1.
Companion of the Order of Australia
–
Before the establishment of the order, Australian citizens received British honours. The Queen of Australia is Sovereign Head of the Order, while the Governor-General is Principal Companion/Dame/Knight, the Governor-Generals Official Secretary is Secretary of the Order. The order is divided into a general and a military division, honorary awards at all levels may be made to deserving non-citizens – these awards are made additional to the quotas. The badge of the Order of Australia is a convex disc representing the Golden Wattle flower, at the centre is a ring, representing the sea, with the word Australia below two branches of golden wattle. The whole disc is topped by the Crown of St Edward, the AC badge is decorated with citrines, blue enamelled ring and enamelled crown. The AO badge is similar, without the citrines, for the AM badge only the crown is enamelled, and the OAM badge is plain. The AK/AD badge is similar to that of the AC badge, the star for knights and dames is a convex golden disc decorated with citrines, with a blue royally crowned inner disc bearing an image of the coat of arms of Australia. The ribbon of the order is blue with a stripe of golden wattle flower designs. AKs, male ACs and AOs wear their badges on a necklet, women usually wear their badges on a bow on the left shoulder, although they may wear the same insignia as males, if so desired. The orders insignia were designed by Stuart Devlin, the Order currently consists of four levels and the medal, in both general and military divisions. Since 2015, the level has been discontinued. Awards of Knight and Dame of the Order have been made in the division only. Military Division – Not awarded in the military division. There was a quota of four per year, excluding honorary appointments, the Knight- and Damehoods were conferred between 1976 and 1983, and again from 2014 till 2015. Although this level is not awarded anymore, several knight and dames of the Order are still alive, Companion General Division – Eminent achievement and merit of the highest degree in service to Australia or to humanity at large. Military Division – Eminent service in duties of great responsibility. Excluding honorary appointments, until 2003, no more than 25 Companions were appointed in any calendar year, in 2003 this was increased to 30. This was increased in 2016 to 35, Officer General Division – Distinguished service of a high degree to Australia or to humanity at large. Military Division – Distinguished service in responsible positions. Prior to 2003, the quota was 100 Officers appointed in any calendar year, in 2003 this was increased to 125. This was increased in 2016 to 140, Member General Division – Service in a particular locality or field of activity or to a particular group. Military Division – Exceptional service or performance of duty
Companion of the Order of Australia
–
Order of Australia
2.
Chief Justice of Australia
–
The Chief Justice of Australia is the informal title for the presiding justice of the High Court of Australia and the highest-ranking judicial officer in the Commonwealth of Australia. The incumbent is Susan Kiefel, the first woman to hold the office, the Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under, the Judiciary Act 1903, with the first appointments to the High Court commencing on 5 October 1903. The Chief Justice is first among equals among the Justices of the High Court, all Justices, including the Chief Justice, are appointed by the Governor-General of Australia, on the advice of the federal government. They can be removed only by the Governor-General, on a request from both houses of the parliament, although this has never been done. Since 1977, appointment has been until the retirement age of seventy. The Chief Justice often acts as the Governor-Generals deputy, especially at such as the opening of Parliament after an election. Chief Justice Samuel Griffith was several times consulted by Governors-General of Australia on the exercise of the reserve powers, the Chief Justice also administers the Oath of Allegiance to the Monarch and an Oath of Office to the Governor-General-designate when he or she takes up his or her appointment. Chief Justice Sir John Latham was absent from the office when he served from 1940 to 1941 as Australias first ambassador to Japan, Sir George Rich was Acting Chief Justice in Lathams absence
Chief Justice of Australia
–
Incumbent
Robert French,
AC since 1 September 2008
Chief Justice of Australia
Chief Justice of Australia
Chief Justice of Australia
3.
John Howard
–
John Winston Howard, OM, AC was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia, serving from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007. Only Sir Robert Menzies has served in the position longer, born in Sydney, Howard was a solicitor at Clayton Utz before entering politics, having studied law at the University of Sydney. A member of the Liberal Party and former president of the Young Liberals, he first stood for office at the 1968 New South Wales state election, but lost narrowly. At the 1974 federal election, Howard was elected to the Division of Bennelong and he was promoted to cabinet in 1977, and later in the year replaced Phillip Lynch as Treasurer of Australia, remaining in that position until the defeat of Malcolm Frasers government in 1983. In 1985, Howard was elected leader of the Liberal Party for the first time and he led the Liberal–National coalition to the 1987 federal election, but lost to Bob Hawkes Labor government, and was removed from the leadership in 1989. Remaining a key figure in the party, Howard was re-elected leader in 1995, after defeating Paul Keatings Labor government in 1996, the Howard Government was re-elected at the 1998,2001 and 2004 elections. Howards actions as prime minister included new gun laws, the introduction of a nationwide value-added tax, immigration reform, Australia also contributed troops to the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War under his government, and led the International Force for East Timor. The Howard government was defeated at the 2007 federal election, with the Labor Partys Kevin Rudd succeeding him as prime minister, Howard also lost his own seat at the election, becoming only the second prime minister to do so. John Howard is the son of Mona and Lyall Howard. His parents were married in 1925 and his eldest brother Stanley was born in 1926, followed by Walter in 1929, and Robert in 1936. Lyall Howard was an admirer of Winston Churchill, and sympathetic to the New Guard during its early years, Howards ancestors were English, Scottish and Irish. Howard was born and raised in the Sydney suburb of Earlwood and his mother had been an office worker until her marriage. His father and his grandfather, Walter Howard, were both veterans of the First AIF in World War I. They also ran two Dulwich Hill petrol stations where Howard worked as a boy, Lyall Howard died in 1955 when John was sixteen, leaving his mother to take care of John. Howard suffered an impairment in his youth, leaving him with a slight speech impediment. It also influenced him in ways, limiting his early academic performance, encouraging a reliance on an excellent memory. Howard attended the state schools Earlwood Primary School and Canterbury Boys High School, Howard won a citizenship prize in his final year at Earlwood, and subsequently represented his secondary school at debating as well as cricket and rugby. In his final year at school he took part in a show hosted by Jack Davey, Give It a Go broadcast on the commercial radio station, 2GB
John Howard
–
The Honourable John Howard
OM,
AC
John Howard
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John Howard as a boy, 1940s
John Howard
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John Howard in June 1997, just over a year after becoming Prime Minister.
John Howard
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John Howard and US Secretary of Defense
William Cohen in 1997
4.
William Deane
–
Sir William Patrick Deane AC, KBE, QC is a former Australian judge and was the 22nd Governor-General of Australia. William Deane was born in the Melbourne suburb of St Kilda and he was educated at Catholic schools, including St Josephs College, Hunters Hill, and at the University of Sydney, where he graduated in arts and law. He also attended the Hague Academy of International Law, after graduation, Deane worked in the federal Attorney-Generals Department in Canberra and at the law firm Minter Simpson. He also travelled to Europe to study international law and he was called to the Sydney Bar in 1957 and also lectured in law at university. During this time, Deane was active in the Catholic community, in 1955 he briefly became a member of the Democratic Labor Party, a predominantly Catholic and anti-Communist breakaway from the Australian Labor Party. In June 1982 he was appointed to the High Court of Australia and he received a knighthood in August 1982. On the court he formed part of the majority which recognised native title in the landmark Mabo case of 1992. In August 1995, the Labor Prime Minister, Paul Keating, Deane retired from the High Court in November and was sworn in as Governor-General on 16 February 1996. Less than a month later the Liberal/National coalition led by John Howard defeated Keatings government in the Australian federal election,1996, Deane officially opened the 2000 Summer Olympics held in Sydney. He is also a Patron of Reconciliation Australia and of the Australian Indigenous Doctors Association, Government appointed him as Patron of the National Capitals 2013 Centenary Celebrations. He is a former Patron and Chair of international aid-organization CARE Australia, Deane was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 10 August 1982, a few weeks after being appointed to the High Court. On Australia Day 1988, he was made a Companion of the Order of Australia and he is also a Knight Commander with Star of the Papal Order of St. Gregory the Great and a Knight of the Venerable Order of St. John. In 2001, Deane was awarded the Sydney Peace Prize for his consistent support of vulnerable and disadvantaged Australians, governor General of Australia – Official biography of Sir William Deane and Lady Deane, published by Government House, Canberra. A Mirror to the People, documentary film on the Office of Governor-General of Australia, featuring Deane, Zelman Cowen, High Court biography Retrieved 20 August 2014
William Deane
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Sir William Deane makes the official opening speech at the
2000 Summer Paralympics Opening Ceremony
5.
Robert French
–
Robert Shenton French AC was the twelfth Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia, the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy, being replaced in January 2017 by Susan Kiefel. Although two other Western Australians, Sir Ronald Wilson and John Toohey, had previously been High Court justices, French was educated at St. Louis School in Perth. French attended the University of Western Australia in Perth, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Physics in 1968 and he then continued with further study at the University of Western Australia, earning a Bachelor of Laws in 1971. He was President of the Universitys Liberal Club and served briefly as treasurer of the University of Western Australia Student Guild. In 1969, at the age of 22, French contested the safe Labor Federal seat of Fremantle for the Liberal Party, which he lost to Kim Beazley, Sr. He is a friend of Kim Beazley, Jr. French served as President of the Fremantle Branch of the Liberal Party. In 1972, French was admitted as a barrister and solicitor in Western Australia, the Hawke government appointed French to the Federal Court in 1986, at the age of 39. During the Tampa Affair, French was part of the Full Court of the Federal Court that reversed the order of habeas corpus that had earlier granted by a single judge. On 30 July 2008, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd announced that French would succeed Murray Gleeson as Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia and he was sworn in on 1 September 2008. He is the first Chief Justice of the High Court not to have taken silk at appointment, French retired as Chief Justice on 29 January 2017. He was succeeded by Susan Kiefel, although once the President of the Liberal Club of the University of Western Australia, Frenchs views are described as being closer to social progressive, small-L liberal, and moderate. French said in a WA Law Society speech in May 2008, can never be chosen by the people or their representatives, cannot be other than a member of the Anglican Church, can never be other than British and can never be an indigenous person. Justice French is known for working for the rights of Indigenous Australians, in the early 1970s and he was also the first president of the National Native Title Tribunal. At his swearing-in ceremony as Chief Justice, French specifically referred to the history of indigenous Australia. The history of Australias indigenous people dwarfs, in its temporal sweep and our awareness and recognition of that history is becoming, if it has not already become, part of our national identity. However, the French Testing incident has coloured the legacy of French on indigenous issues, the Tribunal was judicially reviewed on many occasions. I refused registration on the basis that the application could not succeed because of the effects of historical pastoral leases in the area. I took the view that observations about the effects of leases made by Brennan J in Mabo put the matter beyond doubt
Robert French
–
The Honourable Chief Justice Robert French
AC
6.
Wingham, New South Wales
–
Wingham is a town in the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales, Australia in the Mid-Coast Council area 335 kilometres north of Sydney. According to the 2011 census, Wingham had a population of 5,313, the first land grant in the area was made at The Bight to George Rowley in 1841. Named after Wingham in Kent, England, Wingham was proclaimed a village in 1844 but allotments were not made until 1854, the same year that Henry Flett laid out Taree as a private settlement. In the meantime, Tinonee had also established as a government settlement and in 1866 had a population of 100. Wingham was proclaimed a municipality in 1889, by 1909, Wingham consisted of 285 houses and had a population of 900, but government services had been transferred to Taree, which had a population of 1300 in 269 houses. The municipalities were merged with other and the Manning Valley Shire in 1981 to form the City of Greater Taree. Winghams main street, Isabella Street runs east west and fronts the typically English town square, josephs Catholic School, Our Lady of Perpetual Succour Catholic Church, the Manning Valley Historical Society rooms and Museum and a dental surgery. On the corner of Bent and Farquhar Streets stands the old Gibson and Skinner Butchery, shops also dominate the northern side of the park. The Northeast corner was occupied by the Wingham Hotel or Bottom Pub from 1926 until it burned down on 5 July 2010, there are five schools in Wingham. Wingham Public School is located in Murray Road, and is known to the locals as Murray Road Public School, Wingham High School is located three blocks northeast of Central Park, and has an extensive agricultural science department, owning three properties and a feedlot. The WHS Agricultural Show Team breeds all their own cattle through both natural mating and artificial insemination. Along the Manning River is Wingham Brush, an area of tropical rainforest remnant on a floodplain, including spectacular Moreton Bay Fig trees. For many years the flying foxes were considered pests and various initiatives were taken to remove them and these efforts proved ineffective and, in more recent years, moves have been taken to protect the flying foxes, which have become a tourist attraction. Wingham is the gateway to the Ellenborough Falls on the Bulga Plateau, the Bank Guesthouse, formerly the local branch of the Westpac Bank, featured on the Seven Networks Sydney Weekender with Mike Whitney in 1999. The infamous murderer and fugitive Jimmy Governor was incarcerated in Wingham immediately after his capture, the cell in which he was imprisoned is on display at the Manning Historical Society Museum. A memorial to Governor is located at the site of his capture, Wingham is also home to the Wingham Chronicle and the Rhema FM Manning Great Lakes radio station. Di Morrissey, one of Australias most successful novelists with 23 best-selling novels, members of Sydney-based independent bands The Maladies and Love Parade grew up in the area and attended Wingham Public School and Wingham High School. Six NSW TrainLink XPT services stop at Wingham, night time NSW TrainLink XPT services no longer stopped in Wingham from the early 1990s until around 2011
Wingham, New South Wales
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Wingham Library and Post Office
Wingham, New South Wales
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A
de Haviland Vampire at Central Park outside the Wingham RSL
Wingham, New South Wales
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The Big Log opposite Wingham Roman Catholic Church
Wingham, New South Wales
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The old cargo wharf on the Manning River
7.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
New South Wales
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286 kg (630 lb) gold nugget unearthed in 1872 from
Hill End during the Gold Rush
New South Wales
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Flag
New South Wales
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Japanese POW camp in Cowra, 1944, several weeks before the
Cowra breakout
New South Wales
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A short-lived
South Maitland Railway (SMR) Railcar travelling between
Weston and
Abermain, 1962. The SMR is notable for being the second last system in Australia to use steam haulage.
8.
High Court of Australia
–
The High Court of Australia is the supreme court in the Australian court hierarchy and the final court of appeal in Australia. The High Court is mandated by Constitution section 71, which vests in it the power of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under and it now operates under Constitution sections 71 to 75, the Judiciary Act, and the High Court of Australia Act 1979. It is composed of seven Justices, the Chief Justice of Australia, currently Susan Kiefel and they are appointed by the Governor-General of Australia, on the advice of the federal government, and under the constitution must retire at age 70. Since 1979, The High Court has been located in Canberra, the majority of its sittings are held in the High Court building, situated in the Parliamentary Triangle, overlooking Lake Burley Griffin. With an increasing utilisation of video links, sittings are also held in the state capitals. The High Court exercises both original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction, the High Court is the court of final appeal with the ability to interpret the common law for the whole of Australia, not just the state or territory in which the matter arose. The High Courts broad jurisdiction is similar to that of the Supreme Court of Canada, as such, the court is able to develop the common law consistently across all the states and territories. This role, alongside its role in constitutional interpretation, is one of the courts most significant and this broad array of jurisdiction enables the High Court to take a leading role in Australian law and contributes to a consistency and uniformity among the laws of the different states. The original jurisdiction of the High Court refers to matters that are heard in the High Court. The Constitution confers actual and potential original jurisdiction, Section 75 of the Constitution confers original jurisdiction in regard to all matters, The conferral of original jurisdiction creates some problems for the High Court. For example, challenges against immigration-related decisions are brought against an officer of the Commonwealth within the original jurisdiction of the High Court. However, the inclusion of constitutional matters in section 76, rather than section 75, in practice, section 75 and section 75 are broad enough that many constitutional matters would still be within jurisdiction. The 1998 Constitutional Convention recommended an amendment to the constitution to prevent the possibility of the jurisdiction being removed by Parliament, failure to proceed on this issue suggests that it was considered highly unlikely that Parliament would ever take this step. The requirement of a matter in section 75 and section 76 of the means that a concrete issue must need to be resolved. The High Courts appellate jurisdiction is defined under Section 73 of the Constitution, however, section 73 allows the appellate jurisdiction to be limited with such exceptions and subject to such regulations as the Parliament prescribes. Parliament has prescribed a large limitation in section 35A of the Judiciary Act 1903 and this requires special leave to appeal. Special leave is granted only where a question of law is raised that is of public importance, therefore, while the High Court is the final court of appeal, it cannot be considered a general court of appeal
High Court of Australia
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High Court entrance
High Court of Australia
High Court of Australia
–
High Court building
High Court of Australia
–
Sir Samuel Griffith, first
Chief Justice of Australia
9.
Australian court hierarchy
–
The judiciary of Australia comprises judges who sit in federal courts and courts of the States and Territories of Australia. The High Court of Australia sits at the apex of the Australian court hierarchy as the court of appeal on matters of both federal and State law. The large number of courts in Australia have different procedural powers and characteristics, different jurisdictional limits, different remedial powers, under the Australian Constitution, federal judicial power is vested in the High Court of Australia and such other federal courts as may be created by the federal Parliament. These courts include the Federal Court of Australia, the Federal Circuit Court of Australia, Federal jurisdiction can also be vested in State courts. The Supreme Courts of the states and territories are courts of record with general. They can try any justiciable dispute, whether it be for money or not, like the Supreme Courts, the Family Court and Federal Court are superior courts of record, which means that they have certain inherent procedural and contempt powers. But unlike their Supreme Court counterparts, their subject matter jurisdiction must be granted by statute, the High Court has limited trial powers, but very rarely exercises them. It has ample power to transfer cases started there to another, more appropriate court, common law and equity are administered by the same courts, in a manner similar to that of the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873. Legal and equitable remedies may be pursued in the one action in the one court, judges are appointed by the executive government, without intervention by the existing judiciary. Once appointed, judges have tenure and there are restrictions on their removal from office, for example, a federal judge may not be removed from office except by the Governor-General upon an address of both Houses of Parliament for proved misbehavior. Judges in Australia are appointed by the Executive government of the relevant jurisdiction, Federal judges may only serve until age 70. There is no limit on the length of service of State court judges. For example, in New South Wales, judges must retire at age 72, the hierarchy consists of a variety of courts and tribunals at both the federal and state and territory levels, with the High Court being the highest court in the Australian judicial system. The High Court has described the concept of a court as having no ready application in Australia to federal courts. Despite this, Australian courts are frequently characterised as either superior or inferior, the Federal Court and the Supreme Courts of each State and Territory are generally considered to be superior courts. There is no definition of the term superior court. In many respects Australian superior courts are similar to the Senior Courts of England, inferior courts are those beneath superior courts in the appellate hierarchy, and are generally seen to include the Magistrates and District Court of each State as well as the Federal Circuit Court. These courts among them have jurisdiction over Commonwealth law, that is, the High Court is the highest court in Australia
Australian court hierarchy
–
Courtroom 1 in the High Court in
Canberra.
Australian court hierarchy
–
In
Melbourne, the Federal Courts are housed in the Commonwealth Law Courts Building on the corner of
La Trobe Street and
William Street.
10.
Hunters Hill
–
Hunters Hill is a suburb on the North Shore in Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Hunters Hill is located 9 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district and is the centre for the local government area of the Municipality of Hunters Hill. Hunters Hill is situated on a peninsula that separates the Lane Cove River. It can be reached by bus or by ferry, the areas Aboriginal name is Mookaboola or Moocooboola, which means meeting of waters. Hunters Hill was named after John Hunter, the second Governor of New South Wales, the area that is now Hunters Hill was settled in 1835. One of the earliest settlers was Mary Reibey, the first female retailer in Sydney and she built a cottage—later known as Fig Tree House—on land that fronted the Lane Cove River, Reiby Street is named after her. During the 1840s, bushrangers and convicts who had escaped from the settlement on Cockatoo Island would take refuge in Hunters Hill. Many of the early houses were built from the local sandstone. A number were built by Frenchman Didier Numa Joubert, who bought 200 acres of land from Mary Reiby from 1847, Hunters Hill was proclaimed as a municipality on 5 January 1861. The first Gladesville Bridge constructed in 1881 linked the area to Drummoyne, in the early 20th century, there was an industrial area in Hunters Hill. One of the industries was a radium and uranium refinery operating from 1911 to 1915, the concentrated ore was transported over 1200km from Radium Hill in South Australia, 100km west of Broken Hill. At the time, uranium was considered a byproduct, but very small quantities of radium were very valuable, the refinery could produce about 5 milligrammes of radium bromide from a ton of ore, worth £20 per milligramme in 1912. In the 2011 census of Population and Housing, the population of Hunters Hill stood at 8,994 people, the majority of people were born in Australia and the most common ancestries were English, Australian and Irish. The top responses for religious affiliation were Catholic 39. 3%, No Religion 17. 4%, for employed people, the most common occupations were Professionals 36. 5%, Managers 23. 4%, Clerical and Administrative Workers 14. 2% and Sales Workers 8. 1%. The median household income was high at $2,291. Monthly mortgage payments were also high, with a median of $3,033 compared with the figure of $1,800. The former Treasurer of Australia Joe Hockey, held this seat from the 1996 federal election to 2015, North Sydney is one of only two original divisions in New South Wales, along with Wentworth, which have never been held by the Australian Labor Party. For NSW state elections, Hunters Hill is in the Electoral district of Lane Cove, as of 2003 this seat is held by Liberal MP Anthony Roberts, who was last re-elected in the 2007 state election
Hunters Hill
–
Hunters Hill, New South Wales
Hunters Hill
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All Saints Anglican Church
Hunters Hill
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old Mobil site redeveloped into exclusive waterfront estate of Pulpit Point in Hunters Hill
Hunters Hill
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Church of the Holy Name of Mary
11.
University of Sydney
–
The University of Sydney is an Australian public research university in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1850, it is Australias first university and is regarded as one of the leading universities. The university comprises 16 faculties and schools, through which it offers bachelor, master, in 2011 it had 32,393 undergraduate and 16,627 graduate students. The university is known as one of Australias sandstone universities. Five Nobel and two Crafoord laureates have been affiliated with the university as graduates and faculty, the university has educated six prime ministers and 24 justices of the High Court of Australia, including four chief justices. Sydney has produced 24 Rhodes Scholars and several Gates Scholars and it would take two attempts on Wentworths behalf, however, before the plan was finally adopted. The university was established via the passage of the University of Sydney Act, two years later, the university was inaugurated on 11 October 1852 in the Big Schoolroom of what is now Sydney Grammar School. The first principal was John Woolley, the first professor of chemistry, by 1859, the university had moved to its current site in the Sydney suburb of Camperdown. Most of the estate of John Henry Challis was bequeathed to the university and this was thanks in part due to William Montagu Manning who argued against the claims by British Tax Commissioners. The following year seven professorships were created, anatomy, zoology, engineering, history, law, logic and mental philosophy, the New England University College was founded as part of the University of Sydney in 1938 and later separated in 1954 to become the University of New England. During the late 1960s, the University of Sydney was at the centre of rows to introduce courses on Marxism and feminism at the major Australian universities, prior to 1981, the Sydney Institute of Education was the Sydney Teachers College. In January 2005, the University of Sydney transferred the OAC to Charles Sturt University, in February 2007, the university agreed to acquire a portion of the land granted to St Johns College to develop the Sydney Institute of Health and Medical Research. This caused concern among some groups, who argued that it would interfere with scientific medical research, at the start of 2010, the university controversially adopted a new logo. It retains the same university arms, however it takes on a modern look. The original Coat of Arms from 1857 continues to be used for ceremonial and other formal purposes, concerns about public funding for higher education were reflected again in 2014 following the federal governments proposal to deregulate student fees. In order to enhance its competitiveness locally and internationally, the university has introduced plans to consolidate existing degrees to reduce the overall number of programs. In 2001, the University of Sydney chancellor, Dame Leonie Kramer, was forced to resign by the governing body. In 2005, the Public Service Association of New South Wales, action initiated by Spence to improve the financial sustainability of the university has alienated some students and staff
University of Sydney
–
The University of Sydney in the early 1870s, viewed from
Parramatta Road
University of Sydney
–
Coat of arms of the University of Sydney
University of Sydney
–
The
Sydney University Regiment forming a guard of honour for the visiting
Duke of York, 1927
University of Sydney
–
Former Vice-Chancellor
Gavin Brown (left) with wife Diane Ranck and
Brendon Coventry in 2009
12.
Prime Minister of Australia
–
The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia, almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed minister was John Gorton. Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable for life, the senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia. The Prime Minister is, like ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to hand in the commission, in the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Despite the importance of the office of minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply Prime Minister, except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry, Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies, in August 1941 Menzies resigned as prime minister. In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly and his deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as prime minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader, Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australias shortest-serving prime minister. Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December, the governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader
Prime Minister of Australia
–
Incumbent
Malcolm Turnbull since 15 September 2015
Prime Minister of Australia
Prime Minister of Australia
–
The first Prime Minister of Australia, Edmund Barton (sitting second from left), with his Cabinet, 1901.
Prime Minister of Australia
–
Prime Ministers
Curtin,
Fadden,
Hughes,
Menzies and Governor-General
The Duke of Gloucester 2nd from left, in 1945.
13.
Michael Kirby (judge)
–
Michael Donald Kirby AC, CMG is an Australian jurist and academic who is a former Justice of the High Court of Australia, serving from 1996 to 2009. Michael Kirby attended state schools, commencing at North Strathfield Public School, followed by Summer Hill Public School for Opportunity Classes, and then Fort Street High School in Sydney. After graduating from school, Kirby later attended the University of Sydney, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Laws, Bachelor of Economics. At university, Kirby was elected President of the University of Sydney Students Representative Council and President of the University of Sydney Union. Kirby commenced his career as an articled clerk for Ramon Burke at the small Sydney firm M. A. Simon. Kirby was admitted to the New South Wales Bar in 1967, during that period, he was also the President of the Court of Appeal of Solomon Islands from 1995 to 1996. From 1984 until 1993, Kirby held the position of Chancellor at Macquarie University, in February 1996, Kirby was appointed to the High Court of Australia. He has served on other boards and committees, notably the Australian Law Reform Commission. He is Patron of the Friends of Libraries Australia and many other bodies, Kirby was often at odds with his colleagues in the Gleeson High Court, and sometimes as the sole dissenter. His notable dissent rate has earned him the nickname the Great Dissenter, further, Kirby argues that the rate of dissent, if seen within its context, is relatively small. Cases heard before the bench of the High Court have proceeded through a series of lower courts. They are thus likely to test the boundaries of the existing law, Kirby retired from the High Court on 2 February 2009, shortly before reaching the constitutionally mandatory retirement age of 70, and was succeeded by Virginia Bell. After his retirement, Kirby was appointed to several honorary academic roles at Australian universities and he has been appointed honorary visiting professor by 12 universities. In November 2003, at the University of Exeter, Kirby delivered the Hamlyn Lectures on the subject of judicial activism. Rejecting the doctrine of strict constructionism, Kirby declared that, Clearly it would be wrong for a judge to set out in pursuit of a policy agenda. Contrary to myth, judges do more than simply apply law and they have a role in making it and always have. Nonetheless, Kirby is critical of the judicial activism as applied to himself and other judges. Kirby believes the term is code language, applied chiefly by conservative commentators to views, in May 2013, the United Nations Human Rights Council appointed Kirby to lead a commission of inquiry into human rights abuses in North Korea, with Sonja Biserko and Marzuki Darusman
Michael Kirby (judge)
–
The Honourable Michael Kirby
AC,
CMG
Michael Kirby (judge)
–
The commission of inquiry presided over by Kirby recommended that North Korean leadership be prosecuted for human rights violations.
14.
Strickland v Rocla Concrete Pipes Ltd
–
Since this case, the Commonwealth has had at least the ability to regulate the trading activities of trading corporations, thus opening the way for an expansion in Commonwealth power. The agreements in question were related to trade in Queensland. Because this is purely intrastate trade, the respondents would not have fallen within the power granted by section 51 of the Constitution. Ltd. the earlier doctrine virtually reversed the Constitution, the Court found that laws with a sufficient connection to the trading activities of constitutional corporations were valid. Barwick CJ also gave guidance as to reading laws with respect to section 15A of the Acts Interpretation Act 1901, the coexistence of sections 7 and 35 meant that it would have had to apply to both all trade, and to only foreign and interstate trade. However, since section 35 is a provision and not a series of paragraphs, Barwick CJ felt that it would be legislating. Section 51 of the Australian Constitution Australian constitutional law Winterton, G. et al, Australian federal constitutional law, commentary and materials,1999
Strickland v Rocla Concrete Pipes Ltd
15.
National Party of Australia
–
The National Party of Australia is an Australian political party. Traditionally representing graziers, farmers, and rural voters generally, it began as the Australian Country Party in 1920 at a federal level and it would later briefly adopt the name National Country Party in 1975, before adopting its current name in 1982. In Opposition the Coalition was usually maintained, but otherwise still generally continued to work in co-operation with the Liberal Party of Australia. In Queensland however, they were the coalition party between 1925 and 2008, after which they merged with the junior Liberal Party of Australia to form the Liberal National Party. The current federal leader and Deputy Prime Minister is Barnaby Joyce, both were elected in a party-room ballot on 11 February 2016, following the retirement of former leader and Deputy Prime Minister Warren Truss and the elevation of former deputy leader Joyce. Australias first Country Party was founded in 1912 by Harry J. Stephens, editor of The Farmer & Settler, the VFU won a seat in the House of Representatives at the Corangamite by-election held in December 1918, with the help of the newly-introduced preferential voting system. At the 1919 federal election the state-based Country Parties won federal seats in New South Wales, Victoria and they also began to win seats in state parliaments. In 1920 the Country Party was established as a party led by William McWilliams from Tasmania. McWilliams would later leave the Country Party to sit as an Independent, according to historian B. D. Graham, the graziers who operated the sheep stations were politically conservative. They disliked the Labor Party, which represented their workers, and feared that Labor governments would pass legislation and listen to foreigners. The graziers were satisfied with the organisation of their industry, opposed any change in land tenure and labour relations, and advocated lower tariffs, low freight rates. On the other hand, Graham reports, the farmers, not the graziers. The farmers advocated government intervention in the market price support schemes. The graziers often politically and financially supported the Country party, which in turn made the Country party more conservative, at the 1922 election, it won enough seats to deny the Nationalists an overall majority, and was the Nationalists only realistic coalition partner. However, Page let it be known that his party would not serve under Hughes, Page then entered negotiations with the Nationalists new leader, Stanley Bruce, for a coalition government. Pages terms were stiff—five seats in a Cabinet of 11, including the Treasurer portfolio, nonetheless, Bruce readily agreed, and the Bruce-Page Ministry was formed—thus beginning the tradition of the partys leader ranking second in Coalition cabinets. The coalition was re-formed under Archie Cameron in 1940, and continued until October 1941 despite the election of Arthur Fadden as leader after the 1940 Election, Fadden was well regarded within conservative circles and proved to be a loyal deputy to Menzies in the difficult circumstances of 1941. When Menzies was forced to resign as Prime Minister, the UAP was so bereft of leadership that Fadden briefly succeeded him, however, the two independents who had been propping up the government rejected Faddens budget and brought the government down
National Party of Australia
–
National Party of Australia
National Party of Australia
–
The current leader of the party in Federal Parliament,
Warren Truss
National Party of Australia
–
William McWilliams, Country Party leader 1920–1921
National Party of Australia
–
Sir
Earle Page,
Prime Minister of Australia 1939.
16.
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
–
The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is one of the highest judicial bodies in the United Kingdom. The Judicial Committee consists of judges appointed as Privy Councillors, predominantly Justices of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. It is often referred to as the Privy Council, as in most cases appeals are made to Her Majesty in Council. The panel of judges hearing a case is known as the Board. The report of the Board is always accepted by the Queen in Council as judgment, in Commonwealth republics retaining the JCPC as their final court of appeal, appeals are made directly to the Judicial Committee itself. In the case of Brunei, appeals are made to the Sultan of Brunei, formerly the Judicial Committee gave a unanimous report, but since the Judicial Committee Order 1966 dissenting opinions have been allowed. The Judicial Committees permanent home is in London, in the United Kingdom, in this renovated building, Court 3 is used for Privy Council sittings. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council has jurisdiction in the domestic matters. Appeals from the courts in non-doctrinal faculty cases. Appeals from the High Court of Chivalry, Appeals from the Court of Admiralty of the Cinque Ports. Appeals from the Disciplinary Committee of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, disputes under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975. Additionally, the government may refer any issue to the committee for consideration, in other courts in the United Kingdom, judgments of the Judicial Committee are only of persuasive authority and are not binding as a matter of law. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the Court of Final Appeal for the Church of England. It hears appeals from the Arches Court of Canterbury and the Chancery Court of York, except on matters of doctrine, ritual or ceremony, which go to the Court for Ecclesiastical Causes Reserved. By the Church Discipline Act 1840 and the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876 all archbishops and bishops of the Church of England became eligible to be members of the Judicial Committee. Prior to the coming into force of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, on 1 October 2009 this jurisdiction was transferred to the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The New Zealand associated states of Cook Islands and Niue, the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey, including Guernseys own dependencies of Alderney and Sark, and appeals from the Staff of Government Division on the Isle of Man. The United Kingdoms Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, in Cyprus, Appeal is directly to the Judicial Committee from three independent Commonwealth republics, Mauritius and Trinidad and Tobago, and also, if the case involves constitutional rights, Kiribati
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
–
Court 3 in
Middlesex Guildhall, the normal location for Privy Council hearings
17.
William McMahon
–
Sir William Billy McMahon, GCMG, CH PC, was an Australian politician who was the Leader of the Liberal Party and the 20th Prime Minister of Australia from 10 March 1971 to 5 December 1972. McMahon was a member of the Australian House of Representatives for the seat of Lowe from his election in 1949 until his resignation in 1982. He rose to power at a bad time for the Coalition after over two decades in power, and he led his government to a loss to the Labor Party led by Gough Whitlam. McMahon was born in Sydney, Australia, to an Australian mother and an Irish-Australian father, and was one of four children. When his mother died in 1917, when he was 9, McMahon was brought up by relatives and guardians, the most prominent among them his maternal uncle, McMahons father died when he was 18. While at university, McMahon competed in boxing and took interest in theatre, music, after first graduating, McMahon worked as a solicitor, before serving in the Army during the Second World War. He was commissioned in the Citizens Military Force and later transferred to the Australian Imperial Force and he achieved the rank of captain in 1942 and was promoted to major in 1943, before he was classified medically unfit for overseas service. He was confined to work in Australia, where he was quartermaster for the Australian II Corps. McMahon became a minister in 1951 and he became Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party in 1966. In 1971, when Prime Minister John Gorton resigned after a leadership vote ended in a tie, McMahon became leader, the McMahon Government was formed at a turbulent time for the Coalition, and in the 1972 federal election, McMahon led his party to defeat. McMahon remained a member of Parliament until 1982, when he resigned, William McMahon was born in Sydney, the son of Mary Walder McMahon and William McMahon, a lawyer. His uncle was Samuel Walder, Lord Mayor of Sydney and his father was of Irish descent. McMahons mother died when he was 9 and his father when he was 18 and he was educated at Sydney Grammar School and at the University of Sydney, where he graduated in law. He practised in Sydney with Allen, Allen & Hemsley, the oldest law firm in Australia, in 1940, he joined the Army, but because of a hearing loss, he was confined to staff work. After the Second World War, he travelled in Europe and completed a degree at the University of Sydney. McMahon was elected to the House of Representatives for the Sydney seat of Lowe in the 1949 federal election and he was capable and ambitious, and in 1951 Prime Minister Robert Menzies made him Minister for Air and Minister for the Navy. McMahon served in Cabinet in one capacity or another for the next 21 years, at various times under Menzies, he was Minister for Social Services, Primary Industry and Labour and National Service. He was also Vice-President of the Executive Council, in 1966, when Harold Holt became Prime Minister, McMahon succeeded him as Treasurer and as Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party
William McMahon
–
The Right Honourable Sir William McMahon
GCMG,
CH
William McMahon
–
McMahon while vising the
White House in 1971
William McMahon
–
William McMahon (centre) with
Prince Tokugawa (right) of the
Japanese imperial family at the
Australian embassy in
Japan in 1952
William McMahon
–
Lady McMahon (left) with the Mayor of
Blue Mountains. William McMahon can be seen in the background.
18.
Roderick Meagher
–
Roderick Pitt Roddy Meagher AO QC was an Australian jurist and former judge. Meagher was a descendant of William Pitt the Younger and a cousin of Patrick White and his family owned a chain of country stores. In 1949, Meagher was Head Prefect or Captain of the School at St Ignatius College, in 1956, Meagher graduated from the University of Sydney with degrees in Arts and Law. He was awarded university medals in History and Law and he attended St Johns College and was House President there and, later, a member of its governing Council for many years. As a student he served on the executive of the Sydney University Newman Society. Meagher was called to the NSW Bar in 1960 and he lectured at the Faculty of Law at Sydney University within the same year. After taking Silk, Justice Meagher served as President of the New South Wales Bar Association from 1979 to 1981, Meagher was a Justice of the NSW Supreme Court and the Court of Appeal of New South Wales from 1989 to 15 March 2004. He served as a patron to the Macquarie Universitys Macquarie Journal of Business Law and he was reported by the NSW Bar Association to have died on the evening of 3 July 2011 at the age of 79. With William Gummow he co-edited five editions of Jacobs on Trusts and again with Gummow and Lehane he co-authored Equity, Doctrines and Remedies, Meagher has also made various contributions to Quadrant. He was described by NSW Chief Justice James Spigelman as one of the giants of our legal history. He was author of Portraits on Yellow Paper, published by Central Queensland University Press in 2004, there is no equivalent to it in England, the United States or anywhere else. In 2003 Meagher was awarded the St Johns College Medal, by the Rector and Fellows, for his service to the college. The awarding of this medal is extremely rare, are hopeless by nature as evidence of a brooding wilfully unreconstructed view of women in law. There has never been a close inter-relationship between the professions and the academics in law, theres a certain amount of co-operation at the moment but even that amount is going to vanish. Patrick Atiyah has criticised Meaghers conservative view of doctrine in the Law Quarterly Review. The Samuel Griffith Society, Volume 3, Appendix III Damian Freeman, Roddy’s Folly, book review of Portraits on Yellow Paper
Roderick Meagher
–
Roderick Pitt "Roddy" Meagher
19.
Anzac Day
–
Observed on 25 April each year, Anzac Day was originally to honour the members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps who fought at Gallipoli against the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Anzac Day is also observed in the Cook Islands, Niue, Pitcairn Islands, and Tonga, Anzac Day marks the anniversary of the first campaign that led to major casualties for Australian and New Zealand forces during the First World War. The acronym ANZAC stands for Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, when war broke out in 1914, Australia and New Zealand had been dominions of the British Empire for thirteen and seven years respectively. In 1915, Australian and New Zealand soldiers formed part of an Allied expedition that set out to capture the Gallipoli Peninsula to open the way to the Black Sea for the Allied navies. The objective was to capture Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, the ANZAC force landed at Gallipoli on 25 April, meeting fierce resistance from the Ottoman Army commanded by Mustafa Kemal. What had been planned as a strike to knock the Ottomans out of the war quickly became a stalemate. At the end of 1915, the Allied forces were evacuated after both sides had suffered casualties and endured great hardships. The creation of what became known as an Anzac legend became an important part of the identity in both countries. This has shaped the way their citizens have viewed both their past and their understanding of the present, the heroism of the soldiers in the failed Gallipoli campaign made their sacrifices iconic in New Zealand memory, and is often credited with securing the psychological independence of the nation. On 30 April 1915, when the first news of the landing reached New Zealand, remnant seedlings of the original wattles still grow in Wattle Grove. Also in South Australia, Eight Hour Day,13 October 1915, was renamed Anzac Day, in New Zealand it was gazetted as a half-day holiday. This occurred in Egypt as well and he particularly feared that the universality of the ceremony would fall victim to religious sectarian disputes. In London, over 2,000 Australian and New Zealand troops marched through the streets of the city, a London newspaper headline dubbed them The Knights of Gallipoli. Marches were held all over Australia in 1916, wounded soldiers from Gallipoli attended the Sydney march in convoys of cars, over 2,000 people attended the service in Rotorua. For the remaining years of the war, Anzac Day was used as an occasion for patriotic rallies and recruiting campaigns, and marches of serving members of the AIF were held in most cities. Anzac Day was gazetted as a holiday in New Zealand in 1920, through the Anzac Day Act, after lobbying by the New Zealand Returned Soldiers’ Association. In Australia at the 1921 State Premiers Conference, it was decided that Anzac Day would be observed on 25 April each year, however, it was not observed uniformly in all the states. During the 1920s, Anzac Day became established as a National Day of Commemoration for the 60,000 Australians and 18,000 New Zealanders who died during the war
Anzac Day
–
Anzac Day Dawn Service at
Kings Park, Western Australia, 25 April 2009, 94th anniversary
Anzac Day
–
An Australian
veteran on Anzac Day.
Anzac Day
–
Anzac Day at
Manly, Queensland, 1922
Anzac Day
–
Flags on the
cenotaph in Wellington for the 2007 Dawn March. From left to right, the flags of New Zealand, the United Kingdom and Australia
20.
Australian War Memorial
–
The memorial includes an extensive national military museum. The Australian War Memorial was opened in 1941, and is regarded as one of the most significant memorials of its type in the world. The Memorial is located in Australias capital, Canberra, the Australian War Memorial consists of three parts, the Commemorative Area including the Hall of Memory with the Tomb of the Unknown Australian Soldier, the Memorials galleries and Research Centre. The Memorial also has an outdoor Sculpture Garden, the Memorial is currently open daily from 10am until 5pm, except on Christmas Day. Charles Bean, Australias official World War I historian, first conceived a museum memorial to Australian soldiers while observing the 1916 battles in France, the Australian War Records Section was established in May 1917 to ensure preservation of records relating to the war being fought at the time. Records and relics were exhibited first in Melbourne and later Canberra, an architecture competition in 1927 did not produce a winning entry. Two of the entrants, Sydney architects Emil Sodersten and John Crust, were encouraged to re-present a joint design. A limited budget and the effects of the Depression confined the scope of the project, the building was completed in 1941, after the outbreak of World War II. It was officially opened following a Remembrance Day ceremony on 11 November 1941 by the then Governor-General Lord Gowrie, additions since the 1940s have allowed the remembrance of Australias participation in all recent conflicts. The Tomb of the Unknown Australian Soldier was added in 1993, within that Nature Park is a small bronze plaque mounted on a large boulder, commemorating Indigenous Australians who have fought for their country. Anzac Parade is a short, broad boulevard named in honour of the soldiers of the Australian and it stretches from near the north shore of Lake Burley Griffin to the foot of the Memorial proper, along the line of sight from Parliament House. It separates the residential suburbs of Campbell and Reid, and is heavily trafficked as a route between northeast Canberra and Kings Avenue Bridge. Along each side of the Parade is a row of monuments commemorating specific military campaigns or services, such as the Vietnam War, the monuments are mostly sculptures in a variety of styles ranging from naturalistic to Modern. The foot of the Parade, near the lake, is paired by monumental sculptures in the form of gigantic basket handles, the symbolic association of the two nations is carried forward in the vegetation decorating Anzac Parade. Long beds of New Zealand Hebe shrubs line the middle of the avenue, the Memorial proper is sited on a broad pie slice-shaped lawn at the north end of Anzac Parade. The commemorative area is situated in the centre of the memorial building. The heart of the area is the Hall of Memory. The walls are lined with mosaic tiles from the floor to the dome
Australian War Memorial
–
Australian War Memorial
Australian War Memorial
–
Anzac Day Dawn Service at AWM, 90th anniversary, 25 April 2005
Australian War Memorial
–
Queen Elizabeth II, being guided around the war memorial by
Charles Bean (16 February 1954).
The Duke of Edinburgh follows behind in naval uniform.
Australian War Memorial
–
Looking along ANZAC Parade to the War Memorial at the foot of Mount Ainslie
21.
Canberra
–
Canberra is the capital city of Australia. With a population of 381,488, it is Australias largest inland city, the city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory,280 km south-west of Sydney, and 660 km north-east of Melbourne. A resident of Canberra is known as a Canberran, the site of Canberra was selected for the location of the nations capital in 1908 as a compromise between rivals Sydney and Melbourne, Australias two largest cities. It is unusual among Australian cities, being a planned city outside of any state, similar to Washington, D. C. in the United States. Following an international contest for the design, a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected. The Griffins plan featured geometric motifs such as circles, hexagons and triangles, the citys design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation that have earned Canberra the title of the bush capital. Although the Australian Capital Territory is now self-governing, the Commonwealth Government retains some influence through the National Capital Authority, the Australian Armys officer corps is trained at the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy is also located in the capital. The ACT is independent of any state to prevent any one state from gaining an advantage by hosting the seat of Commonwealth power, the ACT has voting representation in the Commonwealth Parliament, and has its own independent Legislative Assembly and government, similar to the states. Compared to the averages, the unemployment rate is lower. Property prices are high, in part due to comparatively restrictive development regulations. An 1830s map of the region by Major Mitchell indeed does mark the Sullivans Creek floodplain between two mountains as Nganbra. Nganbra or Nganbira could readily have been anglicised to the name Canberry, survey plans of the district dated 1837 refer to the area as the Canberry Plain. Although popularly pronounced /ˈkænbərə/ or /ˈkænbɛrə/, the pronunciation at its official naming in 1913 was /ˈkæn. brə/. Before white settlement, the area in which Canberra would eventually be constructed was seasonally inhabited by Indigenous Australians, archaeological evidence of settlement in the region includes inhabited rock shelters, rock paintings and engravings, burial places, camps and quarry sites, and stone tools and arrangements. Artefacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in the area 21,000 years previously, European exploration and settlement started in the Canberra area as early as the 1820s. There were four expeditions between 1820 and 1824, white settlement of the area probably dates from 1823, when a homestead or station was built on what is now the Acton peninsula by stockmen employed by Joshua John Moore. He formally applied to purchase the site on 16 December 1826, on 30 April 1827, Moore was told by letter that he could retain possession of 1,000 acres at Canberry. The European population in the Canberra area continued to grow throughout the 19th century
Canberra
–
Canberra, with the old and new
Parliament House in the centre, viewed from
Mount Ainslie
Canberra
–
Blundells Cottage, built around 1860, is one of the few remaining buildings built by the first settlers of Canberra.
Canberra
–
The opening of
Parliament House in May 1927.
Canberra
–
Two of Canberra's best-known landmarks,
Parliament House and
Old Parliament House (foreground). Commonwealth Place runs alongside the lake and includes the International Flag Display.
Questacon is on the right.
22.
Air Marshall
–
Air marshal is a three-star air-officer rank which originated in and continues to be used by the Royal Air Force. Air marshal is a rank and has a NATO ranking code of OF-8. In other NATO forces, such as the United States Armed Forces and the Canadian Armed Forces, the rank of air marshal is immediately senior to the rank of air vice-marshal and immediately subordinate to the rank of air chief marshal. Officers in the rank of air marshal typically hold senior appointments such as commander-in-chief of an air force or a large air force formation. Officers in the ranks of air marshal and air vice-marshal are also referred to generically as air marshals. Occasionally, air force officers of rank are considered to be air marshals. Prior to the adoption of RAF-specific rank titles in 1919, it was suggested that the RAF might use the Royal Navys officer ranks, for example, the rank that later became air marshal would have been air vice-admiral. However, air marshal was preferred and was adopted on 1 August 1919, the rank of air marshal was first used on 11 August 1919 when Sir Hugh Trenchard was promoted to the rank and it has been used ever since. The rank insignia consists of two light blue bands over a light blue band on a broad black band. This is worn on the sleeves of the dress uniform or on shoulders of the flying suit or working uniform. The command flag for an air marshal is defined by the broad red band running in the centre of the flag. The vehicle star plate for an air marshal depicts three white stars on an air force blue background and it is also used in the Nigerian Air Force, Ghana Air Force, Hellenic Air Force, Air Force of Zimbabwe and the Royal Thai Air Force. The Brazilian Air Force does not use air marshal ranks as an equivalent to general ranks, however, its highest rank is marechal-do-ar, the equivalent to a Brazilian Army marshal. Marechal-do-ar can be translated as air marshal or marshal of the air, similarly, the Royal Malaysian Air Forces five-star rank of marshal udara translates as air marshal. The Australian Air Corps adopted the RAF rank system on 9 November 1920 and this usage was continued by its successor, however, the rank of air marshal was not used by the Australian Armed Forces until 1940 when Richard Williams, an RAAF officer, was promoted. In New Zealand, the head of the air force holds the rank of air vice-marshal. However, when an air force holds the countrys senior military appointment, Chief of the New Zealand Defence Force. The last air force Chief of the Defence Force was Air Marshal Sir Bruce Ferguson who served in that appointment from 2001 to 2006, in official French Canadian usage, the rank title was maréchal de lair
Air Marshall
–
An RAF air marshal's sleeve on No. 1 Service Dress Uniform
23.
Angus Houston
–
Air Chief Marshal Sir Allan Grant Angus Houston AK, AC, AFC is a retired senior officer of the Royal Australian Air Force. He served as Chief of Air Force from 20 June 2001 and he retired from the military on 3 July 2011. Since then Houston has been appointed to a number of positions, Houston was born on 9 June 1947 in Ayrshire, Scotland and educated at Strathallan School in Forgandenny, Perthshire. He emigrated to Australia in 1968 to work as a jackaroo on a station in north-west Western Australia. It was there that his workmates dubbed him Angus, due to his strong Scottish accent, Houston joined the RAAF as a cadet pilot in 1970 and spent the early part of his career flying UH-1 Iroquois helicopters in various parts of Australia, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. After graduation from Flying Instructors Course in 1975, Houston completed several instructional tours on Macchi MB-326H, British Aircraft Corporation Strikemaster, a posting to the Republic of Singapore Air Force from 1976–1978 was followed by two years at No.9 Squadron at RAAF Base Amberley. In late 1979, Houston was posted to Hill Air Force Base, in 1980 he was awarded the Air Force Cross for an open sea rescue in gale-force winds off the coast of New South Wales in 1979. In 1989 he served one year in command of the 5th Aviation Regiment, Houston was admitted as a Member of the Order of Australia in 1990 for his work in the transfer of responsibility for Blackhawk operations. On promotion to captain in July 1992, he assumed the post of Director Air Force Policy. After completing a C-130H Hercules conversion in 1993, Houston commanded No.86 Wing from 1994 to 1995, Houston attended the Royal College of Defence Studies in London in 1996. He was Chief of Staff, Headquarters Australian Theatre from 1997 to 1999, Commander Integrated Air Defence System from 1999 to 2000 and Head Strategic Command from 17 August 2000. Houston was appointed as Chief of Air Force on 20 June 2001 and, in the 2003 Australia Day Honours, as acting Chief of the Defence Force in 2001, Houston played a central role in the Children Overboard Affair. On 4 July 2005, he was promoted to air chief marshal, in the Australia Day Honours of 26 January 2008, he was advanced to a Companion of the Order of Australia. In March 2008, Houstons appointment was extended to 3 July 2011, in February 2014, Houston was appointed chair of the Defence SA Advisory Board. The position was held by General Peter Cosgrove. On 30 March 2014, Prime Minister Tony Abbott announced that Houston will head the Joint Agency Coordination Centre, based in Perth, at that time, the plane had been missing for just over three weeks since its disappearance on about Saturday,8 March 2014. On 26 January 2015, Houston was appointed a Knight of the Order of Australia for his service to Australia and commitment to the MH17, saying he was surprised and deeply humbled, he said he would prefer to be called by his name instead of Sir Angus. Its a great honour to be recognised in this way, but Id like people to still call me Angus
Angus Houston
–
Angus Houston at the 2010
Anzac Day National Ceremony,
Canberra.
Angus Houston
–
2008
Anzac Day Service at the
Australian War Memorial,
Canberra (left to right):Angus Houston,
Murray Gleeson, Mrs. and
Jon Stanhope, Mrs and
Peter Cosgrove,
Kevin Rudd.
Angus Houston
–
Houston speaking to the media at a
JACC press conference in Perth, 14 April 2014
24.
Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)
–
The Chief of the Defence Force is the professional head of the Australian Defence Force and the most senior uniformed military adviser to the Minister of Defence. The CDF commands the ADF under the direction of the Minister of Defence and provides advice on matters that relate to military activity, including military operations. In a diarchy, the CDF serves as Co-Chairman of the Defence Committee, conjointly with the Secretary of Defence, in the command, constitutionally, the Sovereigns Australian representative, the Governor-General of Australia, is the de jure Commander-in-Chief of the Australian Defence Force. However, in practice, the Australian Government de facto executive power via the Federal Executive Council. The CDF is appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of his/her ministers, the appointment is politically neutral, as are all military positions, and not affected by a change of government. Since 4 July 2014, the CDF is appointed for a fixed four-year term under the Defence Act, prior to this date, the appointment was for three years. The position of CDF is notionally rotated between the Royal Australian Navy, the Australian Army and the Royal Australian Air Force. However, in practice this has not been the case, of eighteen appointees, nine have been from the Army, five from the Navy, the current Chief of the Defence Force is Air Chief Marshal Mark Binskin. During peacetime, the Chief of the Defence Force is the only officer in the ADF. Prior to 1958 there was no CDF or equivalent, a Chiefs of Staff Committee existed, instead, the senior service chief served as Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee. In March 1958, Lieutenant General Sir Henry Wells was appointed Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee, however, Wells and his successors did not command the Australian armed forces in any legal sense, the chairman had only an advisory role in the running of the separate services. In February 1976, COSC was dissolved and the new position of Chief of Defence Force Staff was created with command authority over the ADF, in October 1984 the position was renamed Chief of the Defence Force to more clearly reflect the role and its authority. The following list chronologically records those who have held the post of Chief of the Defence Force or its preceding positions, the official title of the position at that period of time is listed immediately before the officers who held the role. The honours are as at the completion of the individuals term
Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)
–
Incumbent
Mark Binskin since 30 June 2014
Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)
–
Sir Henry Wells (1958–1959)
Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)
–
Sir Roy Dowling (1959–1961)
Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)
–
Sir Frederick Scherger (1961–1966)
25.
Jon Stanhope
–
Jonathan Donald Jon Stanhope, AO is a former Australian politician who was Labor Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory from 2001 to 2011. Stanhope represented the Ginninderra electorate in the ACT Legislative Assembly from 1998 until 2011 and he is the only ACT Chief Minister to have governed with a majority in the ACT Assembly. From 2012 to 2014 Stanhope was Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories, Stanhope was born in Gundagai, New South Wales. He was one of nine children of parents who had emigrated from England. At age 5 he injured his knee, which developed into osteomyelitis and he walked with a pronounced limp until the issue was corrected surgically at age 16. Much of his education was spent at one-teacher schools in country NSW. He attended Mullumbimby Public School and Bega High School before coming to Canberra to undertake studies at the Australian National University, Stanhope was elected to the ACT Legislative Assembly representing the Ginninderra electorate at the 1998 ACT general election and was immediately elected Opposition Leader by the Labor caucus. At the 2001 ACT general election, Stanhope defeated the Liberal government of Gary Humphries, although with a hung parliament, and was elected Chief Minister. In the lead-up to the election, Stanhope played a role in the Bruce Stadium affair that led to the resignation of the former Chief Minister. On 13 January 2003, Stanhope helped rescue a pilot who had crashed in a dam during a firefighting operation. Stanhope, who was in a helicopter with crew and the ACT head of the bushfire services. The man had suffered head injuries and was taken to the Canberra Hospital in a critical condition. Canberra was hit by bushfires in January 2003, four people died and 500 houses were destroyed. Stanhope faced a motion in the Assembly from the Liberal opposition. Instead, the motion was downgraded to a motion by the combined vote of the ALP. At the 2004 ACT general election, Stanhope led the Labor Party to win sufficient seats to form a majority government, as Chief Minister, he introduced a Human Rights Act, in 2004, the first jurisdiction in Australia to do so. In 2005, Stanhope published the draft of the Federal Anti-Terrorism Bill 2005 on his website. Citing concerns about the removal of human rights, Stanhope later refused to sign a revised version of the legislation
Jon Stanhope
–
Jon Stanhope
AO
Jon Stanhope
–
Hills near suburban Canberra engulfed in flames
Jon Stanhope
–
In attendance at the 2008
Anzac Day National Service at the
Australian War Memorial in
Canberra are
Angus Houston,
Chief of the Defence Force (Australia) (left) Jon Stanhope,
Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory (centre),
Peter Cosgrove, immediate past
Chief of the Defence Force (Australia) (second from right), and
Kevin Rudd, former
Prime Minister of Australia (right).
26.
General
–
A general officer is an officer of high rank in the army, and in some nations air forces or marines. The term general is used in two ways, as the title for all grades of general officer and as a specific rank. It originates in the 16th century, as a shortening of captain general, the adjective general had been affixed to officer designations since the late medieval period to indicate relative superiority or an extended jurisdiction. Today, the title of General is known in countries as a four-star rank. However different countries use different systems of stars for senior ranks and it has a NATO code of OF-9 and is the highest rank currently in use in a number of armies. The various grades of general officer are at the top of the rank structure. Lower-ranking officers in military forces are typically known as field officers or field-grade officers. There are two systems of general ranks used worldwide. In addition there is a system, the Arab system of ranks. Variations of one form, the old European system, were used throughout Europe. It is used in the United Kingdom, from which it spread to the Commonwealth. The other is derived from the French Revolution, where ranks are named according to the unit they command. The system used either a general or a colonel general rank. The rank of marshal was used by some countries as the highest rank. Many countries actually used two brigade command ranks, which is why some countries now use two stars as their brigade general insignia, mexico and Argentina still use two brigade command ranks. As a lieutenant outranks a sergeant major, confusion arises because a lieutenant is outranked by a major. Originally the serjeant major was, exclusively, the commander of the infantry, junior only to the captain general, the distinction of serjeant major general only applied after serjeant majors were introduced as a rank of field officer. Serjeant was eventually dropped from both titles, creating the modern rank titles
General
–
Shang Jiang (
Republic of China Army)
General
–
General de Exército (
Brazilian Army)
General
–
Kenraali (collar and sleeve) (
Finnish Army)
General
–
Heneral (
Philippine Army)
27.
Peter Cosgrove
–
General Sir Peter John Cosgrove, AK, MC is a retired senior Australian Army officer and the 26th and current Governor-General of Australia. A graduate of the Royal Military College, Duntroon, Cosgrove fought in the Vietnam War, from 1983 to 1984, he was commander of the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, and he later served as commander of the 6th Brigade and the 1st Division. Cosgrove rose to prominence in 1999, when he served as commander of the International Force for East Timor, Cosgrove was Australias Chief of Army from 2000 to 2002, and then Chief of the Defence Force from 2002 to 2005, receiving corresponding promotions to lieutenant general and general. In January 2014, Cosgrove was named to succeed Dame Quentin Bryce as Governor-General of Australia and he was sworn in on 28 March 2014, and created a Knight of the Order of Australia on the same date. Cosgrove was born in Sydney, New South Wales, on 28 July 1947 and he was educated at Waverley College in Sydney, then followed his father, a warrant officer, into the Australian Army by attending the Royal Military College, Duntroon in 1965. Lieutenant Peter Cosgrove was commissioned on 11 December 1968 and was allotted to the Royal Australian Infantry and he arrived in Vietnam on 3 August 1969 and was posted to 9th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment on 20 August 1969. On 10 October 1969, Lieutenant Cosgrove was commanding 5 Platoon, the platoon located an occupied bunker system in an area where, because of the proximity of allied troops, indirect fire support was difficult to obtain. In spite of this, he led his platoon in an assault on the bunkers without indirect fire support, capturing the system, on 16 October 1969,5 Platoon located another bunker system occupied by about a platoon of enemy. Lieutenant Cosgrove silently deployed his own platoon for an attack and his assault completely surprised the enemy causing them to flee, abandoning large quantities of food, stores and documents. The following day in the bunker system a party of enemy approached his right forward section and was engaged by the sentry. Knowing that the remainder of the section was elsewhere on other tasks, Lieutenant Cosgrove ran to the contact area, as a result of his actions, two enemy were killed and three weapons and four packs containing rice were captured. He was awarded the Military Cross for these actions, in 1980 he was awarded the National Medal. In the mid-1980s he commanded the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, Cosgrove came to national fame in 1999 when, as a major general, he led the international forces in a peacekeeping mission to East Timor. The missions success made him one of Australias most respected and popular military leaders and he was promoted in 2000 to lieutenant general as Chief of the Army and in 2002 to general as Chief of the Defence Force. In 2004, the Foreign Minister Alexander Downer queried the judgement of Federal Police Commissioner Mick Keelty. Following a joint interview with the then Defence Minister Robert Hill, Cosgrove was accused of playing politics when he said that, on this occasion, however, Cosgrove expressed strong support for the Police Commissioner in his Australian best selling autobiography, My Story, published in 2006. On 3 July 2005, Cosgroves three-year appointment as Chief of the Defence Force was completed, Cosgrove served on the board of Australias main airline Qantas between July 2005 and January 2014 and is on numerous other boards as chairman or member. He served as Chancellor of the Australian Catholic University between November 2010 and January 2014, and is Honorary Patron in Chief of the ACT Veterans Rugby Club, Peter Cosgrove was appointed as Patron to the Australian Volunteer Coast Guard Association in 2015
Peter Cosgrove
–
His Excellency General The Honourable Sir Peter Cosgrove
AK,
MC
Peter Cosgrove
–
Cosgrove at the Centenary of the
Kangaroo March launch in 2013.
Peter Cosgrove
–
Swearing in as Governor-General
Peter Cosgrove
–
Peter and Lynne Cosgrove.
28.
Kevin Rudd
–
Kevin Michael Rudd is an Australian former politician who was twice Prime Minister of Australia, from 2007 to 2010 and again in 2013. Having previously served as a diplomat, and then as an official for the Queensland Government and he was promoted to the Shadow Cabinet in 2001 as Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs. In December 2006, he successfully challenged Kim Beazley to become the Leader of the Labor Party, Labor won the 2007 election by a landslide, with a 23-seat swing in its favour, and Rudd was sworn in as the 26th Prime Minister of Australia on 3 December. The Rudd Governments first acts included signing the Kyoto Protocol and delivering an apology to Indigenous Australians for the Stolen Generations, the previous governments industrial relations legislation, WorkChoices, was largely dismantled, Australias remaining Iraq War combat personnel were withdrawn, and the Australia 2020 Summit was held. In response to the financial crisis, the government provided economic stimulus packages. With the next election drawing near, there was growing dissatisfaction with Rudds leadership within the Labor Party, eventually, Rudds deputy, Julia Gillard, announced on 23 June 2010 that she would challenge him for the leadership the following day. Knowing he would be defeated if he contested the leadership, on the morning of the ballot Rudd resigned as prime minister, after his resignation, he successfully re-contested his seat at the 2010 election, after which Labor formed a minority government. Rudd contested the leadership, but lost, following persistent tensions, Gillard announced another caucus ballot on the leadership on 26 June 2013, from which Rudd emerged victorious. He was sworn in as minister for a second time the following day, and formed his second Cabinet. He also became the first serving Australian prime minister to publicly support same-sex marriage, despite an initial rise in opinion polls following his return, Labor was defeated in the 2013 election. Rudd resigned as minister for a second time on 18 September. On 22 November, Rudd formally tendered his resignation to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, in September 2014, he became a Distinguished Fellow at the Paulson Institute, a think tank at the University of Chicago. He is also the inaugural President of the Asia Society Policy Institute, and chairs the Independent Commission on Multilateralism, in 2016, Rudd asked the Government of Australia to nominate him for Secretary-General of the United Nations. However, there remains dispute over what if any earlier assurances Turnbull may have given to Rudd, Rudd was born in Nambour, Queensland, to Albert and Margaret Rudd, the youngest son of four children, and grew up on a dairy farm in nearby Eumundi. At an early age, he contracted fever and spent a considerable time at home convalescing. It damaged his heart, in particular the valves, for which he has thus far had two aortic valve replacement surgeries, but this was discovered only some 12 years later. Farm life, which required the use of horses and guns, is where he developed his love of horse riding and shooting clay targets. When Rudd was 11, his father, a farmer and Country Party member
Kevin Rudd
–
The Honourable Kevin Rudd
Kevin Rudd
–
Kevin Rudd in November 2005
Kevin Rudd
–
Kevin Rudd (right) and
Julia Gillard (left) at their first press conference as Leader and Deputy Leader of the Australian Labor Party, 4 December 2006
Kevin Rudd
–
Labour Day 2007. From left to right:
Anna Bligh (then
Deputy Premier of Queensland), Rudd's son Nicholas, Kevin Rudd and
Grace Grace (then general secretary of the
Queensland Council of Unions).
29.
Supreme Court of New South Wales
–
The Supreme Court of New South Wales is the highest state court of the Australian State of New South Wales. It has unlimited jurisdiction within the state in matters. Whilst the Supreme Court is the highest New South Wales court in the Australian court hierarchy, the Supreme Court building is physically located in Queens Square, Sydney, New South Wales. The first superior court of the Colony of New South Wales was established by letters patent dated 2 April 1814 and that charter provided that there should be a Supreme Court constituted by a Judge appointed by the Kings commission and two Magistrates. The charter also created the Governors Court and the Lieutenant-Governors Court, the jurisdiction of the Governors Court and the Supreme Court extended to Van Diemens Land. All three courts were concerned with civil matters only, the act was called an Act to provide for the better administration of justice in New South Wales and Van Diemens Land and for the more effectual government thereof and is commonly numbered as 4 Geo. The statute was passed on 19 July 1823, in consequence of this legislation, letters patent establishing the New South Wales Supreme Court were sealed on 13 October 1823, and proclaimed in Sydney on 17 May 1824. They are known as the Third Charter of Justice of New South Wales, previously, a person had to be admitted as such in the United Kingdom. However, ex-convicts were not permitted to be admitted, in 1840, a Port Phillip division of the Court was created, consisting of a single Resident Judge, to exercise the courts jurisdiction in the Port Phillip District of the Colony of New South Wales. The division existed until 1852, when it was replaced by the Supreme Court of Victoria following the creation of the Colony of Victoria, also in 1840, the Parliament of New South Wales established a separate equity division in the court. Limited jurisdiction in cases was granted in 1873 and full Admiralty jurisdiction was added in 1911. This process began in the United Kingdom with the passage of the Judicature Acts in 1873, since 1930, three generations of the Street family have served New South Wales as Chief Justice. Supreme Court Judges Carolyn Simpson, Margaret Beazley and Virginia Bell made headlines in April 1999 when the three sat in the Court of Criminal Appeal in Sydney. The Judges threw out an appeal from a computer hacker who had, out of sheer maliciousness. According to the Women Lawyers Association of NSW, there had never been a bench in England or New Zealand at the time. The court consists of 52 permanent judges,3 Acting Judges of Appeal,2 Acting Judges, Associate Judges deal with pre-trial motions and non-jury trials. The Chief Judge in each trial division also sits in the Court of Appeal from time to time, occasionally, puisne judges also sit in the Court of Appeal, though this is uncommon. The court hears very serious cases such as murder and treason, civil cases involving more than $750000, and civil matters such as wills, injunctions, and admiralty
Supreme Court of New South Wales
–
The Supreme Court Building
Supreme Court of New South Wales
–
Supreme Court of New South Wales
