1.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
2.
Regions of Italy
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The regions of Italy are the first-level administrative divisions of Italy, constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are 20 regions, of five are constitutionally given a broader amount of autonomy granted by special statutes. Each region, except for the Aosta Valley, is divided into provinces, regions are autonomous entities with powers defined in the Constitution. As the administrative districts of the state during the Kingdom of Italy. The original draft list comprised the Salento region, friuli and Venezia Giulia were separate regions, and Basilicata was named Lucania. Abruzzo and Molise were identified as regions in the first draft. They were later merged into Abruzzo e Molise in the constitution of 1948. Implementation of regional autonomy was postponed until the first Regional Elections of 1970, the ruling Christian Democracy party did not want the opposition Italian Communist Party to gain power in the regions, where it was historically rooted. Regions acquired a significant level of autonomy following a reform in 2001. In June 2006 the proposals, which had been associated with Lega Nord. The results varied considerably among the regions, ranging from 55. 3% in favour in Veneto to 82% against in Calabria, number of regions controlled by each coalition since 1995, Macroregions are the first-level NUTS of the European Union. These regions, whose statutes are approved by their councils, were created in 1970. Since the constitutional reform of 2001 they have had residual legislative powers, the regions have exclusive legislative power with respect to any matters not expressly reserved to state law. Yet their financial autonomy is quite modest, they just keep 20% of all levied taxes, Article 116 of the Italian Constitution grants to five regions home rule, acknowledging their powers in relation to legislation, administration and finance. These regions became autonomous in order to take into account cultural differences, moreover, the government wanted to prevent their secession from Italy after the Second World War. Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol constitutes a special case, the region is nearly powerless, and the powers granted by the regions statute are mostly exercised by the two autonomous provinces within the region, Trentino and South Tyrol. In this case, the regional institution plays a coordinating role, the latter is directly elected by the citizens of each region, with the exceptions of Aosta Valley and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, where he is chosen by the regional council. Under the 1995 electoral law, the winning coalition receives a majority of seats on the council
3.
Lazio
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Lazio is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy, situated in the central peninsular section of the country. With almost 5.9 million residents and a GDP of more than 170 billion euros, Lazio is the second most populated region of Italy and its capital is Rome, capital and largest city of Italy. Lazio comprises an area of 17,236 km2 and it has borders with Tuscany, Umbria, and Marche to the north, Abruzzo and Molise to the east, Campania to the south. The region is flat and hilly, with small mountainous areas in the most eastern and southern districts. The coast of Lazio is mainly composed of beaches, punctuated by the headlands of Circeo. The Pontine Islands, which are part of Lazio, lie opposite the southern coast, behind the coastal strip, to the north, lies the Maremma Laziale, a coastal plain interrupted at Civitavecchia by the Tolfa Mountains. The central section of the region is occupied by the Roman Campagna, the southern districts are characterized by the flatlands of Agro Pontino, a once swampy and malarial area, that was reclaimed over the centuries. To the south of the Tiber, other groups form part of the Preapennines, the Alban Hills, also of volcanic origin. The highest peak is Mount Gorzano on the border with Abruzzo, see also, History of Italy The Italian word Lazio descends from the Latin word Latium. The name of the region also survives in the designation of the ancient population of Latins, Latini in the Latin language spoken by them. Although the demography of ancient Rome was multi-ethnic, including, for example, Etruscans and other Italics besides the Latini, in Roman mythology, the tribe of the Latini took their name from king Latinus. Much of Lazio is in flat or rolling. The lands originally inhabited by the Latini were extended into the territories of the Samnites, the Marsi, the Hernici, the Aequi, the Aurunci and the Volsci, all surrounding Italic tribes. This larger territory was still called Latium, but it was divided into Latium adiectum or Latium Novum, the lands or New Latium, and Latium Vetus, or Old Latium. The northern border of Lazio was the Tiber river, which divided it from Etruria, the emperor Augustus officially united almost all of present-day Italy into a single geo-political entity, Italia, dividing it into eleven regions. However, the wars against the Longobards weakened the region. With the Donation of Sutri in 728, the Bishop of Rome acquired the first territory in the region beyond the Duchy of Rome, the strengthening of the religious and ecclesiastical aristocracy led to continuous power struggles between secular lords and the Pope until the middle of the 16th century. Other popes tried to do the same, during the period when the papacy resided in Avignon, France, the feudal lords power increased due to the absence of the Pope from Rome
4.
Rome
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Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
5.
Democratic Party (Italy)
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The Democratic Party is a social-democratic political party in Italy. The partys acting leader is Matteo Orfini, who replaced Matteo Renzi after his resignation in February 2017, in April–May the party will hold a leadership election and Renzi is again running for secretary. The PD was founded on 14 October 2007 upon the merger of various centre-left parties which had part of The Olive Tree list. The PDs main ideological trends are thus social democracy and the Italian Christian leftist tradition, the party has been also influenced by social liberalism, which was already present in some of the founding components of the DS and DL, and more generally by a Third Way progressivism. Following the 2013 general election and the 2014 European Parliament election, the PD was the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate and the European Parliament. From 2013 the Italian government has been led by three successive Democratic Prime Ministers, Enrico Letta, Matteo Renzi, and Paolo Gentiloni. As of 2017, other than the government, Democrats head fourteen regional governments out of twenty and function as coalition partner in Tuscany. Former bigwigs include Giorgio Napolitano, Sergio Mattarella, Romano Prodi, Giuliano Amato, Massimo DAlema, Pier Luigi Bersani, Francesco Rutelli, the coalition, in alliance with the Communist Refoundation Party, won the 1996 general election and Prodi became Prime Minister. In February 1998 the PDS merged with minor parties to become the Democrats of the Left, while in March 2002 the PPI, RI. In the summer of 2003 Prodi suggested that the forces would participate in the 2004 European Parliament election with a common list. Whereas the Union of Democrats for Europe and the far-left parties refused, four parties accepted, the DS, DL, the Italian Democratic Socialists and the European Republicans Movement. They launched a joint list named United in the Olive Tree, the project was later abandoned in 2005 by the SDI. In the 2006 general election the list obtained 31. 3% of the vote for the Chamber of Deputies, eight parties agreed to merge into the PD, Democrats of the Left Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy. Southern Democratic Party, Sardinia Project, European Republicans Movement, Democratic Republicans, Middle Italy, while the DL agreed to the merger with virtually no resistance, the DS experienced a more heated final congress. On 19 April 2007 approximately 75% of party members voted in support of the merger of the DS into the PD, the left-wing opposition, led by Fabio Mussi, obtained just 15% of the support within the party. A third motion, presented by Gavino Angius and supportive of the PD only within the Party of European Socialists, during and following the congress, both Mussi and Angius announced their intention not to join the PD and founded a new party called Democratic Left. On 22 May 2007 the composition of the committee of the nascent party was announced. On 18 June the committee met to decide the rules for the election of the 2,400 members of the partys constituent assembly
6.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
7.
Central European Summer Time
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It corresponds to UTC + two hours. Other names which have been applied to Central European Summer Time are Middle European Summer Time, Central European Daylight Saving Time, and Bravo Time. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed between 1,00 UTC on the last Sunday of March and 1,00 on the last Sunday of October, the following countries and territories use Central European Summer Time. In addition, Libya used CEST during the years 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997, European Summer Time Other countries and territories in UTC+2 time zone Other names of UTC+2 time zone
8.
Administrative subdivision of Rome
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The administrative subdivision of Rome consists of the 15 sub-municipalities of Romes municipality. Originally, the city was divided into 20 sub-municipalities, but the XIV, what is now the Comune di Fiumicino, voted in 1992 to become a municipality itself. Then on 11 March 2013 the municipalities were reduced from 19 to 15, since 1972 the city has been divided into administrative areas, called municipi, until 2001 named circoscrizioni. They were created for reasons to increase decentralisation in the city. Each municipio is governed by a president and a council of four members who are elected by its residents five years. The municipi frequently cross the boundaries of the traditional, non-administrative divisions of the city, there were originally 20 municipi, becoming 19 in 1992 after a referendum and the subsequent separation of Fiumicino into an independent Comune. In 2013 their number was reduced to 15, Rome is also divided into several types of non-administrative units. The historic centre is divided into 22 rioni, all of which are located within the Aurelian Walls except Prati and these originate from the Regiones of ancient Rome, which evolved in the Middle Ages into the medieval rioni. In the Renaissance, under Pope Sixtus V, they reached again the number of fourteen, a new subdivision of the city under Napoleon was ephemeral, and there were no sensible changes in the organisation of the city until 1870, when Rome became the capital of Italy. The needs of the new led to an explosion both in the urbanisation and in the population within and outside the Aurelian walls. In 1874 a fifteenth rione, Esquilino, was created on the newly urbanised zone of Monti, at the beginning of the 20th century other rioni where created. Afterward, for the new subdivisions of the city the name quartiere was used. Today all the rioni are part of the first Municipio, which therefore coincides completely with the historical city, an administrative reform in 2013 merged the existing municipi into the current 15 municipi, as listed below. Vatican City lies between Municipi I and XIII
9.
Rioni of Rome
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A rione of Rome is a traditional administrative division of the city of Rome. Rione is an Italian term used since the 14th century to name a district of a town, the term was born in Rome, originating from the administrative divisions of the city. The word comes from the Latin word regio, during the Middle Ages the Latin word became rejones, currently, all the rioni are located in Municipio I of Rome. According to tradition, Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome, first divided the city into regiones, all but Transtiberim were on the left bank of the river Tiber. During the 12th century a division in 12 parts started being used, though not officially, even if the areas were different from the ancient ones, they still used the same name, regio in Latin and rione in the vulgar language. The limits of the rioni became more definitive and official in the 13th century, their number increased to 13, in this period, anyway, the limits were quite uncertain. The rione was not an entity, but only an administrative one. The chief of a rione was the Caporione, during the Renaissance there was a deep reorganization and expansion of the city, so it became necessary to delimit the rioni exactly. In 1586 Sixtus V added to the 13 rioni another one, Borgo and this situation, thanks to the low population increase, did not change until the 19th century. In 1744 Pope Benedict XIV, because of frequent misunderstanding, decided to replan the administrative division of Rome, the marble plates defining the borders of each rione, many of which still exist, were installed in that year on the facades of houses lying at each riones border. So the smaller rioni were united to the large ones, at this time the French affixed in each street a plate with its name and the areas it belonged to. After Napoleon lost his power there were no significant changes in the organization of the city until Rome became the capital of the newborn Italy, the needs of the new capital caused a great urbanization and an increase of the population, both within the Aurelian walls and outside them. In 1874 the rioni became 15, with the addition of Esquilino, at the beginning of the 20th century some rioni started being split up and the first parts outside the Aurelian walls started being considered part of the city. In 1921 the number of the rioni increased to 22, Prati was the last rione to be established and the only one outside the walls of Urbanus VIII. The latest reform, which is still valid, was made in 1972, Rome was divided in 20 circoscrizioni and 20 rioni constituted the first one. The two remaining, Borgo and Prati, belonged to the XVIIth municipality until 2013, since then they belong too to the first Municipio. Media related to Districts of Rome at Wikimedia Commons
10.
Trastevere
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Trastevere is the 13th rione of Rome, on the west bank of the Tiber, south of Vatican City, and within Municipio I. Its name comes from the Latin trans Tiberim, meaning literally beyond the Tiber and its logo is a golden head of a lion on a red background, the meaning of which is uncertain. To the north, Trastevere borders the XIV rione, Borgo, in Romes Regal period, the area across the Tiber belonged to the hostile Etruscans, the Romans named it Ripa Etrusca. Rome conquered it to control of and access to the river from both banks, but was not interested in building on that side of the river. In fact, the connection between Trastevere and the rest of the city was a small wooden bridge called the Pons Sublicius. By the time of the Republic c.509 BC, the number of sailors and fishermen making a living from the river had increased, immigrants from the East also settled there, mainly Jews and Syrians. The area began to be considered part of the city under Augustus, since the end of the Roman Republic the quarter was also the center of an important Jewish community, which inhabited there until the end of the Middle Ages. With the wealth of the Imperial Age, several important figures decided to build their villae in Trastevere, including Clodia, and Julius Caesar. The regio included two of the most ancient churches in Rome, the Titulus Callixti, later called the Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere, and the Titulus Cecilae, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere. In the Middle Ages Trastevere had narrow, winding, irregular streets, moreover, at the end of the 15th century these mignani were removed. Nevertheless, Trastevere remained a maze of narrow streets, there was a strong contrast between the large, opulent houses of the upper classes and the small, dilapidated houses of the poor. The streets had no pavement until the time of Sixtus IV at the end of the 15th century, at first bricks were used, but these were later replaced by sampietrini, which were more suitable for carriages. In 1744 Benedict XIV modified the borders of the rioni, giving Trastevere its modern limits, nowadays, Trastevere maintains its character thanks to its narrow cobbled streets lined by ancient houses. At night, natives and tourists flock to its many pubs and restaurants. The unique character of this neighborhood has attracted artists, foreign expats, in the sixties and seventies, the American musicians/composers Frederic Rzewski and Richard Teitelbaum, of the group Musica Elettronica Viva, lived in Via della Luce. Sergio Leone, the director of Spaghetti Westerns, grew up in Viale Glorioso, ennio Morricone, the film music composer, went to the same school, and for one year was in the same class as Sergio Leone. Public libraries in Trastevere include Casa della Memoria e della Storia
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Aventine Hill
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The Aventine Hill is one of the Seven Hills on which ancient Rome was built. It belongs to Ripa, the rione, or ward. The Aventine Hill is the southernmost of Romes seven hills and it has two distinct heights, one greater to the northwest and one lesser to the southeast, divided by a steep cleft that provides the base for an ancient roadway between the heights. During the Republican era, the two hills may have recognized as a single entity. Most Roman sources trace the name of the hill to a legendary king Aventinus, Servius identifies two kings of that name, one ancient Italic, and one Alban, both said to have been buried on the hill in remote antiquity. Servius believes that the hill was named after the ancient Italic king Aventinus, the Aventine was a significant site in Roman mythology. In Virgils Aeneid, a cave on the Aventines rocky slope next the river is home to the monstrous Cacus, killed by Hercules for stealing Geryons cattle. In Romes founding myth, the divinely fathered twins Romulus and Remus hold a contest of augury, whose outcome determines the right to found, name and lead a new city, and to determine its site. In most versions of the story, Remus sets up his tent on the Aventine. Each sees a number of birds that signify divine approval. Romulus goes on to found the city of Rome at the site of his successful augury, an earlier variant, found in Ennius and some later sources, has Romulus perform his augury on one of the Aventine Hills. Remus performs his elsewhere, perhaps on the height, the lesser of the Aventines two hills, which has been tentatively identified with Ennius Mons Murcus. The less fortunate Remus, who lost not only the contest but later, his life, remained on the Aventine, according to Roman tradition, the Aventine was not included within Romes original foundation, and lay outside the citys ancient sacred boundary. The Roman historian Livy reports that Ancus Marcius, Romes fourth king, defeated the Latins of Politorium, the Roman geographer Strabo credits Ancus with the building of a city wall to incorporate the Aventine. Others credit the same wall to Romes sixth king, Servius Tullius, the remains known as the Servian Wall used stone quarried at Veii, which was not conquered by Rome until c.393 BC, so the Aventine might have been part-walled, or an extramural suburb. The Aventine appears to have functioned as some kind of staging post for the legitimate ingress of foreign peoples, during the late regal era, Servius Tullius built a temple to Diana on the Aventine, as a Roman focus for the new-founded Latin League. The Aventines outlying position, its association with Latins and plebeians. The temple overlooked the Circus Maximus and the Temple of Vesta and it became an important repository for plebeian and senatorial records
12.
Esquiline Hill
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The Esquiline Hill is one of the celebrated Seven Hills of Rome. Its southern-most cusp is the Oppius, the origin of the name Esquilino is still under much debate. One view is that the Hill was named after the abundance of Italian oaks, aesculi, according to Livy, the settlement on the Esquiline was expanded during the reign of Servius Tullius, Romes sixth king, in the 6th century BC. The king also moved his residence to the Hill, in order to increase its respectability and it contained terraces, libraries and other aspects of Roman culture. At the Oppius, Nero confiscated property to build his extravagant, mile-long Golden House, the 3rd century AD Horti Liciniani, a group of gardens, were probably constructed on the Esquiline Hill. Farther to the northeast, at the summit of the Cispius, is the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, the famous Esquiline Treasure, now in the British Museum, was found on the Esquiline Hill. The tiny hamlet of El Esquilinchuche in Honduras is named after the Esquiline Hill
13.
Monti (rione of Rome)
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Monti is the name of one of the twenty-two Rioni of Rome, rione I, located in Municipio I. The name literally means mountains in Italian and comes from the fact that the Esquiline and the Viminal Hills, and parts of the Quirinal and its logo consists of three green mountains with three tops on a silver background. Today the Esquilino, Castro Pretorio and Celio districts do not belong to it anymore, in ancient times the rione was densely populated, in Monti there were the Forum Romanum and the so-called Suburra, this was the place poor people lived, full of disreputable locals and brothels. In the Middle Ages the situation was different, the Roman aqueducts were damaged. Hence many inhabitants moved to Campus Martius, a level part. From the Middle Ages to the beginning of the 19th century, Monti was not densely populated because of the lack of water and because it was quite far from the Vatican, the center of Christian culture. The area did not become abandoned thanks to the church of San Giovanni in Laterano, still in the Middle Ages the inhabitants of Monti, called monticiani, developed a strong identity, their Roman dialect was different from that spoken in the other rioni. Their main enemies were the people from the other rione with an identity, Trastevere. The Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum is located in Monti History, maps and images of the rione
14.
Trevi (rione of Rome)
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Trevi is the rione II of Rome, located in Municipio I. Its logo is made of three swords on a red background and this rione, during the Roman republic belonged to the third region, while during the Roman empire was split up into two regions, the VI, called Alta Semita and the VII, called via Lata. During the ancient Roman period, in rione Trevi there were groups of private houses with some monumental buildings. Since that time the area was split up into two parts, a lower one, level and next to the river Tiber, and a higher one on the hills. The first one was one of the center of the activities of the city, while the one was a rich. After the fall of the Roman empire, a lot of people moved away from the hills to settle next to the river, in the lower part. The urbanization followed the people, next to the river Tiber the rione was full of buildings while almost nothing was built again on the hills until the Renaissance. In 1600 urbanization, new streets, churches and fountains caused the rione Trevi to be quite crowded, the Quirinal Hill, partially isolated from the crowded part close to the river, was slowly becoming a center of power thanks to numerous buildings belonging to the Pope. Under the domination of Napoleon, in 1811, the Quirinal Hill was selected to be the center of the power in Rome. The plan was not completed because of the fall of Napoleon, in fact nowadays several ministers are placed in the rione Trevi. This changed completely the appearance of the part of the rione. The most famous monument in the rione is Trevi Fountain, public libraries in Trevi include Romana Sarti and Casa delle Traduzioni. Piazza Barberini Piazza della Pilota Piazza del Quirinale Piazza San Bernardo Piazza San Silvestro Piazza Santi Apostoli Piazza Scanderbeg Piazza di Trevi
15.
Colonna, City of Rome
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Colonna is the III rione of Rome and located at the citys historic center in Municipio I. It takes its name from the Column of Marcus Aurelius in the Piazza Colonna, today the rione covers 0.2689 km2 and as of 2011 had 2547 inhabitants. The rione reaches to one side of the Pincian Hill, during the short-lived Roman Republic of 1798 it also included the hill itself and was called Pincio rather than Colonna. The riones insignia is a now a column representing the Column of Marcus Aurelius on a red background. However, the insignia originally consisted of three azure bands against a silver background
16.
Ponte (rione of Rome)
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Ponte is the fifth rione of Rome, and is located in Municipio I. Its name comes from Ponte SantAngelo, which connects Ponte with the rione of Borgo and this bridge was built by Emperor Hadrian in 134 AD to connect his mausoleum to the rest of the city. Though Pope Sixtus V changed the limits so that the bridge belongs now to Borgo, not to Ponte any more. Its logo is obviously a bridge, in ancient Rome, the area belonged to the IX Augustan region called Circus Flaminius, that was a part of the Campus Martius. Neros bridge was also called Pons Vaticanus, because it connected the Ager Vaticanus to the bank, later Pons ruptus. In ancient Rome there was a port that was used to carry the materials for temples, the active life of the area went on during the Middle Ages and the modern period, and this activity deleted almost all signs of ancient Rome in the rione. Moreover, the rione was on the edge of Ponte SantAngelo, thus all the streets of Rome were leading there. That is why it was full of locals, restaurants, shops of holy objects, a common event in the area was to see a small procession led by a person dressed in black, covering his face, carrying a crucifix on his shoulders. On a wagon there was a condemned man kissing continuously another image of Jesus. The destination of the procession was the square in front of Ponte SantAngelo, although Ponte was a quite rich area, it was the one most affected by the frequent flooding of the River Tiber. All the narrow leading to the river were lost, to make space for the embankments. La grande guida dei Rioni di Roma, ISBN 88-7983-509-2 History, maps and images of the rione
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Parione
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Parione is the VI rione of Rome. It is located in Municipio I and its logo is a rampant griffon, a Greek mythological creature with the head of an eagle and the body of a lion. It was chosen as a symbol of pride and nobility, during Antiquity, it belonged to the IX Augustan region called Circo Flaminio. In this area Domitianus built his stadium and an Odeon, for musical, under Sixtus IV the rione lost its chaotic look, typical of the Middle Ages, for a cleaner and tidier one, typical of the Renaissance. Recovering buildings, enlarging streets, building the new bridge ponte Sisto connecting Trastevere and Parione, thanks to this renewal, urbanization increased between the 1400 and 1500. In the same period, several artists were asked to renew the front of the greatest buildings, in 1500 most of the commercial activity slowly moved from Campo de Fiori to Piazza Navona, that was the favorite place since it was wider. From 1574 to 1674, the appearance of Piazza Navona changed vastly, thanks to the work of Bernini, Borromini, if one palace was jutting, its front was moved backwards to preserve it
18.
Regola
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Regola is the 7th rione of Rome, Italy. It is located in Municipio I of the city, the name comes from Arenula, which was the name of the soft sand that the river Tiber left after the floods, and that built strands on the left bank. The logo of the rione is a rampant deer with a turquoise background, during the Roman empire, the area belonged to the Campus Martius. In particular, in the modern Regola there was the Trigarium, emperor Augustus divided Rome into 14 regions, according to this, the modern Regola belonged to the IX region called Circus Flaminius. In the Middle Ages it entered the fourth of the seven new ecclesiastic regions, also because of the very frequent floods of the river Tiber, the area was unhealthy and it was drained at the end of the Middle Ages. In 1586, when rione Borgo was made, the number of rioni increased to 14, and Regola became the VII with the name of Arenule et Chacabariorum. In 1875, after the walls to stop the floods of the Tiber were built, though small, the rione contains many kinds of buildings, palaces, hospitals, churches, embassies, run down prisons and dirty poor houses. Public libraries in Regola include the Biblioteca centrale Centrale dei Ragazzi, media related to Rione VII - Regola at Wikimedia Commons History, maps and images of the rione
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Pigna (rione of Rome)
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Pigna is the name of rione IX of Rome, located in Municipio I of the city. The name means pine cone in Italian, and the symbol for the rione is the bronze pine cone. The giant bronze pine cone once decorated a fountain in Ancient Rome next to a vast Temple of Isis, there water flowed copiously from the top of the pinecone. The Pigna was moved first to the Old Basilica of Saint Peter, there it stands today under Pirro Ligorios vast niche at the far end, flanked by a pair of Roman bronze peacocks brought from Hadrians mausoleum, the Castel SantAngelo. This rione is centrally located in the Campus Martius area of ancient Rome and it is roughly square-shaped, extending from the Pantheon on its northwest corner to the Piazza Venezia on the southeast. This relatively small area contains numerous churches and palazzi, public libraries in Pigna include Rispoli
20.
Sant'Angelo, Rome
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SantAngelo is the eleventh historic district or rione of Rome, and is located in Municipio I. Often written as rione XI - SantAngelo, its coat of arms is an angel on a red background, in another version, the angel holds a sword in its right hand and a scale in its left. SantAngelo, the smallest of Romes rioni, lies along the Tiber river east of Tiber Island, rioni bordering this district, clockwise from north to south, include Regola, SantEustachio, Pigna, Campitelli, and Ripa. SantAngelos western border is the river, the riones terrain is low and flat and, until recent times, particularly susceptible to flooding from the river. The historical significance of SantAngelo is mainly the result of the here of the Roman Ghetto. During the early Roman period, the occupied by SantAngelo lay outside the Servian walls. This location, at a point where the river could be forded easily had great strategic importance, the Cestian and Fabrician bridges, built during the 1st century BC to connect the island with the right and the left bank, respectively, increased the importance of the area. During the Empire, the district was part of IX Circus Flaminius, the regio was named after the Circus Flaminius, the second-largest circus of Rome, built here during the 3rd century BC by Gaius Flaminius Nepos. The Circus stood near the Capitoline Hill and the Forum, Augustus intended the area near the Circus to be part of Romes monumental center, with buildings devoted to dramatic performances and temples. Moreover, two magnificent porticos, both built in the tradition of Republican-era porticoes, were built toward the end of the 1st century BC, the Porticus Octaviae and the Porticus Philippi. The first was built by Augustus, who dedicated it to his sister Octavia, part of the area used for these buildings was obtained at the expense of the Circus Flaminius, which was partially dismantled by Augustus. After the end of the Empire the monumental edifices collapsed, several factors played an important role in this transformation, first, the size and solidity of construction, then, the closeness to the Tiber. Finally, the possibility of controlling the access to the bank via the Pons Fabricius, Cestius and Aemilius. Later appeared also the appellation SantAngelo, after the most important church of the rione and this church, erected in 770 AD inside the Propylea of the Portico of Octavia, had a great historical importance during the Middle Ages. From here, on the Whitsunday of 1347, the Romans, led by Cola di Rienzo, launched the assault on the Capitol, attempting to restore the Roman Republic. Along the Botteghe Oscure —as the arcades of the Theater of Balbus were called— was produced quicklime, on the wall near the Portico is still visible a copy of the marble plaque, whose length gives the maximum size of the fishes which could be sold whole. Those which were longer would have their heads cut off and these had to be given as a perquisite to the Conservatori, who used them to prepare a fish soup. The most typical activity in the market was the auction, known as cottío
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Testaccio
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Testaccio is the 20th rione of Rome, deriving its name from Monte Testaccio. It is located in the citys Municipio I, the rione seal depicts one of these amphorae. In modern times, the area has been a center of activity for butchers, Testaccio was one of Rome’s traditional working class neighbourhoods, but the recent process of gentrification has changed its reputation from hard-at-work to hipster. The neighborhood is home to several of Romes culinary highlights, testaccios reputation among tourists is expanding. Story and Pictures of Testaccio Pictures of Testaccio
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Rome municipal election, 2013
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Municipal elections were held in Rome on 26–27 May 2013 and a second round was held on 9–10 June, at the same time as other Italian local elections. The outgoing Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, stood for election for a term as mayor. The center-left candidate, heart surgeon Ignazio Marino was chosen by a multi-party primary election on 7 April 2013, control of the 15 municipi of the Italian capital was decided in the election. The number of municipi had been cut down from 19 in March 2013, also 48 Councillors were elected to Rome City Council. As a result of the election, Ignazio Marino was elected with a large majority, on 8 October 2015, Marino resigned amidst an expense scandal. New elections for the Mayor of Rome are expected in 2016, despite Alemanno had repeatedly stated its intention to hold primary elections to choose the candidate of the center-right coalition, on 2 September 2012 he announced his candidacy as mayor of Rome. On the contrary, the coalition decided to hold the primary election on 7 April 2013 to decide its mayoral candidate. There were 6 main candidates,5 from Democratic Party and one from Left Ecology Freedom, on 7 April Marino won the election and became the official candidate of the center-left coalition. The voting system is used for all elections in Italy. Under this system voters express a choice for the mayor or an indirect choice voting for the party of the candidates coalition. If no candidate receives 50% of votes, the top two candidates go to a round after two weeks. This gives a result whereby the candidate may be able to claim majority support. For municipi the voting system is the same, not referred to the mayor, the election of the City Council is based on a direct choice for the candidate with a preference vote, the candidate with the majority of the preferences is elected. The number of the seats for each party is determined proportionally, reduced from 19 to 15 in March 2013, municipi are governed by a president and a council of four members who are elected by its residents every five years. The municipi frequently cross the boundaries of the traditional, non-administrative divisions of the city, in this election all 15 municipi were won by the center-left coalition, composed by Democratic Party and Left Ecology Freedom
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The People of Freedom
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The People of Freedom was a centre-right political party in Italy. The federation was later transformed into a party during a party congress on 27–29 March 2009, the PdL formed Italys government from 2008 to 2011 in coalition with Lega Nord. Alfano functioned as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior, in June 2013 Berlusconi announced Forza Italias revival and the PdLs transformation into a centre-right coalition. In the run-up to the 2006 general election there was talk among the component parties of the House of Freedoms coalition regarding a merger into a united party of moderates. Forza Italia, National Alliance and the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats all seemed interested in the project, soon after the election, however, UDC leader Pier Ferdinando Casini, who had been a reluctant coalition partner, started to distance from its historical allies. Another party of the coalition, Lega Nord, showed no interest in the idea, because of its character as a regionalist party. Shortly afterwards, from the board of a car in a crowded Piazza San Babila in Milan. The new course was called the running board revolution and this expression soon became very popular both among Berlusconis supporters and his adversaries. At the beginning, the fate of FI remained unclear, later, it was explained that the new partys core would consist of FI, the Circles of Freedom and other grassroots groups, and that some minor parties of the House of Freedoms would join too. Also UDC leader Casini criticized the idea from the start and seemed interested in a coalition with Fini. On 24 January 2008, the Prodi II Cabinet fell as a result of the political crisis, on the day after Berlusconi hinted that FI would probably contest its last election, and postponed the foundation of the new party until after the election. In an atmosphere of reconciliation with Fini, Berlusconi also stated that the new party could involve the participation of other parties, on 8 February, Berlusconi and Fini agreed to form a joint list under the banner of The People of Freedom, in alliance with LN. Italians in the World, Social Action and the Reformist Socialists, in the 2008 general election, the PdL won 37. 4% of the vote, getting elected 276 deputies and 146 senators and becoming the Italian largest party. The PdL was also the first party since Christian Democracy in the 1979 general election to get more than 35% of the popular vote, on 27–29 March 2009, the new party held its first congress in Rome and was officially founded. In the 2009 European Parliament election, the party won 35. 2% of the national vote, the PdL was also instrumental in the centre-right victories in Veneto and Piedmont, where two Presidents of LN, Luca Zaia and Roberto Cota respectively, were elected. Between 2009 and 2010 Gianfranco Fini, former leader of the conservative AN and President of the Chamber of Deputies, in fact most Finiani were Southern conservatives who opposed Berlusconis firm alliance with LN, federal reform and Giulio Tremontis economic policy. Others, including Gianni Alemanno and Alfredo Mantovano, found common ground with the partys Christian democrats, on 15 April 2010 Bocchino launched an association named Generation Italy in order to better represent Finis views within the party. On 22 April 2010 the national council of the PdL convened in Rome for the first time in a year, the conflict between Fini and Berlusconi was covered live on television
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Left Ecology Freedom
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Left Ecology Freedom was a democratic socialist political party in Italy, whose bulk was formed by former members of the Communist Refoundation Party. The partys leader was Nichi Vendola, a former President of Apulia, on 17 December 2016 SEL dissolved into Italian Left, which was officially launched as a party in early 2017. In the election, SL failed to pass the 4% threshold, despite that, it was decided that SL would become a party. In October 2009, during a party congress, the Greens elected a new party leader, Angelo Bonelli, however, Francescato and her faction decided to keep supporting SL as Ecologists with Left Ecology Freedom and leave the Greens. SL was also weakened by the split occurred within PS, when the United Socialists, finally in November SL was hit by the sudden opt-out of the whole PS. Since November 2009 SL was thus composed of MpS, SD, UlS, the Ecologists and Socialism and Left, in December SL was officially launched as a party, and Vendola was elected spokesperson. After an important meeting in September in Naples, where it was decided to add Ecology to the name, in December 2009 Left Ecology. The new symbol was presented and Vendola was confirmed as spokesperson, SEL, often in coalition with the PS, did well in the 2010 regional elections, especially in Central and Southern Italy. Overall, SEL won 3. 0% of the vote, with the PS at 0. 7%, in the Apulian election Vendola was re-elected President of the Region and trailed SEL to 9. 7%, its best regional result. The party was founded in a congress in Florence on 22–24 October 2010. In 2011 and 2012 the party offered a competition to the Democratic Party in coalition primaries in many cities. In May 2011 Giuliano Pisapia and Massimo Zedda, who had supported by SEL in primaries, were elected mayors of Milan and Cagliari. The party gained 5% in Milan, 6% in Turin, 10% in Bologna, 6% in Trieste, 4% in Naples, in occasion of the 2011 referendums of June 2011, SEL gave full support to the yes committees. In May 2012 Marco Doria, another independent close to SEL, was elected Mayor of Genoa, in August 2012 Vendola announced his bid for the primary election in order to select the candidate for Prime Minister of the PD-led centre-left coalition in the 2013 general election. On 25 November Vendola won 15. 6% of the vote and came third behind Democrats Pier Luigi Bersani, in the run-off Vendola supported Bersani, who defeated Renzi 60. 9% to 39. 1%. SEL selected its candidates for the election through a primary in December 2012. In the 2013 general election, which place in February 2013. Common Good, which supported PD leader Pier Luigi Bersani as candidate for Prime Minister, in the election SEL won 3. 2% of the vote, returning 37 deputies and 7 senators
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Five Star Movement
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The Five Star Movement is a political party in Italy. The M5S was started by Beppe Grillo, a comedian and blogger, and Gianroberto Casaleggio. Davide Casaleggio, Gianrobertos son, has an important role in the M5S. Formally speaking, Grillo is also president of the association named Five Star Movement, with his nephew Enrico Grillo vice president, the M5S is considered populist, anti-establishment, environmentalist, anti-globalist and Eurosceptic. Grillo himself provocatively once referred to it as populist and its members stress that the M5S is not a party but a movement and it may not be included in the traditional left-right paradigm. The five stars are a reference to five key issues for the party, public water, sustainable transport, sustainable development, right to Internet access, the party also advocates E-democracy, direct democracy, the principle of zero-cost politics, degrowth, and nonviolence. In foreign policy, the M5S have condemned military interventions of the West in the Greater Middle East as well as any notion of American intervention in Syria, two party members, Virginia Raggi and Chiara Appendino, were elected mayors of Rome and Turin, respectively, in 2016. On 16 July 2005 Beppe Grillo offered supporters of the proposals submitted to his blog to adopt social networks, such as Meetup, to communicate and coordinate local meetings. Coordination of activists through meetups had already adopted in 2003 by Howard Dean during the campaign for the primaries of the Democratic Party of the United States. And discuss and develop, if you believe, my posts, within the meetup one creates thematic working groups on topics including technology and innovation, press-communication, ethical consumerism, currency study, no incinerators. In these circumstances, proposals mostly regarding environmental issues were discussed, during the fourth national meeting held in Genoa on 3 February 2007, Beppe Grillo announced his desire to provide local Meetup activists an autonomous space within the shows of his tour. The meeting was held in Bologna, the fourth is a reference to the number five as a Roman numeral. On that day 336,000 signatures were collected, far exceeding the 50,000 required for the filing of a law of popular initiative, on 10 October 2007 Grillo gives guidance on how to create the civic lists. On 3 December 2008, Grillo presented the symbol of the Five Star Civic Lists for the elections of 2009. On 8 March 2009, the first national meeting of the Five Star Civic Lists was held in Florence. Here Beppe Grillo had the Charter of Florence, bone joint 12-point program of the local civic lists in the afternoon, about twenty local groups present their ideas. At the local elections on 15 and 16 May 2011, the Movement occurs in 75 of the 1,177 municipalities in the vote, in the small Venetian town of Sarego, the M5Ss candidate was elected mayor with 35. 2% of the vote. In the run-offs the party won the mayorships of Parma, Mira, after the election, the party consistently scored around 15-20% nationally in opinion polls, frequently ahead of The People of Freedom and second just to the Democratic Party
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Rione Trevi
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Trevi is the rione II of Rome, located in Municipio I. Its logo is made of three swords on a red background and this rione, during the Roman republic belonged to the third region, while during the Roman empire was split up into two regions, the VI, called Alta Semita and the VII, called via Lata. During the ancient Roman period, in rione Trevi there were groups of private houses with some monumental buildings. Since that time the area was split up into two parts, a lower one, level and next to the river Tiber, and a higher one on the hills. The first one was one of the center of the activities of the city, while the one was a rich. After the fall of the Roman empire, a lot of people moved away from the hills to settle next to the river, in the lower part. The urbanization followed the people, next to the river Tiber the rione was full of buildings while almost nothing was built again on the hills until the Renaissance. In 1600 urbanization, new streets, churches and fountains caused the rione Trevi to be quite crowded, the Quirinal Hill, partially isolated from the crowded part close to the river, was slowly becoming a center of power thanks to numerous buildings belonging to the Pope. Under the domination of Napoleon, in 1811, the Quirinal Hill was selected to be the center of the power in Rome. The plan was not completed because of the fall of Napoleon, in fact nowadays several ministers are placed in the rione Trevi. This changed completely the appearance of the part of the rione. The most famous monument in the rione is Trevi Fountain, public libraries in Trevi include Romana Sarti and Casa delle Traduzioni. Piazza Barberini Piazza della Pilota Piazza del Quirinale Piazza San Bernardo Piazza San Silvestro Piazza Santi Apostoli Piazza Scanderbeg Piazza di Trevi
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Rione Regola
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Regola is the 7th rione of Rome, Italy. It is located in Municipio I of the city, the name comes from Arenula, which was the name of the soft sand that the river Tiber left after the floods, and that built strands on the left bank. The logo of the rione is a rampant deer with a turquoise background, during the Roman empire, the area belonged to the Campus Martius. In particular, in the modern Regola there was the Trigarium, emperor Augustus divided Rome into 14 regions, according to this, the modern Regola belonged to the IX region called Circus Flaminius. In the Middle Ages it entered the fourth of the seven new ecclesiastic regions, also because of the very frequent floods of the river Tiber, the area was unhealthy and it was drained at the end of the Middle Ages. In 1586, when rione Borgo was made, the number of rioni increased to 14, and Regola became the VII with the name of Arenule et Chacabariorum. In 1875, after the walls to stop the floods of the Tiber were built, though small, the rione contains many kinds of buildings, palaces, hospitals, churches, embassies, run down prisons and dirty poor houses. Public libraries in Regola include the Biblioteca centrale Centrale dei Ragazzi, media related to Rione VII - Regola at Wikimedia Commons History, maps and images of the rione
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Rione Testaccio
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Testaccio is the 20th rione of Rome, deriving its name from Monte Testaccio. It is located in the citys Municipio I, the rione seal depicts one of these amphorae. In modern times, the area has been a center of activity for butchers, Testaccio was one of Rome’s traditional working class neighbourhoods, but the recent process of gentrification has changed its reputation from hard-at-work to hipster. The neighborhood is home to several of Romes culinary highlights, testaccios reputation among tourists is expanding. Story and Pictures of Testaccio Pictures of Testaccio
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Rione Pigna
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Pigna is the name of rione IX of Rome, located in Municipio I of the city. The name means pine cone in Italian, and the symbol for the rione is the bronze pine cone. The giant bronze pine cone once decorated a fountain in Ancient Rome next to a vast Temple of Isis, there water flowed copiously from the top of the pinecone. The Pigna was moved first to the Old Basilica of Saint Peter, there it stands today under Pirro Ligorios vast niche at the far end, flanked by a pair of Roman bronze peacocks brought from Hadrians mausoleum, the Castel SantAngelo. This rione is centrally located in the Campus Martius area of ancient Rome and it is roughly square-shaped, extending from the Pantheon on its northwest corner to the Piazza Venezia on the southeast. This relatively small area contains numerous churches and palazzi, public libraries in Pigna include Rispoli
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Circus Maximus
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The Circus Maximus is an ancient Roman chariot racing stadium and mass entertainment venue located in Rome, Italy. Situated in the valley between the Aventine and Palatine hills, it was the first and largest stadium in ancient Rome and it measured 621 m in length and 118 m in width and could accommodate over 150,000 spectators. In its fully developed form, it became the model for circuses throughout the Roman Empire, the site is now a public park. The Circus was Romes largest venue for ludi, public games connected to Roman religious festivals, ludi were sponsored by leading Romans or the Roman state for the benefit of the Roman people and gods. Most were held annually or at intervals on the Roman calendar. Others might be given to fulfill a vow, such as the games in celebration of a triumph. The earliest known triumph ludi at the Circus were vowed by Tarquin the Proud to Jupiter in the late Regal era for his victory over Pometia. The greater ludi at the Circus began with a flamboyant parade, much like the triumphal procession, during the Republic, the aediles organized the games. Although their original purpose was religious, the complexity of staging ludi became a way to display the competence, generosity, some Circus events, however, seem to have been relatively small and intimate affairs. In 167 BC, flute players, scenic artists and dancers performed on a temporary stage, others were enlarged at enormous expense to fit the entire space. A venatio held there in 169 BC, one of several in the 2nd century, employed 63 leopards and 40 bears and elephants, as Romes provinces expanded, existing ludi were embellished and new ludi invented by politicians who competed for divine and popular support. By the late Republic, ludi were held on 57 days of the year, on many other days, charioteers and jockeys would need to practice on its track. Otherwise, it would have made a convenient corral for the animals traded in the cattle market. Beneath the outer stands, next to the Circus multiple entrances, were workshops and shops, when no games were being held, the Circus at the time of Catullus was likely a dusty open space with shops and booths. A colourful crowded disreputable area frequented by prostitutes, jugglers, fortune tellers, Romes emperors met the ever-burgeoning popular demand for regular ludi and the need for more specialised venues, as essential obligations of their office and cult. Over the several centuries of its development, the Circus Maximus became Romes paramount specialist venue for chariot races, eventually,135 days of the year were devoted to ludi. With the advent of Christianity as the religion of the Empire. The last known beast-hunt at the Circus Maximus took place in 523, the Circus Maximus was sited on the level ground of the Valley of Murcia, between Romes Aventine and Palatine Hills
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Municipio XII
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Municipio XII is an administrative subdivision of the city of Rome. It was firstly created by Romes City Council on 19 January 2001, originally called Municipio XVI, since 11 March 2013 its borders were modified and its name became Municipio XII. The current majority is formed by Democratic Party and Left Ecology Freedom, media related to Municipio XII at Wikimedia Commons
32.
Municipio XIII
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The Municipio XIII, is an administrative subdivision of the city of Rome. It was firstly created by Romes City Council on 19 January 2001, originally called Municipio XVIII, since 11 March 2013 its borders were modified and its name changed in Municipio XIII. The current majority is formed by Democratic Party and Left Ecology Freedom, media related to Municipio XIII at Wikimedia Commons
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Municipio XIV
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The Municipio XIV, is an administrative subdivision of the city of Rome. It was firstly created by Romes City Council on 19 January 2001, originally called Municipio XIX, since 11 March 2013 its borders were modified and its name was changed in Municipio XIV. The current majority is formed by Democratic Party and Left Ecology Freedom, media related to Municipio XIV at Wikimedia Commons
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
