1.
Ticker symbol
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A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing
2.
Tokyo Stock Exchange
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The Tokyo Stock Exchange, which is called Tōshō or TSE/TYO for short, is a stock exchange located in Tokyo, Japan. It is the fourth largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization of its listed companies. It had 2,292 listed companies with a market capitalization of US$4.09 trillion as of April 2015. In July 2012 a planned merger with the Osaka Securities Exchange was approved by the Japan Fair Trade Commission, the resulting entity, the Japan Exchange Group, was launched on January 1,2013. The TSE is incorporated as a kabushiki gaisha with nine directors, four auditors and its headquarters are located at 2-1 Nihonbashi-Kabutochō, Chūō, Tokyo, or Kabuto-chō, which is the largest financial district in Japan. Its operating hours are from 8,00 to 11,30 a. m. from April 24,2006, the afternoon trading session started at its usual time of 12,30 p. m. Stocks listed on the TSE are separated into the First Section for large companies, the Second Section for mid-sized companies, as of October 31,2010, there are 1,675 First Section companies,437 Second Section companies and 182 Mothers companies. Ninety-four domestic and 10 foreign securities companies participate in TSE trading, see, Members of the Tokyo Stock Exchange Other TSE-related institutions include, The exchanges press club, called the Kabuto Club, which meets on the third floor of the TSE building. Most Kabuto Club members are affiliated with the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Kyodo News, Jiji Press, or business television broadcasters such as Bloomberg LP, the Kabuto Club is generally busiest during April and May, when public companies release their annual accounts. On 15 June 2007, the TSE paid $303 million to acquire a 4. 99% stake in Singapore Exchange Ltd. The Tokyo Stock Exchange was established on May 15,1878, as the Tokyo Kabushiki Torihikijo under the direction of then-Finance Minister Okuma Shigenobu, trading began on June 1,1878. In 1943, the exchange was combined with ten other stock exchanges in major Japanese cities to form a single Japanese Stock Exchange, the combined exchange was shut down and reorganized shortly after the bombing of Nagasaki. The Tokyo Stock Exchange reopened under its current Japanese name on May 16,1949, a new facility, called TSE Arrows, opened on May 9,2000. In 2010, the TSE launched its Arrowhead trading facility, in 2001, the TSE restructured itself as a stock company, before this time, it was structured as an incorporated association with its members as shareholders. The interruption in trading was the worst in the history of the exchange, trading was suspended for four-and-a-half hours. Mizuho failed to catch the error, the Tokyo Stock Exchange initially blocked attempts to cancel the order, on 11 December, the TSE acknowledged that its system was at fault in the Mizuho trade. On 21 December, Takuo Tsurushima, chief executive of the TSE, and two other senior executives resigned over the Mizuho affair. On January 17,2006, the Nikkei 225 fell 2. 8%, its fastest drop in nine months, the Tokyo Stock Exchange closed early on January 18 due to the trade volume threatening to exceed the exchanges computer systems capacity of 4.5 million trades per day
3.
Singapore Exchange
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Singapore Exchange Limited is an investment holding company located in Singapore and provides different services related to securities and derivatives trading and others. SGX is a member of the World Federation of Exchanges and the Asian and Oceanian Stock Exchanges Federation, SGX operates several different divisions, each responsible for handling specific businesses. SGX ETS, provides global trading access to SGX markets where 80 percent of the customers are from outside Singapore, SGX DC, subsidiary for clearing and settlement operations. SGX AsiaClear, offers clearing services for over-the-counter oil swaps and forward freight agreements, SGX Reach, an electronic trading platform. Central Depository Pte Ltd, subsidiary responsible for clearing, settlement. In order to be listed on the mainboard, a company has to some requirements set forth by SGX. The exchange launched SGX QUEST in August 2004, the system is used by the exchange for derivatives and securities trading. Local times, SGX was formed on 1 December 1999 as a holding company, in this way, all assets previously owned by these three companies were transferred to SGX. The shareholders previously holding shares in SES, Simex and SCCS received newly issued SGX shares, on 23 November 2000, SGX became the second exchange in Asia-Pacific to be listed via a public offer and a private placement. Listed on its own bourse, the SGX stock is a component of benchmark indices such as the MSCI Singapore Free Index, on 25 September 2006, the Joint Asian Derivatives Exchange, a joint venture between SGX and Chicago Board of Trade became operational. However, this joint venture was cancelled in November 2007, with CME Groups selling of its 50% stake in the joint venture to SGX, the contracts previously traded on JADE were transferred to SGXs QUEST trading platform. In August 2009, SGX formed a joint venture with Chi-X Global, at the beginning of October 2010, this joint venture received approval from the Monetary Authority of Singapore to operate a dark pool trading platform. In March 2007, SGX bought a 5% stake in Bombay Stock Exchange for 42.7 million dollars, on 15 June 2007, Tokyo Stock Exchange, Inc. announced that it had acquired a 4. 99% stake in SGX. Since then the value of the shares has declined and the Tokyo Stock Exchange, Inc. has made a decision to sell the shares it holds in SGX to its parent company, the Tokyo Stock Exchange Group, Inc. On 31 January 2008, SGX acquired a 20% stake in Philippine Dealing System Holdings Corp, at the beginning of 2008, SGX reached an agreement to buy at least 95% of Singapore Commodity Exchange. On 30 June 2008, SGX completed the acquisition of Singapore Commodity Exchange Ltd, on 18 April 2008, SGX opened a representative office in Beijing. On 8 June 2010, SGX announced it has opened an office in London and this is part of SGXs move to invest S$250 million into its Reach initiative. By implementing this initiative, SGX plans to create the worlds fastest trading engine, the new trading platform, SGX Reach, will be delivered to SGX by NASDAQ OMX, Voltaire and HP
4.
Electronic component
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An electronic component is any basic discrete device or physical entity in an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields. Electronic components have a number of electrical terminals or leads and these leads connect to create an electronic circuit with a particular function. The following list of electronic components focuses on the version of these components. Components can be classified as passive, active, or electromechanic, the strict physics definition treats passive components as ones that cannot supply energy themselves, whereas a battery would be seen as an active component since it truly acts as a source of energy. However, electronic engineers who perform circuit analysis use a more restrictive definition of passivity, then, the analysis only concerns the AC circuit, an abstraction that ignores DC voltages and currents present in the real-life circuit. This fiction, for instance, lets us view an oscillator as producing energy even though in reality the oscillator consumes even more energy from a DC power supply, active components include amplifying components such as transistors, triode vacuum tubes, and tunnel diodes. Passive components cant introduce net energy into the circuit and they also cant rely on a source of power, except for what is available from the circuit they are connected to. As a consequence they cant amplify, although they may increase a voltage or current, passive components include two-terminal components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers. In contrast, active components generally lack that property, conduct electricity easily in one direction, among more specific behaviors. A transistor is a device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers are all considered passive devices, pass current in proportion to voltage and oppose current. They are used for filtering power supply lines, tuning resonant circuits, transducers generate physical effects when driven by an electrical signal, or vice versa. Sensors are transducers that react to environmental conditions by changing their electrical properties or generating an electrical signal, the transducers listed here are single electronic components, and are passive. Only the most common ones are listed here, reference designators are applied to the symbols to identify the component
5.
Kyoto
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Kyoto is a city located in the central part of the island of Honshu, Japan. It has a close to 1.5 million. Kyoto is also known as the thousand-year capital, in Japanese, the city has been called Kyō, Miyako, or Kyō no Miyako. In the 11th century, the city was renamed Kyoto, after the Chinese word for capital city, after the city of Edo was renamed Tokyo in 1868, and the seat of the Emperor was transferred there, Kyoto was known for a short time as Saikyō. Obsolete spellings for the name include Kioto, Miaco and Meaco. Another term commonly used to refer to the city in the period was Keishi. His last choice for the site was the village of Uda, the new city, Heian-kyō, a scaled replica of the then Tang capital Changan, became the seat of Japans imperial court in 794, beginning the Heian period of Japanese history. The city suffered destruction in the Ōnin War of 1467–1477. Battles between samurai factions spilled into the streets, and came to involve the court nobility and religious factions as well, nobles mansions were transformed into fortresses, deep trenches dug throughout the city for defense and as firebreaks, and numerous buildings burned. The city has not seen such widespread destruction since, Hideyoshi also built earthwork walls called odoi encircling the city. Teramachi Street in central Kyoto is a Buddhist temple quarter where Hideyoshi gathered temples in the city, throughout the Edo period, the economy of the city flourished as one of three major cities in Japan, the others being Osaka and Edo. The Hamaguri rebellion of 1864 burnt down 28,000 houses in the city, the modern city of Kyoto was formed on April 1,1889. The construction of Lake Biwa Canal in 1890 is one taken to revive the city. The population of the city exceeded one million in 1932, stimson, Secretary of War in the Roosevelt and Truman administrations, the city was removed from the list of targets and replaced by Nagasaki. The city was spared from conventional bombing as well, although small-scale air raids did result in casualties. As a result, the Imperial City of Kyoto is one of the few Japanese cities that still have an abundance of prewar buildings, however, modernization is continually breaking down the traditional Kyoto in favor of newer architecture, such as the Kyōto Station complex. Kyoto became a city designated by government ordinance on September 1,1956, in 1997, Kyoto hosted the conference that resulted in the protocol on greenhouse gas emissions that bears the citys name. Kyoto is located in a valley, part of the Yamashiro Basin, in the part of the mountainous region known as the Tamba highlands
6.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
7.
Kyoto Prefecture
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Kyoto Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan in the Kansai region of the island of Honshu. The capital is the city of Kyoto, until the Meiji Restoration, the area of Kyoto Prefecture was known as Yamashiro. For most of its history, the city of Kyoto was Japans Imperial capital, the citys history can be traced back as far as the 6th century. In 544, the Aoi Matsuri was held in Kyoto to pray for good harvest, Kyoto did not start out as Japans capital. A noteworthy earlier capital was Nara, in 741, Emperor Shōmu moved the capital briefly to Kuni-kyo, between the cities of Nara and Kyoto, in present-day Kyoto Prefecture. In 784, the capital was moved to Nagaokakyō, also in present-day Kyoto Prefecture, in 794, Emperor Kanmu moved the capital to Heian-kyo, and this was the beginning of the current-day city of Kyoto. Even today, almost all of the streets, houses, stores, temples and shrines in Kyoto exist where they were placed in this year, Imperial rule was briefly restored in 1333, but another samurai clan established a new shogunate in Kyoto three years later. In 1467, a civil war, the Ōnin no Ran, took place inside Kyoto. Japan plunged into the age of warring feudal lords, a new strong man, Tokugawa Ieyasu, established the shogunate at Edo in 1603. In the 15th century AD, tea-jars were brought by the shoguns to Uji in Kyoto from the Philippines which was used in the Japanese tea ceremony, the Meiji Restoration returned Japan to imperial rule in 1868. Emperor Meiji, who was now the absolute sovereign, went to stay in Tokyo during the next year, the imperial court has not returned to Kyoto since then. During the instigation of Fuhanken Sanchisei in 1868, the received its suffix fu. The subsequent reorganization of the old provincial system merged the former Tango Province, Yamashiro Province, although many Japanese major cities were heavily bombed by U. S. bombers during World War II, the old capital escaped such devastating bombing. Sixth Army was headquartered in Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture is almost in the center of Honshu and of Japan. It covers an area of 4,612.71 square kilometres, to the north, it faces the Sea of Japan and Fukui Prefecture. To the south, it faces Osaka and Nara Prefectures, to the east, it faces Mie and Shiga Prefectures. To the west, it faces Hyōgo Prefecture, the prefecture is separated in the middle by the Tanba Mountains. This makes its climate very different in the north and south, fifteen cities are located in Kyoto Prefecture, These are the towns and villages in each district, The city of Kyoto is famous for tourism
8.
President (corporate title)
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The President is a leader of an organization, company, community, club, trade union, university or other group. In many organizations, it is the legally recognized highest titled corporate officer, the president may also be the chairman. The relationship between the president and the Chief Executive Officer varies, depending on the structure of the specific organization, in a similar vein to the Chief Operating Officer, the title of corporate President as a separate position is also loosely defined. The powers of the president vary widely across organizations and such powers come from specific authorization in the bylaws, originally, the term president was used to designate someone who presided over a meeting, and was used in the same way that foreman or overseer is used now. It has now come to mean chief officer in terms of administrative or executive duties. In addition to the administrative or executive duties in organizations, the president has the duties of presiding over meetings, in committees or small boards, the president votes along with the other members. However, in assemblies or larger boards, the president should vote only when it can affect the result, at a meeting, the president only has one vote. The powers of the president vary widely across organizations, the amount of power given to the president depends on the type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself. If the president exceeds the given authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform the duties, such procedures may include censure, suspension, or removal from office. The rules of the organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures. Usually, whoever appointed or elected the president has the power to discipline this officer, some organizations may have a position of President-Elect in addition to the position of President. Generally the membership of the organization elects a President-Elect and when the term of the President-Elect is complete, some organizations may have a position of Immediate Past President in addition to the position of President. In those organizations, when the term of the President is complete, the organization can have such a position only if the bylaws provide it. The duties of such a position would also have to be provided in the bylaws, riding Shotgun, The Role of the COO. National Association of Parliamentarians®, Education Committee, independence, MO, National Association of Parliamentarians®
9.
Ceramic capacitor
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A ceramic capacitor is a fixed-value capacitor in which ceramic material acts as the dielectric. It is constructed of two or more alternating layers of ceramic and a metal layer acting as the electrodes, the composition of the ceramic material defines the electrical behavior and therefore applications. Ceramic capacitors are divided into two classes, Class 1 ceramic capacitors offer high stability and low losses for resonant circuit applications. Class 2 ceramic capacitors offer high volumetric efficiency for buffer, by-pass, ceramic capacitors, especially the multilayer style, are the most produced and used capacitors in electronic equipment that incorporate approximately one trillion pieces per year. Ceramic capacitors of special shapes and styles are used as capacitors for RFI/EMI suppression, as feed-through capacitors, since the beginning the study of electricity non conductive materials like glass, porcelain, paper and mica have been used as insulators. These materials some decades later were also well-suited for further use as the dielectric for the first capacitors, porcelain was the precursor in case of all capacitors now belonging to the family of ceramic capacitors. Even in the years of Marconis wireless transmitting apparatus, porcelain capacitors were used for high voltage. On the receiver side, the mica capacitors were used for resonant circuits. Mica dielectric capacitors were invented in 1909 by William Dubilier, prior to World War II, mica was the most common dielectric for capacitors in the United States. Mica is a material and not available in unlimited quantities. 1926 these ceramic capacitors were produced in small quantities with increasing quantities in the 1940s, the style of these early ceramics was a disc with metallization on both sides contacted with tinned wires. This style predates the transistor and was used extensively in vacuum-tube equipment from about 1930 through the 1950s, but this paraelectric dielectric had relatively low permittivity so that only small capacitance values could be realized. The expanding market of radios in the 1930s and 1940s create a demand for higher capacitance values, the higher permittivity resulted in much higher capacitance values, but this was coupled with relatively unstable electrical parameters. Therefore, these ceramic capacitors only could replace the commonly used mica capacitors for applications where stability was less important, smaller dimensions, as compared to the mica capacitors, lower production costs and independence from mica availability accelerated their acceptance. Through the complex mixture of different basic materials, the properties of ceramic capacitors can be precisely adjusted. To distinguish the properties of ceramic capacitors, standardization defined several different application classes. It included relatively long terminals forming, together with resistors and other components, because this doped material was not suitable to produce multilayers, they were replaced decades later by Y5V class 2 capacitors. The early style of the ceramic disc capacitor could be cheaply produced than the common ceramic tube capacitors in the 1950s and 1970s
10.
Electronic filter
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Electronic filters are circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both. Electronic filters can be, passive or active analog or digital high-pass, low-pass, band-pass, band-stop, see the article on linear filters for details on their design and analysis. The oldest forms of filters are passive analog linear filters. These are known as RC and RL single-pole filters respectively, more complex multipole LC filters have also existed for many years, and their operation is well understood. Hybrid filters are possible, typically involving a combination of analog amplifiers with mechanical resonators or delay lines. Other devices such as CCD delay lines have also used as discrete-time filters. With the availability of digital processing, active digital filters have become common. Passive implementations of filters are based on combinations of resistors, inductors and capacitors. These types are known as passive filters, because they do not depend upon an external power supply and/or they do not contain active components such as transistors. Inductors block high-frequency signals and conduct low-frequency signals, while capacitors do the reverse, the inductors and capacitors are the reactive elements of the filter. The number of elements determines the order of the filter, in this context, an LC tuned circuit being used in a band-pass or band-stop filter is considered a single element even though it consists of two components. At high frequencies, sometimes the inductors consist of single loops or strips of metal. These inductive or capacitive pieces of metal are called stubs, the simplest passive filters, RC and RL filters, include only one reactive element, except hybrid LC filter which is characterized by inductance and capacitance integrated in one element. An L filter consists of two elements, one in series and one in parallel. Three-element filters can have a T or π topology and in either geometries, the components can be chosen symmetric or not, depending on the required frequency characteristics. The high-pass T filter in the illustration, has a low impedance at high frequencies. That means that it can be inserted in a line, resulting in the high frequencies being passed. Likewise, for the illustrated low-pass π filter, the circuit can be connected to a line, transmitting low frequencies
11.
Ceramic resonator
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A ceramic resonator is an electronic component consisting of a piece of a piezoelectric ceramic material with two or more metal electrodes attached. When connected in an oscillator circuit, resonant mechanical vibrations in the device generate an oscillating signal of a specific frequency. Like the similar quartz crystal, they are used in oscillators for purposes such as generating the signal used to control timing in computers. Ceramic resonators are made of high-stability piezoelectric ceramics, generally lead zirconium titanate which functions as a mechanical resonator, in operation, mechanical vibrations induce an oscillating voltage in the attached electrodes due to the piezoelectricity of the material. The thickness of the ceramic substrate determines the resonant frequency of the device, a typical ceramic resonator package has either two or three connections. They come in both surface-mount and through-hole varieties with a number of different footprints, the oscillation takes place across two of the pins. The third pin is connected to ground, ceramic resonators can be used as the source of the clock signal for digital circuits such as microprocessors where the frequency accuracy is not critical. Quartz has a 0. 001% frequency tolerance, while PZT has a 0. 5% tolerance, a ceramic resonator is often used in place of quartz crystals as a reference clock or signal generator in electronic circuitry due to its low cost and smaller size. Ceramic resonators look similar to ceramic filters, ceramic filters are frequently used in the IF stages of superheterodyne receivers. Electronic oscillator Crystal oscillator Crystal filter
12.
Piezoelectric sensor
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A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect, to measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or force by converting them to an electrical charge. The prefix piezo- is Greek for press or squeeze, piezoelectric sensors are versatile tools for the measurement of various processes. They are used for quality assurance, process control, and for research, pierre Curie discovered the piezoelectric effect in 1880, but only in the 1950s did manufacturers begin to use the piezoelectric effect in industrial sensing applications. Since then, this principle has been increasingly used, and has become a mature technology with excellent inherent reliability. In the automotive industry, piezoelectric elements are used to monitor combustion when developing internal combustion engines, the sensors are either directly mounted into additional holes into the cylinder head or the spark/glow plug is equipped with a built-in miniature piezoelectric sensor. The rise of technology is directly related to a set of inherent advantages. The high modulus of elasticity of piezoelectric materials is comparable to that of many metals. Even though piezoelectric sensors are electromechanical systems that react to compression and this gives piezoelectric sensors ruggedness, an extremely high natural frequency and an excellent linearity over a wide amplitude range. Additionally, piezoelectric technology is insensitive to electromagnetic fields and radiation, some materials used are extremely stable at high temperatures, enabling sensors to have a working range of up to 1000 °C. Tourmaline shows pyroelectricity in addition to the effect, this is the ability to generate an electrical signal when the temperature of the crystal changes. This effect is common to piezoceramic materials. A static force results in an amount of charge on the piezoelectric material. In conventional readout electronics, imperfect insulating materials and reduction in internal resistance causes a constant loss of electrons. Elevated temperatures cause a drop in internal resistance and sensitivity. The main effect on the effect is that with increasing pressure loads and temperature. However, it is not true that piezoelectric sensors can only be used for very fast processes or at ambient conditions, in fact, numerous piezoelectric applications produce quasi-static measurements, and other applications work in temperatures higher than 500 °C. Piezoelectric sensors can also be used to determine aromas in the air by simultaneously measuring resonance and capacitance, computer controlled electronics vastly increase the range of potential applications for piezoelectric sensors. Piezoelectric sensors are also seen in nature, the collagen in bone is piezoelectric, and is thought by some to act as a biological force sensor
13.
Buzzer
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A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, the electric buzzer was invented in 1831 by Joseph Henry. They were mainly used in early doorbells until they were phased out in the early 1930s in favor of musical chimes, which had a softer tone. Piezoelectric buzzers, or piezo buzzers, as they are called, were invented by Japanese manufacturers. This advancement mainly came about because of efforts by Japanese manufacturing companies. Early devices were based on a system identical to an electric bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current, often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word buzzer comes from the noise that electromechanical buzzers made. A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer, a piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a click, while technological advancements have caused buzzers to be impractical and undesirable, there are still instances in which buzzers and similar circuits may be used
14.
Bluetooth
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Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area networks. Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994, it was conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect up to seven devices, overcoming problems that older technologies had when attempting to connect to each other. Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, which has more than 30,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, the IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE802.15.1, but no longer maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification, manages the qualification program, a manufacturer must meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth device. A network of patents apply to the technology, which are licensed to individual qualifying devices, the development of the short-link radio technology, later named Bluetooth, was initiated in 1989 by Nils Rydbeck, CTO at Ericsson Mobile in Lund, Sweden, and by Johan Ullman. The purpose was to develop wireless headsets, according to two inventions by Johan Ullman, SE 8902098-6, issued 1989-06-12 and SE9202239, issued 1992-07-24, Nils Rydbeck tasked Tord Wingren with specifying and Jaap Haartsen and Sven Mattisson with developing. Both were working for Ericsson in Lund, the specification is based on frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology. The idea of this name was proposed in 1997 by Jim Kardach who developed a system that would allow mobile phones to communicate with computers, at the time of this proposal he was reading Frans G. Bengtssons historical novel The Long Ships about Vikings and King Harald Bluetooth. The implication is that Bluetooth does the same with communications protocols, the Bluetooth logo is a bind rune merging the Younger Futhark runes and, Haralds initials. Bluetooth operates at frequencies between 2402 and 2480 MHz, or 2400 and 2483.5 MHz including guard bands 2 MHz wide at the end and 3.5 MHz wide at the top. This is in the globally unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency band, Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum. Bluetooth divides transmitted data into packets, and transmits each packet on one of 79 designated Bluetooth channels, each channel has a bandwidth of 1 MHz. It usually performs 800 hops per second, with Adaptive Frequency-Hopping enabled, Bluetooth low energy uses 2 MHz spacing, which accommodates 40 channels. Originally, Gaussian frequency-shift keying modulation was the modulation scheme available. Since the introduction of Bluetooth 2. 0+EDR, π/4-DQPSK and 8DPSK modulation may also be used between compatible devices, devices functioning with GFSK are said to be operating in basic rate mode where an instantaneous data rate of 1 Mbit/s is possible. The term Enhanced Data Rate is used to describe π/4-DPSK and 8DPSK schemes, the combination of these modes in Bluetooth radio technology is classified as a BR/EDR radio. Bluetooth is a protocol with a master-slave structure
15.
Electrical connector
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An electrical connector, is an electro-mechanical device used to join electrical terminations and create an electrical circuit. Electrical connectors consist of plugs and jacks, the connection may be temporary, as for portable equipment, require a tool for assembly and removal, or serve as a permanent electrical joint between two wires or devices. An adapter can be used to bring together dissimilar connectors. There are hundreds of types of electrical connectors, connectors may join two lengths of flexible copper wire or cable, or connect a wire or cable to an electrical terminal. In computing, a connector can also be known as a physical interface. Cable glands, known as cable connectors in the US, connect wires to devices rather than electrically and are distinct from quick-disconnects performing the latter. It is usually desirable for a connector to be easy to visually, rapid to assemble, require only simple tooling. In some cases an equipment manufacturer might choose a connector specifically because it is not compatible with those other sources. No single connector has all the properties, the proliferation of types is a reflection of differing requirements. Fretting is a failure mode in electrical connectors that have not been specifically designed to prevent it. Many connectors are keyed, with some mechanical component which prevents mating except with a correctly oriented matching connector, some connector housings are designed with locking mechanisms to prevent inadvertent disconnection or poor environmental sealing. Locking mechanism designs include locking levers of various sorts, screw locking, a terminal is a simple type of electrical connector that connects two or more wires to a single connection point. Wire nuts are another type of single point connector, terminal blocks provide a convenient means of connecting individual electrical wires without a splice or physically joining the ends. They are usually used to connect wiring among various items of equipment within an enclosure or to make connections among individually enclosed items. Since terminal blocks are available for a wide range of wire sizes and terminal quantity. One type of terminal block accepts wires that are prepared only by removing a short length of insulation from the end, another type accepts wires that have ring or spade terminal lugs crimped onto the wires. Printed circuit board mounted terminal blocks allow individual wires to be connected to the circuit board, a general type of connector that simply screws or clamps bare wire to a post, such connectors are frequently used in electronic test equipment and audio. Many, but not all binding posts will also accept a banana connector plug, since stripping the insulation from wires is time-consuming, many connectors intended for rapid assembly use insulation-displacement connectors so that insulation need not be removed from the wire
16.
Disconnector
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In electrical engineering, a disconnector, disconnect switch or isolator switch is used to ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches are often found in distribution and industrial applications. High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical substations to allow isolation of such as circuit breakers, transformers. The disconnector is usually not intended for control of the circuit. Disconnectors can be operated manually or automatically. Unlike load switches and circuit breakers, disconnectors lack a mechanism for suppression of electric arcs, thus, they are off-load devices, intended to be opened only after current has been interrupted by some other control device. Safety regulations of the utility must prevent any attempt to open the disconnector while it supplies a circuit, standards in some countries for safety may require either local motor isolators or lockable overloads. Disconnectors have provisions for a lockout-tagout so that inadvertent operation is not possible, in high-voltage or complex systems, these locks may be part of a trapped-key interlock system to ensure proper sequence of operation. In some designs, the switch has the additional ability to earth the isolated circuit thereby providing additional safety. Such an arrangement would apply to circuits which inter-connect power distribution systems where both ends of the circuit need to be isolated. A switch disconnector combines the properties of the disconnector and the switch, so it provides the safety isolation function while being able to make. In a disconnecting circuit breaker the disconnectors are integrated in the breaking chamber, the intention of this combined device is to decrease maintenance and increase availability and reliability. The usage of this instead of a disconnector is limited due to the fact that the open gap is not clearly visible. Where it is adopted the earthing switch must be used and the performance must be increased by the typical value, the open-air disconnecting switches typically need maintenance every five years, while circuit breakers have maintenance intervals of 15 years
17.
Power supply
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A power supply is an electronic device that supplies electric energy to an electrical load. The primary function of a supply is to convert one form of electrical energy to and, as a result. Some power supplies are discrete, stand-alone devices, whereas others are built into larger devices along with their loads, examples of the latter include power supplies found in desktop computers and consumer electronics devices. Every power supply must obtain the energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it consumes while performing that task, all power supplies have a power input, which receives energy from the energy source, and a power output that delivers energy to the load. Some power supplies have other types of inputs and outputs as well, for such as external monitoring. Power supplies are categorized in ways, including by functional features. For example, a power supply is one that maintains constant output voltage or current despite variations in load current or input voltage. Conversely, the output of a power supply can change significantly when its input voltage or load current changes. Adjustable power supplies allow the voltage or current to be programmed by mechanical controls, or by means of a control input. An adjustable regulated power supply is one that is adjustable and regulated. Power supplies are packaged in different ways and classified accordingly, a bench power supply is a stand-alone desktop unit used in applications such as circuit test and development. Open frame power supplies have only a partial mechanical enclosure, sometimes consisting of only a mounting base, rack mount power supplies are designed to be secured into standard electronic equipment racks. An integrated power supply is one that shares a common printed circuit board with its load, power supplies can be broadly divided into linear and switching types. Linear power converters process the power directly, with all active power conversion components operating in their linear operating regions. In switching power converters, the power is converted to AC or to DC pulses before processing. A DC power supply is one that supplies a constant DC voltage to its load, depending on its design, a DC power supply may be powered from a DC source or from an AC source such as the power mains. Some DC power supplies use AC mains electricity as an energy source, such power supplies will sometimes employ a transformer to convert the input voltage to a higher or lower AC voltage. A rectifier is used to convert the output voltage to a varying DC voltage
18.
EMI
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EMI was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing—also based in London with offices globally. The company was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, other members of the Sony consortium include the Estate of Michael Jackson, The Blackstone Group, and Abu Dhabi–owned investment fund Mubadala Development Company. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording, the companys gramophone manufacturing led to forty years of success with larger-scale electronics and electrical engineering. He was killed in 1942 whilst conducting flight trials on an experimental H2S radar set, post-war, the company resumed its involvement in making broadcasting equipment, notably providing the BBCs second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield. It also manufactured broadcast television cameras for British television production companies as well as for the BBC, the commercial television ITV companies also used them alongside cameras made by Pye and Marconi. Exports of this piece of equipment were low, however, the company was also for many years an internationally respected manufacturer of photomultipliers. This part of the business was transferred to Thorn as part of Thorn-EMI, in 1958 the EMIDEC1100, the UKs first commercially available all-transistor computer, was developed at Hayes under the leadership of Godfrey Hounsfield, an electrical engineer at EMI. In 1973 EMI was awarded a prestigious Queens Award for Technological Innovation for what was called the EMI scanner. After brief, but brilliant, success in the imaging field, EMIs manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies. Subsequently, development and manufacturing activities were sold off to companies and work moved to other towns such as Crawley. Emihus Electronics, based in Glenrothes, Scotland, was owned 51% by Hughes Aircraft, of California, US and it manufactured integrated circuits electrolytic capacitors and, for a short period in the mid-1970s, hand-held calculators under the Gemini name. Early in its life, the Gramophone Company established subsidiary operations in a number of countries in the British Commonwealth, including India, Australia. Over 150,000 78-rpm recordings from around the world are held in EMIs temperature-controlled archive in Hayes, in 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at Abbey Road, London. During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included Arturo Toscanini, Sir Edward Elgar, during this time EMI appointed its first A&R managers. These included George Martin, who brought the Beatles into the EMI fold. When the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1931, at this point RCA had a majority shareholding in the new company, giving RCA chair David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board
19.
Inductor
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An inductor, also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores electrical energy in a magnetic field when electric current is flowing through it. An inductor typically consists of a conductor, such as a wire. When the current flowing through an inductor changes, the magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor. According to Lenzs law, the direction of induced electromotive force opposes the change in current that created it, as a result, inductors oppose any changes in current through them. An inductor is characterized by its inductance, which is the ratio of the voltage to the rate of change of current, in the International System of Units, the unit of inductance is the henry. Inductors have values that range from 1 µH to 1 H. Many inductors have a core made of iron or ferrite inside the coil. Along with capacitors and resistors, inductors are one of the three passive linear circuit elements that make up electronic circuits, Inductors are widely used in alternating current electronic equipment, particularly in radio equipment. They are used to block AC while allowing DC to pass and they are also used in electronic filters to separate signals of different frequencies, and in combination with capacitors to make tuned circuits, used to tune radio and TV receivers. An electric current flowing through a conductor generates a magnetic field surrounding it, any changes of current and therefore in the magnetic flux through the cross-section of the inductor creates an opposing electromotive force in the conductor. An inductor is a component consisting of a wire or other conductor shaped to increase the flux through the circuit. Winding the wire into a coil increases the number of times the magnetic flux lines link the circuit, increasing the field, the more turns, the higher the inductance. The inductance also depends on the shape of the coil, separation of the turns, by adding a magnetic core made of a ferromagnetic material like iron inside the coil, the magnetizing field from the coil will induce magnetization in the material, increasing the magnetic flux. The high permeability of a core can increase the inductance of a coil by a factor of several thousand over what it would be without it. Any change in the current through an inductor creates a changing flux, for example, an inductor with an inductance of 1 henry produces an EMF of 1 volt when the current through the inductor changes at the rate of 1 ampere per second. This is usually taken to be the relation of the inductor. The dual of the inductor is the capacitor, which stores energy in a field rather than a magnetic field. Its current-voltage relation is obtained by exchanging current and voltage in the inductor equations, the polarity of the induced voltage is given by Lenzs law, which states that it will be such as to oppose the change in current
20.
Sensor
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A sensor is always used with other electronics, whether as simple as a light or as complex as a computer. Moreover, analog sensors such as potentiometers and force-sensing resistors are still widely used, applications include manufacturing and machinery, airplanes and aerospace, cars, medicine, robotics and many other aspects of our day-to-day life. A sensors sensitivity indicates how much the output changes when the input quantity being measured changes. For instance, if the mercury in a thermometer moves 1 cm when the changes by 1 °C. Some sensors can also affect what they measure, for instance, Sensors are usually designed to have a small effect on what is measured, making the sensor smaller often improves this and may introduce other advantages. Technological progress allows more and more sensors to be manufactured on a scale as microsensors using MEMS technology. In most cases, a microsensor reaches a higher speed. Most sensors have a transfer function. The sensitivity is defined as the ratio between the output signal and measured property. For example, if a sensor measures temperature and has a voltage output, the sensitivity is the slope of the transfer function. Converting the sensors electrical output to the measured units requires dividing the output by the slope. In addition, an offset is added or subtracted. For example -40 must be added to the output if 0 V output corresponds to -40 C input, for an analog sensor signal to be processed, or used in digital equipment, it needs to be converted to a digital signal, using an analog-to-digital converter. The full scale range defines the maximum and minimum values of the measured property, the sensitivity may in practice differ from the value specified. This is called a sensitivity error and this is an error in the slope of a linear transfer function. If the output differs from the correct value by a constant. This is an error in the y-intercept of a transfer function. Nonlinearity is deviation of a transfer function from a straight line transfer function
21.
Japanese yen
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The yen is the official currency of Japan. It is the third most traded currency in the exchange market after the United States dollar. It is also used as a reserve currency after the U. S. dollar, the euro. Before the Meiji Restoration, Japans feudal fiefs all issued their own money, hansatsu, in an array of incompatible denominations. The New Currency Act of 1871 did away with these and established the yen, the former han became prefectures and their mints private chartered banks, which initially retained the right to print money. To bring an end to this situation the Bank of Japan was founded in 1882, following World War II the yen lost much of its prewar value. To stabilize the Japanese economy the exchange rate of the yen was fixed at ¥360 per $1 as part of the Bretton Woods system, when that system was abandoned in 1971, the yen became undervalued and was allowed to float. The yen had appreciated to a peak of ¥271 per $1 in 1973, then underwent periods of depreciation and appreciation due to the 1973 oil crisis, arriving at a value of ¥227 per $1 by 1980. Since 1973, the Japanese government has maintained a policy of intervention. The Japanese government focuses on an export market, and tries to ensure a low yen value through a trade surplus. Since that time, however, the yen has greatly decreased in value, the Bank of Japan maintains a policy of zero to near-zero interest rates and the Japanese government has an extreme anti-inflation policy. Yen derives from the Japanese word 圓, which is cognate with the Chinese yuan, originally, the Chinese had traded silver in mass called sycees and when Spanish and Mexican silver coins arrived, the Chinese called them silver rounds for their circular shapes. The coins and the name appeared in Japan. While the Chinese eventually replaced 圓 with 元, the Japanese continued to use the same word, the spelling and pronunciation yen is standard in English. This is because mainly English speakers who visited Japan at the end of the Edo period to the early Meiji period spelled words this way, ゑん /wen/ in historical kana orthography. In the 16th century, Japanese /e/ and /we/ both had been pronounced and Portuguese missionaries had spelled them ye, some time thereafter, by the middle of the 18th century, /e/ and /we/ came to be pronounced as in modern Japanese, although some regions retain the pronunciation. In the early Meiji era, James Curtis Hepburn, following Medhurst, spelled all es as ye in his A Japanese and that was the first full-scale Japanese-English/English-Japanese dictionary, which had a strong influence on Westerners in Japan and probably prompted the spelling yen. Hepburn revised most of yes to e in the 3rd edition in order to mirror the contemporary pronunciation and this was probably already fixed and has remained so ever since
22.
Net income
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In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
23.
Capacitor
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A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores electrical energy in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance, a capacitor was therefore historically first known as an electric condenser. The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely and many types are in common use. Most capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors often in the form of plates or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may be a foil, thin film, sintered bead of metal, the nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitors charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, a capacitor does not dissipate energy. No current actually flows through the dielectric, instead, the effect is a displacement of charges through the source circuit, if the condition is maintained sufficiently long, this displacement current through the battery ceases. However, if a voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor. Capacitance is defined as the ratio of the charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. The unit of capacitance in the International System of Units is the farad, capacitance values of typical capacitors for use in general electronics range from about 1 pF to about 1 mF. The capacitance of a capacitor is proportional to the area of the plates. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and it has an electric field strength limit, known as the breakdown voltage. The conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance, Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass. In analog filter networks, they smooth the output of power supplies, in resonant circuits they tune radios to particular frequencies. In electric power systems, they stabilize voltage and power flow. The property of energy storage in capacitors was exploited as dynamic memory in digital computers. Von Kleists hand and the water acted as conductors, and the jar as a dielectric, von Kleist found that touching the wire resulted in a powerful spark, much more painful than that obtained from an electrostatic machine
24.
High frequency
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High frequency is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves between 3 and 30 MHz. It is also known as the band or decameter wave as its wavelengths range from one to ten decameters. Frequencies immediately below HF are denoted medium frequency, while the band of higher frequencies is known as the very high frequency band. The HF band is a part of the shortwave band of frequencies. The band is used by shortwave broadcasting stations, aviation communication, government time stations, weather stations, amateur radio and citizens band services. By this method HF radio waves can travel beyond the horizon, around the curve of the Earth and it depends on the angle of incidence of the waves, it is lowest when the waves are directed straight upwards, and is higher with less acute angles. This means that at longer distances, where the waves graze the ionosphere at a blunt angle. The lowest usable frequency depends on the absorption in the layer of the ionosphere. This absorption is stronger at low frequencies and is stronger with increased solar activity. When all factors are at their optimum, worldwide communication is possible on HF, at many other times it is possible to make contact across and between continents or oceans. At worst, when a band is dead, no communication beyond the limited groundwave paths is possible no matter what powers, on such an open band, interference originating over a wide area affects many potential users. These issues are significant to military, safety and amateur radio users of the HF bands, other standards development such as STANAG5066 provides for error free data communications through the use of ARQ protocols. Noise, especially man-made interference from devices, tends to have a great effect on the HF bands. In recent years, concerns have risen among certain users of the HF spectrum over broadband over power lines Internet access and this is due to the frequencies on which BPL operates and the tendency for the BPL signal to leak from power lines. Some BPL providers have installed notch filters to block out certain portions of the spectrum, other electronic devices including plasma televisions can also have a detrimental effect on the HF spectrum. In aviation, HF communication systems are required for all trans-oceanic flights and these systems incorporate frequencies down to 2 MHz to include the 2182 kHz international distress and calling channel. The upper section of HF shares many characteristics with the part of VHF. The parts of this section not allocated to radio are used for local communications
25.
Peregrine Semiconductor
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Peregrine Semiconductor is a San Diego-based manufacturer of high-performance RF CMOS integrated circuits. Peregrines UltraCMOS technology is an implementation of silicon on sapphire. The company was founded in 1990 by former NOSC researchers Dr. Ron Reedy and Dr. Mark Burgener, Reedy served as the CEO from 1990 to 1998, followed by Stav Prodromou from 1999 to 2002. Since then, Dr. James Jim Cable has served as the companys CEO, Peregrine also believes that the agreement provides access to advanced manufacturing toolsets and enables expanded digital integration capability with RF CMOS. On November 19,2010 Peregrine filed a preliminary prospectus S-1 registration statement in preparation for a IPO, on August 8,2012 Peregrine Semiconductor stock began trading on the NASDAQ under the ticker symbol PSMI. The IPO raised $77 million for the company, on December 12,2014, Murata and Peregrine announced completion of the acquisition. The total deal was worth $471 million including shares already held by Murata, Peregrine continues to market its RF solutions under the Peregrine brand, as a wholly owned subsidiary of Murata Electronics North America, Inc. Since the acquisition, Murata has invested in Peregrines growth and has increased Peregrines employee count by 40 percent, in March 2017 Peregine acquired Arctic Sand Technologies, a designer and manufacturer of power converters based in Burlington, Massachusetts. Peregrine has about 150 products used in such as cellular base stations, medical devices, public safety radios, test and measurement equipment. In their handset business, Peregrine components are found in such as the Galaxy S4, Galaxy Note 3, iPhone 5S. In Feb. Peregrine also claims that the power amplifier embedded on the Global 1 chip provides the same level of performance as the competing technology, Global 1 will not be in volume production until late 2015 and will compete with Qualcomms RF360 chip. For their development of the silicon on sapphire technologies, founders Reedy & Burgener earned the IEEE Daniel E. Noble Award for Emerging Technology in 2011, in Oct.2013 Peregrine announced that they had shipped their two billionth chip in an order to Murata Manufacturing company
26.
Sony Energy Devices Corporation
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Sony Energy Devices Corporation, is a Japanese multinational company specializing in a variety of areas in the energy industry, and is a wholly owned subsidiary and part of the Devices Group of Sony. The company was established on February,1975 in Fukushima, Japan, in 2016, Sony and Japanese company Murata Manufacturing reached an agreement to sell Sonys battery business, including Sony Energy Devices Corporation. Sony Energy Devices Corporation started in February,1975 as Sony-Eveready a joint venture between Sony Corp and Union Carbide Corp of United States to design and manufacture batteries, in April,1986 the joint venture dissolved and name changed to Sony Energytec. Between 1977 and 2000 Sony Energytec started production of primary and secondary battery technologies, such as Silver-Oxide batteries, Alkaline-manganese dry batteries. In 2000 Sony Energytec merged with Sony Motomiya to form Sony Fukushima, in 2006 Sony Fukushima merged with Sony Tochigi to form Sony Energy Devices Corp. Esstalion Technologies, Inc was established in June,2014 as a joint venture between Sony and Hydro-Québec,1975 - Sony-Eveready established as joint venture between Sony Corp and Union Carbide Corp.1977 - Production of Silver-Oxide batteries. 1979 - Production of Alkaline-manganese dry battery,1982 - Production of Lithium Coin batteries. 1986 - The joint venture dissolved and name changed to Sony Energytec,1991 - Production of Lithium-ion Batteries. 1998 - Started Lithium-ion battery electrodes,1999 - Production of Lithium-ion Polymer Batteries. 2000 - Started power supply Unit business,2000 - Sony Energytec merged with Sony Motomiya to form Sony Fukushima. 2004 - Sony Fukushima merged with Sony Tochigi to form Sony Energy Devices Corp.2006 - Production of Lithium-ion battery Pack,2014 - Establishment of Esstalion Technologies, Inc. a joint venture between Sony and Hydro-Québec. 2016 - Sony Energy Devices agreed to transfer its business to Murata
27.
Murata Machinery
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Nishijin Jacquard Mfg. the predecessor of Murata Machinery, Ltd. was founded in 1935 and mainly developed the business of textile machinery. Nishijin Jacquart expanded into the machine tools industries in 1961, and automated systems in 1962 At that time, in 1970, Murata Machinery began selling facsimile machines in Japan. In 1970 Murata Machinery’s textile machinery division, developed the “Mach Splicer” device which can join yarn using air flow without knot. The Automatic Winders equipped with the Mach Splicer started to be delivered to world-wide factories, the synthetic fiber machine business was transferred to TMT Machinery, Inc. The company entered the U. S. market in 1982 as Murata Business Systems to sell fax machines through private-label agreements with multiple U. S. companies. In January,1985, the company began marketing its products under the Murata name from its corporate headquarters in Dallas, Texas. In 1991, Murata Machinery company-wide introduced the new unified brand name and they created the stylized letter as their company logo mark. In Aug.2009, the wholly owned subsidiary, Muratec Automation Co. Ltd, in 2012 Muratec Automation was merged into Murata Machinery Ltd. and the Clean FA Division was established. In Dec.2011, Silex Technology Inc. became a wholly owned subsidiary of Murata Machinery, in Oct.2014, Murata Machinery acquired 100% ownership of Cimcorp Oy. Cimcorp is the top supplier for intralogistics in the tire industry, Murata Machinery is often confused with Murata Manufacturing. Murata Manufacturing has its headquarters in Kyoto-prefecture
28.
Bloomberg Businessweek
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Bloomberg Businessweek is an American weekly business magazine published by Bloomberg L. P. Businessweek was founded in 1929, the magazine was created to provide information and interpretation about what was happening in the business world and it is headquartered in New York City. Megan Murphy was appointed editor of the magazine in November 2016, Businessweek was first published in September 1929, weeks before the stock market crash of 1929. The magazine provided information and opinions on what was happening in the world at the time. Businessweek was originally published to be a resource for business managers, however, in the 1970s, the magazine shifted its strategy and added consumers outside of the business world. Since 1975, Businessweek has carried more annual advertising pages than any magazine in the United States. Stephen B. Shepard served as editor-in-chief from 1984 until 2005 when he was chosen to be the dean of the CUNY Graduate School of Journalism. Under Shepard, Businessweeks readership grew to more than six million in the late 1980s and he was succeeded by Stephen J. Adler of The Wall Street Journal. Businessweek suffered a decline during the recession as advertising revenues fell one-third by the start of 2009. In July 2009, it was reported that McGraw-Hill was trying to sell Businessweek and had hired Evercore Partners to conduct the sale. Because of the liabilities, it was suggested that it might change hands for the nominal price of $1 to an investor who was willing to incur losses turning the magazine around. In late 2009, Bloomberg L. P. bought the magazine—for a reported price between $2 million to $5 million plus assumption of liabilities—and renamed it Bloomberg BusinessWeek. It is now believed McGraw-Hill received the high end of the price, at $5 million. Currently, the magazine still loses $30 million per year, about half of the $60 million it was reported losing in 2009, Adler resigned as editor-in-chief and was replaced by Josh Tyrangiel, who had been deputy managing editor of Time magazine. In early 2010, the title was restyled Bloomberg Businessweek as part of a redesign. Megan Murphy is the editor of the magazine in the eight years of Bloomberg ownership. The magazine is losing between $20-$30 million a year. The magazine is to undergo changes in the second quarter of 2017
29.
Seven & I Holdings Co.
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Seven & I Holdings Co. Ltd. is a Japanese diversified retail group headquartered in Nibancho, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. Seven & I was founded in 1920 as Ito-Yokado, and is now the fifth largest retailer in the world, in November 2005, it completed the purchase of US-based 7-Eleven Inc. On December 26,2005, the announced its acquisition of Millennium Retailing holding company, parent of the Sogo. The acquisition makes Seven & I Holdings the largest distribution and retailing business in Japan, on August 11,2006, Seven & I purchased Lombard, Illinois-based White Hen. In July 2007, the announced the enlargement of their American chain 7-Eleven. They proposed an additional 1000 stores in a $2.4 billion plan that would see their US operation grow to over 7,000 stores, the target was set to achieve $10 billion in sales in the US by 2010. On June 11,2012, Seven & I, through its 7-Eleven, Inc. subsidiary, acquired 23 convenience stores in the US from Strasburger Enterprises, Inc. On December 4,2013, Seven & I purchased 44. 99% ownership of Barneys Japan Co. Ltd. from a fund operated by Tokio Marine Capital. Barneys Japan has a network of 10 stores in Japan, including five outlet stores and, for the year ending February 2013, after this transaction, Sumitomo Corporation will continue to retain a majority stake of 50. 01% in Barneys Japan Co. Ltd. Also, Nissen is involved in the insurance, casualty insurance agency, credit card. Sunoco said they would be selling 200 more stores to Seven & I in Q4,2017, Seven & I Major Subsidiaries and Affiliates
30.
Astellas Pharma
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Astellas Pharma Inc. is a Japanese pharmaceutical company, formed on 1 April 2005 from the merger of Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. and Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. Astellas is a member of the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group keiretsu, Fujisawa Shoten was started in 1894 by Tomokichi Fujisawa in Osaka, and was renamed Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. in 1943. Yamanouchi Yakuhin Shokai was started in 1923 by Kenji Yamanouchi in Osaka, the company was renamed Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. in 1940 and moved to Tokyo in 1942. Both companies started their overseas expansion at about the time, opening offices in Taiwan in 1962 and 1963, respectively. Fujisawa acquired Lyphomed in 1990 and thereafter established its US R&D center in Deerfield, yamanouchis R&D center in Leiderdorp was established with the acquisition of the pharmaceutical division of Royal Gist Brocades in 1991. Fujisawa and Yamanouchi combined in a merger of equals, forming Astellas Pharma on 1 April 2005, at least some of its older products continue to be distributed under the original brand, ostensibly due to high brand-name recognition. Astellas had an agreement with CoMentis from 2008 to 2014 focused on development of beta-secretase inhibitor therapeutics for Alzheimers disease. On June 9,2010, Astellas acquired OSI Pharmaceuticals for $4.0 billion, in December 2014, Astellas expanded its 18-month-old collaboration with Cytokinetics, focussing on the R&D and commercialisation of skeletal muscle activators. The companies announced they will advance the development of CK-2127107 into Phase II clinical trials for the treatment of muscular atrophy. The companies have extended their R&D program focussing on the discovery of additional skeletal sarcomere activators through into 2016, the collaboration is expected to generate more than $600 million for Cytokinetics as well as $75 million in milestone payments. In November 2015 the company announced its move to acquire Ocata Therapeutics for $379 million, as of January 14,2016, Astellas has not been able to acquire a majority of Ocatas common stock, which is necessary to complete the acquisition. The first deadline in the acquisition was November 17,2015, and due to Astellas failure to acquire a majority of Ocatas common stock, the deal was finally completed in February 2016. Later in November 2015 the company announce it would sell its business to LEO Pharma for $725 million. In October 2016 Astellas announced it would acquire Ganymed Pharmaceuticals for $1, priority areas for R&D are infectious diseases, diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases, oncology, and diseases of the central nervous system. Clinical development is centered in Northbrook, Illinois and Leiden, Netherlands, combined revenues of the two pre-merger companies were $7.9 billion in 2004. Worldwide the company employs about 17,000 people, the United States subsidiary of Astellas is Astellas US LLC. The companys advertising slogans are, English, Leading Light for Life Japanese, wiki collection of bibliographic works on Astellas Pharma
31.
Canon Inc.
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It is headquartered in Ōta, Tokyo, Japan. Canon has a listing on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the TOPIX index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. At the beginning of 2015, Canon was the tenth largest public company in Japan when measured by market capitalization, the company was originally named Seikikōgaku kenkyūsho. In 1934 it produced the Kwanon, a prototype for Japan’s first-ever 35 mm camera with a plane based shutter. In 1947 the company name was changed to Canon Camera Co. Inc. shortened to Canon Inc. in 1969, the name Canon comes from Buddhist bodhisattva Guan Yin, previously transliterated as Kuanyin, Kwannon, or Kwanon in English. The origins of Canon date back to the founding of Precision Optical Instruments Laboratory in Japan in 1937 by Takeshi Mitarai, Goro Yoshida, Saburo Uchida and Takeo Maeda. During its early years the company did not have any facilities to produce its own optical glass, between 1933 and 1936 ‘The Kwanon’, a copy of the Leica design, Japan’s first 35 mm focal plane-shutter camera, was developed in prototype form. In 1940 Canon developed Japans first indirect X-ray camera, Canon introduced a field zoom lens for television broadcasting in 1958 and in 1959 introduced the Reflex Zoom 8, the world’s first movie camera with a zoom lens, and the Canonflex. In 1961 Canon introduced the Rangefinder camera, Canon 7, in 1965 Canon introduced the Canon Pellix, a single lens reflex camera with a semi-transparent stationary mirror which enabled the taking of pictures through the mirror. In 1971 Canon introduced the F-1, a high-end SLR camera, in 1976 Canon launched the AE-1, the world’s first camera with an embedded micro-computer. In 1982 Wildlife as Canon Sees It print ads first appeared in National Geographic magazine, Canon introduced the world’s first Inkjet printer using bubble jet technology in 1985. Canon introduced Canon Electro-Optical System in 1987, named after the goddess of the dawn, EOS650 autofocus SLR camera is introduced. Also in 1987 the Canon Foundation was established, in 1988 Canon introduced Kyosei philosophy. The EOS1 Flagship Professional SLR line was launched in 1989, in the same year the EOS RT, the worlds first AF SLR with a fixed, semi-transparent pellicle mirror, was unveiled. In 1992 Canon launched the EOS5, the camera with eye-controlled AF. In 1995 Canon introduced the first commercially available SLR lens with image stabilization. EOS-1N RS, the worlds fastest AF SLR camera with a shooting speed of 10 frame/s at the time
32.
Denso
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Denso Corporation is a global automotive components manufacturer headquartered in the city of Kariya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. After becoming independent from Toyota Motors, Nippon Denso Co. Ltd. was founded in 1949, about 25% of the company is owned by Toyota Motor. Despite being a part of Toyota Group of companies, as of year ended March 2016, currently, Denso ranks the fourth largest auto parts supplier. As of 2016, Denso Corporation consisted of 189 subsidiaries with a total of 151,775 employees, in 2013 Denso was listed at #242 on the Fortune 500 list with a total revenue of $43.1 billion. The word Denso 電装 is derived from the two Japanese words Den-Ki and So-Chi, moreover, Denso also develops and manufactures non-automotive components such as Household Heating Equipments, Industrial Robots and QR Code. The Denso Industrial Robot gained wide attention in Japan when it conducted a game of Shogi against professionals players. Toyota TS030 Hybrid which use a Denso Kinetic Energy Recovery System finished second in the 201324 Hours of Le Mans, Denso Wave is a subsidiary that produces automatic identification products, industrial robots and programmable logic controllers. They are noted for creating the two dimensional QR code, are a member of the Japan Robot Association and support the ORiN standard, Denso International America is the American subsidiary of Denso Corporation. In 1970, Denso Corporation decided to expand overseas from Kariya, in March 1971 Denso Sales California, Inc. was founded in Hawthorne, California. The company was staffed with only 12 associates, four of them were Americans, the objective of Denso Sales California was to promote their air conditioner systems to be options in Japanese-made vehicles. In May 1975 Denso Corporation opened a division, Denso Sales, in Southfield. In September 1975 Denso International America opened a center in Cedar Falls. This was opened due to an agricultural parts contract with John Deere including starter motors and meters, Denso International America employs over 17,000 people at 38 locations between North, Central, and South America. At year end, on March 31,2008, combined sales totaled $8.3 billion for all American locations. The conspiracy, which fixed prices and allocated components to such car manufacturers as Toyota and Honda, extended from Michigan to Japan, Denso agreed to pay a fine of 78 million dollars. EcoCute - CO2 refrigerant based automobile air conditioner FC Kariya DENSO Corporation Japan DENSO Global Company history books, wiki collection of bibliographic works on Denso
33.
FANUC
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FANUC is one of the largest makers of industrial robots in the world. FANUC had its beginnings as part of Fujitsu developing early numerical control, the company name is an acronym for Fuji Automatic NUmerical Control. In 1972, the Computing Control Division became independent and FANUC Ltd was established, FANUC is listed on the first section of Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the TOPIX100 and Nikkei 225 stock market indices. It is headquartered in Yamanashi Prefecture, the companys clients include US and Japanese automobile and electronics manufacturers. Use of industrial robots has allowed companies like Panasonic in Amagasaki to run factories which produce 2 million television sets a month with just 25 people, FANUC has over 240 joint ventures, subsidiaries, and offices in over 46 countries. It is the largest maker of CNC controls by market share with 65% of the global market, and is the leading global manufacturer of factory automation systems. FANUC Europe Corporation S. A. a sister company, is headquartered in Luxembourg, with customers in Europe, FANUC America Corporation is responsible for FANUC operations in North and South America. FANUC Robotics America Corporation supplied robotic automation in North and South America and it also produced software, controls, and vision products that aid in the development of robotic systems. Headquartered in Rochester Hills, Michigan, the company had 10 regional locations in the U. S. Canada, Mexico, the company provided these systems for applications including automotive and fabricated metals to medical devices and plastics. It was founded in 1982 as a joint venture between FANUC Ltd and General Motors Corporation, named GMFanuc Robotics Corporation, a staff of 70 began work at the GM Technical Center in Warren, Michigan. In 1992, the became a wholly owned subsidiary of FANUC Ltd of Oshino-mura. The company was a member of the Robotics Industries Association and of the International Federation of Robotics, in 2010, FANUC America Corporation and the prior CNC business unit from GE Fanuc Intelligent Platforms in the US were combined into a new company by the name of FANUC CNC America. This business unit was a wholly owned subsidiary of FANUC Ltd and it was headquartered in the Chicago suburb of Hoffman Estates, Illinois. It offered CNC and laser technical services, training, replacement parts, PCB and motor repair and return, field support and it had over 30 locations in the U. S. Canada, Mexico, Brazil and Argentina. The company provides services to machine tool builders, machine tool dealers. In 1977, the company was established as an owned subsidiary of FANUC Ltd of Oshino-mura. GE Fanuc Intelligent Platforms was a joint venture between General Electric and FANUC Ltd, in 2009, GE and FANUC Ltd. agreed to split, with FANUC Ltd. retaining the CNC business. GE renamed its part of the business GE Intelligent Platforms, Fanuc India operations are led by Sonali Kulkarni
34.
Hitachi
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Hitachi, Ltd. is a Japanese multinational conglomerate company headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. It is the parent company of the Hitachi Group and forms part of the DKB Group of companies, Hitachi is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX indices. It is ranked 38th in the 2012 Fortune Global 500 and 129th in the 2012 Forbes Global 2000, Hitachi was founded in 1910 by electrical engineer Namihei Odaira in Ibaraki Prefecture. The companys first product was Japans first 5-horsepower induction motor, initially developed for use in copper mining, odairas company soon became the domestic leader in electric motors and electric power industry infrastructure. The company began as a venture of Fusanosuke Kuharas mining company in Hitachi. Odaira moved headquarters to Tokyo in 1918, long before that, he coined the company’s toponymic name by superimposing two kanji characters, hi meaning “sun” and tachi meaning “rise”. The young companys national aspirations were conveyed by its original brand mark, world War II and its aftermath devastated the company. Many of its factories were destroyed by Allied bombing raids, and after the war, founder Odaira was removed from the company. Nevertheless, as a result of three years of negotiations, Hitachi was permitted to all but 19 of its manufacturing plants. The cost of such a production shutdown, though, compounded by a labor strike in 1950. Only the Korean War saved the company from complete collapse, Hitachi and many other struggling Japanese industrial firms benefited from defense contracts offered by the American military. Meanwhile, Hitachi went public in 1949, Hitachi America, Ltd. was established in 1959. Hitachi Europe, Ltd. was established in 1982, in March 2011, Hitachi agreed to sell its hard disk drive subsidiary, HGST, to Western Digital for a combination of cash and shares worth US$4.3 billion. Due to concerns of a duopoly of WD and Seagate Technology by the EU Commission, the transaction was completed in March 2012. The talks subsequently broke down and were suspended, the joint venture began operations in February 2014. It is a high density information storage medium utilizing laser etched/readable Fused quartz, Hitachi is taking for 2016 an estimated ¥65 billion write-off in value of a SILEX technology laser uranium enrichment joint venture with General Electric. Hitachi Consulting is a management and technology consulting firm with headquarters in Dallas, Texas. Hitachi Data Systems is an owned subsidiary of Hitachi which provides hardware, software
35.
Honda
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Honda Motor Co. Ltd. is a Japanese public multinational conglomerate corporation primarily known as a manufacturer of automobiles, aircraft, motorcycles, and power equipment. Honda became the second-largest Japanese automobile manufacturer in 2001, Honda was the eighth largest automobile manufacturer in the world behind General Motors, Volkswagen Group, Toyota, Hyundai Motor Group, Ford, Nissan, and PSA Peugeot Citroën in 2011. Honda was the first Japanese automobile manufacturer to release a luxury brand, Acura. Aside from their automobile and motorcycle businesses, Honda also manufactures garden equipment, marine engines, personal watercraft and power generators. Since 1986, Honda has been involved with artificial intelligence/robotics research and they have also ventured into aerospace with the establishment of GE Honda Aero Engines in 2004 and the Honda HA-420 HondaJet, which began production in 2012. Honda has three joint-ventures in China, in 2013, Honda invested about 5. 7% of its revenues in research and development. Also in 2013, Honda became the first Japanese automaker to be a net exporter from the United States, exporting 108,705 Honda and Acura models, throughout his life, Hondas founder, Soichiro Honda had an interest in automobiles. He worked as a mechanic at the Art Shokai garage, where he tuned cars, in 1937, with financing from his acquaintance Kato Shichirō, Honda founded Tōkai Seiki to make piston rings working out of the Art Shokai garage. After initial failures, Tōkai Seiki won a contract to supply piston rings to Toyota, Honda also aided the war effort by assisting other companies in automating the production of military aircraft propellers. The relationships Honda cultivated with personnel at Toyota, Nakajima Aircraft Company, with a staff of 12 men working in a 16 m2 shack, they built and sold improvised motorized bicycles, using a supply of 500 two-stroke 50 cc Tohatsu war surplus radio generator engines. When the engines ran out, Honda began building their own copy of the Tohatsu engine and this was the Honda A-Type, nicknamed the Bata Bata for the sound the engine made. In 1949, the Honda Technical Research Institute was liquidated for ¥1,000,000, or about US$5,000 today, at about the same time Honda hired engineer Kihachiro Kawashima, and Takeo Fujisawa who provided indispensable business and marketing expertise to complement Soichiro Hondas technical bent. The close partnership between Soichiro Honda and Fujisawa lasted until they stepped down together in October 1973, the first complete motorcycle, with both the frame and engine made by Honda, was the 1949 D-Type, the first Honda to go by the name Dream. Honda Motor Company grew in a time to become the worlds largest manufacturer of motorcycles by 1964. The first production automobile from Honda was the T360 mini pick-up truck, powered by a small 356-cc straight-4 gasoline engine, it was classified under the cheaper Kei car tax bracket. The first production car from Honda was the S500 sports car and its chain-driven rear wheels pointed to Hondas motorcycle origins. Over the next few decades, Honda worked to expand its line and expanded operations. In 1986, Honda introduced the successful Acura brand to the American market in an attempt to ground in the luxury vehicle market
36.
Central Japan Railway Company
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The Central Japan Railway Company is the main railway company operating in the Chūbu region of central Japan. It is officially abbreviated in English as JR Central and in Japanese as JR Tōkai and its headquarters are located in the JR Central Towers in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture. The companys operational hub is Nagoya Station, the busiest railway line it operates is the Tōkaidō Main Line between Atami Station and Maibara Station. JR Central also operates the Tōkaidō Shinkansen between Tokyo Station and Shin-Ōsaka Station, additionally it is responsible for the Chūō Shinkansen—a proposed maglev service between Tokyo Station and Ōsaka Station, of which a short demonstration section has been built. Currently, the company is conducting demonstrations of its shinkansen to railway officials from different countries in the effort to market bullet train technology overseas. JR Central is Japans most profitable and highest throughput high-speed-rail operator, carrying 138 million high-speed-rail passengers in 2009, Japan recorded a total of 289 million high-speed-rail passengers in 2009. JR Tokai Corporation JR Tokai Takashimaya Co. Ltd, JR Tokai Food Service Co. Ltd. Tokai Kiosk Company JR Tokai Construction Co. Ltd, JR Central Consultants Company The Nihon Kikai Hosen Co. Ltd Futaba Tetsudo Kogyo Co. Ltd, JR Tokai Information Systems Company Shinsei Technos Co. Ltd. JR Tokai Tours Hida Forest City Planning Co. Ltd, Tokai Rolling Stock & Machinery Co. Ltd. Nippon Sharyo, Ltd Chuoh Linen Supply Co. Ltd, JR Tokai General Building Maintenance Co. Ltd. Shinkansen Service & Technology Co. Ltd, JR Development and Management Corporation of Kansai JR Development and Management Corporation of Shizuoka JR Tokai Real Estate Co. Ltd. Nagoya Station Area Development Corporation Nagoya Terminal Station Building Co. Ltd, Central Japan Railway Company Company history books. Wiki collection of works on Central Japan Railway Company
37.
East Japan Railway Company
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East Japan Railway Company is a major passenger railway company in Japan and one of the seven Japan Railways Group companies. The company name is abbreviated as JR-EAST or JR East in English. The companys headquarters are in Yoyogi, Shibuya, Tokyo, JR East was incorporated on 1 April 1987 after being spun off from the government-run Japanese National Railways. Following the breakup, JR East ran the operations on former JNR lines in the Greater Tokyo Area, the Tohoku region and its railway lines primarily serve Kanto and Tohoku regions, along with adjacent areas in Koshinetsu region and Shizuoka prefectures. JR East operates all of the Shinkansen, high-speed rail lines and these lines have sections inside the Tokyo Suburban Area designated by JR East. This does not necessarily mean that the lines are fully inside the Greater Tokyo Area, JR East aims to reduce its carbon emissions by half, as measured over the period 1990-2030. This would be achieved by increasing the efficiency of trains and company-owned thermal power stations, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department has stated that JR Easts official union is a front for an organized crime syndicate called the Japan Revolutionary Communist League. An investigation of this is ongoing, the East Japan Railway Culture Foundation is a non-profit organization established by JR East for the purpose of developing a richer railway culture. The Railway Museum in Saitama is operated by the foundation, EJRC has bid for the London Midland franchise in the United Kingdom. Winners will be announced on June 2017 and will start operating on October 2017, East Japan Railway Company Web Site JR East official apology for Inaho No.14 accident on 25 December 2005 Company history books. Wiki collection of works on East Japan Railway Company
38.
Japan Tobacco
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Japan Tobacco Inc. abbreviated JT, is a cigarette manufacturing company. It is part of the Nikkei 225 index, in 2009 the company was listed at number 312 on the Fortune 500 list. The company is headquartered in Toranomon, Minato, Tokyo and Japan Tobacco Internationals headquarters are in Geneva, as of 2012 the chairman is Hiroshi Kimura and the CEO is Mitsuomi Koizumi. It was founded as a company on April 1,1985. Japan Tobacco is the entity to a nationalized tobacco monopoly first established by the Government of Japan in 1898 to secure tax revenue collections from tobacco leaf sales. It was announced in May 2012 that the government would sell one-sixth of the outstanding shares to raise ¥500 billion to finance reconstruction from the 2011 earthquake. In 2013 the Japanese government disclosed the details of its plans to reduce its equity interest in Japan Tobacco by $10 billion, the ministry of finance sold the stock in March 2013, selling about 333 million of the 1 billion shares it owned at that time. The government remains required by law to own at least one-third of JTs stock, JT International, acquired in 1999 from R. J. Reynolds, is a division of Japan Tobacco Inc. handling the international production, marketing. It sells Camel, Salem, and Winston brands outside the USA, Japan Tobacco also operates in foods, pharmaceuticals, agribusiness, engineering, and real estate. It left the industry in September 2015. Japan Tobacco completed the largest ever takeover in Japanese history through acquisition of Gallaher Group plc in April 2007. Japan Tobacco runs the Tobacco and Salt Museum in Shibuya, Tokyo, in 2006/2007 Japan Tobacco planned to start Serbia production, and also planned to invest another $100 million. JT paid $35 million euros for 98.5 percent of Senta Tobacco Industry in May 2006, the plant has a production capacity of some five billion cigarettes a year. In April 2012 it was announced that Mitsuomi Koizumi would become President, Wakui had previously been a bureaucrat at the ministry of finance. Koizumi assuming the presidency meant that for the first time since the 1985 privatization neither president nor chairman was from the ministry of finance, Koizumi, who had been Executive Deputy President, became president in June 2012. As of 2013, although tobacco consumption was declining, the Japanese remained heavy smokers, consuming an average of 1,800 cigarettes a year, compared to about 1,000 per capita in the United States. On October 30,2013 JT announced that it would close four Japanese factories and this was planned to be completed by March 2016
39.
KDDI
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KDDI Corporation is a Japanese telecommunications operator formed in October 1,2000 through the merger of DDI Corp. It has its headquarters in the Garden Air Tower in Iidabashi, Chiyoda, KDDI provides mobile cellular services using the au by KDDI brand. ADSL broadband services carry the brand name ADSL One, and IP telephony over copper is branded as Metal Plus, on April 1,2002, au by KDDI launched 3G networks using CDMA2000 1x technology.4 Mbit/s. On December 2006, au by KDDI became the first carrier to provide an EV-DO Rev A service at a rate of 3. 1Mbit/s,1. 8Mbit/s. Au by KDDI has been successful with its EZ wireless data services, EZweb, EZweb@mail, EZappli, EZchakuuta, ezmovie. It supports both Java ME and BREW application environments, in November 2004 au by KDDI introduced the music include ringtone download service Chaku Uta Full, for download of full length songs to mobile phones. Within six months from introduction, on June 15,2005, as of end of June 2005, au by KDDI has 20,122,700 customers, among which 18,723,200 are 3G CDMA2000 subscribers. It is Japans second-largest cellular operator with an increasing 20. 0% market share, on January 26,2006, the first pointing local search application, Mapion Local Search - Powered by GeoVector, was launched on the KDDI network on their GPS and compass equipped handsets. KDDI announced that it will collaborate with the Taiwanese manufacturer HTC Corp. to sell the mobile phone HTC J in Japan starting May 2012, the HTC J mobile phone will feature the Android 4.0 operating system. On October 21,2011 KDDI buys Content Delivery Network CDNetworks For $167 Million, KDDI together with Sumitomo Group signed an agreement with Myanmar State owned Myanmar Post and Telecommunication in July 2014 to jointly operate a mobile phone service in Myanmar for next 10 years. Consumer showroom is set in Harajuku called, KDDI Designing Studio, tU-KA, a subsidiary company of KDDI, was a 2G PDC cellular operator in three metropolitan areas, which did not apply a 3G license. TU-KA was best known for having singer Ayumi Hamasaki to appear in their commercials, tU-KA was closed on March 31,2008. DDI Pocket, a PHS operator, was owned by KDDI but has now been spun off as Willcom. The pipeline was expected to be completed by 2016-end, KDDI and Ericsson began working together in December 2015 in order to research and develop 5G technology. In 2003, several class action complaints were filed against DDI for misrepresenting and/or failing to disclose material facts about the Companys financial results, the parties agreed on a $4.4 million settlement in 2006
40.
Mitsubishi Corporation
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Mitsubishi Corporation is Japans largest trading company and a member of the Mitsubishi keiretsu. Mitsubishi Corporation employs over 60,000 people and has seven segments, including finance, banking, energy, machinery, chemicals. The company traces its roots to the Mitsubishi conglomerate founded by Yataro Iwasaki, Iwasaki was originally employed by the Tosa clan of modern-day Kōchi Prefecture, who posted him to Nagasaki in the 1860s. During this time, Iwasaki became close to Sakamoto Ryōma, a figure in the Meiji Restoration that ended the Tokugawa shogunate. Iwasaki was placed in charge of the Tosa clans trading operation, Tsukumo Shokai and this company changed its name in the following years to Mitsukawa Shokai and then to Mitsubishi Shokai. Around 1871, the company was renamed Mitsubishi Steamship Company and began a service between Yokohama and Shanghai with government sponsorship. Under Iwasakis leadership in the late 1800s, Mitsubishi diversified its business into insurance, in 1918, the groups international trading business was spun off to form Mitsubishi Shoji Kaisha. After the war, the administration of Douglas MacArthur called for the dissolution of the corporations that dominated the Japanese economy. Mitsubishi was the major zaibatsu to initially refuse this request, at the orders of president Kotaya Iwasaki. Mitsubishi eventually dissolved in 1947, and under restrictive rules imposed by the occupation authorities, beginning in 1950, the restrictions on re-consolidation of the zaibatsu were eased, and by 1952 most of the former Mitsubishi Shoji had coalesced into three companies. It changed its name to Mitsubishi Corporation in 1971, by 1960, Mitsubishi had fifty-one overseas offices. Mitsubishis first large-scale investment outside Japan was a natural gas project in Brunei. By 2015 Mitsubishi was again the general trading company by net earnings. Mitsubishi Corporation has its office in Marunouchi, Chiyoda, Tokyo. The head office is located in two buildings in Marunouchi, Mitsubishi Shoji Building and Marunouchi Park Building, Mitsubishi Corporation businesses are divided into eight business sections, Business Service Group, Focuses on information technology. Mitsubishi is the Japanese partner of Tata Consultancy Services and operates a center in Mitaka. Global Environmental & Infrastructure Business Group, Handles transportation, water, electricity and its infrastructure projects include airports in Mandalay and Ulaanbataar, urban railways in Cairo, Doha and Dubai, and power projects under the Diamond Generating and Diamond Transmission names. In 2015, Mitsubishi announced an alliance with Turkeys Çalık Enerji to boost its infrastructure business in Turkey
41.
Mitsubishi Estate
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Mitsubishi Estate Co. Ltd. is Japans second-largest real-estate developer and is involved in property management and architecture research and design. MEC owns Japans second tallest building, the Yokohama Landmark Tower, as well as the Sanno Park Tower, Mitsubishi Estate has its headquarters in the Otemachi Building in Ōtemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo. It is one of the core Mitsubishi companies, the company was established in 1937 as a spin-off of the real estate holdings of the Mitsubishi zaibatsu. It was listed on the Tokyo and Osaka stock exchanges in 1953, in 1990 Mitsubishi Estate fully bought out Rockefeller Group in New York City, the real estate company that then fully owned Rockefeller Center. Since then the section of the Center has been sold. Mitsubishi Estate led the redevelopment of the Osaka Station area between 2010 and 2013, including the Grand Front Osaka complex, Mitsubishi Estate stated in November 2014 that it had agreed to sell a 41-year-old office building in Tokyo back to Mizuho Financial Group for $1.35 billion. In 2015, Mitsubishi announced that it would hold a majority stake in a redevelopment project north of Tokyo Station that would include the tallest building in Japan, the targeted completion date for the project is 2027. Mitsubishi Real Estate Services Co. Ltd, Yokohama Royal Park Hotel Co. Ltd. Royal Park Hotel Co. Ltd. Rockefeller Group International, Inc
42.
Mitsui & Co.
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Mitsui & Co. Ltd. is one of the largest sogo shosha in Japan, and also part of the Mitsui Group. Its business area covers energy, machinery, chemicals, food, textile, logistics, finance, first established in 1876 with 16 members including the founder, Takashi Masuda. As Japans international trading was dominated by foreigners since the end of the Edo period, by the end of World War II, it became a dominant trading giant, but was dissolved by the order of GHQ. The current Mitsui & Co. was established in 1947 as Daiichi Bussan Kaisha, in 1959, it merged with several other trading companies and changed its name to Mitsui & Co. Ltd. During Japans period of postwar economic growth, Mitsui was a key player in several major projects in the natural resources sector. Some analysts had thought BP would realize a larger settlement from MOEX, Mitsui engages in six major business areas, Energy, Upstream development and trading in oil and gas. This is Mitsuis largest line of business, accounting for half of its consolidated EBITDA. Mitsui has two major projects in the United States, at the Marcellus Shale in the Mid-Atlantic. Metals, Development and trading in various metals with a focus on iron ore and this business is also comparatively large, accounting for about a quarter of consolidated EBITDA and net earnings. In 2014 Mitsui acquired a stake in the Moatize coal mine and Nacala rail, chemicals, Trades and invests in basic and performance chemicals including fertilizers, electronics materials and functional materials. Machinery and Infrastructure, Sells, finances and invests in large-scale plants, ships, aircraft, automobiles, lifestyle, Develops business in food, retail, healthcare, fashion, forestry and real estate. In 2014, CEO Masami Iijima identified this segment as an area of particular interest, information and Corporate Development, Develops business in information technology, finance and logistics
¥ 1,210.8 billion (FY 2016)
