1.
Queensland
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Queensland is the second-largest and third-most-populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia. Situated in the north-east of the country, it is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west, to the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. Queensland has a population of 4,750,500, concentrated along the coast, the state is the worlds sixth largest sub-national entity, with an area of 1,852,642 km2. The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane, Australias third largest city, often referred to as the Sunshine State, Queensland is home to 10 of Australias 30 largest cities and is the nations third largest economy. Tourism in the state, fuelled largely by its tropical climate, is a major industry. Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, the first European to land in Queensland was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606, who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa. In 1770, Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 by Governor Arthur Phillip at Sydney, New South Wales at that time included all of what is now Queensland, Queensland was explored in subsequent decades until the establishment of a penal colony at Brisbane in 1824 by John Oxley. Penal transportation ceased in 1839 and free settlement was allowed from 1842, the state was named in honour of Queen Victoria, who on 6 June 1859 signed Letters Patent separating the colony from New South Wales. The 6th of June is now celebrated statewide as Queensland Day. Queensland achieved statehood with the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901, the history of Queensland spans thousands of years, encompassing both a lengthy indigenous presence, as well as the eventful times of post-European settlement. The north-eastern Australian region was explored by Dutch, Spanish and French navigators before being encountered by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770, the Australian Labor Party has its origin as a formal organisation in Queensland and the town of Barcaldine is the symbolic birthplace of the party. June 2009 marked the 150th anniversary of its creation as a colony from New South Wales. The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50,000 BC, likely via boat or land bridge across Torres Strait, during the last ice age Queenslands landscape became more arid and largely desolate, making food and other supplies scarce. This led to the worlds first seed-grinding technology, warming again made the land hospitable, which brought high rainfall along the eastern coast, stimulating the growth of the states tropical rainforests. In February 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa and this was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia, and it also marked the first reported contact between European and Aboriginal Australian people. The region was explored by French and Spanish explorers prior to the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III of the United Kingdom on 22 August 1770 at Possession Island, naming Eastern Australia, including Queensland, the Aboriginal population declined significantly after a smallpox epidemic during the late 18th century
2.
Bundjalung language
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Bundjalung, or Yugambeh-Bundjalung, is an Australian Indigenous language of the northeastern New South Wales and South-East Queensland coast. Bundjalung consists of a number of dialects, including Yugumbir, Nganduwal, Minjangbal, Njangbal, Biriin, Baryulgil, Waalubal, Dinggabal, Wiyabal, Gidabal, Galibal, bowern lists Yugambal, Githabul, Minjungbal, Ngara, ngwal, and Bandjalang as separate Bandjalangic languages. Varieties of Bundjalung may have a system of either 3 or 4 vowels that also contrast in length. In practical orthography and some descriptions of the language, the h is often used after the vowel to indicate a long vowel. Vowel Alternations /a/ and /e/ are neutralised as before /j/, the low central vowel /a/ can be fronted and raised following a palatal consonant, and backed following a velar consonant. Unstressed short vowels can be reduced to the central vowel schwa in a similar way to English. Bundjalung has an inventory of consonant phonemes than is typical of most Australian languages, having only four contrastive places of articulation and only one lateral. There is no contrast in Bundjalung between these manners of articulation, generally, these consonants are phonetically voiceless, except when following a homorganic nasal segment. Nasals When nasal stops occur syllable-finally, they are produced with a stop onset as a free variant. Lateral The lateral phoneme can appear as a rather than an approximant. Rhotic The rhotic phoneme has several surface realisations in Bundjalung, between vowels, it tends to be a flap, although it can sometimes be an approximant, and it is usually a trill at the end of syllables. Semivowels The existence of semivowels in Bundjalung can be disputed, as in many Australian languages, some linguists posit their existence in order to avoid an analysis that involves onset-less syllables, which are usually held to be non-existent in Australian languages. Some phonologists have found that semivowels can be replaced with glottal stops in some varieties of Bundjalung, Bundjalung is a stress-timed language and is quantity-sensitive, with stress being assigned to syllables with long vowels. Short unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to the neutral vowel schwa, like many Australian languages, Bundjalung is thought to have a constraint that states that all syllables must have a consonant onset. Only vowels are permitted as the nucleus, and these may be long or short. Syllable codas are also permitted, with long or short vowels in the nucleus, however, long vowels are not permitted to occur in adjacent syllables. Consonant Clusters Bundjalung does not permit clusters of the consonant, or clusters that begin with an obstruent phoneme or end with an approximant. All homorganic nasal-obstruent clusters occur in the language, Clusters usually only involve two segments, but clusters of three may occur if an intervening vowel is deleted by some process
3.
Dyirbal language
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Dyirbal /ˈdʒɜːrbəl/ is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken in northeast Queensland by about 29 speakers of the Dyirbal tribe. It is a member of the small Dyirbalic branch of the Pama–Nyungan family and it possesses many outstanding features that have made it well known among linguists. In the years since the Dyirbal grammar by Robert Dixon was published in 1972, Dyirbal has only four places of articulation for the stop and nasals, whereas most other Australian Aboriginal languages have six. This is because Dyirbal lacks the dental/alveolar/retroflex split typically found in these languages, like the majority of Australian languages, it does not make a distinction between voiced consonants and voiceless consonants. Thus the actual inventory of sounds is greater than the inventory of phonemes would suggest, stress always falls on the first syllable of a word and usually on subsequent odd-numbered syllables except the ultima, which is always unstressed. The result of this is that consecutive stressed syllables do not occur, the language is best known for its system of noun classes, numbering four in total. Sentences with a first or second person pronoun have their verb arguments marked for case in a pattern that mimics nominative–accusative languages. That is, the first or second person pronoun appears in the least marked case when it is the subject, thus Dyirbal is morphologically accusative in the first and second persons, but morphologically ergative elsewhere, and it is still always syntactically ergative. There used to be in place a highly complex system in Dyirbal culture. A speaker was completely forbidden from speaking with his/her mother-in-law, child-in-law, fathers sisters child or mothers brothers child, furthermore, because marriage typically takes place a generation above or below, the cross-cousin of the opposite sex often is a potential mother-in-law or father-in-law. Thus, an individual is not allowed to speak with one’s own mother-in-law and this relationship is also prevalent among both genders such that a daughter-in-law is forbidden to speak to directly or approach her father-in-law and vice versa. The Dyalŋuy has one fourth of the amount of items as the everyday language which reduces the semantic content in actual communication in the presence of a taboo relative. For example, in Dyalŋuy the verb to ask is, in Guwal, to ask is, to invite someone over is, to invite someone to accompany one is and to keep asking after having already been told is. There are no correspondences to the other 3 verbs of Guwal in Dyalŋuy, to get around this limitation, Dyirbal speakers use many syntactic and semantic tricks to make do with a minimal vocabulary which reveals a lot to linguists about the semantic nature of Dyirbal. For example, Guwal makes use of lexical causatives, such as transitive bana- break, since Dyirbal has fewer lexemes, a morpheme -rri- is used as an intransitive derivational suffix. Thus the Dyalŋguy equivalents of the two words above are transitive yuwa and intransitive yuwa-rri-. ”An example of borrowing between dialects is the word for sun in the Yidin and Ngadyan dialects. In Yidin, the Guwal style word for sun is, by the onset of puberty, the child probably spoke Dyalŋuy fluently and was able to use it in the appropriate contexts. This phenomenon, commonly called mother-in-law languages, was common in indigenous Australian languages and it existed until about 1930, when the taboo system fell out of use
4.
Koori
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The Koori People are Indigenous Australians of New South Wales and Victoria. This is their preferred term, expressing pride in their heritage, the word Koori is from Awabakal language gurri, It is an Indigenous Australian language that was spoken in the area of what is today Newcastle. A Koori Court is a division of the Magistrates court in Victoria, Koori Radio is a community radio station based in Redfern broadcasting to Sydney on a city-wide licence. It is part of the Gadigal Information Service and is the radio station in Sydney providing full-time broadcasting to the Aboriginal. Koori Mail is a national Indigenous newspaper based in Lismore, New South Wales, the NSW Koori Rugby League Knockout is one of the largest gatherings of Indigenous people in Australia. A modern-day corroboree for the Koori people of NSW, it has been held annually over the October long weekend since 1971
5.
Noongar
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The Noongar are an Indigenous Australian people who live in the south-west corner of Western Australia, from Geraldton on the west coast to Esperance on the south coast. Although Noongar today still recognise the existence of groups, most Noongar today trace their ancestry to more than one of these groups. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Noongar population has been estimated at between 6,000 and some tens of thousands. Colonisation by the British resulted in violence and new diseases, taking a heavy toll on the population. The 2001 census figures showed that 21,000 people identified themselves as indigenous in the south-west of Western Australia, in 2004, the community claimed to number over 28,000 people. Today, most of the Noongar live in the Perth Metropolitan Region, by 2016, the Swan Valley Noongar Community estimated the number of Noongars to be 46,000. Nuts of the zamia palm were something of a food, though it required extensive treatment to remove its toxicity. Noongar people utilised quartz, replacing chert flint for spear and knife edges from 12,000 years ago, the Noongar people saw the arrival of Europeans as the returning of deceased people. As they approached from the west, they called the newcomers Djanga, there were a number of reasons for this. Although at first the Noongar traded amicably with the settlers, rifts and misunderstandings developed as land seizures went on, an example of such misunderstandings was the Noongar land-management practice of setting fires in early summer, mistakenly seen as an act of hostility by the settlers. Conversely, the Noongar saw the settlers livestock as fair game to replace the dwindling stocks of animals shot indiscriminately by settlers. He was shot by a boy and is now considered by many to have been one of the first indigenous resistance fighters. Matters escalated with conflicts between the settlement of Thomas Peel and the Binjareb people, resulting in the Pinjarra massacre, similarly struggles with Balardong people in the Avon Valley continued until pacified by Lieutenant Henry William St Pierre Bunbury. From August 1838 ten Aboriginal prisoners were sent to Rottnest Island, to pacify the Aboriginal population, men were rounded up and chained for offences ranging from spearing livestock, burning the bush or digging vegetables on what had been their own land. It has been estimated there may be as many as 369 Aboriginal graves on the island. A significant development for the Noongar People in the Western Australian Colony was the arrival of Rosendo Salvado in 1846. Bishop Salvado was a Benedictine monk from the Spanish region of Galicia, in the early part of the Colony New Norcia could be described as a beacon of hope in a sea of despair for the Noongar people. Bishop Salvado brought many Benedictine monks to New Norcia to assist him build the mission, the Aboriginal people were free to come and go from the mission as they chose
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