1.
Bethnal Green
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Bethnal Green is a district mostly in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and partly in the London Borough of Hackney. Located 3.3 miles northeast of Charing Cross, it was historically a hamlet in the ancient parish of Stepney, the parish became the Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green in 1900 and the population peaked in 1901, entering a period of steady decline which lasted until 1981. Some 173 people were killed at an incident at Bethnal Green tube station in 1943. Bethnal Green has formed part of Greater London since 1965, the place-name Blithehale or Blythenhale, the earliest form of Bethnal Green, is derived from the Anglo-Saxon healh and blithe, or from a personal name Blitha. Nearby Cambridge Heath, is unconnected with Cambridge and may derive from an Anglo-Saxon personal name. The area was marshland and forest which, as Bishopswood. Over time, the name became Bethan Hall Green, which, a Tudor ballad, the Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green, tells the story of an ostensibly poor man who gave a surprisingly generous dowry for his daughters wedding. The tale furnishes the parish of Bethnal Greens coat of arms, the Blind Beggar public house in Whitechapel is reputed to be the site of his begging. Boxing has an association with Bethnal Green. Daniel Mendoza, who was champion of England from 1792 to 1795 though born in Aldgate, since then numerous boxers have been associated with the area, and the local leisure centre, York Hall, remains notable for presentation of boxing bouts. He was a capable pastoral visitor and established a parochial school, after examining the text of the sermon, the Bishop of London condemned it as containing erroneous and dangerous notions. As a result, the bishop sent Woodard to be a curate in Clapton, the Green and Poors Land is the area of open land now occupied by Bethnal Green Library, the V&A Museum of Childhood and St Johns Church, designed by John Soane. In Stows Survey of London the hamlet was called Blethenal Green and it was one of the hamlets included in the Manor of Stepney and Hackney. From that date, the trust has administered the land and its books are kept in the London Metropolitan Archives. Bethnal House, or Kirbys Castle, was the house on the Green. One of its owners was Sir Hugh Platt, author of books on gardening, under its next owner it was visited by Samuel Pepys. In 1727 it was leased to Matthew Wright and for almost two centuries it was an asylum and its two most distinguished inmates were Alexander Cruden, compiler of the Concordance to the Bible, and the poet Christopher Smart. Cruden recorded his experience in The London Citizen Grievously Injured and Smarts stay there is recorded by his daughter, records of the asylum are kept in the annual reports of the Commissioner in Lunacy
2.
London Borough of Tower Hamlets
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The London Borough of Tower Hamlets is a London borough to the east of the City of London and north of the River Thames. It is in the part of London and covers much of the traditional East End. It also includes much of the redeveloped Docklands region of London, including West India Docks, many of the tallest buildings in London occupy the centre of the Isle of Dogs in the south of the borough. A part of the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park is in Tower Hamlets, the borough has a population of 272,890, which includes one of the highest ethnic minority populations in the country and has an established British Bangladeshi business and residential community. Brick Lanes restaurants, neighbouring street market and shops provide the largest range of Bengali cuisine, woodwork, carpets, the local authority is Tower Hamlets London Borough Council. The council, as of 2017 comprises 23 Labour Councillors,5 Conservative councillors,18 independent councillors of various affiliation, Tower Hamlets is located to east of the City of London and north of the River Thames in East London. The London Borough of Hackney lies to the north of the borough while the River Lea forms the boundary with the London Borough of Newham in the east. On the other side of the Thames is The London Borough of Southwark to the southwest, The London Borough of Lewisham to the South, the River Lea also forms the boundary between those parts of London historically in Middlesex, with those formerly in Essex. The Regents Canal enters the borough from Hackney to meet the River Thames at Limehouse Basin, a stretch of the Hertford Union Canal leads from the Regents canal, at a basin in the north of Mile End to join the River Lea at Old Ford. A further canal, Limehouse Cut, Londons oldest, leads from locks at Bromley-by-Bow to Limehouse Basin, most of the canal tow-paths are open to both pedestrians and cyclists. Victoria Park was formed by Act of Parliament, and administered by the LCC, since the latter authoritys abolition, the park has been administered by Tower Hamlets. Part of the borough is within the boundary of the Thames Gateway development area, the Hamlets of the Tower paid taxes for the militia in 1646. The London Borough of Tower Hamlets forms the core of the East End and it lies east of the ancient walled City of London and north of the River Thames. Over the course of a century, the East End became synonymous with poverty, overcrowding, disease, the East End developed rapidly during the 19th century. The area attracted large numbers of people looking for employment. Successive waves of immigration began with Huguenot refugees creating a new extramural suburb in Spitalfields in the 17th century. They were followed by Irish weavers, Ashkenazi Jews and, in the 20th century, many of these immigrants worked in the clothing industry. The abundance of semi- and unskilled labour led to low wages and this brought the attentions of social reformers during the mid-18th century and led to the formation of unions and workers associations at the end of the century
3.
Hockey
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Hockey is a family of sports in which two teams play against each other by trying to maneuver a ball or a puck into the opponents goal using a hockey stick. In many areas, one sport is referred to simply as hockey. The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word hockey when he translated the proclamation in 1720, the word hockey itself is of unknown origin. One supposition is that it is a derivative of hoquet, a Middle French word for a shepherds stave, the curved, or hooked ends of the sticks used for hockey would indeed have resembled these staves. Another supposition derives from the use of cork bungs, in place of wooden balls to play the game. The stoppers came from barrels containing hock ale, also called hocky, Games played with curved sticks and a ball can be found in the histories of many cultures. In Inner Mongolia, the Daur people have been playing beikou, most evidence of hockey-like games during the Middle Ages is found in legislation concerning sports and games. The Galway Statute enacted in Ireland in 1527 banned certain types of ball games, by the 19th century, the various forms and divisions of historic games began to differentiate and coalesce into the individual sports defined today. Organizations dedicated to the codification of rules and regulations began to form, Bandy is played with a ball on a football field-sized ice arena, typically outdoors, and with many rules similar to association football. It is played professionally in Russia and Sweden and is considered a sport in Russia. The sport is recognised by the IOC, its governing body is the Federation of International Bandy. Bandy World Championships have been played since 1957 and Womens Bandy World Championships since 2004, there are national club championships in many countries and the top clubs in the world play in the Bandy World Cup every year. Field hockey is played on gravel, natural grass, or sand-based or water-based artificial turf, with a small, hard ball approximately 73 mm in diameter. The game is popular among males and females in many parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa. In most countries, the game is played between single-sex sides, although they can be mixed-sex, the governing body is the 126-member International Hockey Federation. Mens field hockey has played at each Summer Olympic Games since 1908 except for 1912 and 1924. All sticks are right-handed – left-handed sticks are not permitted, while field hockey in its current form appeared in mid-18th century England, primarily in schools, it was not until the first half of the 19th century that it became firmly established. The first club was created in 1849 at Blackheath in south-east London, field hockey is the national sport of Pakistan
4.
Kray twins
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Twin brothers Ronald Ronnie Kray and Reginald Reggie Kray were English gangsters who were the foremost perpetrators of organised crime in the East End of London during the 1950s and 1960s. With their gang, the Firm, the Krays were involved in armed robberies, arson, protection rackets, assaults, as West End nightclub owners, they mixed with politicians and prominent entertainers such as Diana Dors, Frank Sinatra and Judy Garland. The Krays were much feared within their environment, in the 1960s, they became celebrities, being photographed by David Bailey. They were arrested on 8 May 1968 and convicted in 1969, both were sentenced to life imprisonment. Ronnie remained in Broadmoor Hospital until his death on 17 March 1995, Reggie was released from prison on grounds in August 2000. Ronnie and Reggie Kray were born on 24 October 1933 in Hoxton, East London, to Charles David Kray, a gold dealer. The Krays were of Irish, Jewish and Romany Gypsy ancestry and they were identical twins, Reggie being born 10 minutes before Ronnie. Their parents already had a son, Charles James. A sister, Violet, died in infancy, when the twins were three years old, they contracted diphtheria. Ronnie almost died in 1942 from an injury suffered in a fight with Reggie. The twins first attended Wood Close School in Brick Lane, in 1938, the Kray family moved from Stean Street in Hoxton, to 178 Vallance Road in Bethnal Green. At the beginning of the Second World War, 32-year-old Charles Kray was conscripted into the army, the influence of their maternal grandfather, Jimmy Cannonball Lee, caused the brothers to take up amateur boxing, then a popular pastime for working class boys in the East End. Sibling rivalry spurred them on, and both achieved some success and they are said to have never lost a match before turning professional at age 19. The Kray twins were notorious for their gang and its violence, young men were conscripted for national service at this time, and they were called up to serve with the Royal Fusiliers in 1952. They reported, but attempted to leave only a few minutes. The corporal in charge tried to stop them, but Ronnie punched him on the chin, leaving him seriously injured and they were arrested the next morning and were turned over to the army. While absent without leave, they assaulted a police constable who tried to arrest them and they were among the last prisoners held at the Tower of London before being transferred to Shepton Mallet military prison in Somerset for a month to await court-martial. They were convicted and sent to the Buffs Home Counties Brigade Depot jail in Canterbury and their behaviour in prison was so bad that they both received dishonourable discharges from the army
5.
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
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ISIL gained global prominence in early 2014 when it drove Iraqi government forces out of key cities in its Western Iraq offensive, followed by its capture of Mosul and the Sinjar massacre. This group has been designated a terrorist organisation by the United Nations, ISIL is widely known for its videos of beheadings of both soldiers and civilians, including journalists and aid workers, and its destruction of cultural heritage sites. The United Nations holds ISIL responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes, ISIL originated as Jamaat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999, which pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda and participated in the Iraqi insurgency following the 2003 invasion of Iraq by Western forces. The group proclaimed itself a caliphate and began referring to itself as Islamic State or IS in June 2014. As a caliphate, it claims religious, political, and military authority over all Muslims worldwide and its adoption of the name Islamic State and its idea of a caliphate have been widely criticised, with the United Nations, various governments, and mainstream Muslim groups rejecting its statehood. As of 2015, ISIL is estimated to have a budget of more than USD$1 billion. In April 2013, having expanded into Syria, the group adopted the name ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī l-ʿIrāq wa-sh-Shām, while the use of either one or the other acronym has been the subject of debate, the distinction between the two and its relevance has been considered not so great. Of greater relevance is the name Daesh, which is an acronym of ISILs Arabic name al-Dawlah al-Islamīyah fī al-ʻIrāq wa-al-Shām. This name has been used by ISILs Arabic-speaking detractors, although – and to a certain extent because – it is considered derogatory, as it resembles the Arabic words Daes. Within areas under its control, ISIL considers use of the name Daesh punishable by flogging or cutting out the tongue, in late June 2014, the group renamed itself ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah, declaring itself a worldwide caliphate. The name Islamic State and the claim to be a caliphate have been widely rejected, with the UN, various governments. Frances Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius said This is a terrorist group, I do not recommend using the term Islamic State because it blurs the lines between Islam, Muslims, and Islamists. The Arabs call it Daesh and I will be calling them the Daesh cutthroats, the group is very sensitive about its name. They will cut your tongue out even if you call them ISIS – you have to say Islamic State, the Islamic State is mocked on social media websites such as Twitter and YouTube, with the use of hashtags, mock recruiting ads, fake news articles and YouTube videos. ISIL is a theocracy, proto-state and a Salafi or Wahhabi group and it follows an extremist interpretation of Islam, promotes religious violence, and regards Muslims who do not agree with its interpretations as infidels or apostates. According to some observers, ISIL emerged from the ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood and it adheres to global jihadist principles and follows the hard-line ideology of al-Qaeda and many other modern-day jihadist groups. However, other sources trace the roots to Wahhabism. For their guiding principles, the leaders of the Islamic State, are open and clear about their almost exclusive commitment to the Wahhabi movement of Sunni Islam
6.
East London
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East London is a popularly and informally defined part of London, capital of the United Kingdom, lying east of the ancient City and north of the River Thames. East London comprises the whole of six modern London Boroughs – Tower Hamlets, Newham, Waltham Forest, Barking and Dagenham, Redbridge, Havering –, the East End of London is a subset of East London, consisting of areas close to the ancient City of London. The Eastern Postal District is a different subset of East London, the most recent iteration includes the seven boroughs north of the Thames with the addition of three boroughs south of the river. The East End is the old core of East London and there are differing views about how much of East London should be considered part of core area. Aldgate Pump on the edge of the City is a start of East London – more specifically the East End. Tower Bridge is sometimes described in these terms. This well established, but unofficial, definition takes in six modern London boroughs and most of a seventh, the parts of Hackney within East London are, Shoreditch including those parts – notably Hoxton – outside the E postcode area but usually considered part of the core East End. An area closely, but not quite exactly, corresponding to the E5, E8 and this takes in Dalston, central Hackney, Homerton, Hackney Wick and Lower and Upper Clapton. The remaining areas of Hackney are usually considered to be part of north London, as well as extramural parts of the City, East London comprises, The E postcode area was introduced in 1857 to facilitate the distribution of mail. The postcode area is a sub-set of East London, with notable exclusions, Hoxton in Shoreditch which is part of the N postcode area. The eastern suburbs built after the introduction of the E postcode area, London currently has 73 parliamentary constituencies, of which 12 are fully and 4 partially in East London. It is anticipated that after 2018 London’s total will be reduced to 68, the 2011 iteration of the London Plan included an altered ‘East’ region, to be used for planning, engagement, resource allocation and progress reporting purposes. As well as seven boroughs north of the river, the ‘East’ sub-region also includes three boroughs to the south of it, Greenwich, Bexley and Lewisham, East London is located in the lower Thames valley. The marshes along the Thames which once stretched from Wapping to Rainham are almost completely gone. The East End, the old core of modern East London, began with the growth of London beyond the city walls, along the Roman Roads leading from Bishopsgate and Aldgate. Urbanisation accelerated in the 16th century and the area that would become known as the East End began to take shape. The relevance of Strypes reference to the Tower was more than geographical, the East End was the major part of an area called the Tower Division, which owed military service to the Tower of London. Later, as the East End grew and the Tower Division contracted, the westernmost component of the Tower Division was the Ancient Parish of Shoreditch which would become fully urbanised as part of the East End\East London
7.
Raine's Foundation School
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Raines Foundation School is a Church of England voluntary aided school in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Henry Raine, a rich man who lived in Wapping, decided to create a school where poor children could get an education for free. In 1719, the Lower School opened and it has moved many times and the school now has two separate buildings, one for Years 7 and 8, and one for Year 9 and above. From September 2010, due to BSF works the Lower School site will accommodate Years 7 to 8, with Years 9 to 13 remaining at the Upper School. It is situated in the north of Bethnal Green, just to the east of Cambridge Heath Road and half a mile south of the Regents Canal and not far from the Cambridge Heath railway station. It is opposite the London Chest Hospital, just off the Old Ford Road and in the parish of St James-the-Less and it is one of six schools in the borough that has a sixth form. Henry Raine had made a sum of money from selling alcohol. However he was a devout Christian, and he knew that he should use his wealth for good and he decided to found a school where poor children could get a free education. He built it in Wapping, where he lived and named it the Lower School, the Lower School, was designed to provide an education for fifty boys and fifty girls between the ages of 8 and 18 years. They would learn the three Rs, which were reading, writing and arithmetic, Girls however were also taught to sew and to cook, and boys were also made to shovel coal underground for the schools heating, and to scrub the floors. This was done in between periods, in 1736 Henry built and set aside money for a boarding school which would take on forty girls from the Lower School. It was known as Raines Hospital and later Asylum and it would have been quite pleasant, with clothes being provided along with frequent meals. The boys and the girls were separated at first and the boys would be beaten if caught talking to a girl, because of this a fence was put up between the boarding and lower school. It was opened in Silver Street by the Duke of Clarence who was later King William IV, in 1883, the boarding school closed and a new boys and girls school opened in Cannon Street Road. Not all places were free anymore, it was 3d a week for the preparatory school, in 1913, the school moved to Arbour Square in Stepney, the building still stands today and is part of Tower Hamlets College. The separation for boys and girls continued until 1964, even the hall was separated by a folding wooden dividing wall. In 1977, Raines merged with St Judes Secondary School and became a comprehensive school, in 1985, the school moved to Old Bethnal Green Road, and the old Parmiters building in Approach Road. Both are in Bethnal Green and remain there until today, the Upper School site is being redeveloped from Summer 2010 as part of the Building Schools for the Future project
8.
Ofsted
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The Office for Standards in Education, Childrens Services and Skills is a non-ministerial department of the UK government, reporting to Parliament via the Department for Education. Ofsted is responsible for inspecting a range of institutions, including state schools. It also inspects childcare, adoption and fostering agencies and initial teacher training, the official position of the Chief Inspector is appointed by an Order-in-Council and thus becomes an office holder under the Crown. The current office holder is Amanda Spielman, since 2017, since August 2016 the Interim Chair of Ofsted has been James Kempton, to monitor the effectiveness of the grant, two inspectors of schools were appointed in 1837, Seymour Tremenheere and the Rev. John Allen. Dr. James Kay-Shuttleworth, then secretary of the Privy Council education committee, the grant and inspection system was extended in 1847 to Roman Catholic elementary schools established by the Catholic Poor School Committee. Inspectors were organised on denominational lines, with the churches having a say in the choice of inspectors, until 1876, after the Education Act 1902, inspections were expanded to state-funded secondary schools along similar lines. Over time, more inspections were carried out by inspectors based in local education authorities, previously this was done by 150 local authorities, based on their implementation by 1992 of the Daycare Standards provisions of the 1989 Children Act. Schedule 11 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006 changed the way in which Ofsted works without significantly changing the provision, in April 2007 the former Office for Standards in Education merged with the Adult Learning Inspectorate to provide an inspection service that includes all post-16 government funded education. It also monitors the work of the Independent Schools Inspectorate, Ofsted distributes its functions amongst its offices in London, Manchester, Nottingham, and Bristol. The current Chief Inspector is Amanda Spielman, who was appointed in January 2017 replacing Sir Michael Wilshaw, between 2011 and 2016, Amanda was chair of Ofqual, the qualifications regulator. From 2005 she was a member of the leadership team at the academy chain Ark Schools, where she became Research and Policy Director and an education adviser to Ark. She previously spent more than 15 years in consulting, finance and investment at KPMG, Kleinwort Benson, Mercer Management Consulting. Ofsted directly employs Her Majestys Inspectors, who are appointed by the Queen in Council. As of July 2009 there were 443 HMIs, of whom 82 were engaged in management,245 in the inspection of schools, all HMIs inspecting schools have teaching experience. Most school inspections were carried out by Additional Inspectors employed by external companies known as Regional Inspection Service Providers, as of July 2009 there were 1,948 AIs, of whom 1,567 inspect schools. A further scandal surrounded headteachers dismissed following poor OFSTED reports being hired as inspectors, in 2015, 40% of additional inspectors who wanted to continue working for OFSTED were not re-hired after a contractual change. An HMI accompanies an AI on 6–7% of inspections, including 75% of those of secondary schools, reports produced by RISPs must be checked and signed off by HMI, sometimes with amendments, before publication. New Additional Inspectors must be monitored and signed off by HMI before working independently, an adverse report may include a recommendation for further intervention in the running of the school
9.
Department for Education
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The Department for Education is a department of Her Majestys Government responsible for child protection, education, apprenticeships and wider skills in England. The DfE is also responsible for women and equalities policy, the DfE was formed on 12 May 2010 by the incoming Cameron ministry, taking on the responsibilities and resources of the Department for Children, Schools and Families. In July 2016, the Department took over responsibilities for higher and further education and for apprenticeship from the dissolved Department for Business, Innovation, the Permanent Secretary is Jonathan Slater. DfE is responsible for education, children’s services, higher and further education policy, apprenticeships and wider skills in England, and equalities. The predecessor department employed the equivalent of 2,695 staff as of April 2008 and as at June 2016, in 2015-16, the DfE has a budget of £58. 2bn, which includes £53. 6bn resource spending and £4. 6bn of capital investments. The EFA was formed on 1 April 2012 by bringing together the functions of two non-departmental public bodies, the Young Peoples Learning Agency and Partnerships for Schools and it was established on 1 April 2013, when the Teaching Agency merged with the National College for School Leadership. The Skills Funding Agency is responsible for funding skills training for further education in England, as well as running the National Apprenticeship Service, the SFA was formed on 1 April 2010, following the closure of the Learning and Skills Council. It shares a Chief Executive, Peter Lauener, and Chief Financial Officer with the Education Funding Agency, the Standards and Testing Agency is responsible for developing and delivering all statutory assessments for school pupils in England. It was formed on 1 October 2011 and took over the functions of the Qualifications, the STA is regulated by the examinations regulator, Ofqual. The DfE is also supported by 10 public bodies, Education, youth, following Michael Goves speech in 2012, the subject of Information Communication Technology has been disapplied and replaced by Computing. With the new curriculum, materials have been written by companies, to support non-specialist teachers. The Computing at Schools organisation has created a Network of Teaching Excellence to support schools with the new curriculum, deflecting European Union influence on national education policy-making, the case of the United Kingdom. Official website Official department YouTube channel Official Flickr presence
10.
Academy (English school)
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Academy schools are state-funded schools in England which are directly funded by the Department for Education and independent of local authority control. The terms of the arrangements are set out in individual Academy Funding Agreements, however, some primary schools, as well as some of the remaining first, middle and high schools, are also academies. Academies are self-governing non-profit charitable trusts and may receive support from personal or corporate sponsors. They do not have to follow the National Curriculum, but do have to ensure that their curriculum is broad and balanced, and they are subject to inspection by Ofsted. The following are all types of academy, Sponsored academy, A formerly maintained school that has transformed to academy status as part of a government intervention strategy. They are consequently run by a Government-approved sponsor and they are sometimes referred to as traditional academies. Converter academy, A formerly maintained school that has converted to academy status. It is not necessary for an academy to have a sponsor. Free school, Free schools are new academies established since 2011 via the Free School Programme, from May 2015, usage of the term was also extended to new academies set up via a Local Authority competition. The majority of schools are similar in size and shape to other types of academy. An academy trust that operates more than one academy is known as an Academy Chain, an Academy Chain is a group of schools working together under a shared academy structure that is either an Umbrella Trust or a Multi-Academy Trust. An academy with an official designation is sometimes referred to as a Faith Academy. Like other state funded schools, academies are required to adhere to the National Admissions Code, in terms of their governance, academies are established as companies limited by guarantee with a Board of Directors that acts as a Trust. The Academy Trust has exempt charity status, regulated by the Department for Education, the trustees are legally, but not financially, accountable for the operation of the academy. The Trust serves as the entity of which the school is part. The trustees oversee the running of the school, sometimes delegating responsibility to a governing body which they appoint. The day-to-day management of the school is, as in most schools, conducted by the Head Teacher, in Sponsored Academies, the sponsor is able to influence the process of establishing the school, including its curriculum, ethos, specialism and building. The sponsor also has the power to appoint governors to the governing body
