1.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris
–
In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
–
Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
–
The
Palais de la Cité and
Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
2.
Art gallery
–
An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the exhibition of art, usually visual art. Museums can be public or private, but what distinguishes a museum is the ownership of a collection, the term is used for both public galleries, which are non-profit or publicly owned museums that display selected collections of art. On the other hand, private galleries refers to the commercial enterprises for the sale of art, however, both types of gallery may host traveling exhibits or temporary exhibitions including art borrowed from elsewhere. In broad terms, in North American usage, the word gallery alone often implies a private gallery, the term contemporary art gallery refers usually to a privately owned for-profit commercial gallery. These galleries are found clustered together in large urban centers. Smaller cities are home to at least one gallery, but they may also be found in towns or villages. Contemporary art galleries are open to the general public without charge, however. They usually profit by taking a portion of art sales, from 25% to 50% is typical, there are also many non-profit or collective galleries. Some galleries in cities like Tokyo charge the artists a flat rate per day, curators often create group shows that say something about a certain theme, trend in art, or group of associated artists. Galleries sometimes choose to represent artists exclusively, giving them the opportunity to show regularly, a gallerys definition can also include the artist cooperative or artist-run space, which often operates as a space with a more democratic mission and selection process. A vanity gallery is an art gallery that charges fees from artists in order to show their work, the shows are not legitimately curated and will frequently or usually include as many artists as possible. Most art professionals are able to identify them on an artists resume, University art museums and galleries constitute collections of art that are developed, owned, and maintained by all kinds of schools, community colleges, colleges, and universities. This phenomenon exists in both the West and East, making it a global practice, although largely overlooked, there are over 700 university art museums in America alone. This number, in comparison to other kinds of art museums, throughout history, large and expensive works of art have generally been commissioned by religious institutions and monarchs and been displayed in temples, churches, and palaces. Although these collections of art were private, they were made available for viewing for a portion of the public. In classical times, religious institutions began to function as a form of art gallery. Wealthy Roman collectors of engraved gems and other precious objects often donated their collections to temples and it is unclear how easy it was in practice for the public to view these items. At the Palace of Versailles, entrance was restricted to wearing the proper apparel – the appropriate accessories could be hired from shops outside
Art gallery
–
The Louvre in
Paris,
France, is one of the world's largest museums and
the most visited art museum in the world.
Art gallery
–
The Gallery of
Cornelis van der Geest,
Willem van Haecht, 1628. A private picture gallery as an early precursor of the modern museum.
Art gallery
–
University of Tartu Art Museum is the oldest museum in
Estonia.
Art gallery
–
The art collection at the
Palace of Versailles in
France was periodically open for 'respectable' public viewing.
3.
Le Marais
–
Le Marais is a historic district in Paris, France. Long the aristocratic district of Paris, it hosts many outstanding buildings of historic and it spreads across parts of the 3rd and 4th arrondissements in Paris. In 1240 the Order of the Temple built its fortified church just outside the walls of Paris, in the northern part of the Marais. During the mid-13th century, Charles I of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily, in 1361 the King Charles V built a mansion known as the Hôtel Saint-Pol in which the Royal Court settled during his reign as well as his sons. From that time to the 17th century and especially after the Royal Square was designed under King Henri IV in 1605, the Marais was the French nobilitys favorite place of residence. During the late 18th century, the district was no longer the most fashionable district for the nobility, by that time, only minor nobles and a few more powerful nobles, such as the Prince de Soubise, lived there. The Place des Vosges remained a place for nobles to meet, the district fell into despair after the Revolution, and was therefore abandoned by the nobility completely, and would stay that way for ever. After the French Revolution, the district was no more the aristocratic district it once was during the 17th and 18th centuries, because of this, the district became a popular and active commercial area, hosting one of Paris main Jewish communities. During World War II the Jewish community was targeted by the Nazis who were occupying France, as of today the rue des Rosiers remains a major centre of the Paris Jewish community, which has made a comeback since the 1990s. Public notices announce Jewish events, bookshops specialize in Jewish books, the synagogue on 10 rue Pavée is adjacent to the rue des Rosiers. It was designed in 1913 by Art Nouveau architect Hector Guimard, Le Marais houses the Museum of Jewish Art and History, the largest French museum of Jewish art and history. The museum conveys the history and culture of Jews in Europe. In 1982, Palestinan terrorists murdered 6 people and injured 22 at a Jewish restaurant in Le Marais, Chez Jo Goldenberg, by the 1950s, the district had become a working-class area and most of its architectural masterpieces were in a bad state of repair. In 1964, General de Gaulles Culture Minister Andre Malraux made the Marais the first secteur sauvegardé and these were meant to protect and conserve places of special cultural significance. In the following decades the government and the Parisian municipality led a restoration and Rehabilitation Policy. The site of Beaubourg, the part of Marais, was chosen for the Centre Georges Pompidou, Frances national Museum of Modern Art. The building was completed in 1977 with revolutionary architecture by Renzo Piano, the Marais is now one of Paris main localities for art galleries. Following its rehabilitation, the Marais has become a district, home to many trendy restaurants, fashion houses
Le Marais
–
Hôtel de Sens.
Le Marais
–
Hôtel de Guénégaud.
Le Marais
–
The Hôtel de Saint-Aignan, housing the
Museum of Jewish Art and History
Le Marais
–
Entrance of the Hôtel d'Albret.
4.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
–
One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
–
Flag
France
–
The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
–
With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
5.
Spanish people
–
Within Spain there are a number of nationalisms and regionalisms, reflecting the countrys complex history and diverse culture. There are several commonly spoken languages, most notably Basque. There are many populations outside Spain with ancestors who emigrated from Spain, the Roman Republic conquered Iberia during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. As a result of Roman colonization, the majority of languages, with the exception of Basque. The Germanic Vandals and Suebi, with part of the Iranian Alans under King Respendial conquered the peninsula in 409 AD. The Iberian Peninsula was conquered and brought under the rule of the Arab Umayyads in 711 and by the Berber North African dynasties the Almohads, in the early 16th century the Kingdom of Navarre was also conquered. In parallel, a wave of emigration began to the Americas began with over 16 million people emigrating to the Americas during the colonial period. In the post-colonial period, a further 3.5 million Spanish left for the Americas, particularly Argentina, Uruguay, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, as a result, Spanish-descendants in Latin America number in the hundreds of millions. Spain is home to one of the largest communities of Romani people, the Spanish Roma, which belong to the Iberian Kale subgroup, are a formerly-nomadic community, which spread across Western Asia, North Africa, and Europe, first reaching Spain in the 15th century. The population of Spain is became increasingly diverse due to recent immigration, the earliest modern humans inhabiting Spain are believed to have been Neolithic peoples who may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35, 000–40,000 years ago. In more recent times the Iberians are believed to have arrived or developed in the region between the 4th millennium BC and the 3rd millennium BC, initially settling along the Mediterranean coast, celts settled in Spain during the Iron Age. Some of those tribes in North-central Spain, which had contact with the Iberians, are called Celtiberians. In addition, a known as the Tartessians and later Turdetanians inhabited southwestern Spain. The seafaring Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians successively founded trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast over a period of several centuries, the Second Punic War between the Carthaginians and Romans was fought mainly in what is now Spain and Portugal. The Roman Republic conquered Iberia during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC transformed most of the region into a series of Latin-speaking provinces, hispania emerged as an important part of the Roman Empire and produced notable historical figures such as Trajan, Hadrian, Seneca and Quintilian. The Germanic Vandals and Suebi, with part of the Iranian Alans under King Respendial, the Suebi became the first Germanic kingdom to convert officially to Roman Catholicism in 447 AD. under king Rechiar. After two centuries of domination by the Visigothic Kingdom, the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by a Muslim force under Tariq Bin Ziyad in 711 and this army consisted mainly ethnic Berbers from the Ghomara tribe, which were reinforced by Arabs from Syria once the conquest was complete. Muslim Iberia became part of the Umayyad Caliphate and would be known as Al-Andalus, the Berbers of Al Andalus revolted as early as 740 AD, halting Arab expansion across the Pyrenees into France
Spanish people
–
Lady of Elche, a piece of
Iberian sculpture from the 4th century BC
Spanish people
–
1st row:
Isabella I of Castile
Spanish people
–
A young
Hispano-Roman nobleman from the 1st century BC
Spanish people
–
People of
Granada
6.
Pablo Picasso
–
Pablo Ruiz y Picasso, also known as Pablo Picasso, was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France. Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his years, painting in a naturalistic manner through his childhood. During the first decade of the 20th century, his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, Picassos work is often categorized into periods. Much of Picassos work of the late 1910s and early 1920s is in a neoclassical style and his later work often combines elements of his earlier styles. Ruiz y Picasso were included for his father and mother, respectively, born in the city of Málaga in the Andalusian region of Spain, he was the first child of Don José Ruiz y Blasco and María Picasso y López. His mother was of one quarter Italian descent, from the territory of Genoa, though baptized a Catholic, Picasso would later on become an atheist. Picassos family was of middle-class background and his father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. For most of his life Ruiz was a professor of art at the School of Crafts, Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. According to his mother, his first words were piz, piz, a shortening of lápiz, from the age of seven, Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in figure drawing and oil painting. Ruiz was an academic artist and instructor, who believed that proper training required disciplined copying of the masters. His son became preoccupied with art to the detriment of his classwork, the family moved to A Coruña in 1891, where his father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts. On one occasion, the father found his son painting over his sketch of a pigeon. In 1895, Picasso was traumatized when his sister, Conchita. After her death, the moved to Barcelona, where Ruiz took a position at its School of Fine Arts. Picasso thrived in the city, regarding it in times of sadness or nostalgia as his true home, Ruiz persuaded the officials at the academy to allow his son to take an entrance exam for the advanced class. This process often took students a month, but Picasso completed it in a week, the student lacked discipline but made friendships that would affect him in later life. His father rented a room for him close to home so he could work alone, yet he checked up on him numerous times a day. Picassos father and uncle decided to send the young artist to Madrids Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, at age 16, Picasso set off for the first time on his own, but he disliked formal instruction and stopped attending classes soon after enrolment
Pablo Picasso
–
Picasso in 1908
Pablo Picasso
–
Pablo Picasso with his sister Lola, 1889
Pablo Picasso
–
Pablo Picasso, 1901, Old Woman (Woman with Gloves), oil on cardboard, 67 x 52.1 cm,
Philadelphia Museum of Art
Pablo Picasso
–
Pablo Picasso, 1901-02, Femme au café (Absinthe Drinker), oil on canvas, 73 x 54 cm,
Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia
7.
Gabelle
–
The gabelle was a very unpopular tax on salt in France that was established during the mid-14th century and lasted, with brief lapses and revisions, until 1946. The term gabelle is derived from the Italian gabella, itself originating from the Arabic word qabala, in France, the gabelle was originally an indirect tax that was applied to agricultural and industrial commodities, such as bed sheets, wheat, spices, and wine. However, from the 14th century onward, the gabelle was limited, repealed in 1790 by the National Assembly in the midst of the French Revolution, the gabelle was later reinstated by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1806. It was briefly terminated and reinstated again during the French Second Republic, in 1229, when the Albigensian Crusades were brought to a close by Louis IX and his mother, France gained control of the Rhone Estuary and nearby Mediterranean coast. This led to the establishment of the first French Mediterranean port city of Aigues-Mortes in 1246, literally translated to Dead Waters, and these saltworks would fund St. Louis’ ambitions of crusading in the Middle East. A profitable means of generating revenue for France’s wars, this control over salt. A temporary tax under St. Louis, in 1259, his brother Charles I further established royal control over salt and this salt administration would eventually encompass Peccais, Aigues-Mortes, and the region of Camargue and come to be known as the Pays de petites gabelles. On March 16,1341, Philip VI of Valois established the first permanent royal tax on salt in France known as the Pays de grandes gabelles. Known as the Sel de devoir, translated to salt duty, furthermore, they were unable to use this salt for making salted products, which was considered illegal and could lead to charges of faux saunage, or salt fraud. Failing to adhere to this could lead to imprisonment and, if repeated, each province had a Greniers à sel—a salt granary—where all salt produced from that region needed to be taken in order to be bought and sold. When first instituted, the gabelle was levied uniformly on all the provinces in France at a rate of 1. 66% on the sale price, however, for the greater part of its history, the prices varied and resulted in large disparities between the different provinces. The largest of the six regions, it had not only the highest salt prices, one-third of France’s population resided within this region, and paid two-thirds of all salt revenue, but only consumed one-fourth of all salt. The Pays de petites gabelles, this included the provinces of Lyonnais, Provence, Roussillon, Languedoc, and Dauphiné, southeast Burgundy. This region covered southeastern France, including the Mediterranean coastline and the lower Rhône valley, the gabelle there was about half of the rate as in the pays de grandes gabelles. One-fifth of all France’s population resided within this region and paid one-fourth of royal salt revenue, the Pays de quart-bouillon, these provinces included Avranches, Coutances, Bayeux, and Pont l’Evêque. One-fourth of all produced in this region went to the royal granaries. The Pays de salines, these provinces included Franche-Comté, Lorraine, unlike in the petites and grandes regions, the laws enforced here allowed private merchants to engage in retail and wholesale salt distribution rather than complete oversight by state officials. As a result, this region’s salt prices were affected by the gabelle
Gabelle
–
History
Gabelle
–
Kingdom of France
8.
Bourges
–
Bourges is a city in central France on the Yèvre river. It is the capital of the department of Cher and also was the capital of the province of Berry. The name of the city derives either from the Bituriges, the name of the inhabitants, or from the Germanic Burg. The Celts called it Avaricon, Latin-speakers, Avaricum, following the siege of Avaricum in the winter of 52 BC, Julius Caesars forces destroyed the city and killed all but 800 of its inhabitants. Rome reconstructed Avaricum as a Roman city, with a gate, aqueducts, thermae. The massive walls surrounding the late Roman city, enclosing 40 hectares, were built in part with stone re-used from earlier public buildings, the third-century AD Saint Ursinus, also known as Saint Ursin, is considered the first bishop of the city. Bourges is the seat of an archbishopric, during the 8th century Bourges lay on the northern fringes of the Duchy of Aquitaine and was therefore the first town to come under Frankish attacks when the Franks crossed the Loire. The Frankish Charles Martel captured the town in 731, but Duke Odo the Great of Aquitaine immediately re-took it, the Gothic Cathedral of Saint Etienne, begun at the end of the twelfth century, ranks as a World Heritage Site. It is considered as one of the earliest examples of the High Gothic style of the thirteenth century, during the Middle Ages, Bourges served as the capital of the Viscounty of Bourges until 1101. In the fourteenth century it became the capital of the Duchy of Berry, the future king of France, Charles VII, sought refuge there in the 1420s during the Hundred Years War. His son, Louis XI, was there in 1423. In 1438, Charles VII decreed the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, during this period, Bourges was also a major capital of alchemy. The city has a tradition of art and history. Apart from the cathedral, other sites of importance include the 15th-century Palace of Jacques Cœur, Bourges sits at the river junction where the Auron flows into the Yèvre. The disused Canal de Berry follows alongside the course of the Auron through Bourges, the A71 motorway connects Bourges with Orléans and Clermont-Ferrand. Bourges Airport is a regional airport. Bourges principal football team are Bourges Football 18 and it is also home to the womens basketball club CJM Bourges Basket, which has won multiple titles in domestic and European basketball. Bourges XV is the rugby team in the region, currently playing in French National Division
Bourges
–
Bourges Cathedral
Bourges
–
Floorplan of the cathedral of Bourges
Bourges
–
Half-timbered houses in Place Gordaine
9.
Gaspard and Balthazard Marsy
–
The brothers Gaspard and Balthazard Marsy were French sculptors. Originally from Cambrai, they moved to Paris and were employed by King Louis XIV, particularly for the decoration of the palace and their sister Jeanne was married to the sculptor Pierre Le Gros the Elder and was the mother of the sculptor Pierre Le Gros the Younger. Bassin dEncelade, Versailles François Souchal, French Sculptors of the 17th and 18th Centuries, thomas Hedin, The Sculpture of Gaspard and Balthazard Marsy, Columbia 1983. Gaspard and Balthazard Marsy in American public collections, on the French Sculpture Census website
Gaspard and Balthazard Marsy
–
Gaspard Marsy ’s gilt-bronze figure of the giant
Enceladus from
Greek mythology (the Bassin d'Encelade; 1675-1677), at
Versailles,
France.
10.
Martin Desjardins
–
Martin Desjardins, born Martin van den Bogaert was a French sculptor and stuccoist of Dutch birth. He was born at Breda, the son of a milliner in a house that would carry the name de Drye Bredasche Hoeden. His early training was at Antwerp with the sculptor Pieter Verbruggen, while his career was spent at Paris. His early Paris work was in decorative stucco reliefs, at the Hôtel d’Aubert de Fontenay and he was accepted in 1661 into the Académie de St Luc as Martin Desjardins, and gained a reputation executing private commissions for funerary monuments. In 1671 he was received as a member of the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture on the basis of a relief of Hercules Crowned by Glory. His free copy of the kings Roman Diana, the Diana of Versailles, was repeated in his workshop several times and they ornamented the socle of Desjardins standing sculpture of Louis XIV, which was melted down at the Revolution. Today the Captifs are conserved in the Louvre, their gilding weathered away, a marble workshop copy of the Louis XIV is to be seen in the Orangerie at Versailles. His portrait bust of Pierre Mignard, premier peintre du Roi was a gift to the daughter in the year following Mignards death. Grand baroque marble bust of the marquis de Villacerf is also at the Louvre, references and notes Sources Souchal, François,1977. French sculptors of the 17th and 18th centuries, three sculptures by Martin Desjardins Patrician Wengraf, Martin Desjardins in American public collections, on the French Sculpture Census website
Martin Desjardins
–
The portrait of Martin Desjardins was the
reception piece for
Hyacinthe Rigaud to the
Académie royale, 1692
Martin Desjardins
–
Hercules Crowned, 1671, was Martin Desjardins' reception piece at the
Académie
11.
Republic of Venice
–
It was based in the lagoon communities of the historically prosperous city of Venice. It was a leading European economic and trading power during the Middle Ages, the Venetian city state was founded as a safe haven for people escaping persecution in mainland Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire. In its early years, it prospered on the salt trade, in subsequent centuries, the city state established a thalassocracy. It dominated trade on the Mediterranean Sea, including commerce between Asia, Europe and North Africa, the Venetian navy was used in the Crusades. Venice achieved territorial conquests along the Adriatic Sea, the city became home to an extremely wealthy merchant class, who patronized renowned art and architecture along the citys lagoons. Venetian merchants were influential financiers in Europe, the city was also the birthplace of great European explorers, including Marco Polo, as well as the classical music composer Vivaldi. The republic was ruled by the Doge, who was elected by members of the Great Council of Venice, the ruling class was an oligarchy of merchants and aristocrats. Venice and other Italian maritime republics played a key role in fostering capitalism, Venetian citizens generally supported the system of governance. The city-state enforced strict laws and employed ruthless tactics in its prisons, the opening of new trade routes to the Americas and the East Indies via the Atlantic Ocean marked the beginning of Venices decline as a maritime republic. The city state suffered defeats from the navy of the Ottoman Empire, in 1797, the country was colonized by Austria and France, following an invasion by Napoleon Bonaparte. Venice became a part of a unified Italy in the 19th century and it was formally known as the Most Serene Republic of Venice and is often referred to as La Serenissima, in reference to its title as one of the Most Serene Republics. He was the first historical Doge of Venice, whichever the case, the first doges had their power base in Heraclea. Ursuss successor, Deusdedit, moved his seat from Heraclea to Malamocco in the 740s and he was the son of Ursus and represented the attempt of his father to establish a dynasty. Such attempts were more commonplace among the doges of the first few centuries of Venetian history. They desired to remain well-connected to the Empire, another faction, republican in nature, believed in continuing along a course towards practical independence. The other main faction was pro-Frankish, supported mostly by clergy, they looked towards the new Carolingian king of the Franks, Pepin the Short, as the best provider of defence against the Lombards. A minor, pro-Lombard faction was opposed to close ties with any of these further-off powers, the successors of Obelerio inherited a united Venice. By the Pax Nicephori, the two emperors had recognised that Venice belonged to the Byzantine sphere of influence, many centuries later, the Venetians claimed that the treaty had recognised Venetian de facto independence, but the truth of this claim is doubted by modern scholars
Republic of Venice
–
Sack of Constantinople
Republic of Venice
–
Flag
Republic of Venice
–
Voyage of
Marco Polo into the Far East during the
Pax Mongolica
Republic of Venice
–
The
Piraeus Lion in
Venice - a spoil from Constantinople
12.
Balzac
–
Honoré de Balzac was a French novelist and playwright. The novel sequence La Comédie Humaine, which presents a panorama of post-Napoleonic French life, is viewed as his magnum opus. Owing to his observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society. He is renowned for his characters, even his lesser characters are complex, morally ambiguous. Inanimate objects are imbued with character as well, the city of Paris, many of Balzacs works have been made into films, and they continue to inspire other writers. An enthusiastic reader and independent thinker as a child, Balzac had trouble adapting to the style of his grammar school. His willful nature caused trouble throughout his life and frustrated his ambitions to succeed in the world of business, when he finished school, Balzac was apprenticed in a law office, but he turned his back on the study of law after wearying of its inhumanity and banal routine. Before and during his career as a writer, he attempted to be a publisher, printer, businessman, critic, La Comédie Humaine reflects his real-life difficulties, and includes scenes from his own experience. Balzac suffered from health problems throughout his life, possibly due to his writing schedule. His relationship with his family was strained by financial and personal drama. In 1850, Balzac married Ewelina Hańska, a Polish aristocrat and his longtime love, Honoré de Balzac was born into a family which through its industry and efforts aspired to achieve respectability. His father, born Bernard-François Balssa, was one of children from an artisan family in Tarn. In 1760 he set off for Paris with only a Louis coin in his pocket, intent on improving his standing, by 1776 he had become Secretary to the Kings Council. After the Reign of Terror, François Balzac was despatched to Tours to coordinate supplies for the Army, Balzacs mother, born Anne-Charlotte-Laure Sallambier, came from a family of haberdashers in Paris. Her familys wealth was a factor in the match, she was eighteen at the time of the wedding. She was not in love with her husband, Honoré was actually the second child born to the Balzacs, exactly one year previous, Louis-Daniel had been born, but he lived for only a month. Honorés sisters Laure and Laurence were born in 1800 and 1802, as an infant Balzac was sent to a wet-nurse, the following year he was joined by his sister Laure and they spent four years away from home. When the Balzac children returned home, they were kept at a frosty distance from their parents and his 1835 novel Le Lys dans la Vallée features a cruel governess named Miss Caroline, modeled after his own caregiver
Balzac
–
Honoré de Balzac painting based on an 1842
daguerreotype by
Louis-Auguste Bisson.
Balzac
–
Vendôme Oratory School – engraving by Armand Queyroy
Balzac
–
Drawing of Balzac in the mid-1820s, attributed to
Achille Devéria
Balzac
–
Laure, Duchess of Abrantès
13.
Roland Castro
–
Roland Castro is a French architect and political activist. Roland Castro was born on 16 October 1940 in Limoges, melp. helped to articulate the dissatisfaction of students in the lead-up to the protests of 1968. His thinking integrates political ideas with urban architecture and he belongs to the concrete utopia movement, which he describes as an attempt to rebuild and renovate politics around revolutionary values. He is also the father of Elizabeth Castro, alias Zazon, comedian, from 2008 to 2009, Roland Castro was appointed by the President of the Republic to lead a multidisciplinary team on the future of Greater Paris. He argues for the implementation of symbolic high places of the republic and of culture, media center, hotel and housing,115 rue de Bagnolet, Paris 20. He rejoined the Union des jeunesses communistes marxistes-léninistes the following year, maoist in the 1970s, in the movement Vive le Communisme, which soon after transformed itself into Vive la révolution, which he cofounded with Tiennot Grumbach. *After the dissolution of VLR in 1971, he met Lacan and began a psychoanalysis with him that lasted seven years, as a Mitterrandist in 1981, he created a structure of response and reflection on the suburbs called Banlieues 89. Journal Légende du siècle, la conspiration des égos with Jean-Paul Dollé, Jean-Pierre Le Dantec, five issues were published between 1987 and 1992. Resigned from the Socialist Party on the day that Bernard Tapie entered the government, back to the CPF under Robert Hue, member of the National Party. In response to the Chirac / Le Pen duel in the round of the 2002 presidential elections, in 2003 created with some friends including Eric Halphen s MUC. This is a new movement as a citizen, which he calls evolutionary. Announced his candidacy for the 2007 presidential election, in 2011, he announced support for the candidacy of Arnaud Montebourg in the Socialist primaries. The concrete utopia movement is a movement created by Roland Castro. This movement defends 89 proposals to restore social bonds, without revolution transforming society towards more republican equality and these proposals have arisen from the reflection of Roland Castro and his desire to advance concrete utopias and is evolutionary to give new meaning to politics. In August 2006, he toured from Saint-Tropez to Sarcelles by bus to promote the 89 proposals of the MUC, the candidacy of its leader to the presidential election of 2007 did not succeed. On 12 March 2007 he withdrew due to lack of adequate sponsorship, jaffirme, Manifeste pour une insurrection du sens. Roland Castro, Sophie Denissof, Jean-Pierre Le Dantec, faut-il passer la banlocatione au Kärcher. Site officiel de lagence Débat TV, « Intellectuels dans les médias, » Castro sur Archiguide Roland Castro répond aux gars de la Royal dans une vidéo politique
Roland Castro
–
Castro in 2006
14.
Edgar Degas
–
Edgar Degas was a French artist famous for his paintings, sculptures, prints, and drawings. He is especially identified with the subject of dance, more than half of his works depict dancers and he is regarded as one of the founders of Impressionism, although he rejected the term, preferring to be called a realist. He was a draftsman, and particularly masterly in depicting movement, as can be seen in his rendition of dancers, racecourse subjects. His portraits are notable for their complexity and for their portrayal of human isolation. At the beginning of his career, Degas wanted to be a history painter, in his early thirties, he changed course, and by bringing the traditional methods of a history painter to bear on contemporary subject matter, he became a classical painter of modern life. Degas was born in Paris, France, into a wealthy family. He was the oldest of five children of Célestine Musson De Gas, a Creole from New Orleans, Louisiana, and Augustin De Gas and his maternal grandfather Germain Musson, was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti of French descent and had settled in New Orleans in 1810. Degas began his schooling at age eleven, enrolling in the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and his mother died when he was thirteen, and his father and grandfather became the main influences on him for the remainder of his youth. Degas began to paint early in life, by the time he graduated from the Lycée with a baccalauréat in literature in 1853, at age 18, he had turned a room in his home into an artists studio. Upon graduating, he registered as a copyist in The Louvre Museum, Degas duly enrolled at the Faculty of Law of the University of Paris in November 1853, but applied little effort to his studies. In April of that year Degas was admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts and he studied drawing there with Louis Lamothe, under whose guidance he flourished, following the style of Ingres. In July 1856, Degas traveled to Italy, where he would remain for the three years. In 1858, while staying with his aunts family in Naples and he also began work on several history paintings, Alexander and Bucephalus and The Daughter of Jephthah in 1859–60, Sémiramis Building Babylon in 1860, and Young Spartans around 1860. In 1861 Degas visited his childhood friend Paul Valpinçon in Normandy and he exhibited at the Salon for the first time in 1865, when the jury accepted his painting Scene of War in the Middle Ages, which attracted little attention. The change in his art was influenced primarily by the example of Édouard Manet, upon the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, Degas enlisted in the National Guard, where his defense of Paris left him little time for painting. During rifle training his eyesight was found to be defective, after the war, Degas began in 1872 an extended stay in New Orleans, Louisiana, where his brother René and a number of other relatives lived. Staying at the home of his Creole uncle, Michel Musson, on Esplanade Avenue, Degas produced a number of works, many depicting family members. One of Degass New Orleans works, A Cotton Office in New Orleans, garnered favorable attention back in France, Degas returned to Paris in 1873 and his father died the following year, whereupon Degas learned that his brother René had amassed enormous business debts
Edgar Degas
–
Self-portrait (Degas au porte-fusain), 1855
Edgar Degas
–
Edgar Degas c. 1850s
Edgar Degas
–
A Cotton Office in New Orleans, 1873
Edgar Degas
–
The Dance Class (La Classe de Danse), 1873–1876, oil on canvas, by Edgar Degas
15.
Henri Rousseau
–
Henri Julien Félix Rousseau was a French post-impressionist painter in the Naïve or Primitive manner. He was also known as Le Douanier, a description of his occupation as a toll collector. Ridiculed during his lifetime by critics, he came to be recognized as a genius whose works are of high artistic quality. Rousseaus work exerted an influence on several generations of avant-garde artists. Rousseau was born in Laval, France, in 1844 into the family of a plumber, he was forced to work there as a small boy. He attended Laval High School as a day student, and then as a boarder after his father became a debtor, though mediocre in some of his high school subjects, Rousseau won prizes for drawing and music. After high school, he worked for a lawyer and studied law and he served four years, starting in 1863. With his fathers death, Rousseau moved to Paris in 1868 to support his mother as a government employee. In 1868, he married Clémence Boitard, his landlords 15-year-old daughter, in 1871, he was appointed as a collector of the octroi of Paris, collecting taxes on goods entering Paris. His wife died in 1888 and he married Josephine Noury in 1898 and he started painting seriously in his early forties, by age 49, he retired from his job to work on his art full-time. Rousseau claimed he had no other than nature, although he admitted he had received some advice from two established Academic painters, Félix Auguste Clément and Jean-Léon Gérôme. Essentially, he was self-taught and is considered to be a naïve or primitive painter and his best-known paintings depict jungle scenes, even though he never left France or saw a jungle. Stories spread by admirers that his service included the French expeditionary force to Mexico are unfounded. His inspiration came from illustrations in books and the botanical gardens in Paris. He had also met soldiers during his term of service who had survived the French expedition to Mexico, along with his exotic scenes there was a concurrent output of smaller topographical images of the city and its suburbs. Rousseaus flat, seemingly childish style was disparaged by many critics and his ingenuousness was extreme, and he always aspired, in vain, to conventional acceptance. Many observers commented that he painted like a child, but the work shows sophistication with his particular technique, from 1886, he exhibited regularly in the Salon des Indépendants, and, although his work was not placed prominently, it drew an increasing following over the years. Yet it was more than a decade before Rousseau returned to depicting his vision of jungles, in 1893, Rousseau moved to a studio in Montparnasse where he lived and worked until his death in 1910
Henri Rousseau
–
Portrait of Henri (Le Douanier) Rousseau, 1910, photograph: Pablo Picasso
Henri Rousseau
–
Self-portrait of the Artist with a Lamp
Henri Rousseau
–
Tiger in a Tropical Storm (Surprised!) (1891) was the first of many jungle scenes for which Rousseau is best known.
Henri Rousseau
–
The Hungry Lion Throws Itself on the Antelope, 1905
16.
Georges-Pierre Seurat
–
Georges-Pierre Seurat was a French post-Impressionist painter and draftsman. He is noted for his use of drawing media and for devising the painting techniques known as chromoluminarism and pointillism. His large-scale work, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, altered the direction of art by initiating Neo-impressionism. Seurat was born 2 December 1859 in Paris, at 60 rue de Bondy, the Seurat family moved to 136 boulevard de Magenta in 1862 or 1863. His father, Antoine Chrysostome Seurat, originally from Champagne, was a legal official who had become wealthy from speculating in property. Georges had a brother, Émile Augustin, and a sister, Marie-Berthe and his father lived in Le Raincy and visited his wife and children once a week at boulevard de Magenta. Georges Seurat first studied art at the École Municipale de Sculpture et Dessin, near his familys home in the boulevard Magenta, Seurats studies resulted in a well-considered and fertile theory of contrasts, a theory to which all his work was thereafter subjected. His formal artistic education came to an end in November 1879, after a year at the Brest Military Academy, he returned to Paris where he shared a studio with his friend Aman-Jean, while also renting a small apartment at 16 rue de Chabrol. For the next two years, he worked at mastering the art of monochrome drawing and his first exhibited work, shown at the Salon, of 1883, was a Conté crayon drawing of Aman-Jean. He also studied the works of Eugène Delacroix carefully, making notes on his use of color and he spent 1883 working on his first major painting—a large canvas titled Bathers at Asnières, a monumental work showing young men relaxing by the Seine in a working-class suburb of Paris. Seurat also departed from the Impressionist ideal by preparing for the work with a number of drawings, Bathers at Asnières was rejected by the Paris Salon, and instead he showed it at the Groupe des Artistes Indépendants in May 1884. Seurats new ideas on pointillism were to have a strong influence on Signac. In the summer of 1884, Seurat began work on A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, the painting shows members of each of the social classes participating in various park activities. The tiny juxtaposed dots of multi-colored paint allow the eye to blend colors optically. It took Seurat two years to complete this 10-foot-wide painting, much of which he spent in the park sketching in preparation for the work and it is now in the permanent collection of the Art Institute of Chicago. The painting was the inspiration for James Lapine and Stephen Sondheims musical, Seurat concealed his relationship with Madeleine Knobloch, an artists model whom he portrayed in his painting Jeune femme se poudrant. In 1889 she moved in with Seurat in his studio on the 7th floor of 128bis Boulevard de Clichy, when Madeleine became pregnant, the couple moved to a studio at 39 passage de lÉlysée-des-Beaux-Arts. There she gave birth to their son, who was named Pierre-Georges,16 February 1890, Seurat died in Paris in his parents home on 29 March 1891 at the age of 31
Georges-Pierre Seurat
–
Georges Seurat, 1888
Georges-Pierre Seurat
–
Georges Seurat, 1889-90,
Le Chahut, oil on canvas, 170 x 141 cm,
Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo
Georges-Pierre Seurat
–
Jeune femme se poudrant (Young Woman Powdering Herself), 1888-90, oil on canvas, 95.5 x 79.5 cm,
Courtauld Institute of Art
Georges-Pierre Seurat
–
Detail from
Circus Sideshow (Parade de Cirque) (1889) showing pointillism and color theory
17.
Giorgio de Chirico
–
Giorgio de Chirico was an Italian artist and writer. In the years before World War I, he founded the scuola metafisica art movement, after 1919, he became interested in traditional painting techniques, and worked in a neoclassical or neo-Baroque style, while frequently revisiting the metaphysical themes of his earlier work. De Chirico was born in Volos, Greece, to a Genoan mother and he entered the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich, where he studied under Max Klinger and read the writings of the philosophers Nietzsche, Arthur Schopenhauer and Otto Weininger. There, he studied the works of Arnold Böcklin. He returned to Italy in the summer of 1909 and spent six months in Milan and he also painted The Enigma of the Oracle while in Florence. In July 1911 he spent a few days in Turin on his way to Paris, De Chirico was profoundly moved by what he called the metaphysical aspect of Turin, especially the architecture of its archways and piazzas. De Chirico moved to Paris in July 1911, where he joined his brother Andrea. Through his brother he met Pierre Laprade, a member of the jury at the Salon dAutomne, where he exhibited three of his works, Enigma of the Oracle, Enigma of an Afternoon and Self-Portrait. During 1913 he exhibited paintings at the Salon des Indépendants and Salon d’Automne, his work was noticed by Pablo Picasso and Guillaume Apollinaire, in 1914, through Apollinaire, he met the art dealer Paul Guillaume, with whom he signed a contract for his artistic output. At the outbreak of World War I, he returned to Italy, upon his arrival in May 1915, he enlisted in the army, but he was considered unfit for work and assigned to the hospital at Ferrara. Here he met with Carlo Carrà and together founded the pittura metafisica movement. He continued to paint, and in 1918, he transferred to Rome, starting from 1918, his work was exhibited extensively in Europe. De Chirico is best known for the paintings he produced between 1909 and 1919, his period, which are characterized by haunted, brooding moods evoked by their images. In autumn,1919, De Chirico published an article in Valori Plastici entitled The Return of Craftsmanship, in which he advocated a return to traditional methods and iconography. In the early 1920s, the Surrealist writer André Breton discovered one of De Chiricos metaphysical paintings on display in Guillaumes Paris gallery, numerous young artists who were similarly affected by De Chiricos imagery became the core of the Paris Surrealist group centered around Breton. In 1924 De Chirico visited Paris and was accepted into the group, De Chirico met and married his first wife, the Russian ballerina Raissa Gurievich in 1925, and together they moved to Paris. His relationship with the Surrealists grew increasingly contentious, as they publicly disparaged his new work, by 1926 he had come to them as cretinous. They soon parted ways in acrimony, in 1928 he held his first exhibition in New York City and shortly afterwards, London
Giorgio de Chirico
–
In 1936, photographed by
Carl Van Vechten
Giorgio de Chirico
–
The Song of Love, 1914, oil on canvas, 73 × 59.1 cm,
Museum of Modern Art, New York
Giorgio de Chirico
–
Le mauvais génie d’un roi (The Evil Genius of a King), 1914-15, oil on canvas, 61 × 50.2 cm,
Museum of Modern Art, New York
Giorgio de Chirico
–
The Seer, 1914-15, oil on canvas, 89.6 x 70.1 cm,
Museum of Modern Art, New York
18.
Henri Matisse
–
Henri-Émile-Benoît Matisse was a French artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is primarily as a painter. Although he was labelled a Fauve, by the 1920s he was increasingly hailed as an upholder of the classical tradition in French painting. His mastery of the language of colour and drawing, displayed in a body of work spanning over a half-century. Matisse was born in Le Cateau-Cambrésis, in the Nord department in northern France and he grew up in Bohain-en-Vermandois, Picardie, France. In 1887 he went to Paris to study law, working as an administrator in Le Cateau-Cambrésis after gaining his qualification. He first started to paint in 1889, after his mother brought him art supplies during a period of following an attack of appendicitis. He discovered a kind of paradise as he described it. In 1891 he returned to Paris to study art at the Académie Julian and became a student of William-Adolphe Bouguereau, initially he painted still lifes and landscapes in a traditional style, at which he achieved reasonable proficiency. Chardin was one of the painters Matisse most admired, as an art student he made copies of four of Chardins paintings in the Louvre, in 1896 and 1897, Matisse visited the Australian painter John Peter Russell on the island Belle Île off the coast of Brittany. Russell introduced him to Impressionism and to the work of van Gogh and he later said Russell was my teacher, and Russell explained colour theory to me. In 1896 Matisse exhibited five paintings in the salon of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts, with the model Caroline Joblau, he had a daughter, Marguerite, born in 1894. In 1898 he married Amélie Noellie Parayre, the two raised Marguerite together and had two sons, Jean and Pierre, Marguerite and Amélie often served as models for Matisse. In 1898, on the advice of Camille Pissarro, he went to London to study the paintings of J. M. W. Turner and then went on a trip to Corsica. Upon his return to Paris in February 1899, he worked beside Albert Marquet and met André Derain, Jean Puy, Matisse immersed himself in the work of others and went into debt from buying work from painters he admired. The work he hung and displayed in his home included a plaster bust by Rodin, a painting by Gauguin, a drawing by van Gogh, in Cézannes sense of pictorial structure and colour, Matisse found his main inspiration. Many of Matisses paintings from 1898 to 1901 make use of a Divisionist technique he adopted after reading Paul Signacs essay and his paintings of 1902–03, a period of material hardship for the artist, are comparatively somber and reveal a preoccupation with form. Having made his first attempt at sculpture, a copy after Antoine-Louis Barye, in 1899, he devoted much of his energy to working in clay, fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910
Henri Matisse
–
Henri Matisse, 1913, by
Alvin Langdon Coburn
Henri Matisse
–
Henri and Amélie Matisse, 1898
Henri Matisse
–
Woman Reading, 1894, Museum of Modern Art, Paris
Henri Matisse
–
Blue Pot and Lemon (1897),
Hermitage Museum,
St. Petersburg, Russia
19.
Iberian sculpture
–
Iberian sculpture, a subset of Iberian art, describes the various sculptural styles developed by the Iberians from the Bronze age up to the Roman conquest. For this reason it is described as Pre-Roman Iberian sculpture. Overall the degree of influence is correlated to the region of origin. The sculptures that comprise the Levantine group were made between the 5th century B. C. and the period of Roman domination, this group is best represented in museum collections. The most famous among them is the bust known as The Lady of Elche, works in this style number over 670, though there are stylistic differences, which testify to the successive influences of conquering peoples. They include, The Bicha of Balazote, or the man-bull The Sphinx of Agost, in Alicante, and that of Salobral, which guards the Louvre Museum, though mutilated. In the period between the 5th century BC and the 5th century AD, sanctuaries like Montealegre used small bronze castings, rather than stone carvings, as votive offerings. Approximately 4,000 sculptures in this style have been excavated, depicting Iberian warriors, riders, religious celebrants, small horses, the oldest have been dated to the 8th century B. C. and they most likely continued to be made up to the Roman domination. These include, The Lady of Ibiza Praying Terracotta Figurines Pieces also considered to be of Phoenician or Punic origin, a very early Phoenician piece from Galera depicts a seated female, perhaps Astarte, flanked by sphinxes. The Lady of Galera The southern group is composed of sculptures found in sepulchers. Most of them display heavy Phoenician influence and they are as follows, The sculptural set of Cerrillo Blanco the sculptural set of The Pajarillo The Punic stela of Villaricos, of conical form and with Phoenician inscription The Lady of Baza. The plates and combs of ivory reliefs of Carmonas necropolis. These sculptures are relatively coarsely worked, some of them bear Roman inscriptions, which were probably added long after the figures were carved. In the center of the Peninsula, between the rivers Douro and Tagus there are many granite sculptures roughly carved in the form of bulls, some of these also have Roman inscriptions, which again were probably added later. The most famous of these monuments are the four known as the Bulls of Guisando, archeologists consider them to be works of the same culture that carved the sphinxes of the Levantine region. South-Western Iberian Bronze Iberian schematic art VV. AA, escultura ibérica en el Museo Provincial de Jaén. Consejería de Cultura de la Junta de Andalucía
Iberian sculpture
–
The
Lady of Elche
Iberian sculpture
–
The
Bicha of Balazote
Iberian sculpture
–
The Warrior of Mogente
Iberian sculpture
–
The
Lady of Baza
20.
African art
–
African art is a term typically used for the art of Sub-Saharan Africa. Often, casual, amateur observers tend to generalize traditional African art, the definition may also include the art of the African diasporas, such as the art of African Americans. Despite this diversity, there are some unifying artistic themes when considering the totality of the culture from the continent of Africa. The term African art does not usually include the art of the North African areas along the Mediterranean coast, for more than a millennium, the art of such areas had formed part of Islamic art, although with many particular characteristics. The art of Ethiopia, with a long Christian tradition, is different from that of most of Africa. Masks are important elements in the art of many peoples, along with human figures, direct images of deities are relatively infrequent, but masks in particular are or were often made for religious ceremonies, today many are made for tourists as airport art. African masks were an influence on European Modernist art, which was inspired by their lack of concern for naturalistic depiction, since the late 19th century there has been an increasing amount of African art in Western collections, the finest pieces of which are now prominently displayed. Many West African figures are used in rituals and are often coated with materials placed on them for ceremonial offerings. The Mande-speaking peoples of the region make pieces from wood with broad, flat surfaces and arms. In Central Africa, however, the main distinguishing characteristics include heart-shaped faces that are curved inward and display patterns of circles, eastern Africans, in many areas shorter of large timber to carve, are known for Tinga Tinga paintings and Makonde sculptures. There is also tradition of producing textile art, Modern Zimbabwean sculptors in soapstone have achieved considerable international success. Southern Africas oldest known clay figures date from 400 to 600 AD and have heads with a mixture of human. An example would be Dan artistry as well as its presence in the Western African diaspora, emphasis on the human figure, The human figure has always been the primary subject matter for most African art, and this emphasis even influenced certain European traditions. Another common theme is the inter-morphosis of human and animal, visual abstraction, African artworks tend to favor visual abstraction over naturalistic representation. This is because many African artworks generalize stylistic norms, emphasis on sculpture, African artists tend to favor three-dimensional artworks over two-dimensional works. Even many African paintings or cloth works were meant to be experienced three-dimensionally, distinct from the static form of traditional Western sculpture African art displays animation, a readiness to move. For example, traditional African masks and costumes very often are used in communal, ceremonial contexts, in African thought, the three cannot be differentiated. Nonlinear scaling, Often a small part of an African design will look similar to a larger part, louis Senghor, Senegals first president, referred to this as dynamic symmetry
African art
–
Mask from
Gabon
African art
–
Mambila figure, Nigeria
African art
–
Yoruba bronze head sculpture,
Ife, Nigeria c. 12th century A.D.
African art
–
Makonde carving c.1974
21.
De Young Museum
–
The de Young, a fine arts museum located in San Franciscos Golden Gate Park, is one of the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco along with the Legion of Honor. The de Young is named for its founder, early San Francisco newspaperman M. H. de Young, holleins tenure began on June 1,2016. The museum opened in 1895 as an outgrowth of the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894 and it was housed in an Egyptian revival structure which had been the Fine Arts Building at the fair. The building was damaged in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and was closed for a year. Before long, the steady development called for a new space to better serve its growing audiences. Michael de Young responded by planning the building that would serve as the core of the de Young facility through the 20th century, louis Christian Mullgardt, the coordinator for architecture for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition, designed the Spanish-Plateresque-style building. The new structure was completed in 1919 and formally transferred by de Young to the park commissioners. In 1921, de Young added a section, together with a tower that would become the museums signature feature. Michael de Youngs great efforts were honored with the changing of the name to the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum. Another addition, a west wing, was completed in 1925, in 1929 the original Egyptian-style building was declared unsafe and demolished. By 1949, the elaborate cast concrete ornamentation of the original de Young was determined to be a hazard, as part of the agreement that created the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco in 1972, the de Youngs collection of European art was sent to the Legion of Honor. In compensation, the de Young received the right to display the bulk of the organizations anthropological holdings and these include significant pre-Hispanic works from Teotihuacan and Peru, as well as indigenous tribal art from sub-Saharan Africa. The building was damaged by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. It in turn was demolished and replaced by a new building in 2005, the only remaining original elements of the old de Young are the vases and sphinxes located near the Pool of Enchantment. The palm trees in front of the building are original to the site. The de Young showcases American art from the 17th through the 21st centuries, international art, textiles, and costumes, and art from the Americas. The American art collection consists of over 1,000 paintings,800 sculptures, in 1978, the American art collections were transformed by the decision of John D. His bequest in 1979 together with her bequest in 1993 are among the Fine Arts Museums’ single most important gifts of art
De Young Museum
–
de Young
De Young Museum
–
Bouguereau’s Atelier at
Académie Julian,
Paris by
Jefferson David Chalfant (1891)
De Young Museum
–
Museum, with Hamon Tower on the right
22.
Art Gallery of New South Wales
–
The Art Gallery of New South Wales, located in The Domain in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, is the most important public gallery in Sydney and one of the largest in Australia. The Gallerys first public exhibition opened in 1874, admission is free to the general exhibition space, which displays Australian art, European and Asian art. A dedicated Asian Gallery was opened in 2003, on 24 April 1871, a public meeting was convened in Sydney to establish an Academy of Art for the purpose of promoting the fine arts through lectures, art classes and regular exhibitions. From 1872 until 1879 the Academys main activity was the organisation of art exhibitions. The first exhibition of art, under the auspices of the Academy, was held at the Chamber of Commerce. The Gallery’s collection was first housed at Clark’s Assembly Hall in Elizabeth Street where it was open to the public on Friday and Saturday afternoons. In 1882, the first Director, Eliezer Montefiore and his fellow trustees opened the art gallery on Sunday afternoons from 2 pm to 5 pm. The public should be afforded every facility to avail themselves of the educational and civilising influence engendered by an exhibition of works of art, bought, moreover, at the public expense. The destruction of the Garden Palace by fire in 1882 placed pressure on the government to provide a permanent home for the national collection, in 1883 private architect John Horbury Hunt was engaged by the trustees to submit designs. The same year there was a change of name to The National Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Gallery was incorporated by The Library and Art Gallery Act 1899. In 1895, the new Colonial Architect, Walter Liberty Vernon, was given the assignment to design the new permanent gallery, a watercolour gallery was added in 1901 and in 1902 the Grand Oval Lobby was completed. Over 300,000 people came to the Gallery during March, in 1921, the inaugural Archibald Prize was awarded to W. B. McInnes for Desbrowe Annear. The equestrian statues The offerings of peace and The offerings of war by Gilbert Bayes were installed in front of the facade in 1926. James Stuart MacDonald was appointed director and secretary in 1929, in 1936 the inaugural Sulman Prize was awarded to Henry Hanke for La Gitana. John William Ashton was appointed director and secretary in 1937, the first woman to win the Archibald Prize was Nora Heysen in 1938 with her portrait of Madame Elink Schuurman, the wife of the Consul General for the Netherlands. The same year electric light was installed at the Gallery to remain open at night for the first time. In 1943 William Dobell won the Archibald Prize for Joshua Smith, hal Missingham was appointed director and secretary in 1945. In 1958 the Art Gallery of New South Wales Act was amended, in 1969 construction began on the Captain Cook wing to celebrate the bicentenary of Cooks landing in Botany Bay
Art Gallery of New South Wales
–
Art Gallery of New South Wales
Art Gallery of New South Wales
–
Garden Palace
Art Gallery of New South Wales
–
The Art Gallery of New South Wales (c.1900)
Art Gallery of New South Wales
–
W.B. McInnes's Archibald Prize winning Portrait of Miss Collins (1924)
23.
Art Gallery of Ontario
–
The Art Gallery of Ontario is an art museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Its collection includes more than 80,000 works spanning the first century to the present day, the gallery has 45,000 square metres of physical space, making it one of the largest galleries in North America. The photography collection is a part of the collection, as well as an extensive drawing. During the AGOs history, it has hosted and organized some of the worlds most renowned and significant exhibitions, and continues to do so, to this day. Since 1974, the gallery has four major expansions and renovations, typically considered a high number and unseen by most galleries of the world. The most recent are the Weston Family Learning Centre, which opened in October 2011, and the David Milne Research Centre, both projects were designed by Hariri Pontarini Architects. Earlier major renovations were designed by noted architects John C, parkin, Barton Myers and KPMB Architects, and most recently, Frank Gehry. The gallery is located in the Downtown Grange Park district, on Dundas Street West between McCaul and Beverley Streets, the Art Gallery of Ontario is the second most visited art museum in Toronto after the Royal Ontario Museum in 2014. The museum was founded in 1900 by a group of citizens, members of the Ontario Society of Artists. The Legislative Assembly of Ontario subsequently enacted An Act respecting the Art Museum of Toronto in 1903, the museum was renamed the Art Gallery of Toronto in 1919, and subsequently the Art Gallery of Ontario in 1966. The current location of the AGO dates to 1910, when Goldwin Smith bequeathed his historic 1817 Georgian manor, in 1911, the museum leased lands to the south of the manor to the City of Toronto in perpetuity so as to create Grange Park. In 1920, the museum allowed the Ontario College of Art to construct a building on the grounds. The museums first formal exhibitions opened in the Grange in 1913, in 1916, the museum drafted plans to construct a small portion of a new gallery building. Designed by Pearson and Darling in the Beaux-Arts style, excavation of the new facility began in 1916, expansion throughout the 20th century added various galleries, culminating in 1993, which left the AGO with 38,400 square metres of interior space. The AGO was and continues to be a supporter of local arts, which have included shows for the Group of Seven, Betty Goodwin, David Milne. As the institution and its collections grew, major benefactors included Henry Moore, Betty Goodwin, David Blackwood, laidlaw, Joey Tanenbaum, George Weston, Frank Porter Wood, Edward Rogers Wood, Ayala Zacks, Ken Thomson, the Massey family, and the Eaton family. Under the direction of its CEO Matthew Teitelbaum, the AGO embarked on a $254 million redevelopment plan by architect Frank Gehry in 2004, the new addition would require demolition of the 1992 Post-Modernist wing by Barton Myers and Kuwabara Payne McKenna Blumberg Architects. Although Gehry was born in Toronto, and as a child had lived in the neighbourhood as the AGO
Art Gallery of Ontario
–
Art Gallery of Ontario
Art Gallery of Ontario
–
A south view of the first gallery building in 1922
Art Gallery of Ontario
–
The newly constructed façade of the AGO along
Dundas Street
Art Gallery of Ontario
–
The titanium and glass south wing overlooking the Grange and Grange Park
24.
Royal Palace of Milan
–
The Royal Palace of Milan was the seat of government of the Italian city of Milan for many centuries. Today it serves as a centre and home to expositions and exhibitions. Originally designed with a structure of two courtyards, the palace was partially demolished to make room for the Duomo. The palace is located to the right of the facade of the cathedral opposite the Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, the facade of the building follows the style of the ancient courtyard, forming a recess in respect to Piazza del Duomo, known as the Piazzetta Reale. The magnificent Hall of Caryatids can be found on the floor of the building. It occupies the site of the old theatre, which burned down in 1776 and is the room that survived the heavy bombings of 1943. The damage caused by the incendiary and violent air movement was followed by a state of abandonment for over two years, which contributed to serious damage to the building. Many of the interiors of the Palace were lost. The royal palace has ancient origins and it was first called the Palazzo del Broletto Vecchio and was the seat of citys government during the period of medieval communes in the Middle Ages. The palace became a key political centre during the rules of the Torriani, Visconti, after the construction of the Cathedral, the palace was heavily renovated under the government of Francesco Sforza. Under the French rule of Louis XII and of François I, the Gonzaga family were the first to begin to complete the rooms of the complex. This was the era when the first Court Theater was completed, on 24–25 January 1695, a fire destroyed the Court theater. The new theater was designed by Francesco Galli Bibbiena, and his pupils Giandomenico Barbieri and it was completed on 26 December 1717 and it was inaugurated with the opera Costantino by Gasparini. In 1723, a fire struck, damaging the ceremonial halls of the palace. The church of San Gottardo was redecorated with re-painting, stucco, the Cortile dOnore wings housed the chancery, magistrate and accounting offices, the mint, and other administrative and financial offices. The Governor and the Privy council met in new rooms built at the side of the garden. The piano nobile was restored, including the Salone dei Festini, the Governor was housed in the northern and southern wings of the courtyard. In 1745, Gian Luca Pallavicini became governor and minister plenipotentiary of Milan, at his expense, he refurbished the interiors – including furniture, silverware, chinaware and chandeliers –, employing the architect Francesco Croce, active with the Cathedral Workshop
Royal Palace of Milan
–
Palazzo Reale and the square in front as seen from the roof of the Duomo, among the marble spire
Royal Palace of Milan
–
Portrait of
Maria Theresa of Austria made by
Anton von Maron and kept in the Palazzo Reale in representation of the importance of its role for the city of Milan
Royal Palace of Milan
–
Piermarini 18th century Facade.
Royal Palace of Milan
–
The neoclassical grand staircase of the building
25.
New York Times
–
The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
New York Times
–
Cover of The New York Times (November 15, 2012), with the headline story reporting on
Operation Pillar of Defense.
New York Times
–
The Times Square Building, The New York Times ' publishing headquarters, 1913–2007
New York Times
–
The New York Times newsroom, 1942
New York Times
–
A speech in the newsroom after announcement of
Pulitzer Prize winners, 2009
26.
The Guardian
–
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886
The Guardian
–
The Guardian front page on 6 June 2014
The Guardian
–
The Guardian senior news writer Esther Addley interviewing Ecuadorian Foreign Minister
Ricardo Patiño for this article relating to
Julian Assange (August 2014)
The Guardian
–
The Guardian's HQ in
London
The Guardian
–
The Guardian' s Newsroom visitor centre and archive (No 60), with an old sign with the name The Manchester Guardian
,_oil_on_canvas,_130_x_88.8_cm,_Mus%C3%A9e_Picasso,_Paris,_France.jpg)
