Murad II
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Murad II was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1421 to 1444 and from 1446 to 1451.
Ottoman miniature of Murad II enthroned. Hünername, c. 1584–88, TSMK Hazine 1523
Sultan Murad II at archery practice. Hünername (1584-1588), TSMK Hazine 1523
Murad II and slain Władysław III of Poland. Hünername (1584-88), TSMK H.1523
Murad II shooting arrows (detail). Hünername (1584-1588), TSMK Hazine 1523
Byzantine–Ottoman wars
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The Byzantine–Ottoman wars were a series of decisive conflicts between the Byzantine Greeks and Ottoman Turks and their allies that led to the final destruction of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of
The Ottoman Sultanate operated vast numbers of skilled troops and conscripts.
The Balkans and Anatolia in c. 1355. Byzantium has lost her cities in Asia Minor and Macedonia and Epirus have been conquered by Dushan's Serbia, while the nascent Ottoman Beyliks had consolidated its hold over Bithynia
Along with the humiliation, the Byzantine tribute to the Ottomans of 300,000 silver coins would have been all the more difficult with the economy in decline.
The city's largest church, the Hagia Sophia, was converted into a mosque. From 1935 to 2020 it served as a museum of Constantinopolitan legacy before being re-converted into a mosque.