1.
Multiple-camera setup
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The multiple-camera setup, multiple-camera mode of production, multi-camera or simply multicam is a method of filmmaking and video production. Several cameras—either film or professional video cameras—are employed on the set and it is often contrasted with single-camera setup, which uses one camera. In this way, multiple shots are obtained in a single take without having to start and this is more efficient for programs that are to be shown a short time after being shot as it reduces the time spent film editing or video editing the footage. It is also a necessity for regular, high-output shows like daily soap operas. It also reduces the complexity of tracking continuity issues that crop up when the scene is reshot from the different angles and it is an essential part of live television. These can be hidden from just one camera but can be more complicated to set up. Another drawback is in film usage—a four-camera setup will use up to four times as much film per take, while shooting, the director and assistant director create a line cut by instructing the technical director to switch between the feed from the individual cameras. In the case of sitcoms with studio audiences, this cut is typically displayed to them on studio monitors. The line cut might be refined later in editing, as often the output from all cameras is recorded, both separately and as a combined reference display called the q split. The camera currently being recorded to the cut is indicated by a tally light controlled by a camera control unit on the camera as a reference both for the actors and the camera operators. When sound came into the picture multiple cameras were used to film sets at a single time. Early sound was recorded onto wax discs that could not be edited, the BBC routinely used multiple cameras for their live television shows from 1936 onward. Desilus innovation was to use 35mm film instead of 16mm and to film with a multiple-camera setup before a studio audience. In the late 1970s, Garry Marshall was credited with adding the fourth camera to the multi-camera set-up for his series Mork & Mindy, soon after, many productions followed suit and now having four cameras is the norm for multi-camera situation comedies. The multiple-camera method gives the director less control over each shot but is faster, in television, multiple-camera is commonly used for sports programs, news programs, soap operas, talk shows, game shows, and some sitcoms. Before the pre-filmed continuing series became the dominant dramatic form on American television, multiple cameras can take different shots of a live situation as the action unfolds chronologically and is suitable for shows which require a live audience. For this reason, multiple camera productions can be filmed or taped much faster than single camera, multiple-camera sitcoms were more simplified but have been compared to theatre work due to its similar set-up and use of theatre-experienced actors and crew members. The majority of British sitcoms and dramas from the 1950s to the early 1990s were made using four cameras, unlike the United States, the development of completed filmed programming, using the single camera method, was limited for several decades
2.
Military camouflage
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Military camouflage is the use of camouflage by a military force to protect personnel and equipment from observation by enemy forces. The French slang word camouflage came into common English usage during World War I when the concept of visual deception developed into a part of modern military tactics. In that war, long-range artillery and observation from the air combined to expand the field of fire, as such, military camouflage is a form of military deception. Camouflage was first practiced in simple form in the mid 18th century by jäger- or rifle units and their tasks required them to be inconspicuous, and they were issued green and later other drab colour uniforms. Many modern camouflage textiles address visibility not only to light but also near infrared. Camouflage is not only visual, heat, sound, magnetism and even smell can be used to target weapons, some forms of camouflage have elements of scale invariance, designed to disrupt outlines at different distances, typically digital camouflage patterns made of pixels. Camouflage for equipment and positions was extensively developed for use by the French in 1915. In both world wars, artists were recruited as camouflage officers, ship camouflage developed via conspicuous dazzle camouflage schemes during WWI, but since the development of radar, ship camouflage has received less attention. Aircraft, especially in World War II, were painted with different schemes above and below, to camouflage them against the ground. Military camouflage patterns have been popular in fashion and art from as early as 1915, Camouflage patterns have appeared in the work of artists such as Andy Warhol and Ian Hamilton Finlay, sometimes with an anti-war message. In fashion, many designers have exploited camouflages style and symbolism. Military camouflage is part of the art of military deception, the main objective of military camouflage is to deceive the enemy as to the presence, position and intentions of military formations. Camouflage techniques include concealment, disguise, and dummies, applied to troops, vehicles, vision is the main sense of orientation in humans, and the primary function of camouflage is to deceive the human eye. Camouflage works through concealment, mimicry, or possibly by dazzle, in modern warfare, some forms of camouflage, for example face paints, also offer concealment from infrared sensors, while CADPAT textiles in addition help to provide concealment from radar. While camouflage tricks are in principle limitless, both cost and practical considerations limit the choice of methods and the time and effort devoted to camouflage, paint and uniforms must also protect vehicles and soldiers from the elements. Units need to move, fire their weapons and perform tasks to keep functional. No single camouflage pattern is effective in all terrains, the effectiveness of a pattern depends on contrast as well as colour tones. Terrain-specific camouflage patterns, made to match the terrain, may be more effective in that terrain than more general patterns
3.
MultiCam
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MultiCam is a Crye Precision camouflage pattern designed for use in a wide range of conditions. Variants of it, some unlicensed, are in use with armed forces, the pattern is also sold for civilian usage. First introduced in 2002, MultiCam was designed for the use of the U. S. Army in varied environments, seasons, elevations and it is a seven-color, multi-environment camouflage pattern developed by Crye Precision in conjunction with United States Army Soldier Systems Center. However, it was re-commissioned by the U. S. Army in 2010, replacing UCP for units deploying to the War in Afghanistan and it had already been used by some American special operations units and civilian law enforcement agencies. MultiCam is available for sale to civilians. A version of MultiCam has been adopted by the forces of the United Kingdom as the Multi-Terrain Pattern. MTP retains the color palette of Multicam but incorporates shapes similar to the previous DPM scheme, after using the Multicam scheme in Afghanistan, Australia has also adopted its own version, combining the pattern of Multicam with the color palette of its earlier DPCU / Auscam pattern. On 25 November 2013, Crye Precision unveiled a family of MultiCam variants, the variants are designed for arid, tropic and snow-covered environments, plus a black variant for use by law enforcement tactical teams. This allows for the appearance to change from greenish to brownish in different areas of the fabric. A non-licensed copy of the pattern is slightly darker or with pink or yellow tone. Another non-licensed copy, called Suez pattern, similar to original MultiCam, is used by Polish special forces GROM, BOA and BOR. The MultiCam color scheme in Hex triplet is as follows, Not Black 3B2F23, Coyote brown 81613E, Dead Veg A4B167, Lightish Tannish D6D2B4, Cucumber Slumber 4E693B, Troops with greater levels of concealment across the range of terrains in Afghanistan – urban, desert and green. Previously, depending upon the terrain, Australian troops had to transition between green and desert colored Australian Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniforms, the Australian Army decided to standardize MultiCam-patterned uniforms starting in October 2014 called the Australian Multicam Camouflage Uniform. Previous Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniforms and Australian MultiCam Pattern Operational Combat Uniforms will be worn until all Army personnel have been issued with the AMCU, the Chilean Marine Corps, Chilean Naval Special Warfare Division, and the Chilean Air Force Commandos adopted Multicam in 2009. Multicam is the standard uniform of the Chilean Marine Corps. A domestic variant of MultiCam is in use with the Georgian Armed Forces as standard issue for all military branches as well as units of the MIA. The pattern got adopted somewhere in 2010 replacing the DWC and MARPAT, a modified version of MultiCam has been adopted by the some of Polish Special Forces. A version of MultiCam has been adopted by the Federal Security Service, the colors of the MultiCam pattern were also in the development of the British Forces Multi Terrain Pattern used by UKSF in Afghanistan
4.
Iraq War
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The Iraq War was a protracted armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that toppled the government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3–4 years of conflict and it became re-involved in 2014 at the head of a new coalition, the insurgency and many dimensions of the civil armed conflict continue. The invasion began on 20 March 2003, with the U. S. joined by the United Kingdom and several allies, launching a shock. Iraqi forces were overwhelmed as U. S. forces swept through the country. The invasion led to the collapse of the Baathist government, President Hussein was captured during Operation Red Dawn in December of that same year, the United States responded with a troop surge in 2007. The winding down of U. S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President Barack Obama, the U. S. formally withdrew all combat troops from Iraq by December 2011. Select U. S. officials accused Saddam of harboring and supporting al-Qaeda, while others cited the desire to end a repressive dictatorship, after the invasion, no substantial evidence was found to verify the initial claims about WMDs. The rationale and misrepresentation of pre-war intelligence faced heavy criticism within the U. S. in the aftermath of the invasion, Iraq held multi-party elections in 2005. Nouri al-Maliki became Prime Minister in 2006 and remained in office until 2014, the al-Maliki government enacted policies that were widely seen as having the effect of alienating the countrys Sunni minority and worsening sectarian tensions. The Iraq War caused hundreds of thousands of civilian, and thousands of military casualties, the majority of casualties occurred as a result of the insurgency and civil conflicts between 2004 and 2007. A1990 Frontline report on The arming of Iraq said, Officially, most Western nations participated in an arms embargo against Iraq during the 1980s. Western companies, primarily in Germany and Great Britain, but also in the United States, sold Iraq the key technology for its chemical, missile, any Western governments seemed remarkably indifferent, if not enthusiastic, about those deals. N Washington, the government consistently followed a policy which allowed and perhaps encouraged the growth of Saddam Husseins arsenal. The Western arming of Iraq took place in the context of the Iran-Iraq War, prior to September 2002, the CIA was the George W. Bush administrations main provider of intelligence on Iraq. The agency was out to disprove linkage between Iraq and terrorism the Pentagon adviser told me, the U. N. had prohibited Iraq from developing or possessing such weapons after the Gulf War and required Iraq to permit inspections confirming compliance. This was confirmed by The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, during 2002, Bush repeatedly warned of military action against Iraq unless inspections were allowed to progress unfettered. In accordance with U. N. Security Council Resolution 1441, Iraq agreed to new inspections under United Nations Monitoring, as part of its weapons inspection obligations, Iraq was required to supply a full declaration of its current weapons capabilities and manufacturing
5.
Army Combat Shirt
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The Army Combat Shirt is a flame-resistant shirt developed for the United States Army as an addition to the Army Combat Uniform. The ACS is a shirt designed specifically for use with Improved Outer Tactical Vest armor in warm. It is intended to increase user comfort through the use of lightweight, moisture-wicking. The ACS was created in conjunction with the USMCs Flame Resistant Organizational Gear, the ACS, in conjunction with the Fire Resistant ACU trousers, provides head-to-toe protection against burns. Traditionally, flame-resistant uniforms have been reserved for military personnel such as aviators, fuel handlers, however, the increasing frequency of improvised explosive devices in Afghanistan and Iraq has greatly increased the number of troops in need of flame-resistant clothing and uniforms. In January 2007, the Army began shipping 160,000 flame-resistant Nomex uniforms for soldiers assigned to convoy operations. However, the Nomex uniforms restricted air movement more than the traditional Cotton/Nylon ACU and were hotter for soldiers to wear, Army equipment officials developed the ACS to provide soldiers with a lightweight, breathable alternative to the Nomex ACU. No-seam shoulders minimize rubbing or chafing against armor, with the adoption of the MultiCam uniform for wear in Afghanistan, there is now a version made with a tan body and MultiCam sleeves. The features of both shirts are the same, the ACS is constructed of three flame-resistant performance fabrics proprietary to TenCate Protective Fabrics or Massif Mountain Gear Company. The shirt’s torso is constructed of two highly breathable flame-resistant fabrics with advanced moisture management capabilities, both fabrics wick moisture away from the skin and dry rapidly, preventing the fabrics from sticking to the user’s skin and greatly increasing comfort under body armor. The sleeves and side panels of the shirt are constructed of a lightweight, all three fabrics feature 4-way stretch for enhanced performance and user comfort. A second version of the Army Combat Shirt, designated the Winter Army Combat Shirt, has released by Massif. Almost identical to the standard ACS, the winter variant uses a number of flame-resistant insulating fabrics to keep the wearer warm in cold weather and it is designed to be worn under body armor
6.
Army Combat Uniform
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The Army Combat Uniform and its flame-retardant variant, the Flame-Resistant Army Combat Uniform, are the current battle uniforms worn by the United States Army. First unveiled in June 2004, it is the successor to the Battle Dress Uniform and Desert Camouflage Uniform worn from the 1980s through the early 2000s and it features a number of design changes, as well as a different camouflage pattern from its predecessor. The ACU and its component materials are manufactured by the industrial infrastructure which produced the now-obsolete BDU. Official military-grade ACUs are made of 50% nylon and 50% cotton, all other blends are not official issue. The U. S. Army uses the Universal Camouflage Pattern, which blends tan, gray and green to work equally in desert, woodland and it is similar to the United States Marine Corps MARPAT and Canadian CADPAT camouflage scheme on which it was based. The color scheme of the Army Combat Uniform is composed of a gray, desert sand. The shade black was omitted from the uniform since it is visible both to the naked eye and to modern optics. However, it does utilize several shades of grey ranging from light to extremely dark. Pure black, when viewed through night vision devices, appears excessively dark and this pattern is scheduled for retirement on 30 September 2019. U. S. Army soldiers deployed to Afghanistan are issued an Army-developed variant of the Crye Precision MultiCam pattern, since late 2010, all U. S. Army soldiers deploying in support of Operation Enduring Freedom were issued flame-resistant ACUs in the Operation Enduring Freedom Camouflage Pattern. These uniforms are designed to prevent third-degree burns, along with up to thirty percent of second degree burns, additionally, the uniforms are treated with the chemical permethrin to help protect soldiers from insect-borne diseases like malaria. This particular version has replaced by the newer ACU in the Operational Camouflage Pattern. In May 2014, the Army unofficially announced that the Scorpion W2 camouflage pattern would replace the UCP on the Army Combat Uniform, the original Scorpion pattern was developed at United States Army Soldier Systems Center by Crye Precision in 2002 for the Objective Force Warrior program. Crye later modified and trademarked their version of the pattern as MultiCam, Scorpion W2 resembles MultiCam with muted greens, light beige, and dark brown colors, but uses fewer beige and brown patches and no vertical twig and branch elements. On 31 July 2014, the Army formally announced that the Scorpion W2 pattern, officially named the Operational Camouflage Pattern, the UCP pattern is planned to be fully replaced by the OCP in the ACU by 1 October 2019. ACUs printed in OCP first became available for purchase on 1 July 2015, with deployed soldiers already being issued uniforms, the Army Combat Uniform features hook-and-loop fasteners, also known by the genericized trademark velcro, on its sleeve pockets. The cost to each soldier is $120 per uniform, compared to $58 for a 1980s-to-early-2000s-style BDU, insignia and tags, such as name and branch tapes, are extra purchases. Near Infrared Signature Management Technology is incorporated to minimize the infrared silhouette, permanent IR IFF squares are sewn to each shoulder to help identify friendly personnel when night vision devices are used, and are protected by Velcro tabs in garrison or when not in use
7.
Camouflage
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Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier. A third approach, motion dazzle, confuses the observer with a pattern, making the object visible. The majority of camouflage methods aim for crypsis, often through a general resemblance to the background, high contrast disruptive coloration, eliminating shadow, and countershading. Some animals, such as chameleons and octopuses, are capable of changing their skin pattern and colours. Military camouflage was spurred by the range and accuracy of firearms in the 19th century. In particular the replacement of the inaccurate musket with the rifle made personal concealment in battle a survival skill, in the 20th century, military camouflage developed rapidly, especially during the First World War. On land, artists such as André Mare designed camouflage schemes, at sea, merchant ships and troop carriers were painted in dazzle patterns that were highly visible, but designed to confuse enemy submarines as to the targets speed, range, and heading. During and after the Second World War, a variety of schemes were used for aircraft. The use of radar since the century has largely made camouflage for fixed-wing military aircraft obsolete. Non-military use of camouflage includes making cell telephone towers less obtrusive, patterns derived from military camouflage are frequently used in fashion clothing, exploiting their strong designs and sometimes their symbolism. Camouflage themes recur in modern art, and both figuratively and literally in science fiction and works of literature, in ancient Greece, Aristotle commented on the colour-changing abilities, both for camouflage and for signalling, of cephalopods including the octopus, in his Historia animalium, The octopus. Seeks its prey by so changing its colour as to render it like the colour of the adjacent to it, it does so also when alarmed. Camouflage has been a topic of interest and research in zoology for well over a century, the English zoologist Edward Bagnall Poulton studied animal coloration, especially camouflage. In his 1890 book The Colours of Animals, he classified different types such as special protective resemblance and his experiments showed that swallowtailed moth pupae were camouflaged to match the backgrounds on which they were reared as larvae. Among vertebrates numerous species of parrots, iguanas, tree-frogs, beddard did however briefly mention other methods, including the alluring coloration of the flower mantis and the possibility of a different mechanism in the orange tip butterfly. He wrote that the scattered green spots upon the surface of the wings might have been intended for a rough sketch of the small flowerets of the plant. The artist Abbott Handerson Thayer formulated what is sometimes called Thayers Law, Thayer was roundly mocked for these views by critics including Teddy Roosevelt
8.
United States Army Soldier Systems Center
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The SSC occupies 78 acres at its main Natick campus and has an additional 46 acres in neighboring communities. The main campus is located to the northwest of Natick center, the SSC includes facilities designed to research and test both materials, advanced technologies and human performance under simulated environmental extremes. The requirement for improved combat rations has led to groundbreaking developments in the field of food irradiation, improved body armor, new military parachuting technology, and enhanced military garments designed for a variety of environments are all ongoing efforts. Construction of the Quartermaster Research Facility at Natick, authorized by Congress in October 1949, a year later, the QRF was redesignated as the Quartermaster Research and Development Center and four years later as the Quartermaster Research and Engineering Command. July 1961 saw the activation of the U. S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine at Natick, in November 1962, the QREC was redesignated as Natick Laboratories and the following year the Food and Container Institute moved to Natick. July 1967 saw the Navy Clothing and Textile Research Facility relocate to Natick, Natick Laboratories became a subordinate element to the Troop Support Command in July 1973 and was redesignated two years later as the U. S. Army Natick Development Center and reassigned to the AMC. The NDC was redesignated the U. S. Army Natick Research and Development Command in January 1976 and assigned to the U. S. Army Materiel Development and Readiness Command. In October 1992, the NRDC was redesignated the U. S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, a U. S. Army Soldier Systems Command was activated at Natick in November 1994. The Sustainment & Readiness Directorate became the Integrated Material Management Center in October 1997, SSC merged with the Chemical Biological Defense Command to become the Soldier and Biological Chemical Command in October 1998. At this time the installation was renamed the United States Army Soldier Systems Center, the United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, a subordinate lab of the U. S. Army Medical Research and Material Command, headquartered at Fort Detrick, MD, USA. U. S. Army Natick Laboratories, The Science Behind the Soldier, Arcadia Publishing
9.
Desert Camouflage Uniform
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The Desert Camouflage Uniform is an American arid-environment camouflage uniform used by the United States Armed Forces. In terms of pattern and cut, it is identical to the U. S. As a replacement pattern, this meant a new region had to be utilized to test the effectiveness of the DCU. Desert soil samples from parts of the Middle East, namely Saudi Arabia, fielded in 1991, the DCU served as the U. S. Armys primary desert combat pattern from 1992 to 2004. In June 2004, the Army introduced a new style pattern called UCP. In 2005, the DCU and the BDU was discontinued within the U. S. Army, following the Army, the United States Marine Corps began issuing the DCU from 1993 through 1995 and remained the Marine Corps standard arid combat uniform from 1993 to 2002. In January 2002, the U. S. Marine Corps became the first branch to both its BDUs and DCUs with the Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform, completely replacing them in October 2004. Along with the Army, the Air Force began issuing the DCU in 1992, the U. S. Air Force officially replaced the BDU and DCU on November 1,2011 with the Airman Battle Uniform. The United States Navy issued the DCU from 1993 until 2010 when it was replaced by the variant of the Navy Working Uniform. The U. S. Navy has authorized a replacement uniform of its own for the U. S. Navy SEALs while maintaining it for other NECC ground units, the DCU was introduced to the Coast Guard sometime in the 1990s. As of the early 2010s, the DCU is still issued to members of the U. S. Coast Guard when deployed to Southwest Asia or arid regions, FAS page with descriptions and pictures of BDU camouflage patterns GlobalSecurity page detailing Desert BDU militaryclothing. com/img/DCU%20Quick%20Find. JPG
10.
U.S. Woodland
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It is a four color, high contrast disruptive pattern with irregular markings in sand, brown, green and black. Woodland pattern is identical to ERDL, but is printed from an enlargement of the original, the ERDL pattern was enlarged and the borders of the splotches were re-drawn to make them less regular. Part of the pattern was left off the later pattern because the enlargement made them no longer fit on the width of the bolt of cloth. The pattern does not repeat horizontally across the width of the bolt, the effect of enlarging the pattern was to make the pattern more visible at a distance, avoiding blobbing, where smaller areas of color seem to blend into larger blobs. This also gave the pattern a higher contrast, making it out more sharply at close distances. Digital and Flecktarn camouflage patterns resolve this problem by using a range of sizes to give a similar effect whatever the distance. These changes reflected a shift in the focus of the United States military from an extremely close-range war in Vietnam to a longer-range battlespace on the fields of Europe. In the U. S. Army, the Woodland Pattern BDU was replaced by the digital Universal Camouflage Pattern Army Combat Uniform in 2004. The U. S. Navy retains the Woodland Pattern BDU for specific units and organizations, such as the U. S. Navy SEALs, sailors have otherwise transitioned to the Navy Working Uniform. Regular Marines competing in Exercise Combined Resolve II at Grafenwoehr Training Area, Germany, the Air Force dropped the Woodland Pattern BDU when they went to the Airman Battle Uniform in 2011 which uses a modern incarnation of the Tigerstripe pattern. The USAFs civilian auxiliary retains the Woodland Pattern BDU as a utility uniform along with ABU, several state defense forces use the Woodland Pattern BDU. Various U. S law enforcement and SWAT teams use the pattern for their personnel as well. United States Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratory
11.
Universal Camouflage Pattern
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The Universal Camouflage Pattern, also referred to as ACUPAT or Digital Camouflage, is the military camouflage pattern used in the United States Armys Army Combat Uniform. Its pixelated pattern is a modification of the United States Marine Corps MARPAT camouflage pattern which is similar to the Canadian CADPAT scheme, the effectiveness of the pattern was questioned, leading to several research programs being conducted to modify or replace the current standard issue pattern. In July 2014, the Army announced that Scorpion W2 had been selected as the replacement pattern, three patterns were developed, called All Over Brush, Track, and Shadow/Line. For each pattern, there were four color combinations, which corresponded to a type of terrain, however. There were fifteen evaluations, which place at Fort Benning, Fort Polk, Fort Irwin, Fort Lewis. The camouflage patterns were then rated on their blending, brightness, contrast, and detection by U. S. Army soldiers, during the daytime, following testing, the Shadow Line pattern was eliminated entirely, along with the urban and desert/urban patterns of All Over Brush. All four of the Track patterns were accepted along with All Over Brushs woodland, the patterns were then modified and tested alongside a newly introduced Contractor-Developed Mod pattern, MultiCam. Near Infrared testing determined that black, medium gray, and medium tan were the colors that gave acceptable performance. All four remaining patterns, desert Brush, MultiCam, Woodland Track, and Urban Track were then tested alongside each other in urban, woodland, the desert Brush design received the best overall mean daytime visual rating. Contractor developed pattern received highest rating in woodland environments, but low ratings in desert, Urban Track was generally the 3rd or 4th worst performer at each site, but was the best performer in nighttime environments. Infrared testing showed negligible differences in the performance of the four patterns, Natick rated the patterns from best to worst as, Desert Brush, Woodland Track Mod, Contractor-Developed Mod, and Urban Track. The color scheme of the Army Combat Uniform is composed of tan, gray, the pattern is notable for its elimination of the color black. Justification given for the omission of black was that black is a color not commonly found in nature, pure black, when viewed through night vision goggles, can appear excessively dark and create an undesirable high-contrast image. This argument was not accepted by the Canadian forces or the Marine Corps when they adopted the preceding CADPAT and MARPAT patterns respectively. The U. S. Army reported to the media that the basis for the UCP was the Urban Track pattern, why the Urban Track pattern was used, given that it received the poorest ratings in visual detection from the Natick Soldier Centers testing, was unexplained. This also means that the new UCP pattern never underwent proper field testing, some soldiers have reported that the pattern is less than ideal in most environments, particularly jungle and tropical terrain. As the U. S. Army is involved in the Middle East, the Army is evaluating alternative camouflage patterns to determine if this was a necessary action. In recent tests conducted by the U. S. Armys Natick Soldier Center, four commercial submissions were tested to replace UCP for Army use
12.
Future Force Warrior
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Future Force Warrior was a United States military advanced technology demonstration project that was part of the Future Combat Systems project. The FFW project sought to create a lightweight, fully integrated infantryman combat system, however, the stated concept was not U. S. The Armys plan was to introduce the subsystems in spirals every two years, instead of one large rollout every ten years, the U. S. military hoped to develop a fully realized end product sometime in 2032, incorporating research from U. C. Berkeleys BLEEX exoskeleton project and the Massachusetts Institute of Technologys Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies into a final design and this was one of the most important parts. Nett Warrior – named after Col. Robert B, Future Force Warrior was a futuristic research project with real deliverables folded into the Nett Warrior program. The Headgear Subsystem was the situational awareness hub of the system, described as Survivability Central, was intended to contain a trio of layers, the Protective Outer Layer, the Power Centric Layer, and the Life Critical Layer. If necessary, the WPSM can notify medics and commanders if the soldier has been wounded or has become fatigued. The Microclimate Cooling System, built into the Life Critical Layer, would have been a network of narrow tubing to provide heating or cooling to the soldier, up to 100 watts. The Power Subsystem, built into the Power Centric Layer, would be fed by the Duration Central, according to the concept, ten ounces of fuel would power the soldiers integrated electronics ensemble for up to 6 days. Polymeric nanofiber battery patches embedded in the headgear and weapon provide back-up power for three hours, the system consists of components integrated to maximize safe aircraft operation and sustain aircrews throughout the flight environment. The ongoing Block 2 technology insertion program provided an Electronic Data Manager, general Dynamics C4 Systems was the Block 3 Systems Integrator. The Block 3 system was focused on increasing force effectiveness by improving situational awareness, the Air Warrior Block 3 system was intended to be compatible with multiple helicopter types, including the CH-47 Chinook, OH-58D Kiowa Warrior, AH-64 Apache and UH-60 Blackhawk. Additional Block 3 capabilities were being defined through the requirements analysis, multiCam, the camouflage pattern and clothing used in many FFW examples. Micropower Cognitive Technology Threat Warning System, a DARPA project aimed at integrating AI research, and sensory data to create a portable warning-alert system
13.
United States Special Operations Command
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The command is part of the Department of Defense and is the only Unified Combatant Command legislated into being by the U. S. Congress. USSOCOM is headquartered at MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa, Florida, the idea of a unified special operations command had its origins in the aftermath of Operation Eagle Claw, the disastrous attempted rescue of hostages at the American embassy in Iran in 1980. Since its activation on 16 April 1987, U. S, Special Operations Command has participated in many operations, from the 1989 invasion of Panama to the ongoing Global War on Terrorism. Since the incident, the Army Chief of Staff, General Edward C, shy Meyer, called for a further restructuring of special operations capabilities, eventually helping to create the U. S. By 1983, there was a small but growing sense in the Congress for the need for military reforms, in June, the Senate Armed Services Committee began a two-year-long study of the Defense Department, which included an examination of SOF spearheaded by Senator Barry Goldwater. The Joint Special Operations Agency thus did little to improve SOF readiness, capabilities, or policies, within the Defense Department, there were a few staunch SOF supporters. Noel Koch, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, at the same time, a few on Capitol Hill were determined to overhaul United States Special Operations Forces. Senators Nunn and Cohen also felt strongly that the Department of Defense was not preparing adequately for future threats, Senator Cohen agreed that the U. S. needed a clearer organizational focus and chain of command for special operations to deal with low-intensity conflicts. In October 1985, the Senate Armed Services Committee published the results of its review of the U. S. military structure, entitled Defense Organization. Mr. James R. Locher III, the author of this study, also examined past special operations. This influential document led to the Goldwater-Nichols Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, by spring 1986, SOF advocates had introduced reform bills in both houses of Congress. Congress held hearings on the two bills in the summer of 1986, Admiral William J. Crowe Jr. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, led the Pentagons opposition to the bills. He proposed, as an alternative, a new Special Operations Forces command led by a three-star general and this proposal was not well received on Capitol Hill—Congress wanted a four-star general in charge to give SOF more clout. A number of retired officers and others testified in favor of the need for reform. By most accounts, retired Army Major General Richard Scholtes gave the most compelling reasons for change, after his formal testimony, Scholtes met privately with a small number of Senators to elaborate on the problems that he had encountered in Grenada. Both the House and Senate passed SOF reform bills, and these went to a committee for reconciliation. Senate and House conferees forged a compromise, the final bill, attached as a rider to the 1987 Defense Authorization Act, amended the Goldwater-Nichols Act and was signed into law in October 1986. Congress clearly intended to force DOD and the Administration to face up to the realities of past failures, DOD and the Administration were responsible for implementing the law, and Congress subsequently had to pass two additional bills to ensure proper implementation
14.
Multi-Terrain Pattern
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The Multi-Terrain Pattern is a camouflage pattern printed on equipment issued to British forces. As part of the British Ministry of Defences Personal Equipment and Common Operational Clothing programme, desert DPM uniforms were to be retained but later entirely replaced alongside Woodland DPM. As of 2017, the UK may be shifting to a new Urban Pattern, in light of future operations away from Afghanistan and the Middle East. The MTP camouflage design was intended to perform consistently across a range of environments encountered. British Troops in Afghanistan operate in a landscape, including desert, woodland, mountains. The current HM Armed Forces camouflage were then tested alongside off-the-shelf multi-terrain camouflage, the tests were against terrain that soldiers are likely to encounter across the landscape in Afghanistan. A wide range of colours were trialled in Britain, Cyprus, Kenya. Camouflage patterns were compared with in-service and commercially available patterns — including those from Crye Precision in the United States, the MTP pattern itself was not trialled against other patterns and its adoption was based solely on its similarity to the original Crye Multicam pattern. Malta, Standard uniform of the Armed Forces of Malta since 2014, United Kingdom, Standard issue battlefield dress of the British Armed Forces. Falkland Islands, Falkland Islands Defence Force, United States patent, number US D659,406 S for Multi-Terrain Pattern Official Cyre Precision website
15.
Arid
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A region is arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. Environments subject to arid climates tend to lack vegetation and are called xeric or desertic, most arid climates surround the equator, these places include most of Africa and parts of South America, Central America and Australia. The distribution of aridity observed at any one point in time is largely the result of the circulation of the atmosphere. The latter does change significantly over time through climate change, for example, temperature increase across the Nile Basin over the next 30–40 years could change the region from semi-arid to arid, resulting in a significant reduction in agricultural land. In addition, changes in use can result in greater demands on soil water. Durrenberger, R. W. Arid Climates, article in The Encyclopedia of Climatology, p. 92-101, Edited by J. E. Oliver and R. W. Fairbridge, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, ISBN 0-87933-009-0. J Aridity Indexes, article in The Encyclopedia of Climatology, p. 102-107, Edited by J. E. Oliver and R. W. Fairbridge, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, blue Peace for the Nile Report,2009, Strategic Foresight Group
16.
Tropics
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The tropics are a region of the Earth surrounding the equator. The tropics are also referred to as the zone and the torrid zone. The tropics include all the areas on the Earth where the Sun is at a point directly overhead at least once during the solar year. The tropics are distinguished from the climatic and biomatic regions of Earth, which are the middle latitudes. Tropical is sometimes used in a sense for a tropical climate to mean warm to hot and moist year-round. Many tropical areas have a dry and wet season, the wet season, rainy season or green season, is the time of year, ranging from one or more months, when most of the average annual rainfall in a region falls. Areas with wet seasons are disseminated across portions of the tropics and subtropics, under the Köppen climate classification, for tropical climates, a wet season month is defined as a month where average precipitation is 60 millimetres or more. Tropical rainforests technically do not have dry or wet seasons, since their rainfall is distributed through the year. When the wet season occurs during the season, or summer, precipitation falls mainly during the late afternoon. The wet season is a time when air quality improves, freshwater quality improves and vegetation grows significantly, floods cause rivers to overflow their banks, and some animals to retreat to higher ground. Soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases, the incidence of malaria increases in areas where the rainy season coincides with high temperatures. Animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wetter regime, unfortunately, the previous dry season leads to food shortages into the wet season, as the crops have yet to mature. Regions within the tropics may well not have a tropical climate, there are alpine tundra and snow-capped peaks, including Mauna Kea, Mount Kilimanjaro, and the Andes as far south as the northernmost parts of Chile and Argentina. Under the Köppen climate classification, much of the area within the tropics is classed not as tropical but as dry including the Sahara Desert. Tropical plants and animals are those native to the tropics. Tropical ecosystems may consist of rainforests, dry forests, spiny forests, desert. There are often significant areas of biodiversity, and species present, particularly in rainforests. In biogeography, the tropics are divided into Paleotropics and Neotropics, together, they are sometimes referred to as the Pantropic
17.
Fort Bliss
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Fort Bliss is a United States Army post in the U. S. states of New Mexico and Texas, with its headquarters located in El Paso, Texas. It is FORSCOMs largest installation, and has the Armys largest Maneuver Area ahead of the National Training Center, part of the post in El Paso County, Texas, is a census-designated place, it had a population of 8,591 at the 2010 census. Fort Bliss provides the largest contiguous tract of restricted airspace in the Continental United States, the airspace is used for missile and artillery training and testing. Fort Bliss is home to the 1st Armored Division, which returned to US soil in 2011, the division is supported by the 15th Sustainment Brigade. The installation is also home to the 32nd Army Air & Missile Defense Command, the 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade, the 212th Fires Brigade, the headquarters for the El Paso Intelligence Center, a federal tactical operational intelligence center, is hosted at Fort Bliss. Its DoD counterpart, Joint Task Force North, is at Biggs Army Airfield, Biggs Field, a military airport located at Fort Bliss, is designated a military power projection platform. Fort Bliss National Cemetery is located on the post, in 1846, Colonel Alexander Doniphan led 1st Regiment of Missouri mounted volunteers through El Paso del Norte, with victories at the Battle of El Brazito and the Battle of the Sacramento. Then on 7 November 1848, War Department General Order no.58 ordered the establishment of a post across from El Paso del Norte. Van Horne also had command of the Post at San Elizario. With constant Indian raids, garrisons had to be moved frequently to meet the shifting threats, in September 1851, the Post Opposite El Paso and the Post at San Elizario were closed, the soldiers moved 40 miles north to Fort Fillmore. On 11 January 1854, Companies B, E, I and K of the 8th Infantry, Alexander, established Post of El Paso at Magoffinsville under orders from Secretary of War Jefferson Davis. The post became Fort Bliss on 8 March 1854, there it remained for the next 14 years, serving as a base for troops guarding the area against Apache attacks. Until 1861 most of troops were units of the 8th Infantry Brigade. Initially the Confederate Army had success in their attempts to control of New Mexico. The Confederate garrison abandoned Fort Bliss without a fight the next year when a Federal column of 2,350 men under the command of Colonel James H. Carleton advanced from California. After May 1867 Rio Grande flooding seriously damaged the Magoffinsville post, Camp Concordias location was immediately south of what is now Interstate 10, across from Concordia Cemetery in El Paso. The Rio Grande was about a mile south of the camp at that time, on 11 March 1869 the old name of Fort Bliss was resumed. The Concordia post was abandoned in January 1877, and after troops left in January, by that time, the town and its environs on the north side of the river had swelled to a population of almost 800
18.
JW GROM
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JW GROM is Polands elite counter-terrorism unit. GROM, which stands for Grupa Reagowania Operacyjno-Manewrowego, which means thunder, is one of the five special operation forces units of the Polish Armed Forces. It was officially activated on July 13,1990 and it is deployed in a variety of special operations and unconventional warfare roles, including anti-terrorist operations and projection of force behind enemy lines. The unit was named after the Silent Unseen - Polands elite World War II special-operations unit, the units other name is Jednostka Wojskowa 2305. GROM was originally modelled on NATOs most reputable special operations such as the US Armys Delta Force, the US Navys SEAL Team Six. In the 1970s and 1980s, there were several formations of special units within Poland. This proposal, however, was rejected by the Peoples Army of Poland. In 1989, many Jews were allowed to emigrate from the Soviet Union to Israel, Poland was one of the handful of countries that provided aid in the form of organization for the operation, later dubbed Operation Bridge. After two Polish diplomats were shot in Beirut, Lt. Col. Sławomir Petelicki was sent to Lebanon to secure the transfer of civilians, petelickis ideas were well received, and on June 13,1990, GROM was formally established as JW2305. As a Polish intelligence officer from Służba Bezpieczeństwa specializing in sabotage and subversion and he gathered around himself a group of like-minded and professional soldiers, functionaries and set about choosing soldiers that would be fit for special operations. Due to the risks involved in special service, it was decided that all men should be from professional service. The first batch of recruits all came from a variety of already-existing special units within the Polish Armed Forces, many of these initial instructors were trained by the Special Forces of the United States and the United Kingdom. It was first reported to the press in 1992 and became known to the public in 1994, before October 1,1999, JW2305 was subordinate to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, after which time command was transferred to the Minister of National Defence, until 2007. Since 2007 JW GROM is under the command of Dowódca Wojsk Specjalnych, GROM soldiers train with the best special forces units in the world. The training of GROM soldiers includes a variety of disciplines, all of them undergo the same specialized training in anti-terrorism and special operations, as well as frogman, sniping, and parachuting. In four-man teams, each soldier must be prepared to assume the respective responsibilities of his colleagues, JW GROM receives basic special operations training from the Swedish Navys Special Command for Tactical Operations based in Karlskrona, Swedens primary Naval Base. Approximately 75% of GROM personnel are trained as medics or paramedics, in addition, each group is supported by several professional physicians. GROM soldiers are trained in the capture or kill methods, Most of units operations remain classified, the known ones are listed below
19.
Australian Army
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The Australian Army is Australias military land force. It is part of the Australian Defence Force along with the Royal Australian Navy, while the Chief of the Defence Force commands the ADF, the Army is commanded by the Chief of Army. The CA is therefore subordinate to the CDF, but is directly responsible to the Minister for Defence. Although Australian soldiers have been involved in a number of minor and major conflicts throughout its history, Australias largest peacekeeping deployment began in 1999 in East Timor, while other ongoing operations include peacekeeping on Bougainville, in the Sinai, and in the Solomon Islands. Humanitarian relief after 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake in Aceh Province, Indonesia, Operation Sumatra Assist, the 1st Division comprises a deployable headquarters, while 2nd Division under the command of Forces Command is the main home-defence formation, containing Army Reserve units. 2nd Divisions headquarters only performs administrative functions, the Australian Army has not deployed a divisional-sized formation since 1945 and does not expect to do so in the future. 1st Division carries out training activities and deploys to command large-scale ground operations. It does not have any combat units permanently assigned, Forces Command controls for administrative purposes all non-special-forces assets of the Australian Army. It is neither an operational nor a deployable command,1 Brigade – Multi-role Combat Brigade based in Darwin and Adelaide. 3 Brigade – Multi-role Combat Brigade based in Townsville,6 Brigade – Mixed brigade based in Sydney. 7 Brigade – Multi-role Combat Brigade based in Brisbane,16 Aviation Brigade – Army Aviation brigade based in Enoggera, Brisbane. 17 Combat Service Support Brigade – Logistic brigade based in Sydney, 2nd Division administers the reserve forces from its headquarters located in Sydney. 4 Brigade – based in Victoria,5 Brigade – based in New South Wales. 8 Brigade – based in New South Wales,9 Brigade – based in South Australia and Tasmania. 11 Brigade – based in Queensland,13 Brigade – based in Western Australia. Special Operations Command comprises a command formation of equal status to the commands in the ADF. It includes all of Armys special forces assets, the force will be known as the Amphibious Ready Element and will be embarked on the Navys new Canberra-class amphibious assault ships. Infantry, and some combat units of the Australian Army carry flags called the Queens Colour
20.
Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniform
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Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniform, also nicknamed Auscam or jelly bean camo is a five-colour military camouflage pattern used by the Australian Defence Force. It was developed and tested during the late 1970s and early 1980s, the DPCU will be replaced by the Australian MultiCam Camouflage Uniform, which uses an Australian Multi-Camouflage Pattern based on MultiCam. The first uniforms using the disruptive pattern camouflage were issued in 1983 for test purposes, in 1986 the final production version was introduced with a number of changes. It is influenced partly by early US Jungle Camouflage patterns, such as Duck Hunter/Frog-Skin, DPCU was developed following aerial photographs of the Australian terrain to determine which colours and patterns would be most suitable for camouflage uniforms. The selected five colour pattern consists of a sand coloured background with randomly arranged spots of orange-brown, mid-brown, leaf-green. While a mid-grey tone was included in early test uniforms, this was omitted in later unifoms in favour of a brown tone. The standard DPCU works in areas from arid bushland through to tropical jungle all over Australia, officially named DPDU, a DPCU variant designed for desert conditions using different colours, was first tested in 1998 at the Woomera Missile Test Site in South Australia. A second version from a year later used 5 colours, brown, lime green, grey, and this was again issued to SASR in Afghanistan after the first version was found to be too light in colour for the terrain. This was followed by an issue in, brown, grey, very light blue. The cut was changed in the shirt with the bottom pockets being omitted and placed on the sleeves and this was replaced in 2006 by the current-issue DPDU. The colours remain the same as the previous DPDU and this the current type issued to all ADF personnel serving overseas in arid/desert regions such as Iraq. A new DPDU variant known as Mid Point was to be introduced into selected service in Afghanistan. Army chief Ken Gillespie toured Afghanistan showing off the new uniform, the pattern remained the same as that used for the DPCU and DPDU but with a light lime-yellow base colour, light grey, sand, olive-green and red-brown. Trials however, showed that in most areas the original DPCU performed more effectively than the new Midpoint camouflage, one criticism was that the new camouflage used colours that were still too biased towards desert operations. Australian special forces operating in Afghanistan have been seen wearing Cryes Multicam camouflage, a trial of MultiCam was undertaken and the decision made to broaden this trial for Australian operations in Afghanistan. In 2011, a contract was awarded to Crye to design a pattern with Multicams effective colours. In October 2012, Australian troops about to deploy to Afghanistan were photographed wearing unifoms in the new pattern. A naval version, consisting of the colours of various shades of grey with greens
21.
Australian Multicam Camouflage Uniform
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The Australian Multicam Camouflage Uniform is the battledress camouflage pattern for the Australian Defence Force issued in 2014. The AMCU replaced the previously used Disruptive Pattern Combat Uniform and Australian Multicam Pattern Operational Combat Uniform camouflage patterns, the AMCU is based on the MultiCam camouflage pattern. Other similar camouflage patterns to the AMCU include the British Army Multi-Terrain Pattern, military camouflage List of camouflage patterns Uniforms of the Australian Army
22.
Pacific Brands
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Pacific Brands is an Australian consumer products company. On Tuesday 28 June 2016, the company suspended trading on the ASX in order to be acquired by Hanesbrands, corporate changes/details were to be announced thereafter. The company is organised into three operating groups, Underwear, which supplies underwear, bras, socks, hosiery babywear, activewear and outerwear categories. The branch was sold in 1899 and became a company, Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Company of Australasia Ltd. After several name changes, the Australian company became Pacific Dunlop, Pacific Brands was formed as a division of the Australian company Pacific Dunlop in 1985. In 2001, Pacific Dunlop sold the division to CVC Asia Pacific and Catalyst Investment Managers, the companys stock forms part of the ASX200 index. 1893 – The Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Company opened a brand and factory in Melbourne,1915 – Bonds founded by George Alan Bond. 1920 – Bonds start producing the Mens Athletic Singlet, also referred to as the Chesty Bond,1929 – Commences manufacturing of footwear with rubber boots. 1937 – Entered sporting goods market with the acquisition of Empire Racket Company,1939 – Dunlop Volley invented, inspired by tennis player and Dunlop employee Adrian Quist 1960 – Produced Sleepmaker inner spring mattresses. 1969 – Entered underwear and socks market with the acquisition of Holeproof,1982 – Acquired Paul Winestocks business, which acted as the catalyst for the companys movement into footwear importing. 1985 – Formed Pacific Brands as a consumer division of Pacific Dunlop. 1987 – Strengthened its position in the underwear and hosiery market with the acquisition of Bonds,1994 – First Sheridan Boutique stores opened in Double Bay and St Ives. 2000 – Developed branded footwear business with the acquisition of the Australian licences for Clarks,2000 – Was one of the largest suppliers to the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. 2001 – Acquired Sara Lee Apparel Australia Business,2002 – Pacific Brands was spun off from Pacific Dunlop and sold to CVC Asia Pacific and Catalyst Investment Managers. 2002 – PT Berlei becomes WRAP certified,2003 – Acquired Kolotex hosiery and Sachi womens footwear. 2004 – Listed on the Australian Stock Exchange and New Zealand Stock Exchange,2005 – Obtained Merrell Footwear distribution licence. 2005 – Acquired Sheridan business including Actil and Arthur Ellis,2006 – Acquired Peri and Foam Products Australia. 2007 – Acquired the streetwear division of Globe International,2007 – Became a market leader in the workwear category by acquiring the Yakka group of companies from the Laidlaw family
23.
Chilean Marine Corps
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The Chilean Marine Corps is an entity of the Chilean Navy special forces which specializes in amphibious assaults. The Marine Corps was born with the establishment of the first armed forces of an independent Chile, however, the predecessor of the Marine Corps in Chilean history may be found in the early efforts of patriot revolutionaries against Spain in challenging royal control of the sea. OHigginss Supreme Decree described the role of the Marines, these people will fire rifles from the deck, will handle the machete in boardings and bayonet and cannon in landings. The Marine Corps thus became a complement to the sailors of the Navy. In other words, it consists mainly of amphibious force, coastal defense force, special forces. The Marines were to move in line with the means available to the Chilean Navy, for that reason was the predominant role of gunner and the Marine Corps became Artillery Battalion of the Navy. In 1866, the members of this battalion had to cover the garrisons of warships, in such condition they all subsequently participated in all actions of the Naval War of the Pacific, displaying extraordinary courage and aggressiveness. This war highlighted the Chilean Disembark in Pisagua, the first amphibious assault of the modern era, the Peruvian forces, after a strong initial resistance, were defeated due to the strong and sustained aggressiveness shown by the Chilean soldiers. Since 1887, it functions as coastal artillery, such a definition of the mission led to the updating of Organic Regulations of the Corps, which in 1938 was defined as Coastal defense. The Chilean Marines are organized into two battalion-sized detachments, two battalions plus support units. As of 2013 they are now a full division-sized formation of 2 brigades plus independent units, the brigade is headquartered in the Marine Corps bases in Concon and Talcahuano. Their duty is the protection of territory and all naval bases. It depends directly on its respective Naval Zone, due to its border location, 4th Marine Detachment Cochrane, located in Río de los Ciervos south of Punta Arenas, This Marine Detachment has similar characteristics to the 1st Marine Detachment because of its border location. It specialises in coastal defense and the use of artillery, each zone has a Naval Detachment of Order and Security that acts as base garrison unit and military police force. There are smaller detachments in remote areas like Puerto Williams and Isla de Pascua, the CIM also is responsible for the protection of the commander in chief of the Navy and contributes a section to the security of the facilities of the Ministry of Defense in Santiago. They all report to Headquarters, Chilean Marine Corps and these bands date back to the mid 19th century when the Marine Artillery band was raised to provide musical support for the Navy
24.
Georgian Armed Forces
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The Georgian Armed Forces is the name of the unified armed forces of Georgia. The Georgian military is a force consisting of the Georgian Land Forces, Georgian Special Forces and a paramilitary organization. The armed forces of Georgia are under the authority of the Georgian Ministry of Defense, Armed Forces consisted of the Regular Army and Peoples Guard in 1918-1921. On March 23,1994, Georgia was one of the first former Soviet Republics to join the NATO Partnership for Peace program, the Georgia Train and Equip Program training was conducted using U. S. Special Operations Forces and U. S. Marine Corps forces from May 2002 to May 2004, during this time approximately 2,600 Georgian soldiers, including a headquarters staff element and 5 tactical units, received training. Another assistance program, the Georgia Security and Stability Operations Program, was launched in January 2005 as a continuation of the of 2002-2004, Georgian contingents were involved in the Kosovo Force and continue to participate in the operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Georgia also views a large-scale foreign invasion and the spillover of conflicts from Russia’s North Caucasus as the worst potential near- and long-term scenarios, on August 8,2008 the Georgian military conducted an operation in Georgias breakaway region South Ossetia. The operation led to a conflict with forces from the Russian Federation and resulted in the defeat. Following the military operations, Russia recognized independence of the regions, the military budget of Georgia increased more than 50 times over the period from 2002 to 2007, reaching over 7% of Georgias GDP. In the resulting conflict with Russia, Georgia was driven out of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. According to Defence Minister Davit Kezerashvili, Georgia lost $400 million of material worth, Russian forces confiscated a total of 1,728 firearms. Out of its original 200 T-72 tanks, more than 35 were lost, a total of 50 pieces of military equipment were captured, and some others destroyed. Parts of Georgias relatively modern artillery and anti-aircraft units were captured, Russian forces sank four Georgian naval vessels in the port of Poti, a coast guard gunboat in a naval skirmish, and hauled away nine rigid-hull inflatable boats. The Georgian Air Force lost two L-29 jet trainers, one AN-2 airplane, and four helicopters, all destroyed on the ground. Despite these mostly non combat losses, President Mikheil Saakashvili claimed that Georgia had lost less than 5% of its military hardware, Georgia immediately began a process of re-armament after the war. The conflict was followed by a very quick replenishment program of the gaps in the single GAF arms components with an additional massive re-equipment. Two Georgian naval vessels sunk in Poti were raised and returned to service, although their heaviest armaments were 25-30mm cannons. The Georgian Navys remaining operational units were merged into the Georgian Coast Guard
25.
Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia
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The Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia abbreviated MIA, is a state law enforcement agency of Georgia. Its main office is in Tbilisi, after gaining an independence, on May 26,1918 on the National Council meeting the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia was formed. Its main tasks included fighting counter-revolutionary rallies and Bolshevik propaganda, combating embezzlement of public funds, on 25 February 1921, with the help of Russia, the Georgian Bolsheviks overthrew the legitimate Menshevik government of Georgia. Since this day, the independent Ministry of Internal Affairs was disbanded, by the Decision of Georgian Revolutionary Committee of March 6,1921, the Peoples Commissariat of Internal Affairs of Georgia was established. On April 15,1953, the Supreme Council of Georgian SSR adopted a law on Transformation of state ministries of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Georgia, according to the new law, the State Security Ministry merged into the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgian SSR. On April 10,1954, by the Decree of the Presidium of Supreme Council of Georgian SSR, the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the Georgian SSR was founded. On September 18,1962, under the Decree of the Supreme Council of Georgian SSR, on November 19,1968, it recovered its old name – the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Since the introduction of reforms of Georgian law enforcement in 2003. Based on the reforms implemented during 2015, organizational and institutional separation of police, an Independent State Security Service was formed. The MIA deploys numerous designated sub branches for extraordinary crisis and emergency situations and those include special measures and rapid deployment capabilities for particular events such as unrests or biological and chemical warfare utilized against the civilian population by hostile entities. Employed especially for latter events is the Emergency Management Agency which is responsible for dealing with any kind of man-made or natural disasters, the Special Tasks Department was established for rapid response to maintain public order and security as a supportive operational force to all other divisions. Its units are among various other obligations, also tasked with protecting the vital Baku–Supsa Pipeline, the STD is also capable of performing combat operations in a supportive role for the armed forces of Georgia and did so during the 2008 war. The overall security of pipelines, however, falls under the responsibility of the Strategic Pipelines Protection Department. The primary surgical force against crime and terrorism are the Anti-Crime Department and Special Emergency and Operations Center
26.
MARPAT
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Its design and concept are based on the Canadian CADPAT pattern. The pattern is formed of small rectangular pixels of color, in theory, it is a far more effective camouflage than standard uniform patterns because it mimics the dappled textures and rough boundaries found in natural settings. It is also known as the pattern or digi-cammies because of its micropattern rather than the old macropattern. The United States government has patented MARPAT, including specifics of its manufacture, MARPAT was also chosen because it distinctively identifies its wearers as Marines to their adversaries, while simultaneously helping its wearers remain concealed. This was demonstrated by a Marine spokesman at the launch of MARPAT and we want them to see us coming a mile away in our new uniforms. As such, the US Marine Corps restricts use of the camouflage, the concept of using miniature swatches of color as opposed to large splotches is not new. In World War II, German troops used various patterns similar to the current German Flecktarn, the Canadian Forces originally developed the pattern called CADPAT, on which MARPAT was based. Timothy ONeills USMC design team in charge of this went through over 150 different camo patterns before selecting three samples that met their initial objectives. These were two versions of tigerstripe and a design of Rhodesian Brushstroke. The influence of tigerstripe can still be seen in the final MARPAT and these three samples were then reconstructed using new shapes and unique color blends that would allow a more effective uniform in a great range of environments. The new patterns were field tested in different environments, day and night, with night vision. MARPAT did exceptionally well in their wet uniform test when viewed with night vision while illuminated with IR, the MARPAT patent lists U. S. Army research into fractal pattern camouflage as the basis for MARPAT. The MARPAT pattern was chosen in a run-off against seven other patterns at the USMC Scout Sniper Instructor School, field testing of MARPAT and the MCCUU began in 2001. The patent for the MARPAT pattern was filed on June 19,2001, the MARPAT uniform was officially launched as standard issue to the recruits of 3rd BN Mike Company in 2002 at MCRD San Diego and continues to be the standard issue to date. Different ratios and variations of colors were tested before final candidate patterns were printed to textile for field trials. A modified version of Vietnam tiger stripe also made it to final trials but was eliminated due to MARPAT being superior in all environments, the purpose of the digitized pattern is to create visual noise and prevent the eye from identifying any visual templates. Thus, the pattern is intended to not register as any particular shape or pattern that could be distinguished, there were initially three MARPAT patterns tested, Woodland, Desert, and Urban. Only the Woodland and Desert patterns were adopted by the Marine Corps, replacing the U. S. Woodland pattern, webbing and equipment worn with MARPAT Woodland and MARPAT Desert is produced in Coyote Brown, a mid-tone color common to both the woodland and desert patterns
27.
Operational Camouflage Pattern
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Scorpion W2 is a camouflage pattern adopted by the United States Army for future use as the U. S. Armys main camouflage pattern on uniforms, under the name Operational Camouflage Pattern. This new pattern will replace the Armys Universal Camouflage Pattern as the combat uniform pattern for most U. S. soldiers. The new pattern will replace the closely related MultiCam, a pattern previously used for troops deploying to Afghanistan. The original Scorpion pattern was developed by a joint venture of the Armys Natick Labs and it was then modified into MultiCam by Crye for commercial sales. The Scorpion W2 variant was modified from the pattern by Natick Labs. In July 2014, the Army announced that OCP could be used in the field by the summer of 2015. In early April 2015, Army Chief of Staff Ray Odierno revealed that OCP uniforms were beginning to be issued to deployed soldiers going to Afghanistan, Iraq, Europe, the OCP ACU became available for soldiers to purchase starting July 1,2015. The United States Army came to the conclusion that the Universal Camouflage Pattern did not meet all of the concealment needs for Afghanistan’s multiple regions, in 2010, the United States Army Camouflage Improvement Effort considered twenty-two entrants. The Army eliminated the patterns down to five finalists who exceeded the baseline patterns, the finalists in the Armys Phase IV camouflage testing were, Crye Precision, ADS Inc. and Hyperstealth Inc. Brookwood Companies Inc. and Kryptek Inc, as a result, the Army had to consider existing camouflage patterns within the United States Department of Defense. Initially, the Armys first pattern choice was the MultiCam pattern developed by Crye Precision, the Army owns the licensing rights for Scorpion W2, which lowers the overall cost, and allows the Army the option to restrict the pattern to service members only. The U. S. Air Force will equip airmen with OCP uniforms deploying on missions attached to Army units, however, the OCP will not replace the tiger-stripe patterned Airman Battle Uniform, which will remain in service for garrison use. This decision is a departure from the previous Air Force decision to adopt its own pattern after the Army unveiled the pixelated UCP in 2004. The Army Combat Uniform patterned in OCP first became available on 1 July 2015 at 20 locations in the United States and in South Korea, more installations will begin sales later in 2015, although soldiers deploying on real-world missions will receive uniforms and equipment printed in OCP. Body armor, packs, and pouches in previous UCP and MultiCam patterns will be worn until they can be altered with OCP, there is no indication yet that the Army is pursuing adopting other color variants of Scorpion W2. If they do, however, they may consider using or modifying their woodland, the name Operational Camouflage Pattern is meant to emphasize its use beyond Afghanistan to all combatant commands, unlike the MultiCam pattern on which it is based. A family of uniform patterns based on the OCP will also be made, including a dark jungle-woodland variant, multi-Terrain Pattern - a similar camouflage pattern issued to the British Army from 2010 onwards. Australian Multicam Camouflage Uniform, a camouflage pattern issued to the Australian Defence Force from 2014 onwards
28.
Spetsnaz
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Spetsnaz, abbreviation for Войска специального назначения, tr. Voyska spetsialnogo naznacheniya pronounced, is a term for special forces in Russian and is used in numerous post-Soviet states. Historically, the referred to special military units controlled by the military intelligence service GRU. It also describes special purpose units, or task forces of other ministries in post-Soviet countries, the 5th Spetsnaz Brigade of Belarus or the Alpha Group of the Security Service of Ukraine are both such examples of non-Russian Spetsnaz forces. The Russian abbreviations SPETSNAZ and OSNAZ, both meaning special purpose, are terms used for a variety of special operations forces. They are syllabic abbreviations typical of early Soviet-era Russian, although many Cheka, Spetsnaz later referred to special purpose or special operations forces, and the words widespread use is a relatively recent, post-perestroika development in Russian language. The Soviet public used to very little about their countrys special forces until many state secrets were disclosed under the glasnost policy of Mikhail Gorbachev during the late 1980s. In post-Soviet Russia Spetsnaz became a term as special operations, from police raids to military operations in internal conflicts. Coverage of these operations, and the celebrity status of special forces in state-controlled media, encouraged the public to identify many of these forces by name, SOBR, Alpha. The term Spetsnaz has also continued to be used in several other states such as Belarus, Ukraine. In Russia, foreign special forces are also known as Spetsnaz. Lionel Crabb was a British Royal Navy frogman and MI6 diver who vanished during a mission around a Soviet cruiser berthed at Portsmouth Dockyard in 1956. In an interview for a Russian documentary film, Koltsov showed the dagger he used as well as an Order of the Red Star medal that he claimed to have been awarded for the deed. Koltsov,74 at the time of the interview, stated that he wanted to clear his conscience, Soviet Spetsnaz forces took part in the Soviet–Afghan War of 1979-1989 in Afghanistan, usually fighting fast insertion/extraction type warfare with helicopters. Their most famous operation, Operation Storm-333, saw Soviet Special Forces storming the Tajbeg Palace in Afghanistan and killing Afghan President Hafizullah Amin, the Soviets then installed Babrak Karmal as Amins successor. The operation involved approximately 660 Soviet operators dressed in Afghan uniforms, including ca.50 KGB and GRU officers from the Alpha Group, the Soviet forces occupied major governmental, military and media buildings in Kabul, including their primary target – the Tajbeg Presidential Palace. Spetsnaz units conducted numerous missions throughout the war, including ambushes. The Spetsnaz often conducted missions to ambush and destroy enemy supply-convoys, the Mujahideen had great respect for the Spetsnaz, seeing them as a much more difficult opponent than the typical Soviet conscript soldier
29.
Alpha Group
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Spetsgruppa A, also known as Alpha Group, or Alfa, whose official name is Directorate A of the FSB Special Purpose Center, is an elite, stand-alone sub-unit of Russias special forces. It is a dedicated task force of the Russian Federal Security Service. It was created by the Soviet KGB in 1974 and it is also available for extended police duties, for paramilitary operations, and for covert operations, both domestically and internationally. On 28 July 1974, Alpha Group was created on the orders of the KGB Chairman, Yuri Andropov and it might have been established as a response to West Germanys creation of the Grenzschutzgruppe 9. At the time, other, more special forces of the KGB included the groups Zenit. Another important mission for Alpha was to provide security for the Soviet leadership against enemy forces in times of crisis or war. Two commanding officers of Group A were awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union, Gen. Viktor Karpukhin, initially, this special-purposed counter-terrorism unit was involved in delicate operations which necessitated its members have a unique skill set. He was either killed by gunfire, or by the detonation of his home-made bomb, the unit also became involved in the ethnic conflicts throughout the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Soon, Alpha was assigned missions far exceeding its formal scope, on 27 December 1979, Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev launched a surprise armed intervention and regime change operation in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Soviet forces, including KGB commandos who had infiltrated the country on a pretense to guard the Soviet Embassy, were able to secure important government institutions throughout Kabul. The Alpha detachment were dressed in Afghan uniforms and headed by Grigoriy Boyarinov and it was Boyarinov who ordered that all Afghan witnesses of the operation be killed, and he was accidentally shot dead by Alpha troops when he was mistaken for a palace guard. According to Russian sources, the members of highly trained group performed remarkably well. Six years later, in October 1985, Alpha Group was dispatched to war-torn Beirut, the Kremlin was informed of the kidnapping of four Soviet diplomats by the militant group, the Islamic Liberation Organization. It was believed that this was retaliation for the Soviet support of Syrian involvement in the Lebanese Civil War, however, by the time Alpha arrived, one of the hostages had already been killed. Following the standard Soviet policy of no negotiations with terrorists, one of the hostages taken by Alpha Group had his testicles removed, the warning was clear, more would follow unless the remaining hostages were released immediately. The show of force worked, and for a period of 20 years no Soviet or Russian officials were taken captive, until the 2006 abduction, however, the veracity of this story has been brought into question. On 11 March 1990, the Supreme Council of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic made public their intent to secede from the Soviet Union and re-establish the independent Republic of Lithuania. As a result of this pronouncement, on 9 January 1991, in 2011, the former commander of Alpha Group, retired KGB Col
30.
Internal Troops
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Internal Troops are subordinated to the interior ministries of the respective countries. They were designed to be used to support and reinforce the Militsiya, deal with crowd control, internal armed conflicts, prison security. During wartime, the Internal Troops falls under armed forces command and fulfill the missions of local defence. The most well-known of the Internal Troops divisions is OMSDON based near Moscow which traces its roots to the OSNAZ detachment of the VChK and it was later reorganized into the DON of the OGPU and the NKVD. In July 1941, formations of the NKVD were providing security for government installations, railway lines, Railway security forces totalled 62,100, comprising nine divisions and five brigades securing 1,700 sites. E. Dzerzhinsky Independent Special Designation Division in Moscow, in October 1940, a specialised NKVD force had also been formed to assist with local air defence for important areas. By June 1941 this new Main Directorate for Local Antiaircraft Defence had three regiments, including in Moscow, and four battalions, all engineer-anti-chemical units, another division and five brigades totalling just under 30,000 men were in the process of formation. During World War II, most units of the NKVD Internal Troops were engaged alongside Red Army forces against Axis troops. They participated in the defense of Moscow, Leningrad, the Brest Fortress, Kiev, Odessa, Voronezh, Stalingrad, altogether, more than 53 Internal Troops divisions and 20 Internal Troops brigades were on active duty during the war. Of those,18 units were awarded battle honors, a total of 977,000 servicemen were killed in action. More than 100,000 soldiers and officers received awards for gallantry in the face of the enemy, after the wars end, Internal Troops played an important role in fighting local anti-Soviet partisans in the Baltic states and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. In 1953, the Internal Troops suppressed the Vorkuta labor camp uprising with gunfire, a series of Internal Troops districts supervised many divisions, brigades, regiments, and battalions. Among them was the headquarters for Internal Troops in the Baltic area and this headquarters supervised several Internal Troops divisions, including the 14th Railway Facilities Protection Division from 1944 to 1951. Other divisions in the Baltic MD included the 4th, 5th, in 1969, the internal forces were managed by the Main Department of Internal Troops MVD of the USSR. At the beginning of 1969 in the MVD were, Internal Troops Directorates of the MVD of the Ukrainian SSR, on January 11,1978 was established Interior Ministry forces in the Far East and Eastern Siberia. On April 23,1979, on the basis of Headquarters 89th Convoy Division was created the Directorate of Internal Troops MIA Western Siberia, on the basis of the 44th Convoy Division the UVV MIA North-West and the Baltic States was created. With the beginning of the Khrushchev era and de-Stalinisation, the Internal Troops became significantly reduced in size, prior to the 1990s, there were 180 regiments of Internal Troops, of which 90 were mainly guards of correctional institutions, important public facilities and public order. Some of them engaged in the ethnic conflicts that occurred during the Dissolution of the Soviet Union
31.
Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)
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The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation is the interior ministry of Russia. Its predecessor was founded in 1802 by Alexander I in Imperial Russia, the Ministry is headquartered in Moscow. The current Minister of Internal Affairs is General of Police Vladimir Kolokoltsev, as the central government began to further partition the countryside, the ispravniks were distributed among the sections. Serving under them in their localities were commissaries. These uryadniks rapidly became the terror of the countryside and its most famous development was the so-called Third Section instituted by the emperor Nicholas I in 1826. This was entirely independent of the police, but was associated with the previously existing Special Corps of Gendarmes. By World War I, the Department had spawned a counter-intelligence section, after the February Revolution of 1917, the Gendarmes and the Okhrana were disbanded as anti-revolutionary. Having won the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks disbanded the tsarist police forces and formed an all-proletarian Workers, after the establishment of the USSR there was no Soviet NKVD until 1934. In March 1946, all of the Peoples Commissariats were redesignated as Ministries, the NKVD was renamed the MVD of the USSR, along with its former subordinate, the NKGB which became the MGB of the USSR. The NKVDs of Union Republics also became Ministries of Internal Affairs subordinate to MVD of the USSR, Secret police became a part of MVD after Lavrenty Beria merged the MGB into the MVD in March 1953. Within a year Berias downfall caused the MVD to be split up again, after that, in his efforts to fight bureaucracy and maintain Leninist principles, Nikita Khrushchev, as the Premier of the Union, called for the dismissal of the All-Union MVD. The Ministry ceased to exist in January 1960 and its functions were transferred to the respective Republican Ministries, the MVD of the Russian SFSR was renamed the Ministry for Securing the Public Order in 1962. The MVD regained its title in 1968. Another role of the reformed MVD was to combat economic crimes and this fight was never successful due to the pervasive nature of the black market. By the mid-1980s, the image of the militsiya was largely compromised by the corruption. Many high-ranking MVD officers, including the Minister himself, were revealed to be bribed by illegal shadow businesses. It currently controls the politsiya, the Main Directorate for Road Traffic Safety, since the disbanding of the Tax Police, it also investigates economic crimes. The last reorganization abolished Main Directorates inherited from the NKVD in favour of Departments, the current minister of internal affairs in Russia is Vladimir Kolokoltsev
32.
Federal Security Service
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The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation is the principal security agency of Russia and the main successor agency to the USSRs Committee of State Security. It is headquartered in Lubyanka Square, Moscows centre, in the building of the former KGB. The Director of the FSB since 2008 is army general Aleksandr Bortnikov, the two major structural components of the former KGB that remain administratively independent of the FSB are the Foreign Intelligence Service and the State Guards. The FSB is mainly responsible for security of the Russian state, counterespionage, and the fight against organized crime, terrorism. Since 2003, when the Federal Border Guards Service was incorporated to the FSB, the FSB is engaged mostly in domestic affairs, while espionage duties are responsibility of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service. However, the FSB also includes the FAPSI agency, which electronic surveillance abroad. All law enforcement and intelligence agencies in Russia work under the guidance of FSB, customs and Border Protection, United States Coast Guard, and partly the Drug Enforcement Administration. The FSB employs about 66,200 uniformed staff, including about 4,000 special forces troops and it also employs about 160, 000–200,000 border guards. The Federal Security Service is one of the organisations of the Soviet Committee of State Security. Following the attempted coup of 1991—in which some KGB units as well as the KGB head Vladimir Kryuchkov played a major part—the KGB was dismantled and ceased to exist from November 1991. In January 1992, another new institution, the Ministry of Security took over domestic, following the 1993 constitutional crisis, the Ministry of Security was reorganized on 21 December 1993 into the Federal Counter-Intelligence Service. The FSK was headed by Sergei Stepashin, before the start of the main military activities of the First Chechen War the FSK was responsible for the covert operations against the separatists led by Dzhokhar Dudayev. In 1995, the FSK was renamed and reorganized into the Federal Security Service by the Federal Law of 3 April 1995, the FSB reforms were rounded out by decree No. 633, signed by Boris Yeltsin on 23 June 1995, the decree made the tasks of the FSB more specific, giving the FSB substantial rights to conduct cryptographic work, and described the powers of the FSB director. Yeltsin appointed Colonel-General Mikhail Ivanovich Barsukov as the new director of the FSB, in 1998 Yeltsin appointed Vladimir Putin, a KGB veteran who would later succeed Yeltsin as federal president, as director of the FSB. Putin was reluctant to take over the directorship, but once appointed conducted a thorough reorganization, Putin appointed Nikolai Patrushev as the head of FSB in 1999. While the army lacked technical means of tracking the guerrilla groups, in the autumn of 2002, the separatists launched a massive campaign of terrorism against the Russian civilians, including the Dubrovka theatre attack. After becoming President, Vladimir Putin launched a reorganization of the FSB
33.
Makhachkala
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Makhachkala is the capital city of the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located on the shore of the Caspian Sea and is home to the Makhachkala Grand Mosque. As of the 2010 Census, the city had a population of 572,076, the city has an ethnic plurality, with the Avars and Laks as the largest groups. Founded as a fortress of the Russian Empire in 1844 and given city status thirteen years later, makhachkalas historic predecessor was the town of Tarki, now a nearby suburb, whose history goes back to the 15th century and possibly much earlier. The modern city of Makhachkala was founded in 1844 as a fortress, the original Russian name of the city was Petrovskoye —after the Russian Tsar Peter the Great who visited the region in 1722 during his Persian Campaign. However, among the locals it was known as Anzhi-Qala, The Pearl Fortress, after gaining city status, the Petrovskoye fortress was renamed Petrovsk-Port in 1857, sometimes simply Petrovsk. In 1894, a line linked the city to Vladikavkaz and Baku, yet a report from 1904 detailed the spread of malaria. In January 1919, during the Russian Civil War, the British No.221 Squadron Royal Air Force based themselves at Petrovsk, in March they were joined by No.266 Squadron and both squadrons were involved in bombing operations against Bolshevik forces in Astrakhan and elsewhere. In August 1919 both squadrons were withdrawn from Petrovsk, the city was invaded by the Red Army in Spring 1920. On the same day, it became capital of the newly formed Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the city incurred major damage during an earthquake on 14 May 1970. The area was used as a Soviet-era naval testing station, leaving behind a curious sea fort off nearby Kaspiysk.42. 896598°N47. 681274°E /42.896598,47. But even a short visit revealed acute problems, including dirty streets, dilapidated buildings, inadequate utilities, hectic construction, lack of planning, as a municipal division, the City of Makhachkala is incorporated as Makhachkala Urban Okrug. For the purposes of administration, the city is divided into three city districts, from west to east, Kirovsky, Sovetsky and Leninsky, in May 2015, these three city districts were granted municipal status. The coat of arms and flag of Makhachkala were adopted on 15 December 2006, the coat of arms shows the citys historic fortress in silver on a red field, with flames coming from either tower and a solar symbol above. It is supported by an eagle on each side, a crown on top. In proportions of 2,3, the displays the main shield of the citys coat of arms. Makhachkala is close to areas of fighting and therefore it and the region has a heavy security service presence. On 25 November 2011, a protest took place in Makhachkala attended by up to 3,000 people demanding an end to illegal activities perpetrated by the security services
34.
Disruptive Pattern Material
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Disruptive Pattern Material is the commonly used name of a camouflage pattern used by the British Armed Forces as well as many other armies worldwide, particularly in former British colonies. It is also the field/combat dress camouflage pattern worn by the Indonesian National Armed Forces, the main variants of DPM are a four-colour woodland pattern, and desert patterns in two, three or four colours. The Woodland Pattern DPM was used with the mediumweight No.8 Temperate Combat Dress, the later Desert Pattern DPM was designated the No.5 Desert Combat Dress. DPM has also produced in black/white/grey Urban DPM, in various blue tones. DPM has been phased out in British military service, superseded by Multi-Terrain Pattern, the British Army first used a form of DPM for the famous Denison smock issued to the Parachute Regiment and British Commandos from the early 1940s. The first examples of design were said to be hand-painted. The Denison smock design went through changes, and continued in use with the Royal Marines. From 1969, the British Army was issued with the so-called 1960 Pattern field-uniform range to replace earlier plain green uniforms and this design was probably used first on a very small scale for a hooded Smock, Windproof,1963 Pattern, issued only to special forces. In 1966 the Army introduced, though not universally, a field uniform. Known informally as the 1966 Pattern, it was in fact identical in design to the 1960 Pattern kit and it is labelled, like the earlier plain olive green version, Smock, Combat,1960 Pattern and Trousers, Combat,1960 Pattern. The 1966 DPM range did not completely replace the plain olive green 1960 Pattern Smock and Trousers, both the Royal Marines and the Parachute Regiment continued to wear the Trousers, Combat,1960 Pattern with the Denison smock, and examples of these trousers were made even after 1968. These units eventually stopped issuing the Denison smock and adopted smocks in the general-issue DPM while still for a time wearing the plain olive 1960 Pattern Trousers. Before the 1966 Pattern equipment had reached all units a slightly revised design of Smock, Combat and Trousers, Combat were introduced as the 1968 Pattern range. The 1966 Pattern DPM fabric design was changed little for the 1968 issue. In doing this the British Army was the first to adopt a camouflage uniform universally, for the Royal Marines, which had a responsibility for NATOs northern flank, a Smock, Windproof, Arctic and Trousers, Windproof, Arctic were introduced circa 1972. These were made in a lightweight, but wind-proof, DPM fabric and could be worn over quilted jacket, the design of both smock and trousers differ radically from both the standard and para designs. The smock is long and loose-fitting, and incorporates a voluminous wired-rim hood, in the mid 1970s a new Smock Parachutist DPM was introduced for the Parachute Regiment and other airborne units. Though made in the 1968 Pattern cotton fabric, its design was closer to that of its predecessor, at the same time a Smock, Sniper, was introduced, based heavily on the Smock Parachutist DPM and sharing many of its details
35.
Private military company
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A private military company is a private company providing armed combat and/or security services. PMCs refer to their staff as security contractors or private military contractors, Private military companies refer to their business generally as the private military industry or The Circuit. The services and expertise offered by PMCs are typically similar to those of governmental security, military or police forces, the services of private contractors are used around the world. P. W. Singer author of Corporate Warriors, The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry says In geographic terms, it’s operated in every single continent but Antarctica. Singer states that in the 1990s there used to be 50 military personnel for every 1 contractor and he also points out that these contractors have a number of duties depending on who they are hired by. In developing countries that have natural resources, such as oil refineries in Iraq and they are also hired to guard companies that contract services and reconstruction efforts such as General Electric. Apart from securing companies, they also secure officials and government affiliates, Private military companies carry out many different missions and jobs. Some examples are supplying bodyguards to the Afghan president Hamid Karzai and piloting reconnaissance airplanes, according to a study from 2003 the PMC industry was worth over $100 billion a year at that time. American scholar Phelps makes a claim by finding that PMCs wrap themselves in state governments cloak of legitimacy. It is often difficult to tell national troops from private security contractors, or national support personnel from supply and support contractors. The obfuscation between private and public actors allows for the responsibility of actions to be placed on the private firm. The companys first assignment was to go to Yemen to report on the state of the royalist forces when a cease-fire was declared, at the same time Stirling was cultivating his contacts in the Iranian government and exploring the chances of obtaining work in Africa. The company eventually operated in Zambia and in Sierra Leone, providing training teams, Stirling also organised deals to sell British weapons and military personnel to other countries for various privatised foreign policy operations. Contracts were mainly with the Gulf States and involved weapons supply, the company was also linked with a failed attempt to overthrow Colonel Muammar Gaddafi from power in Libya in 1971. Woodhouse resigned as Director of Operations after a series of disagreements, other groups formed by ex-SAS servicemen were established in the 1970s and 80s, including Control Risks Group and Defence Systems, providing military consultation and training. The exodus of over 6 million military personnel from Western militaries in the 1990s expanded the pool for PMCs. Some commentators have argued there was an exodus from many special operations forces across the globe towards these private military corporations. Units that were severely affected included The British Special Air Service, the US Special Operations Forces
36.
12th Infantry Regiment (United States)
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The 12th Infantry Regiment is a unit of the United States Army. Thomas Parker was colonel of the regiment in 1812, the 12th was raised in Virginia and fought in the Canadian and Chesapeake theaters of the War of 1812. It was organized 20 October 1861 at Fort Hamilton in New York, the battalion saw extensive combat during the Civil War, participating in twelve campaigns with the Army of the Potomac. During the Peninsula Campaign, the 12th Infantry distinguished itself in its first combat action at the Battle of Gaines Mill in June 1862, the battalion was reorganized and redesignated as the 12th Infantry Regiment on 7 December 1866. During these campaigns, six soldiers performed acts deemed worthy of the Medal of Honor, there, the regiment participated in three campaigns of what was to be known as the Philippine–American War and then served as garrison troops, not returning to the United States until 1912. On 17 December 1917 the 12th Infantry was assigned to the 8th Division at Camp Fremont, California, in August 1918 most of the regiment volunteered for duty in Siberia and the regiment was skeletonized until replacements were received and trained. After its arrival, the regiment remained in quarantine until after its convoy had sailed, and was not released until 11 November. The regiment remained assigned to the 8th Division until 15 August 1927 when it was reassigned to the 4th Division, during May–July 1932, 12th IR and 3rd Cavalry Regiment participated in the ejection of the Bonus Army marchers from Washington, D. C. The 12th was once again reassigned to the 8th Division on 1 October 1933 and stationed at Fort Howard, Maryland under the command of Colonels Walter L. Reed and James Garesche Ord. On 10 October 1941 the regiment was transferred to Fort Benning, Georgia, the 12th Infantry Regiment was reorganized as a motorized infantry regiment on 29 September 1942. Less than a later, on 1 August 1943, the 12th was reorganized as a standard infantry regiment when the 4th Division was converted from motorized to dismounted infantry. The regiment along with the rest of the 4th Infantry Division arrived in England on 29 January 1944, between 9 and 12 August 1944, the regiment helped defeat the German Operation Lüttich. The regiment fought in five European campaigns through France, Belgium, Luxembourg, the 12th Infantry was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for valor in action at Luxembourg during the Battle of the Bulge. The regiment was awarded the Belgian Fourragere. After Germanys surrender, the 12th Infantry, along with the 4th Infantry Division, returned to the United States on 12 July 1945 and was inactivated 27 February 1946 at Camp Butner, during this time famed author J. D. Salinger served with the unit. On 15 July 1947, the 12th Infantry Regiment was reactivated as a regiment when 4th Infantry Division was given the mission of basic training at Fort Ord. In July 1951, the 4th Division was returned to line status, in 1956, the Division returned to the United States and was stationed at Fort Lewis, Washington. In 1957, the Army decided that in the era of battlefield atomic weapons, to preserve the historic infantry regiments the Army set up the Combat Arms Regimental System whereby the line companies of a regiment would form new elements of the regiment
37.
Drug Enforcement Administration
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The Drug Enforcement Administration is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the U. S. Department of Justice, tasked with combating drug smuggling and use within the United States. S. It has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing U. S. drug investigations both domestic, and abroad, the Drug Enforcement Administration was established on July 1,1973, by Reorganization Plan No.2 of 1973, signed by President Richard Nixon on July 28. It proposed the creation of a federal agency to enforce the federal drug laws as well as consolidate and coordinate the governments drug control activities. Congress accepted the proposal, as they were concerned with the availability of drugs. From the early 1970s, DEA headquarters was located at 1405 I Street NW in downtown Washington, however, then–Attorney General Edwin Meese determined that the headquarters had to be located in close proximity to the Attorney Generals office. Thus, in 1989, the relocated to 600–700 Army-Navy Drive in the Pentagon City area of Arlington, Virginia. On April 19,1995, Timothy McVeigh attacked the Alfred P, security measures include hydraulic steel roadplates to enforce standoff distance from the building, metal detectors, and guard stations. In February 2003, the DEA established a Digital Evidence Laboratory within its Office of Forensic Sciences, the DEA is headed by an Administrator of Drug Enforcement appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U. S. Senate. The Administrator reports to the Attorney General through the Deputy Attorney General, the Administrator is assisted by a Deputy Administrator, the Chief of Operations, the Chief Inspector, and three Assistant Administrators. Other senior staff include the financial officer and the Chief Counsel. The Administrator and Deputy Administrator are the only presidentially-appointed personnel in the DEA, DEAs headquarters is located in Arlington, Virginia across from the Pentagon. It maintains its own DEA Academy located on the United States Marine Corps base at Quantico and it maintains 21 domestic field divisions with 227 field offices and 86 foreign offices in 62 countries. With a budget exceeding 2 billion dollars, DEA employs over 10,800 people, becoming a Special Agent or Intelligence Analyst with the DEA is a competitive process. DEA agents starting salary is $49, 746–$55,483, after four years working as an agent, the salary jumps to above $92,592. Upon graduation, recruits earn themselves the title of DEA Special Agent, the DEA excludes from consideration job-applicants who have a history of any use of narcotics or illicit drugs. Investigation usually includes a polygraph test for special-agent, diversion-investigator, exceptions to this policy may be made for applicants who admit to limited youthful and experimental use of marijuana. The DEAs relatively firm stance on this issue contrasts with that of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the DEA Aviation Division or Office of Aviation Operations is an airborne division based in Fort Worth Alliance Airport, Texas. The current OA fleet consists of 106 aircraft and 124 DEA pilots, rapid Response Teams was decommissioned by DEA Administrator Chuck Rosenburg on March 2017 via memorandum
38.
Afghanistan
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Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. It has a population of approximately 32 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north and its territory covers 652,000 km2, making it the 41st largest country in the world. The land also served as the source from which the Kushans, Hephthalites, Samanids, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Khiljis, Mughals, Hotaks, Durranis, the political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century. In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a state in the Great Game between British India and the Russian Empire. Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, King Amanullah unsuccessfully attempted to modernize the country and it remained peaceful during Zahir Shahs forty years of monarchy. A series of coups in the 1970s was followed by a series of wars that devastated much of Afghanistan. The name Afghānistān is believed to be as old as the ethnonym Afghan, the root name Afghan was used historically in reference to a member of the ethnic Pashtuns, and the suffix -stan means place of in Persian. Therefore, Afghanistan translates to land of the Afghans or, more specifically in a historical sense, however, the modern Constitution of Afghanistan states that he word Afghan shall apply to every citizen of Afghanistan. An important site of historical activities, many believe that Afghanistan compares to Egypt in terms of the historical value of its archaeological sites. The country sits at a unique nexus point where numerous civilizations have interacted and it has been home to various peoples through the ages, among them the ancient Iranian peoples who established the dominant role of Indo-Iranian languages in the region. At multiple points, the land has been incorporated within large regional empires, among them the Achaemenid Empire, the Macedonian Empire, the Indian Maurya Empire, and the Islamic Empire. Archaeological exploration done in the 20th century suggests that the area of Afghanistan has been closely connected by culture and trade with its neighbors to the east, west. Artifacts typical of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze, urban civilization is believed to have begun as early as 3000 BCE, and the early city of Mundigak may have been a colony of the nearby Indus Valley Civilization. More recent findings established that the Indus Valley Civilisation stretched up towards modern-day Afghanistan, making the ancient civilisation today part of Pakistan, Afghanistan, in more detail, it extended from what today is northwest Pakistan to northwest India and northeast Afghanistan. An Indus Valley site has found on the Oxus River at Shortugai in northern Afghanistan. There are several smaller IVC colonies to be found in Afghanistan as well, after 2000 BCE, successive waves of semi-nomadic people from Central Asia began moving south into Afghanistan, among them were many Indo-European-speaking Indo-Iranians. These tribes later migrated further into South Asia, Western Asia, the region at the time was referred to as Ariana
39.
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
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ICE has two primary components, Homeland Security Investigations and Enforcement and Removal Operations. ICE is charged with the investigation and enforcement of over 400 federal statutes within the United States, ICE is led by a director who is appointed at the sub-Cabinet level by the President, confirmed by the Senate, and reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security. ICE is the second-largest criminal investigative agency in the U. S. government after the FBI, U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement was formed pursuant to the Homeland Security Act of 2002 following the events of September 11,2001. Consequently, ICE is the largest investigative arm of the Department of Homeland Security, the Federal Protective Service was later transferred from ICE to the National Protection and Programs Directorate effective October 28,2009. In 2003, Asa Hutchinson moved the Federal Air Marshals Service from the Transportation Security Administration to ICE, U. S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is responsible for identifying and eliminating border, economic, transportation, and infrastructure security vulnerabilities. There is an estimate of more than 20,000 ICE employees in approximately over 400 offices within the United States including 46 other countries. The organization is composed of two law enforcement directorates and several divisions each headed by a director who reports to an Executive Associate Director. The divisions of ICE provide investigation, interdiction and security services to the public, HSI agents can be requested to provide security for VIPs, and also augment the U. S. Secret Service during overtaxed times such as special security events and elections, HSI was formerly known as the ICE Office of Investigations. HSI has more than 6,500 special agents, making it the largest investigative entity in the Department of Homeland Security, the Office of Intelligence is a subcomponent of HSI that employs a variety of special agents and Intelligence Research Specialists to facilitate HSIs tactical and strategic intelligence demands. Collectively, these intelligence professionals collect, analyze, and disseminate intelligence for use by the elements of DHS. The Office of Intelligence works closely with the components of other federal, state. HSI agents assigned to FIGs generally focus on Human Intelligence collection, International Operations, formerly known as the Office of International Affairs, is a subcomponent of HSI with agents stationed in 60 locations around the world. HSIs foreign offices, known as Attaché Offices, work with governments to identify. Seventeen HSI field offices maintain a Special Response Team that operates similarly to a federal SWAT element for the area of responsibility. There is also a team of instructors and coordinators stationed full-time in Columbus and these teams primarily deploy to handle high-risk operations, but also assist in events such as Hurricane Katrina, the Haiti earthquake 2010, and other natural disasters around the globe. SRT is a collateral duty open to HSI agents assigned to an office with a certified team, to qualify, candidates must pass a physical fitness test, qualify with multiple firearms by shooting 90% or better in full tactical gear, and pass an oral interview process. If a candidate passes these stages and is voted on the team, they are then designated Green Team members
40.
Spokane, Washington
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Spokane is a city in the state of Washington, in the northwestern United States. It is the seat of Spokane County, and the economic and cultural center of the Spokane Metropolitan Area, the Greater Spokane Area, the city, along with the whole Inland Northwest, is served by Spokane International Airport,5 miles west of downtown Spokane. According to the 2010 Census, Spokane had a population of 208,916, making it the second largest city in Washington and the 102nd largest city in the United States. The first humans to live in the area, the Spokane people, known as the birthplace of Fathers Day, Spokane is officially nicknamed the Lilac City. David Thompson explored the area with the expansion and establishment of the North West Companys Spokane House in 1810. This trading post was the first long-term European settlement in Washington, completion of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1881 brought settlers to the Spokane area, and that same year it was officially incorporated as a city with the name of Spokan Falls. In the late 19th century, gold and silver were discovered in the Inland Northwest, the local economy depended on mining, timber, and agriculture until the 1980s. Spokane hosted the first environmentally themed Worlds Fair at Expo 74, many of the older Romanesque Revival-style buildings in the downtown area were designed by architect Kirtland Kelsey Cutter after the Great Fire of 1889. The city also features Riverfront and Manito parks, the Smithsonian-affiliated Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture, the Davenport Hotel, and the Fox and Bing Crosby theaters. The Cathedral of Our Lady of Lourdes serves as the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Spokane, the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist represents the Anglican community. Gonzaga University was established in 1887 by the Jesuits, and the private Presbyterian Whitworth University opened three years later in north Spokane, in sports, the Gonzaga Bulldogs collegiate basketball team competes at the Division I level. Professional and semi-professional sports teams include the Spokane Indians in Minor League Baseball, Spokane Empire in arena football, as of 2010, Spokanes only major daily newspaper, The Spokesman-Review, has a daily circulation of over 76,000. The first humans to live in the Spokane area arrived between 13,000 and 8,000 years ago and were hunter-gatherer societies that lived off plentiful game. The Spokane tribe, after which the city is named, are believed to be either their direct descendants, when asked by early white explorers, the Spokanes said their ancestors came from up North. Early in the 19th century, the Northwest Fur Company sent two white fur trappers west of the Rocky Mountains to search for fur. These were the first white men met by the Spokanes, who believed they were sacred, the explorer-geographer David Thompson, working as head of the North West Companys Columbia Department, became the first European to explore the Inland Empire. Crossing what is now the Canada–US border from British Columbia, Thompson wanted to expand the North West Company further south in search of furs, after establishing the Kullyspell House and Saleesh House trading posts in what are now Idaho and Montana, Thompson then attempted to expand further west. He sent out two trappers, Jacques Raphael Finlay and Finan McDonald, to construct a fur trading post on the Spokane River in Washington and trade with the local Indians
41.
Oregon State Police
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The Oregon State Police is a law enforcement agency of the U. S. state of Oregon. The OSP is charged to all of Oregons criminal laws. The agency differs from state police, such as the California Highway Patrol, in that their primary focus is not limited to highway. The OSP is also the law enforcement agency in the United States that monitors the security of the state lottery. The Oregon State Police began operating on August 1,1931, the organization was designed by a committee appointed by Governor Julius L. OSPs first Superintendent was Charles Pray, State Parole Officer and a former Department of Justice Agent. Mr. Pray set up four OSP districts in the state and he began his duties on June 7,1931, about two months before the State Police began operating. Harold Maison, formerly with the State Traffic Division, was appointed as Chief Clerk and was stationed at General Headquarters in Salem and he was charged with setting up and maintaining a system of reports and records for the OSP. Captain George Alexander was placed in charge of the Bureau of Identification and Investigation, on January 1,1932, he was appointed Deputy Superintendent, a served a position he held until his installment as Warden of the State Penitentiary in 1938. Charles McClees, previously with the State Game Commission, was appointed as captain and placed in charge of game and this divisions primary duty is to assist other law enforcement agencies throughout the state of Oregon with Criminal Justice Investigations. Within the Criminal Investigation Division there are sub-divisions, those are Major Crimes Section, Drug Enforcement Section, Arson/Explosives Section, over all there are more than 40 local, county, and federal agencies that participate in this division. The Fish and Wildlife division primarily enforces laws and ordinances surrounding wildlife and they also enforce traffic code and laws. Highway patrol List of law enforcement agencies in Oregon State patrol State police Oregon State Police Oregon State Police – Administrative Overview, Salem, Oregon, Oregon Secretary of State
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Angola
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Angola /æŋˈɡoʊlə/, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country in Southern Africa. It is the seventh-largest country in Africa and is bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to west. The exclave province of Cabinda has borders with the Republic of the Congo, the capital and largest city of Angola is Luanda. In the 19th century, European settlers slowly and hesitantly began to themselves in the interior. As a Portuguese colony, Angola did not encompass its present borders until the early 20th century, following resistance by groups such as the Cuamato, the Kwanyama and the Mbunda. Independence was achieved in 1975 under a communist one-party state backed by the Soviet Union, however, the country soon descended into an even lengthier civil war that lasted until 2002. It has since become a relatively stable presidential republic. Angola has vast mineral and petroleum reserves, and its economy is among the fastest growing in the world, Angolas economic growth is highly uneven, with the majority of the nations wealth concentrated in a disproportionately small sector of the population. Angola is a state of the United Nations, OPEC, African Union, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, the Latin Union. A highly multiethnic country, Angolas 25.8 million people span various tribal groups, customs, Angolan culture reflects centuries of Portuguese rule, namely in the predominance of the Portuguese language and the Catholic Church, combined with diverse indigenous influences. The name Angola comes from the Portuguese colonial name Reino de Angola, the toponym was derived by the Portuguese from the title ngola held by the kings of Ndongo. Ndongo was a kingdom in the highlands, between the Kwanza and Lukala Rivers, nominally tributary to the king of Kongo but which was seeking greater independence during the 16th century, modern Angola was populated predominantly by nomadic Khoi and San prior to the first Bantu migrations. The Khoi and San peoples were neither pastoralists nor cultivators, following a hunter-gatherer lifestyle and they were displaced by Bantu peoples arriving from the north, some of whom likely originated in northwestern Nigeria. Bantu speakers introduced the cultivation of bananas and taro, as well as large herds, to Angolas central highlands. During this time, the Bantu established a number of entities in most of what today comprises Angola. To its south lay the Kingdom of Ndongo, from which the area of the later Portuguese colony was known as Dongo. The region now known as Angola was reached by the Portuguese explorer Diogo Cão in 1484, the year before, the Portuguese had established relations with the Kongo, which stretched at the time from modern Gabon in the north to the Kwanza River in the south. The Portuguese established their primary trading post at Soyo, which is now the northernmost city in Angola apart from the Cabinda exclave
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Angola: Used by parachute units of Special Operation Brigade of the Angolan Army.[38]
Argentina: All the Guarnicion Militar Buenos Aires, Guarnicion de Ejercito City Bell & All Special Forces. In June / September will be the Standard of the Argentinian Army, as of August 2015, the entirety of the Argentine Army has the uniform as standard issue.[citation needed]
Australia: Special Operations Command and forces deployed to Afghanistan.[23][24] Also used by Police Tactical Groups.[citation needed]
Austria: Austrian Special Forces (Jagdkommando) and troops deployed to Afghanistan[39] of the Austrian Armed Forces (Bundesheer).[40][not in citation given]
Brazil: Used by Comando de Operações Táticas of the Polícia Federal.[citation needed]
Canada: Seen in use by Canadian Special Operations Forces Command and some police units.[citation needed]
Chile: MultiCam is the standard issue uniform of the Marine Corps and the Navy Special Warfare Division. Also used by the Chilean Air Force Commandos[citation needed]
Czech Republic: 601st Special Forces Group since 2010.[citation needed]
Denmark: Deployment uniform of the Danish military, in the process of replacing the M/84 as the standard uniform.[41]
Egypt: All Special forces[citation needed]
Finland: Seen in use with some members of the Special Jaegers of the Utti Jaeger Regiment[citation needed]
France: Seen in use with some members of the Commandement des Opérations Spéciales, the French special forces[citation needed]
Georgia: Standard uniform of the Georgian Armed Forces and of some police special forces[citation needed]
Germany: Special Forces (KSK) of the Federal Armed Forces (Bundeswehr), Special Forces (GSG 9) of the Federal Police (Bundespolizei)[citation needed]
Hong Kong: Hong Kong Police Special Duties Unit Diver (nickname "Water Ghosts"), Hong Kong Police Counter Terrorism Response Unit (CTRU)[citation needed]
Hungary: Special Forces Division (hungarian MC clone developed by Reintex, recently replaced by several different commercial - 101 Inc., Viper, Helikontex etc. - and in some cases Crye Prec. MC uniforms are worn, from 2017 the whole HDF (Hungarian Defence Force) introduced a new combat uniform in a "hungarized" MC pattern, but the SFD retained their original MC uniforms.[citation needed]
Iraq: Emergency Response Battalion, which newly formed by the Ministry of Interior.[citation needed]
Italy: All Special forces[citation needed]
Jordan: Jordanian Army Special Operations Force Snipers.[citation needed]
Lebanon: Operational Camouflage Pattern (based on MultiCam predecessor), Standard issued uniform for all branches replaced U.S. Woodland in 21 November 2017
Lithuania: Lithuanian Special Operations Force.[citation needed]
Maldives: Maldives National Defence Force Special Forces.[citation needed]
Montenegro: Standard uniform of the Montenegro military.[42]
Netherlands: Korps Commandotroepen (KCT) and the Netherlands Marine Corps used it on tour in Afghanistan.[citation needed]
New Zealand: New Zealand Special Air Service[43] For use by the Special Operations Forces (NZSOF) in Afghanistan and Iraq.
Norway: Forsvarets Spesialkommando (FSK) have been seen using MultiCam camouflage in Afghanistan.[citation needed]
Pakistan: The Pakistan Armed Forces are in the process of transferring to MultiCam.[citation needed]
Panama: The standard uniform of Panama National Aero-Naval Services SENAN (Servicio Nacional Aeronaval, SENAN).[citation needed]
Poland: Polish Jednostka Wojskowa GROM, Agencja Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego, Biuro Ochrony Rządu and Jednostka Wojskowa Komandosów units uses "Suez", a slightly modified MultiCam pattern.
Russia: Russia's FSB Alpha Group and Vympel and the MVD's SOBR Group. Russian Special Forces in Syria were also seen using Multicams.[44]
South Korea: South Korean UDT/SEAL operators.[45][not in citation given]
Spain: Spanish Grupo de Operaciones Especiales (Spain)[46]
Sweden: Seen in use by the Särskilda operationsgruppen[citation needed]
Taiwan: Army Special Force, Winter Training Center, Mt. Ho-Huan.[citation needed]
Thailand:Seen in use by Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters's Military Police.[47]
Tunisia:Seen used by USGN in Raoued operation.[48]
Turkey: Seen used by Su Altı Taarruz (SAT) commando personnel.[citation needed]
Ukraine: Used by various Ukrainian special forces units.[49]
United Kingdom:
United States:
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