1.
Radio
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When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form, Radio systems need a transmitter to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it, for example using amplitude modulation or angle modulation. Radio systems also need an antenna to convert electric currents into radio waves, an antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving. The electrical resonance of tuned circuits in radios allow individual stations to be selected, the electromagnetic wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna. Radio frequencies occupy the range from a 3 kHz to 300 GHz, a radio communication system sends signals by radio. The term radio is derived from the Latin word radius, meaning spoke of a wheel, beam of light, however, this invention would not be widely adopted. The switch to radio in place of wireless took place slowly and unevenly in the English-speaking world, the United States Navy would also play a role. Although its translation of the 1906 Berlin Convention used the terms wireless telegraph and wireless telegram, the term started to become preferred by the general public in the 1920s with the introduction of broadcasting. Radio systems used for communication have the following elements, with more than 100 years of development, each process is implemented by a wide range of methods, specialised for different communications purposes. Each system contains a transmitter, This consists of a source of electrical energy, the transmitter contains a system to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This modulation might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or altering more subtle such as amplitude, frequency, phase. Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave works by varying the strength of the signal in proportion to the information being sent. For example, changes in the strength can be used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker. It was the used for the first audio radio transmissions. Frequency modulation varies the frequency of the carrier, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. FM has the capture effect whereby a receiver only receives the strongest signal, Digital data can be sent by shifting the carriers frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency-shift keying. FM is commonly used at Very high frequency radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music, analog TV sound is also broadcast using FM. Angle modulation alters the phase of the carrier wave to transmit a signal
2.
Television
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Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
3.
Metropolitan area
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As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. The Greater São Paulo is a term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with zones not necessarily urban in character and these outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte, California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United States, in practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Population figures given for one area can vary by millions. A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, in defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas have a high degree of integration with. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines statistical divisions as areas under the influence of one or more major towns or a major city. However, this definition has become obsolete with the conurbation of several statistical divisions into a larger metropolitan areas. In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called metropolitan regions, each State defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region. The creation of a region is not intended for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography. Their main purpose is to allow for a management of public policies of common interest to all cities involved. They dont have political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, so living in a metropolitan region do not elect representatives for them. Statistics Canada defines a metropolitan area as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the area must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a degree of integration with the core. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. In Denmark the only area is Greater Copenhagen, consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand. Greater Copenhagen has an population of 1.25 million people
4.
South Korean won
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The won or the Korean Republic Won is the currency of South Korea. A single won is divided into 100 jeon, the monetary subunit, the jeon is no longer used for everyday transactions, and appears only in foreign exchange rates. The won is issued by the Bank of Korea, based in the capital city, the old won was a cognate of the Chinese yuan and Japanese yen. It is derived from the hanja 圓, meaning currency or coin, the won was subdivided into 100 jeon, itself a cognate of the Chinese character 錢 which means money and also used as a unit of money in ancient times. The current won is written in hangul only. During the Colonial era, the won was replaced at par by the yen, in 1945 after World War II, Korea became divided, resulting in two separate currencies, both called won, for the South and the North. Both the Southern won and the Northern won replaced the yen at par, the first South Korean won was subdivided into 100 jeon. The South Korean won was pegged to the U. S. dollar at a rate of 15 won =1 dollar. A series of devaluations followed, the ones in part due to the Korean War. The pegs were, The first South Korean won was replaced by the hwan on February 15,1953 at a rate of 1 hwan =100 won, Republic of Korea Banknotes 5th Edition In 1946, the Bank of Joseon introduced 10- and 100-won notes. These were followed in 1949 by 5- and 1, 000-won notes, a new central bank, the Bank of Korea, was established on 12 June 1950, and assumed the duties of Bank of Joseon. Notes were introduced in denominations of 5,10 and 50 jeon, the 500-won notes were introduced in 1952. In 1953, a series of banknotes was issued which, although it gave the denominations in English in won, were, in fact, the won was reintroduced on June 10,1962, at a rate of 1 won =10 hwan. It became the legal tender on March 22,1975. Its ISO4217 code is KRW, at the reintroduction of the won in 1962, its value was pegged at 125 won = $US1. The following pegs operated between 1962 and 1980, On February 27,1980, efforts were initiated to lead to an exchange rate. The won was allowed to float on December 24,1997. Shortly after, the won was devalued to almost half of its value, until 1966, 10- and 50-hwan coins, revalued as 1 and 5 won, were the only coins in circulation
5.
Culture of Korea
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The traditional culture of Korea refers to the shared cultural heritage of the Korean Peninsula. Since the mid-20th century, the peninsula has been split politically between and, resulting in a number of cultural differences, before Joseon Dynasty, the practice of Korean shamanism was deeply rooted in the Korean culture. Music, there is a distinction between court dance and folk dance, common court dances are jeongjaemu performed at banquets, and ilmu, performed at Korean Confucian rituals. Jeongjaemu is divided into native dances and forms imported from Central Asia, ilmu are divided into civil dance and military dance. Many mask dramas and mask dances are performed in regional areas of Korea. The traditional clothing is the genja, it is a kind of dress that women wear on festivals. It is pink with multiple symbols around the neck area, traditional choreography of court dances is reflected in many contemporary productions. Taekkyeon, a traditional Korean martial art, is central to the classic Korean dance, taekkyeon, being a complete system of integrated movement, found its core techniques adaptable to mask, dance and other traditional artforms of Korea. The earliest paintings found on the Korean peninsula are petroglyphs of prehistoric times, with the arrival of Buddhism from India via China, different techniques were introduced. These techniques quickly established themselves as the techniques, but indigenous techniques still survived. There is a tendency towards naturalism with subjects such as landscapes, flowers. Ink is the most common material used, and it is painted on paper or silk. In the 18th century indigenous techniques were advanced, particularly in calligraphy, Arts are both influenced by tradition and realism. For example, Han’s near-photographic Break Time at the Ironworks shows muscular men dripping with sweat, jeong Son’s Peak Chonnyo of Mount Kumgang is a classical Korean landscape of towering cliffs shrouded by mists. There is a set of handicrafts produced in Korea. Most of the handicrafts are created for an everyday use. Traditionally, metal, wood, fabric, lacquerware, and earthenware were the materials used. Ancient handicrafts, such as red and black pottery, share similarities with pottery of Chinese cultures along the Yellow River, the relics found of the Bronze Age, however, are distinctive and more elaborate
6.
History of Korea
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The Lower Paleolithic era in the Korean Peninsula began roughly half a million years ago. The earliest known Korean pottery dates to around 8000 BC, and the Neolithic period began after 6000 BC, followed by the Bronze Age by 800 BC, and the Iron Age around 400 BC. According to the mythic account recounted in the Samguk Yusa, the Gojoseon kingdom was founded in northern Korea, the Gija Joseon was purportedly founded in 12th century BC, and its existence and role have been controversial in the modern era. The written historical record on Gojoseon can be found from early 7th century BC, the Jin state was formed in southern Korea by the 3rd century BC. In the 2nd century BC, Gija Joseon was replaced by Wiman Joseon which fell to the Han China near the end of the century and this resulted in the fall of Gojoseon and led to succeeding warring states, the Proto–Three Kingdoms period that spanned the later Iron Age. From the 1st century, Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla grew to control the peninsula, in 698, Dae Jo-yeong established Balhae in old territories of Goguryeo, which led to the North South States Period. In the late 9th century, Silla was divided into the Later Three Kingdoms, during the Goryeo period, laws were codified, a civil service system was introduced, and culture influenced by Buddhism flourished. However, Mongol invasions in the 13th century brought Goryeo under its influence until the mid-14th century, in 1392, General Yi Seong-gye established the Joseon dynasty after a coup that overthrew the Goryeo dynasty in 1388. After enjoying a period of peace for two centuries, the Joseon dynasty faced foreign invasions and internal fractional strifes, beginning in 1592 until 1637. Henceforth, Joseon gradually became more and more isolationist and stagnant, by the mid 19th century, with the country unwilling to modernize, and encroachment of European powers, Joseon Korea was forced to sign unequal treaties with foreign powers. However, in 1905, the Korean Empire was forced to sign a treaty and in 1910 Japan annexed the Korean Empire. Korean resistance was manifested in the widespread nonviolent March 1st Movement of 1919, thereafter the resistance movements, coordinated by the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in exile, were largely active in neighboring Manchuria, China and Siberia. Figures from these organizations would become important in post WWII Korea. After the end of WW2 in 1945, the country was divided into an area, protected by the Soviets. In 1948, when the failed to agree on the formation of a single government. The new premier of North Korea, Kim il-Sung launched the Korean War in 1950 in an attempt to reunify the country under Communist rule. After immense material and human destruction, the conflict ended with a cease-fire in 1953, both states were accepted into the United Nations in 1991. While both countries were essentially military rule after the war, South Korea eventually liberalized
7.
Tradition
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A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. Common examples include holidays or impractical but socially meaningful clothes, there are about 150 new traditions made each year. Traditions can persist and evolve for thousands of years—the word tradition itself derives from the Latin tradere or traderer literally meaning to transmit, to hand over, to give for safekeeping. While it is assumed that traditions have ancient history, many traditions have been invented on purpose, whether that be political or cultural. Various academic disciplines also use the word in a variety of ways, one way tradition is used more simply, often in academic work but elsewhere also, is to indicate the quality of a piece of information being discussed. For example, According to tradition, Homer was born on Chios and this tradition may never be proven or disproven. In another example, King Arthur, by tradition a true British king, has inspired many well loved stories, of course whether they are documented fact or not does not decrease their value as cultural history and literature. Aside from this use in describing the quality of information, various scholarly fields define the term differently, for example, anthropology and biology have each defined tradition it more precisely than in conventional, as described below, in order to facilitate scholarly discourse. The concept of tradition, as the notion of holding on to a time, is also found in political and philosophical discourse. For example, it is the basis of the concept of traditionalism. In artistic contexts, tradition is used to decide the correct display of an art form, for example, in the performance of traditional genres, adherence to guidelines dictating how an art form should be composed are given greater importance than the performers own preferences. A number of factors can exacerbate the loss of tradition, including industrialization, globalization, in response to this, tradition-preservation attempts have now been started in many countries around the world, focusing on aspects such as traditional languages. Tradition is usually contrasted with the goal of modernity and should be differentiated from customs, conventions, laws, norms, routines, rules and similar concepts. The English word tradition comes from the Latin traditio, the noun from the verb traderere or tradere, it was used in Roman law to refer to the concept of legal transfers. As with many other terms, there are many definitions of tradition. Tradition can also refer to beliefs or customs that are Prehistoric, with lost or arcane origins, originally, traditions were passed orally, without the need for a writing system. Tools to aid this process include poetic devices such as rhyme, the stories thus preserved are also referred to as tradition, or as part of an oral tradition. Even such traditions, however, are presumed to have originated at some point, Traditions are often presumed to be ancient, unalterable, and deeply important, though they may sometimes be much less natural than is presumed
8.
Etiquette in South Korea
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In South Korea, etiquette, or the code of social behavior that governs human interactions, is largely derived from Korean Confucianism and focuses on the core values of this religion. In addition to general behaviour, etiquette in South Korea also determines how to behave with respect to social status. Although most aspects of etiquette are accepted by the country at large, customs can be localized to regions or influenced by other cultures, namely China, Japan. There are several points of etiquette in South Korea that are defined by either cultural taboos or broader concerns about manners, the following three practices are examples of widespread and recognizable concerns to native South Koreans as a whole. Using the number four is considered unlucky, even ominous, as the pronunciation of the word four and it is also considered bad luck to select the fourth floor in an elevator, some are even built without a fourth floor button. Gifts are also given in multiples of four, whereas giving items in multiples of seven is considered lucky. Kissing in public is looked down upon and seen as highly immodest among older individuals in South Korea and this has become less taboo with the current generation of young adults, but is still widely discouraged by elders. Dressing well is important in South Korea, it is considered a sign of respect, wearing a suit and tie is typically appropriate in formal situations, such as meeting new people. South Koreans also dress well for civic activities, especially in cities like Seoul. South Koreans usually shake hands when they meet for the first time, in order to show respect, individuals support their right forearms with their left hand. The bow is also a traditional South Korean greeting and is accompanied by a handshake among men. South Koreans consider it a violation to be touched by someone who is not a relative or close friend. Touching, patting, or back slapping is to be avoided during interactions, in addition, direct eye contact between juniors and seniors should be avoided because it is seen as impolite or even a challenge. Table etiquette in South Korea can be traced back to the Confucian philosophies of the Joseon period, traditionally when dining, South Koreans use cushions to sit on the floor and eat from a low table. The floor is generally heated by the ondol, a heating system. This custom is common at many restaurants in South Korea. The dining area in a restaurant is generally on a raised platform, today, most restaurants also have tables and chairs for visitors who feel uncomfortable sitting on the floor. Unlike the Chinese or Japanese, South Koreans never raise a rice bowl to their mouth, during a meal, bowls and dishes remain on the table
9.
Korean mask
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Korean masks have a long tradition with the use in a variety of contexts. Masks are called tal in Korean, but they are known by many others names such as gamyeon, gwangdae, chorani, talbak. Korean Mask come with black cloth attached to the sides of the designed to cover the back of the head. The present uses are as masks for tourist souvenirs, or on cell-phones where they hang as good-luck talismans. There are two ways to categorize masks, religious masks and artistic masks, religious masks were often used to ward off evil spirits and the artistics masks were mostly used in dances and theater shows. Masks which use for dance in Korea are about 250 types, masks in central district usually look pretty and similar to human face more and in the southern province masks are for satire and Shamanistic. The often horrifying or grotesque masks were used in shamanistic practices for their ability to evoke fear, the masks were often made of alder wood, with several coats of lacquer to give the masks gloss, and waterproof them for wearing. They were usually painted, and often had hinges for mouth movement. Typically one sees the following some of which are designated as cultural properties. The Hahoe, Sandae and Talchum are all traditional Korean mask dramas of ritual. Hahoe Byeolsin gut is a kind of exorcist play while performers wear mask such as yangbantal, bunetal, seonbital, gaksital, chorangital, halmital, jujital, jungital, baekjeongtal, and imaetal. The mask play of Hahoe Byeolsin Exorcism itself was classified as important intangible cultural asset #69 by the South Korean government on November 17,1980, Hahoe and Byeolsin masks themselves were also labelled South Korean national treasure #121 at the same time. The Hahoe mask dance is one of the dramas of Pungcheon Hahoe village in Andong city. 11 Korean culture Korean theatre Korean art Hahoe village Talchum Korean performance masks Korean Drama Traditional
10.
Kisaeng
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Kisaeng, sometimes called ginyeo, were artists who worked to entertain others, such as the yangbans and kings. They were also courtesans, providing sexual services, first appearing in Goryeo, kisaeng were governments legal entertainers, required to perform various functions for the state. Many were employed at court, but they were spread throughout the country. They were carefully trained and frequently accomplished in the arts, poetry. Aside from entertainment, these roles included medical care and needlework, kisaengs play an important role in Korean conceptions of the traditional culture of the Joseon. Some of Koreas oldest and most popular stories, such as Chunhyangjeon, although the names of most real kisaeng have been forgotten, a few are remembered for an outstanding attribute, such as skill or loyalty. The most famous of these is the 16th-century Hwang Jini, throughout the Goryeo and Joseon periods, kisaeng held the status of cheonmin, the lowest in society. They shared this status with other entertainers, as well as butchers, status was hereditary, so the children of a kisaeng were also of cheonmin status, and daughters automatically became kisaeng as well. Beginning in the Goryeo period, the offices in each district kept a registry of kisaeng. The same practice was followed for conscripted slaves, kisaeng could only be released from their position if a hefty price was paid to the government, this could only be done by a wealthy patron, typically a high government official. Many kisaeng were skilled in poetry, and numerous sijo composed by kisaeng have survived and these often reflect themes of heartache and parting, similar to poems composed by scholars in exile. In addition, some of the most famous poems were composed to persuade prominent scholars to spend the night. Indeed, the style came to be associated with kisaeng women. Kisaeng attached to a government office were known as gwan-gi. They were separately entered on the census rolls, the kisaeng were regarded as of significantly higher status than the slaves, although technically they were all of cheonmin rank. In Koreas structured, hierarchical society, gisaeng were technically slaves, for this reason, they were sometimes spoken of as possessing the body of the lower class but the mind of the aristocrat. The career of most kisaeng was very short, generally peaking at age 16 or 17, only a few kisaeng were able to maintain their business for very long beyond this time. It may be for this reason that the training institutes accepted entrants as young as eight
11.
Jjimjilbang
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A jjimjilbang is a large, gender-segregated public bathhouse in Korea, furnished with hot tubs, showers, Korean traditional kiln saunas and massage tables. Jjimjil is derived from the words meaning heating, many of the sleeping rooms have themes or elements to them. Usually jjimjilbangs will have rooms with temperatures to suit guests preferred relaxing temperatures. The walls are decorated with woods, minerals, crystals, stones, the elements used have traditional Korean medicinal purposes in the rooms. Most jjimjilbangs are open 24 hours and are a weekend getaway for Korean families. During the week, many hardworking Korean men, whose families live out of the city for cost savings, the cost is around 8, 000-12,000 won to enter, and one can sleep overnight and enjoy the bathhouse and sauna. Jjimjilbangs usually operate 24 hours a day, in the entrance, there are the doors labelled “men” or “women” and shoes are to be stored using a given key. Once inside, the locker key is exchanged with another locker key to store clothes. Afterwards bathers walk into the bathhouse area and take a shower. Then, one should wear the clothes, which are received with the locker key. In the bathing areas, there are kiln saunas with themes including a jade, a salt, or mineral kiln, often there are several kilns with temperatures ranging from 60 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit. The temperature of the kilns is displayed on a sign at the entrance, jjimjilbangs are kept in a very sanitary condition for the health of patrons, and most are cleaned continuously. No harsh chemicals are used in the waters or saunas, all wet areas prohibit the use of clothing for safety reasons. With the extreme heat of the baths and steam rooms, it is believed that toxic chemicals can leach out of apparel and it is also believed that if you wear a swimsuit or cover up you may be trying to hide a disease. Recently, the quality and healthiness of some jjimjilbangs were questioned. Concerns about the clothes increasing atopy symptoms in patients, or even of accidentally hosting parasites, were voiced, iced Sikhye is a sweet rice beverage. Baked eggs are eggs slow-cooked in the hottest sauna and they are eaten like a hard-boiled egg. Miyeokguk is a made from miyeok, a type of seaweed
12.
Korean cuisine
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Korean cuisine has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Korean cuisine is based on rice, vegetables, and meats. Traditional Korean meals are noted for the number of dishes that accompany steam-cooked short-grain rice. Kimchi is almost always served at every meal, commonly used ingredients include sesame oil, doenjang, soy sauce, salt, garlic, ginger, pepper flakes, gochujang and cabbage. Ingredients and dishes vary by province, many regional dishes have become national, and dishes that were once regional have proliferated in different variations across the country. Korean royal court cuisine once brought all of the regional specialties together for the royal family. Meals are regulated by Korean cultural etiquette, grains have been one of the most important staples of the Korean diet. Early myths of the foundations of various kingdoms in Korea center on grains, one foundation myth relates to Jumong, who received barley seeds from two doves sent by his mother after establishing the kingdom of Goguryeo. During the pre-modern era, grains such as barley and millet were the staples and were supplemented by wheat, sorghum. Rice is not a crop to Korea, and millet was likely the preferred grain before rice was cultivated. Rice became the grain of choice during the Three Kingdoms period, particularly in the Silla, rice was such an important commodity in Silla that it was used to pay taxes. The Sino-Korean word for tax is a character that uses the character for the rice plant. The preference for rice escalated into the Joseon period, when new methods of cultivation and new varieties emerged that would help increase production. As rice was prohibitively expensive when it first came to Korea, the grain was mixed with other grains to stretch the rice. White rice, which is rice with the bran removed, has been the form of rice since its introduction into the cuisine. The most traditional method of cooking the rice has been to cook it in a pot called a sot or musoe sot. This method of rice cookery dates back to at least the Goryeo period, the sot is still used today, much in the same manner as it was in the past centuries. Rice is used to make a number of items, outside of the bowl of plain white rice
