dorset conurbation. The county has a history of human settlement stretching back to the Neolithic era. The Romans conquered Dorsets indigenous Celtic tribe, and during the early Middle Ages, the first recorded Viking raid on the British Isles occurred in Dorset during the eighth century, and the Black Death entered England at Melcombe Regis in 1348. During the Second World War, Dorset was heavily involved in the preparations for the invasion of Normandy, the former was the sailing venue in the 2012 Summer Olympics, and both have clubs or hire venues for sailing, Cornish pilot gig rowing, sea kayaking and powerboating. Dorset has a varied landscape featuring broad elevated chalk downs, steep limestone ridges, over half the county is designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Three-quarters of its coastline is part of the Jurassic Coast Natural World Heritage Site due to its geological and it features notable landforms such as Lulworth Cove, the Isle of Portland, Chesil Beach and Durdle Door. Agriculture was traditionally the major industry of Dorset but is now in decline, there are no motorways in Dorset but a network of A roads cross the county and two railway main lines connect to London. Dorset has ports at Poole, Weymouth and Portland, and an international airport, the county has a variety of museums, theatres and festivals, and is host to one of Europes largest outdoor shows. It is the birthplace of Thomas Hardy, who used the county as the setting of his novels. Dorset derives its name from the county town of Dorchester, the Romans established the settlement in the 1st century and named it Durnovaria which was a Latinised version of a Common Brittonic word possibly meaning place with fist-sized pebbles. It is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in AD845 and in the 10th century the countys archaic name, the first human visitors to Dorset were Mesolithic hunters, from around 8000 BC. The first permanent Neolithic settlers appeared around 3000 BC and were responsible for the creation of the Dorset Cursus, from 2800 BC onwards Bronze Age farmers cleared Dorsets woodlands for agricultural use and Dorsets high chalk hills provided a location for numerous round barrows. During the Iron Age, the British tribe known as the Durotriges established a series of forts across the county—most notably Maiden Castle which is one of the largest in Europe. The Romans arrived in Dorset during their conquest of Britain in AD43, Maiden Castle was captured by a Roman legion under the command of Vespasian, and the Roman settlement of Durnovaria was established nearby
14.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
15.
Ndlovukati
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Ndlovukati is the Swazi title for the female head of state of Swaziland and is roughly equivalent to a Queen Mother or Senior Queen in other countries. The title is given preferentially to the mother of the reigning King, Indlovukati rules alongside the Ngwenyama, and when there is no King, she rules as a Queen Regent. The current Ndlovukati is Queen Ntombi Tfwala, the mother of Ngwenyama Mswati III and she has also been Queen Regent from 1983 until 1986 when Mswati became King. The most notable Queen Regent was Ndlovukati Labotsibeni Mdluli who ruled Swaziland from 1899 until 1921 when she abdicated for Sobhuza II, the Ndlovukati is formally joint ruler of Swaziland with the King. The king is seen as the head of state, while she is seen as the spiritual and national head of state. The Ndlovukati also leads the nation as Queen Regent following a Kings death, other notable Tindlovukati are Tsandzile Ndwandwe, Lojiba Simelane, Tibati Nkambule, and Labotsibeni Mdluli from nineteenth century Swaziland. Historically, there have been a number of Ndlovukati with great power as well as influence. The power of the Ndlovukati was explicitly understood as a counterweight to that of the Ngwenyama and this was the case especially during the reign of Mswati II and Tsandzile Ndwandwe. At any time there is both an Ingwenyama and an Indlovukati, which is most of the time, there are two royal headquarters villages. Even during a regency when the king is a minor, a proto-form of his headquarters is prepared, the Kings headquarters is where he carries out his administrative duties, the Ndlovukatis, which is called umphakatsi, is the national capital and spiritual and ceremonial home of the nation. The king resides at his own village or kraal called lilawu. The present umphakatsi is at Ludzidzini Royal Kraal and lilawu is at Ngabezweni Royal Kraal
16.
Polygamy
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Polygamy involves marriage with more than one spouse. When a man is married to more than one wife at a time, when a woman is married to more than one husband at a time, it is called polyandry. If a marriage includes multiple husbands and wives, it can be called a group marriage, in contrast, monogamy is marriage consisting of only two parties. Like monogamy, the term polygamy is often used in a de facto sense, in sociobiology and zoology, researchers use polygamy in a broad sense to mean any form of multiple mating. Polygamy is widely accepted among different societies worldwide, according to the Ethnographic Atlas, of 1,231 societies noted,588 had frequent polygyny,453 had occasional polygyny,186 were monogamous and 4 had polyandry. Polygamy is also common among animals, such as the common fruit-fly. Polygyny is the practice wherein a man has more than one wife at the same time, the vast majority of polygamous marriages are polygynous. Polygyny is legally accepted in many Muslim majority countries and some countries with a sizeable Muslim minority, in some of the sparsely populated regions where shifting cultivation takes place in Africa, women do much of the work. This favours polygamous marriages in which men sought to monopolize the production of women who are valued both as workers and as child bearers, goody however, observes that the correlation is imperfect and varied. Senior wives can benefit as well when their work load is lightened by the addition of junior wives to the family. Wives, especially wives, status in the community can be increased by the addition of other wives. For such reasons, senior wives sometimes work hard or contribute from their own resources to enable their husbands to accumulate the bride price for a second wife, Polygyny may also result from the practice of levirate marriage. In such cases, the deceased mans heir may inherit his assets and wife, or, more usually and this provides support for the widow and her children and maintains the tie between the husband and wives kin groups. The sororate is like the levirate, in that a widower must marry the sister of his dead wife, the wifes family, in other words, must provide a replacement for her thus maintaining the ties between them. Both levirate and sororate may result in a man having multiple wives and this is a form of de facto polygyny that is referred to as concubinage. In many polygynous marriages the husbands wives may live in separate households often at a great distance and they can thus be described as a series of linked nuclear families with a father in common. Polyandry is the practice wherein a woman has more than one husband at the same time, polyandry is much less popular than polygyny and is illegal in virtually every state in the world. It occurs only in remote communities, polyandry is believed to be more likely in societies with scarce environmental resources, as it is believed to limit human population growth and enhance child survival
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United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
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Military of Swaziland
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The Military of Swaziland is used primarily during domestic protests, with some border and customs duties, the force has never been involved in a foreign conflict. The army has struggled with high rates of HIV infection, since measures were put in place the rate is dropping. The USDF replaced the Royal Swaziland Defence Force, which was created in 1973 to replace the role of the British Army following independence in 1968, the King is the Commander-in-Chief of the Umbutfo Swaziland Defence Force, and the substantive Minister of the Ministry of Defence. However, he delegates the responsibilities of the activities of the executive arm of the government. There is a Defence Council, which is responsible for inter alia advising the King on all matters pertaining to the USDF. The USDF is commanded by Major General Stanley Dlamini, the deputy commander is Brigadier General Patrick Motsa, Swaziland also maintains a relatively small air wing, part of the Umbutfo Swaziland Defence Force. The air wing is used for transporting the King as well as cargo, and personnel, surveying land with search and rescue functions. Both Arava 201 have crashed, the first was on a flight in the 1980s. The second was lost in 2004, after bad weather caused the pilots to miss the runway, although no injuries were reported, the incident left the air force temporarily crippled. The army, called the Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force, is the component of Swazilands military. Prince Bhekimpi Dhlamini 1973-1977 Colonel Maphevu Dlamini 1977-1979 Colonel Jameson Ndizimande 1981 Brigadier Gideon Dube 1983-2000, Major General Stanley Dlamini 2000- present This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook document 2010 edition. Jones, Richard D. Janes Infantry Weapons 2009/2010
19.
Regent
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A regent is a person appointed to administer a state because the monarch is a minor, is absent or is incapacitated. The rule of a regent or regents is called a regency, a regent or regency council may be formed ad hoc or in accordance with a constitutional rule. Regent is sometimes a formal title, if the formally appointed regent is unavailable or cannot serve on a temporary basis, a Regent ad interim may be appointed to fill the gap. In a monarchy, a regent usually governs due to one of these reasons and this was the case in the Kingdom of Finland and the Kingdom of Hungary, where the royal line was considered extinct in the aftermath of World War I. In Iceland, the regent represented the King of Denmark as sovereign of Iceland until the country became a republic in 1944, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, kings were elective, which often led to a fairly long interregnum. In the interim, it was the Roman Catholic Primate who served as the regent, in the small republic of San Marino, the two Captains Regent, or Capitani Reggenti, are elected semi-annually as joint heads of state and of government. Famous regency periods include that of the Prince Regent, later George IV of the United Kingdom, giving rise to terms such as Regency era. Strictly this period lasted from 1811 to 1820, when his father George III was insane, as of 1 December 2016, Liechtenstein is the only country with an active regency. The term regent may refer to lower than the ruler of a country. The term may be used in the governance of organisations, typically as an equivalent of director, some university managers in North America are called regents and a management board for a college or university may be titled the Board of Regents. The term regent is used for members of governing bodies of institutions such as the national banks of France. This type of group portrait was popular in Dutch Golden Age painting during the 17th century, in the Dutch East Indies, a regent was a native prince allowed to rule de facto colonized state as a regentschap. Consequently, in the state of Indonesia, the term regent is used in English to mean a bupati. Again in Belgium and France, Regent is the title of a teacher in a lower secondary school. In the Philippines, specifically, the University of Santo Tomas, the Father Regent and they also form the Council of Regents that serves as the highest administrative council of the university. In the Society of Jesus, a regent is a training to be a Jesuit. A regent in the Jesuits is often assigned to teach in a school or some other academic institution as part of the formation toward final vows, list of regents Viceroy, an individual who, in a colony or province, exercised the power of a monarch on his behalf
20.
Sherborne International
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Sherborne International is an independent co-educational fully boarding school for boys and girls aged between 11 and 17 years old. It is located in the town of Sherborne in Dorset in the South-west of England. The school was established in 1977 by Sherborne School to prepare students from non-British educational backgrounds so that they could function successfully in traditional British Boarding Schools. The school is intended to give those from non-British, non-English speaking educational backgrounds, who wish to join the English educational system, classes normally have a maximum of 8 students. The school also runs intensive courses during both the Spring and Summer vacations, although Sherborne International is owned by Sherborne School, it is registered with the Department for Education as a separate school. The unit was based in a owned by Sherborne School called Greenhill House. The Greenhill House Study Centre opened in January 1977 and by January 1980 had expanded to take over the whole of Greenhill House, by the end of 1982 the school had acquired a boarding annexe called Cheapside, in Newland, Sherborne. In September 1991 the Newell Grange campus was opened and in 1992 the school ran its first “Fourth Term” summer school course. In 1995 the Centre was registered as a school with the Department of Education and in September 1998 the Centre changed its name to the International College. Additional teaching facilities were opened in 1999, and a teaching building has been in use since September 2005. Girls were enrolled for the first time in 1996 and in 1999 Westcott House was allocated to the school to house female students, grosvenor House was opened in September 2002 to accommodate the junior boys and a further girls’ boarding house, Mowat House, was opened in January 2011. In 2014 the International College, Sherborne School changed its name to become Sherborne International
21.
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
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Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck is the fifth and current reigning Druk Gyalpo or Dragon King of the Kingdom of Bhutan. After his father Jigme Singye Wangchuck abdicated the throne in his favour, a public coronation ceremony was held on 1 November 2008, an auspicious year that marked 100 years of monarchy in Bhutan. Khesar is the eldest son of the fourth Dragon King of Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuck and he has a younger sister, Princess Dechen Yangzom, and brother, Prince Jigme Dorji, as well as four half-sisters and three half-brothers. He also did a course at the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration in Mussoorie, the Crown Prince, popularly known to the people of Bhutan as Dasho Khesar, accompanied his father in his many tours throughout the Kingdom to meet and speak to the people. He also officially represented Bhutan on several international events and he attended Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadejs 60th Anniversary Celebrations on 12–13 June 2006 in Bangkok along with royals from 25 countries. The youngest of the royals, the 26-year-old prince caused a sensation. The Thai press dubbed him Prince Charming, publishing his photograph, on 25 June 2002, the Crown Prince was awarded the Red Scarf by his father. On 31 October 2004, Khesar was installed as the Trongsa Penlop in Trongsa Dzong, in December 2005, the King Jigme Singye Wangchuck announced his intention to abdicate in his sons favour in 2008, and that he would begin handing over responsibility to him immediately. Religious ceremonies and public celebrations were held at Tashichhodzong and Changlimithang in Thimphu. The coronation ceremony comprised an ancient and colourful ritual, attended by thousands of dignitaries, including the then-President of India. CNN reported that, to welcome Khesar as King of Bhutan, people painted street signs, hung festive banners and his Majesty received the white, yellow, red, green, and blue silk scarves. As he opened the session of parliament on Friday,20 May 2011 and they were married on 13 October 2011 in Punakha Dzong. The royal wedding was Bhutans largest media event in history, the royal wedding ceremony was held in Punakha followed by formal visits to different parts of the country. The wedding was held in traditional style with the blessings of the guardian deities, on 11 November 2015, it was announced that the King and Queen of Bhutan were expecting their first child, a son, early in 2016. The king and queen announced, via their Facebook page, the arrival of their son, HRH The Gyalsey, Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck. He stated that the responsibility of generation of Bhutanese was to ensure the success of democracy. He traveled extensively to explain and discuss the Draft Constitution of Bhutan with the people, the King signed a new treaty of friendship with India in February 2007, replacing the treaty of 1949. Many government initiatives were undertaken by the new King with a view to strengthen the system in preparation for the changes in 2008
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Bhutan
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Bhutan, officially the Kingdom of Bhutan, is a landlocked country in Asia and the smallest state located entirely within the Himalaya mountain range. Located in the Eastern Himalayas, it is bordered by China in the north, Bhutan lacks a border with nearby Nepal due to the Indian state of Sikkim and with Bangladesh due to the Indian states of West Bengal and Assam. Bhutan is geopolitically in South Asia and is the second least populous nation after the Maldives. Thimphu is its capital and largest city, while Phuntsholing is its financial center, the independence of Bhutan has endured for centuries and the territory was never colonized in its history. Situated on the ancient Silk Road between Tibet, the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, the Bhutanese state developed a national identity based on Buddhism. Headed by a leader known as the Zhabdrung Rinpoche, the territory was composed of many fiefdoms. Following a civil war in the 19th century, the House of Wangchuck reunited the country, Bhutan fostered a strategic partnership with India during the rise of Chinese communism and has a disputed border with the Peoples Republic of China. The King of Bhutan is known as the Dragon King, Bhutan is also notable for pioneering the concept of gross national happiness. The countrys landscape ranges from subtropical plains in the south to the sub-alpine Himalayan mountains in the north. The highest mountain in Bhutan is the Gangkhar Puensum, which is also a candidate for the highest unclimbed mountain in the world. There is also diverse wildlife in Bhutan, in South Asia, Bhutan ranks first in economic freedom, ease of doing business and peace, second in per capita income and is the least corrupt country, as of 2016. However, Bhutan continues to be a least developed country, hydroelectricity accounts for the major share of its exports. The government is a parliamentary democracy, Bhutan maintains diplomatic relations with 52 countries and the European Union, but does not have formal ties with the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. It is a member of the United Nations, SAARC, BIMSTEC, the Royal Bhutan Army maintains extensive military relations with the Indian Armed Forces. The precise etymology of Bhutan is unknown, although it is likely to derive from the Tibetan endonym Bod used for Tibet. Traditionally, it is taken to be a transcription of the Sanskrit Bhoṭa-anta end of Tibet, since the 17th century the official name of Bhutan has been Druk yul and Bhutan only appears in English-language official correspondence. Names similar to Bhutan — including Bohtan, Buhtan, Bottanthis, Bottan, jean-Baptiste Taverniers 1676 Six Voyages is the first to record the name Boutan. However, in case, these seem to have been describing not modern Bhutan
23.
Joseph Kabila
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Joseph Kabila Kabange is a Congolese politician who has been President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo since January 2001. He took office ten days after the assassination of his father and he was elected as President in 2006. In 2011, he was re-elected for a second term, Kabilas term was due to expire on 20 December 2016 per the constitution, adopted in 2006. Officials suggested that elections would be held in November 2016, however, on 29 September 2016, the nations electoral authority announced that the election would not be held until early 2018. Talk has focused on the need for a census before holding elections, since coming to power, Joseph Kabila has faced continuous wars in eastern Congo and internal rebel forces supported by neighboring governments of Uganda and Rwanda. Joseph Kabila Kabange and his twin sister Jaynet Kabila were born on 4 June 1971, according to official accounts, the twins were born at Hewabora, a small village in the Fizi territory of the South Kivu province, in eastern Congo. Rumors have abounded that Kabila was actually born in Tanzania, which would make him a citizen of that country and he is the son of long time rebel, former AFDL leader and president of the Congo Laurent-Désiré Kabila and Sifa Mahanya. Kabilas childhood coincided with the low point of his fathers political and he was raised in relative remoteness, with few records of his early days. Kabila attended a school organized by his fathers rebel forces. Due to his fathers status as an enemy of Zairean strongman Mobutu Sese Seko, following high school, Joseph Kabila followed a military curriculum in Tanzania, then at Makerere University in Uganda. In October 1996, Laurent-Désiré Kabila launched the campaign in Zaire to oust the Mobutu regime with his newly formed army, the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire. Joseph Kabila appears to have been present at the liberation of Kisangani where media reports identified him as commander of the force that took the city after four days of intense fighting. Following the AFDLs victory, and Laurent-Désiré Kabilas rise to the presidency, Joseph Kabila went on to get training at the PLA National Defense University, in Beijing. When he returned from China, Kabila was awarded the rank of Major-General and he was later, in 2000, appointed Chief of Staff of the Land Forces, a position he held until the elder President Kabilas assassination in January 2001. As chief of staff, he was one of the military leaders in charge of Government troops during the time of the Second Congo War. Joseph Kabila rose to the Presidency on 26 January 2001 after the assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila, aged 29, he was considered young and inexperienced. An interim administration was set up under him, including the leaders of the two main rebel groups as vice-presidents. On 28 March 2004, an apparent coup attempt or mutiny around the capital Kinshasa, allegedly on the part of members of the guard of former president Mobutu Sese Seko
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President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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The president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is Congos elected head of state, and the ex officio supreme commander of the armed forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The position of president in the DRC has existed since the first constitution – known as The Fundamental Law – of 1960. However the powers of this position have varied over the years, from a limited shared role in the branch, with a prime minister. Under the current constitution, the President exists as the highest institution in a semi-presidential Republic, the president is protected by the Republican Guard. The constitutional mandate of the current president, Joseph Kabila, was due to expire on 20 December 2016 but has extended until the end of 2017. The semi-presidential system established by the constitution is largely borrowed from the French constitution, although it is the prime minister and parliament that oversee much of the nations actual lawmaking, the president wields significant influence, both formally and from constitutional convention. The president holds the nations most senior office, and outranks all other politicians, perhaps the presidents greatest power is his or her ability to choose the prime minister. When the majority of the Assembly has opposite political views to that of the president, still, the constitutional convention is that the president directs foreign policy, though he must work on that matter with the Minister of Foreign Affairs. When the majority of the Assembly sides with him, the President can take an active role and may. The prime minister is de often a mere fuse – and can be replaced if the administration becomes unpopular and he guarantees the independence, territorial integrity, and sovereignty of the nation and ensures the observance of international treaties. The president appoints the Prime Minister and, acting on the advice of the latter, appoints, the president is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and chairs the High Defense Council. The president may declare war with the authorization of both chambers of parliament, after deliberation by the Council of Ministers, and after hearing the opinion of the High Defense Council, the President may grant pardons or commute or reduce sentences. The President appoints and accredits ambassadors to foreign countries and international organizations, the President defines national policy in coordination with the government and is responsible, in cooperation with the government, for defense, security, and foreign affairs. The president has a limited form of suspensive veto, when presented with a law, he or she can request another reading of it by parliament. Additionally, the President must be free of any legal constraints on their civil, article 10 of the same constitution defines citoyen dorigine as, anyone belonging to the ethnic groups whose persons and territory constituted what became the Congo, at independence. Articles 75 and 76 of the state that upon the death or resignation of the President. The President of the Senate then becomes interim president, the Independent Electoral Commission has to organize elections between sixty and ninety days after the official declaration of vacancy by the Constitutional court. The official office of the president is the Palais de la Nation in Kinshasa, the official residence of the president is the Camp Tshatshi Palace in Kinshasa, although it has not been used since it was looted in 1997
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Tinkhundla
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In Swaziland, an inkhundla is an administrative subdivision smaller than a district but larger than an umphakatsi. There are 55 tinkhundla in Swaziland,14 in Hhohho District,11 in Lubombo District,16 in Manzini District, the system is non-partisan since the constitution does not recognize political parties, although section 25 of the constitution allows for open freedom of assembly and association. Each inkhundla elects one representative to the House of Assembly of Swaziland, the same trend is applied in local government elections. This governing system was crafted by King Sobhuza II with the assistance of political scholars and lawyers and it came to effect in 1978 and was adjusted in the early 1990s to suit the desires of citizens. The Tinkhundla concept of government has its roots in the Second World War, led by Prince Dabede of Gundvwini Royal Residence, veteran Swazi Soldiers, who came back from 1945 to 1946 from the Middle East. Also this would strengthen and enhance safety and security strategies. In 1977 King Sobhuza II elected Delimitation Commission came up with a recommendation of twenty two Tinkhundla centres, the first Tinkhundla established were headed by Tindvuna teTinkhundla which were all ex-soldiers appointed by His Majesty King Sobhuza II. In 1979 Tinkhundla centers were increased from twenty two to forty because it was realized that most people fail to attend and participate Tinkhundla meetings. In 1993 the Tinkhundla centres were further increased to fifty five following recommendations of the Delimitation Commission that was appointed by His Majesty King Mswati III and this commission was a result of people’s views during consultative commissions, which were led by Prince Masitsela, Prince Mahlalengangeni and Prince Guduza. The system emphasizes the devolution of power from central government to Tinkhundla while individual merit is a basis for election. They further provide a link between communities and government as well as other development agents to ensure the responsiveness of all national policies to the needs of the people, in the process they create harmony among all agents providing services within that Inkhundla. The Ministry of Tinkhundla Administration and Development has a mandate to facilitate the management of development and facilitate promote service delivery at Tinkhundla. Tinkhundla are the foundation for the development planning process and the delivery of local services in partnership with central government. The Ministry also has a mandate to bring improvements in the performance and effectiveness of the administration and management of the Regions, Tinkhundla Committees. Tinkhundla centres as economic growth point where people meet and communities are mobilized to embark on business projects has been allocated Tinkhundla Empowerment Fund, initially it was Seventy Thousand Emalangeni per Inkhundla, but lately it was upgraded to one hundred and thirty Thousand Emalangeni. This caters for the payment of utilities, stationery and minor maintanace of the Tinkhundla offices
26.
Amnesty International
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Amnesty International is a non-governmental organisation focused on human rights that claims to have over 7 million members and supporters around the world. The stated objective of the organisation is to research and generate action to prevent and end grave abuses of human rights. Amnesty International was founded in London in 1961, following the publication of the article The Forgotten Prisoners in The Observer on 28 May 1961, Amnesty draws attention to human rights abuses and campaigns for compliance with international laws and standards. It works to public opinion to put pressure on governments that let abuse take place. Amnesty considers capital punishment to be the ultimate, irreversible denial of human rights, the organisation was awarded the 1977 Nobel Peace Prize for its campaign against torture, and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978. Amnesty International was founded in London in July 1961 by English labour lawyer Peter Benenson, researchers have never traced the alleged newspaper article in question. In 1960, Portugal was ruled by the Estado Novo government of António de Oliveira Salazar, the government was authoritarian in nature and strongly anti-communist, suppressing enemies of the state as anti-Portuguese. The newspaper reader feels a sense of impotence. Yet if these feelings of disgust could be united into common action, Benenson worked with friend Eric Baker. It marked the launch of Appeal for Amnesty,1961, the aim of which was to mobilise public opinion, quickly and widely, in defence of these individuals, the Appeal for Amnesty was reprinted by a large number of international newspapers. In the same year, Benenson had a published, Persecution 1961. In July 1961 the leadership had decided that the appeal would form the basis of a permanent organisation, Amnesty, Benenson ensured that all three major political parties were represented, enlisting members of parliament from the Labour Party, the Conservative Party, and the Liberal Party. On 30 September 1962, it was officially named Amnesty International, between the Appeal for Amnesty,1961 and September 1962 the organisation had been known simply as Amnesty. From the very beginning, research and campaigning were present in Amnesty Internationals work, a library was established for information about prisoners of conscience and a network of local groups, called THREES groups, was started. Each group worked on behalf of three prisoners, one each of the then three main ideological regions of the world, communist, capitalist and developing. The international movement was starting to agree on its principles and techniques. In 1967 Peter Benenson resigned after an independent inquiry did not support his claims that AI had been infiltrated by British agents, later he claimed that the Central Intelligence Agency had become involved in Amnesty. Leading Amnesty International in the 1970s were key figures Seán MacBride, Amnesty International believed that the reasons underlying torture of prisoners by governments, were either to acquire and obtain information or to quell opposition by the use of terror, or both
27.
Rite
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A rite or ritual is an established, ceremonial, usually religious, act. Within Christianity, rite often refers to what is called a sacrament. In Roman Catholicism, for example, the sacrament of Anointing of the Sick is one of the three that are referred to as the last rites, because they are administered to someone who was dying. The other two are Penance and Eucharist, since the Second Vatican Council, Anointing of the Sick is administered to those who are seriously ill but not necessarily in immediate danger of death. The term rite became widely used after the Second Vatican Council when the traditional sacraments were done away with, while rite is often used synonymously with sacrament, it is technically incorrect to say that one received a rite because the sacrament is what is received. The ritual consists of the prayers and actions that the minister of the sacrament performs when administering a sacrament. Therefore, it is incorrect to say one has received the last rites as that person has really received the last sacraments by a minister following a ritual that has performed the sacramental rite. The word rite is often applied to what are sometimes known as the five lesser sacraments, confirmation, reconciliation, matrimony, holy orders. The term rite refers to a body of liturgical tradition usually emanating from a specific center. Examples include the Roman Rite, the Byzantine Rite, and the Sarum Rite, such rites may include various sub-rites. For example, the Byzantine Rite has Greek, Russian, for a full list of Christian liturgical rites, see Christian liturgy. Of these, the largest is the Latin Rite or Western Church, there are also several Eastern Catholic Churches or Rites. For a full list of Catholic liturgical rites, see List of Catholic rites and churches, in North America, Freemasons have the option of joining the Scottish Rite and/or the York Rite, two appendant bodies that offer additional degrees to those who have taken the basic three. Ambrosian Rite Ceremony Chaldean rite Process Art Rites, a Confucian philosophical concept Ritual Primitive Scottish Rite Rite of Spring
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Taiwan
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Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, is a state in East Asia. Neighbours include China to the west, Japan to the northeast, Taiwan is the most populous state that is not a member of the United Nations, and the one with the largest economy. The island of Taiwan, also known as Formosa, was inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines before the 17th century. After a brief rule by the Kingdom of Tungning, the island was annexed by the Qing dynasty, the Qing ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895 after the Sino-Japanese War. While Taiwan was under Japanese rule, the Republic of China was established on the mainland in 1912 after the fall of the Qing dynasty, following the Japanese surrender to the Allies in 1945, the ROC took control of Taiwan. However, the resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the ROCs loss of the mainland to the Communists, and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949. As a founding member of the United Nations, the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971, in the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialization, creating a stable industrial economy. In the 1980s and early 1990s, it changed from a one-party military dictatorship dominated by the Kuomintang to a multi-party democracy with universal suffrage, Taiwan is the 22nd-largest economy in the world, and its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy. It is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, health care, public education, economic freedom, the PRC has consistently claimed sovereignty over Taiwan and asserted the ROC is no longer in legitimate existence. Under its One-China Policy the PRC refused diplomatic relations with any country that recognizes the ROC, the PRC has threatened the use of military force in response to any formal declaration of independence by Taiwan or if PRC leaders decide that peaceful unification is no longer possible. There are various names for the island of Taiwan in use today, the former name Formosa dates from 1542, when Portuguese sailors sighted the main island of Taiwan and named it Ilha Formosa, which means beautiful island. The name Formosa eventually replaced all others in European literature and was in use in English in the early 20th century. This name was adopted into the Chinese vernacular as the name of the sandbar. The modern word Taiwan is derived from this usage, which is seen in forms in Chinese historical records. Use of the current Chinese name was formalized as early as 1684 with the establishment of Taiwan Prefecture, through its rapid development, the entire Formosan mainland eventually became known as Taiwan. The official name of the state is the Republic of China and it was a member of the United Nations representing China until 1971, when it lost its seat to the Peoples Republic of China. Over subsequent decades, the Republic of China has become known as Taiwan. In some contexts, especially ones from the ROC government
29.
China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
30.
Sikhanyiso Dlamini
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HRH Princess Sikhanyiso of Swaziland is the eldest daughter of King Mswati III of Swaziland. She is the first of his thirty children, and her mother is the first of King Mswatis ten queens, Sikhanyiso Dlamini was educated in Britain at a mixed private school, St Edmunds College, Ware, in Hertfordshire, where she was in Challoner House. She continued to study drama at Biola University in California, in 2012, Princess Sikhanyiso graduated from Sydney University with a masters degree in digital communication. While in Australia, she resided in Glebe with her palace-appointed aide and she is also one of his one thousand grandchildren in the Royal Swazi House of Dlamini. She is the first-born of thirty children born to King Mswati III, her mother being King Mswati IIIs young love and she has two hundred aunts and uncles, not including their own spouses. In 2001, Mswati III instituted the umchwasho—a traditional chastity rite—in Swaziland as a means of combatting the AIDS epidemic, the princess became a focus of controversy while she was staying abroad, she was not bound by the strictures of the umchwasho. While studying abroad, Princess Sikhanyiso developed a reputation for ignoring or rebelling against her native countrys traditions, Sikhanyiso wears Western-style jeans and miniskirt, something women in Swaziland are banned from doing. The Prime Ministers office subsequently issued a statement to refute these claims. At the end of the ban in 2005, Princess Sikhanyiso, then seventeen years-old, celebrated with a party involving loud music and alcohol at the Queen mothers residence. The following year, the Princess criticized the institution of polygamy in Swaziland, saying, Polygamy brings all advantages in a relationship to men, the Princess was subsequently gagged by the Royal Palace and the press was not allowed to contact her. She is an actress and rapper and is commonly known as Pashu in Swaziland. In late September 2013, she had a three-hour-long Twitter conversation with proscribed Swazi organisation, afterwards her Twitter account was deleted without explanation. The King supported the Princess with her launch of the Imbali Foundation in April 2014, the foundation focuses on the health, education, and spirituality of Imbali YemaSwati. The Princess runs the beauty pageant Miss Swaziland Tourism, the Swaziland Deaf Association requested her patronage for Miss Deaf Africa and received the governments support. During the Princesss brief stay in Malaysia for a program at Limkokwing University, she recorded a single titled Hail Your Majesty in honour of her father. The debut of the song received a standing ovation at Limkokwing during the conferment of an honorary doctorate to King Mswati III on 4 July 2013. The Princess is a member of the board of directors of MTN Swaziland and she has appointed a businessman from Malaysia, the director of MyStartBiz Sdn Bhd, Muhammad Qadeer, as her Special Envoy for Investment Promotion in the Kingdom of Swaziland
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Succession to the Swazi throne
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In Swaziland, no king can appoint his successor. Only an independent special traditional Council called the Liqoqo decides which of the wives shall be Great Wife, the son of this Great Wife will automatically become the next king. The Great Wife is chosen after the death of the king and her character affects her childs chances of ascending to the status of king. According to Swazi culture, a son cannot be the heir if his mother is not of good standing and she must not bear the maiden name of Nkhosi-Dlamini as Dlamini is the name of the Royal House of Swaziland and she must not be a ritual wife. The king currently has fifteen wives and 23 children, a Swazi kings first two wives are chosen for him by the national councillors. These two have special functions in rituals and their sons can never become kings, the first wife must be a member of the Matsebula clan, the second of the Motsa clan. These wives are known as tesulamsiti, a royal fiancée is called liphovela, or bride. They graduate from being fiancées to full wives as soon as they fall pregnant, but the traditional marriage, known as “Ludvendve” only follows later. In traditional Swazi culture, the king is expected to marry a woman from every clan in order to cement relationships with each part of Swaziland and this means that the king must have many wives. Son, HRH Prince Sicalo Son, Prince Maveletiveni Inkhosikati LaMotsa—Ritual wife, laMbikiza is involved in the Swazi Royal Initiative to Combat AIDS. She also left the king in 2004, after having an affair and she married a South African businessman, with whom she has a child. In May 2012 she was rumoured to have left the royal compound. Daughter, Princess Yenziwe June 2002 Inkhosikati LaMagongo— Niece of Chief Mlobokazana Fakudze and she met the king at the birthday party of one of his children before she participated in the Miss Swaziland Teen beauty pageant. Her father is South African, from Barberton and she had an affair with Ndumiso Mamba. She graduated from Mbabanes St. Francis High School in 2012 and was a finalist in the Miss Cultural Heritage beauty pageant and she was introduced at the Reed Dance in Shiselweni on 13 September 2013. She became an Inkhosikati on August 30,2014. Daughter, Princess Ntsandvweni
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Akie Abe
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Akie Abe is the wife of Shinzō Abe, the current Prime Minister of Japan. Born Akie Matsuzaki, Akie is regarded as a socialite and she is from a wealthy Japanese family, her father is the former president of Morinaga & Co. one of Japans largest confectionery companies. She was educated at Sacred Heart School in Tokyo, a Roman Catholic private elementary through high school, Akie received a masters degree in Social Design Studies from the Rikkyo University in March 2011. Abe later worked for Dentsu Inc. the worlds largest advertising agency and she is popularly known as the domestic opposition party due to her outspoken views, which often contradict her husbands. Following her husbands first stint as prime minister, she opened an organic izakaya in the Kanda district of Tokyo, the couple have no children, having undergone unsuccessful fertility treatments earlier in their marriage. Abe was briefly honorary principal of the Mizuho no Kuni elementary school until she resigned in February 2017, in the late 1990s, Abe worked as a radio disc jockey in her husbands hometown of Shimonoseki. She was popular in the broadcast area and was known by her jockey name and she is also a fan of South Korean soap operas and actors Bae Yong-joon and Park Yong-ha. Abe is a supporter of minorities and the LGBT community. On April 27,2014, she joined the gay parade in Tokyo to show her support for broader rights to Japans LGBT community. Akie Abe at the Internet Movie Database
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People's United Democratic Movement
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The Peoples United Democratic Movement is the largest opposition political party in Swaziland. Formed in 1983 at the University of Swaziland, it is led by pro-democracy activist Mario Masuku, an example of this is the death in custody of PUDEMO member Sipho Jele - arrested for wearing a PUDEMO t-shirt in May 2010. The Peoples United Democratic Movement was formed in 1983 at the University of Swaziland, PUDEMO called for democratic reforms in 1988,1990, and 1991. PUDEMO rejected King Mswati IIIs 1991 commission to review the system. King Mswati III responded by suspending the legislature, and began to rule by decree, the Swaziland Youth Congress claimed responsibility for a Feb.6,1995 fire in the House of Assembly. PUDEMO held a campaign of strikes and civil disobedience in 1996, in 2000, PUDEMO President Mario Masuku was arrested for insulting the king, sedition and treason. Pro-democracy protests took place in Swaziland in 2002, with 40% of Swaziland population believed to be on verge of starvation following poor harvests, at the 2003 elections in Swaziland only non-partisans were elected. In March 2005, the Swaziland High Court ruled that parties can not exist. In March 2006, PUDEMO members, including Bonginkosi Dlamini, the PUDEMO secretary-general, were charged with bomb attacks. In April 2007, Six PUDEMO members charged with sedition following protests on the anniversary of King Sobhuza IIs royal decree banning political parties, in April 2008, PUDEMOs deputy President Gabriel Mkhumane was killed by criminals, according to the Swazi regime. However, opposition supporters believe that he was assassinated by government operatives, Umbane People’s Liberation Army, described as a secret militant group linked to the People’s United Democratic Movement claimed responsibility for a series of small bomb blasts in Swaziland in 2008. On 21 September 2008, Musa Dlamini and Jack Govender were killed while trying to bomb the Lozitha Bridge in an attempt to assassinate the King. Although PUDEMO had called for a militant approach to achieving democracy. Denied any part in the bombing, however, at Musa Dlaminis funeral, PUDEMO President Mario Masuku was alleged to have verbally supported recent bombings of government institutions. Mario Masuku spent 340 days in prison before he was acquitted and discharged at the High Court on September 21,2009, in May 2010, Sipho Jele, a PUDEMO member, was arrested for wearing a PUDEMO t-shirt, and died in police custody. The Bhunya home of Alex LaNgwenya, a leader of PUDEMOs youth wing, the Suppression of Terrorism Act of 2008 was enacted soon after the incident, and PUDEMO and SWAYOCO were banned as terrorist organizations. Several members of PUDEMO and SWAYOCO were alleged to have carried out a bombing campaign and it makes it recently a terrorist act to belong to my organization, PUDEMO, which the government decided was a terrorist organization. In 2010-2011, attempts to add the history of PUDEMO to Swazilands high school curriculum failed
Swaziland : Grand Master of the Royal Order of King Sobhuza II (1986).[30]
United Kingdom : Knight of the Venerable Order of St John (November 1991).[31]
South Africa : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Good Hope (August 1995).[32][33]
