1.
Nuevo Polanco
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Nuevo Polanco is an area of Mexico City formerly consisting of warehouses and factories, bordering the upscale Polanco on the north across Avenida Ejercito Nacional. Officially it consists of two colonias, Granada and Ampliación Granada and this area is undergoing an accelerated process of re-conversion and development. With a major transformation taking place, it is one of the fastest and most important real estate development areas in the country, many of them integrate in their name the word Polanco thus seeking to capitalize on its reputation. In October 2013, the Secretariat of Urban Development and Housing put a stop to further development until a plan for dealing with the infrastructure problems was approved. At that time the population of Nuevo Polanco was 76,000, twice as high as originally foreseen, Nuevo Polanco had gained attention in the international press as an example of how development can go wrong if there is no proper planning for infrastructure. The area has now largely converted into new shopping and mixed-use developments. The total cost of the complex is quoted between USD800 million and 1.4 billion, the complex claims to be the largest mixed-use development in Latin America and includes the following components, Museo Soumaya, owned by the Carlos Slim Foundation. The museum contains the Slims extensive art, religious relic, historical document, the museum holds works by many of the best known European artists from the 15th to the 20th century including a large collection of casts of sculptures by Auguste Rodin. The building is a shiny silver cloud-like structure reminiscent of a Rodin sculpture, Museo Júmex, opening November 2013, to house part of the Colección Jumex, the contemporary art collection of the Jumex juice company. Plaza Carso shopping center, featuring an 82,500 square feet Saks Fifth Avenue store, together with the atrium this section measures 48,090 square metres. Teatro Cervantes theater, seating 1500 Residential towers, Torre Dalí, Torre Monet and Torre Rodin Office towers, the three buildings are joined on the lower 3 levels by an atrium and the shopping center. The towers are, Torre Telcel - the headquarters of América Móvil are here, Torre Falcon, alto Polanco, on the grounds previously housing the H. Ramírez, Kenya. Alistan plan maestro para Nuevo Polanco
2.
Mexico City
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Mexico City, or City of Mexico, is the capital and most populous city of Mexico. As an alpha global city, Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in the Americas and it is located in the Valley of Mexico, a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres. The city consists of sixteen municipalities, the 2009 estimated population for the city proper was approximately 8.84 million people, with a land area of 1,485 square kilometres. The Greater Mexico City has a domestic product of US$411 billion in 2011. The city was responsible for generating 15. 8% of Mexicos Gross Domestic Product, as a stand-alone country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America—five times as large as Costa Ricas and about the same size as Perus. Mexico’s capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians, the other being Quito. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán, Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the district was created in 1824. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution has controlled both of them, in recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29,2016, it ceased to be called the Federal District and is now in transition to become the countrys 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the federation, it can never become a state, the city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan was founded by the Mexica people in 1325. According to legend, the Mexicas principal god, Huitzilopochtli indicated the site where they were to build their home by presenting an eagle perched on a cactus with a snake in its beak. Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating the other city-states around Lake Texcoco, when the Spaniards arrived, the Aztec Empire had reached much of Mesoamerica, touching both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. After landing in Veracruz, Spanish explorer Hernán Cortés advanced upon Tenochtitlan with the aid of many of the native peoples. Cortés put Moctezuma under house arrest, hoping to rule through him, the Aztecs thought the Spaniards were permanently gone, and they elected a new king, Cuitláhuac, but he soon died, the next king was Cuauhtémoc. Cortés began a siege of Tenochtitlan in May 1521, for three months, the city suffered from the lack of food and water as well as the spread of smallpox brought by the Europeans. Cortés and his allies landed their forces in the south of the island, the Spaniards practically razed Tenochtitlan during the final siege of the conquest. Cortés first settled in Coyoacán, but decided to rebuild the Aztec site to erase all traces of the old order and he did not establish a territory under his own personal rule, but remained loyal to the Spanish crown
3.
Mexico
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Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States, to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers, Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area, Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Three centuries later, this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colonys Mexican War of Independence. The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by instability and many political changes. The Mexican–American War led to the cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, the dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the countrys current political system. Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity, the Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement partners, especially the United States. Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and it is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. By 2050, Mexico could become the fifth or seventh largest economy. The country is considered both a power and middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas. Mexico is a country, ranking fourth in the world by biodiversity. In 2015 it was the 9th most visited country in the world, Mexico is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus and the Pacific Alliance. Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica and this became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence. It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result. After New Spain won independence from Spain, representatives decided to name the new country after its capital and this was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Art museum
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An art museum or art gallery is a building or space for the exhibition of art, usually visual art. Museums can be public or private, but what distinguishes a museum is the ownership of a collection, the term is used for both public galleries, which are non-profit or publicly owned museums that display selected collections of art. On the other hand, private galleries refers to the commercial enterprises for the sale of art, however, both types of gallery may host traveling exhibits or temporary exhibitions including art borrowed from elsewhere. In broad terms, in North American usage, the word gallery alone often implies a private gallery, the term contemporary art gallery refers usually to a privately owned for-profit commercial gallery. These galleries are found clustered together in large urban centers. Smaller cities are home to at least one gallery, but they may also be found in towns or villages. Contemporary art galleries are open to the general public without charge, however. They usually profit by taking a portion of art sales, from 25% to 50% is typical, there are also many non-profit or collective galleries. Some galleries in cities like Tokyo charge the artists a flat rate per day, curators often create group shows that say something about a certain theme, trend in art, or group of associated artists. Galleries sometimes choose to represent artists exclusively, giving them the opportunity to show regularly, a gallerys definition can also include the artist cooperative or artist-run space, which often operates as a space with a more democratic mission and selection process. A vanity gallery is an art gallery that charges fees from artists in order to show their work, the shows are not legitimately curated and will frequently or usually include as many artists as possible. Most art professionals are able to identify them on an artists resume, University art museums and galleries constitute collections of art that are developed, owned, and maintained by all kinds of schools, community colleges, colleges, and universities. This phenomenon exists in both the West and East, making it a global practice, although largely overlooked, there are over 700 university art museums in America alone. This number, in comparison to other kinds of art museums, throughout history, large and expensive works of art have generally been commissioned by religious institutions and monarchs and been displayed in temples, churches, and palaces. Although these collections of art were private, they were made available for viewing for a portion of the public. In classical times, religious institutions began to function as a form of art gallery. Wealthy Roman collectors of engraved gems and other precious objects often donated their collections to temples and it is unclear how easy it was in practice for the public to view these items. At the Palace of Versailles, entrance was restricted to wearing the proper apparel – the appropriate accessories could be hired from shops outside
6.
Carlos Slim
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Carlos Slim Helú is a Mexican business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. From 2010 to 2013, Slim was ranked as the richest person in the world and he derived his fortune from his extensive holdings in a considerable number of Mexican companies through his conglomerate, Grupo Carso. As of 31 July 2016 he was #7 on Forbes listing of The Worlds Billionaires with a net worth estimated at more than $50 billion. He accounts for 40% of the listings on the Mexican Stock Exchange, Slim was born on January 28,1940, in Mexico City, to Julián Slim Haddad and Linda Helú Atta, both Maronite Catholics of Lebanese descent. Slim always knew he wanted to be a businessman, and he began to develop his business, at the age of 11, Carlos invested in a government savings bond that taught him about the concept of compound interest. He eventually saved every financial and business transaction he made into a ledger book which he keeps to this day. At the age of 12, he made his first stock purchase, by the age of 15, Slim had become a shareholder in Mexico’s largest bank. At the age of 17, he earned 200 pesos a week working for his fathers company and he went on to study civil engineering at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, where he also concurrently taught algebra and linear programming. Though Slim was an engineering major because of his fascination with numbers. He took economics courses in Chile once he finished his engineering degree, after graduating from college in 1961, Slim began his career as a stock trader in Mexico, often working 14-hour days. In 1965, profits from Slims private investments reached US$400,000, in addition, he also began laying the financial groundwork for Grupo Carso. In 1965 he also bought Jarritos del Sur, in 1966, worth US$40 million, he founded Inmobiliaria Carso. Companies found within the construction, soft drink, printing, real estate, by 1972, he had established or acquired a further seven businesses in these categories, including one which rented construction equipment. In 1981, Slim acquired a majority stake in Cigarros la Tabacelera Mexicana, Mexicos second largest producer and marketer of cigarettes, in 1982, the Mexican economy contracted rapidly. As many banks were struggling and foreign investors were cutting back on investing and scurrying, Slim began investing heavily, buying troubled assets at depressed prices to resell them later at an attractive price is a business strategy that Slim has executed throughout his career. Having a keen investment eye for value, Slim adhered to his value investment practices with a history of buying stakes in companies he sees as undervalued. In addition, his conglomerate structure allows Slim to purchase numerous stakes that it is made nearly recession proof if one or more sectors of the economy do not do well. From the mid 1960s to the early 1980s, Slim and his family lived a modest life, while earnings from Slims many businesses were re-invested in expansion
7.
Mexico City Metro lines
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The Mexico City Metro is the largest and busiest heavy-rail rapid transit system in Mexico and second in North America, only behind the New York City Subway. AS of 2014, the system is composed of 12 lines denominated 1 through 9,12, A and B, of all stations,115 are underground,54 are at street-level and 26 are elevated. Line 1s Chapultepec - Zaragoza section was the first of the system to be opened, the line was brought to its current length in August 22,1984 with its final extension from Zaragoza to Pantitlán. Line 1 is served by MP-68, NM-83 and NE-92 trains, built in France, Mexico and Spain in 1968,1983 and 1992, transfer with other Metro lines is available at Tacubaya, Balderas, Salto del Agua, Pino Suárez, Candelaria, San Lázaro and Pantitlán. Transfer to the Metrobús bus rapid transit system is available at Tacubaya, Insurgentes, Cuauhtémoc, Balderas, Pino Suárez, the line is built under the following avenues, Observatorio Av. Minas de arena Camino Real a Belén Ferrocarril de Cuernavaca Carlos Lazo Tacubaya Av, pedro Antonio de los Santos Chapultepec Av. Arcos de Belén Balderas Salto del Agua José María Izazaga Isabel La Católica Pino Suárez San Pablo Merced Carretones Esteban Marín Candelaria Juan Pablos Emiliano Zapata Av, ignacio Zaragoza Moctezuma Balbuena Boulevard Puerto Aéreo Gómez Farías Zaragoza Calz. Ignacio Zaragoza Eje 4 Oriente Río Churubusco Adolfo López Mateos Pantitlán Line 2 was the line in the system to open. After two expansions, the line has 24 stations over a track length of 23.431 km. The line has a general northwest-south direction passing through the city center and it starts at the border of the Federal District and the State of Mexico and ends in the city south. It commutes with line 7 at Tacuba, line 3 at Hidalgo, line 8 at Bellas Artes, line 1 at Pino Suárez, lines 8 and 9 at Chabacano, at Tasqueña it links with the Mexico City Light Rail to Xochimilco. It used to be served by NC-82 and some NM-83 trains, Line 2 was the scene of the worst accident in the Mexico City Metros history on October 20,1975, when a crash occurred between two trains at the Viaducto Station. One train was parked at the station picking up passengers when it was hit by train that did not stop in time. Twenty people were killed and several wounded, after that accident, automatic traffic lights were installed in all the lines. Thirteen stations run underground while the ten are surface stations. The line is served by NM-02 trains built in Mexico in 2004. The first section of line 3 was opened in 1970 and it has been expanded five times to comprise 21 stations over a total track length of 23.609 km, of which 21.278 are passenger track, making it the second longest of the system. The line has a general north–south direction passing through the end of downtown Mexico City
8.
Fernando Romero
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Fernando Romero is a Mexican architect. Fernando Romero is the grandson of Mexican, who was a pioneer in the development of several boroughs. His grandfather Raúl Romero Erazo and father Raúl Romero Zenizo continued the family business and he studied architecture at Universidad Iberoamericana in Mexico City from 1991 until 1995, serving as a President of the Alumni Society. In 2012, Fernando Romero lectured as a Visiting Professor at Columbia University in New York City and he is a member of the American Institute of Architects and CAMSAM. In 1995, following graduation, Fernando Romero joined the office of Rem Koolhaas, Office for Metropolitan Architecture, in Rotterdam, in 1999, Fernando Romero served as the Project Leader who won the entry for Casa da Música in Porto, Portugal. Located on a Unesco Heritage Site, the building has become recognized as a distinct international performing arts venue. After its inauguration in 2005, The New York Times described the building as one of the most important concert halls built in the last 100 years, Fernando Romero founded fr·ee in Mexico City in 2000. The work of fr·ee is strongly rooted in research and studies of project context/site, rather than subscribing to an explicit ideology, fr·ees projects embrace diversity and the idea that design should find sustainable solutions which ensure economic viability and social/environmental integrity. Fr·ees work is extensive and comprises a variety of scales, programs, Fernando Romero has lectured and presented the work of fr·ee in all hemispheres. In 2010, fr·ee formed an office in New York City to serve a growing number of cultural, religious. All along in his career, Fernando Romero has been awarded numerous international and national distinctions. 2009 young architecture by the Mexican Architecture Society,2005 Bauhaus award by Villa S. March. 2005 SARAs award by the American architecture society,2004 Bauhaus international award in Germany. 2002 Global leader of tomorrow by World Economic Forum, Romero seeks to capture in his works a contemporary concept through the use of art materials and technology, supported by research from other fields and disciplines. It is commonly referred to by the futuristic and minimalist aesthetic that employs in his works, moreover, he seeks to integrate sustainable and green walls in their projects. The Convention Center, located in Los Cabos, Mexico, was designed by fr·ee to host the 2012 G-20 Los Cabos summit and it has a capacity of 6,500 people and an area of 5,400 square meters. It is set for conferences, exhibitions, festivals and other events and was built in less than seven months, one of the outstanding features is the green wall found in its structure, which is the largest in the world with an area of 2,700 square meters. Eco Museum, Mexico City, described by Fernanda Canales in her book Mexican architecture, the masterplan was designed by Herzog & de Meuron, and the initiative goes back to Chinese artist Ai Weiwei
9.
Museum
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Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public, the goal of serving researchers is increasingly shifting to serving the general public. There are many types of museums, including art museums, natural history museums, science museums, war museums, the city with the largest number of museums is Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries, the English museum comes from the Latin word, and is pluralized as museums. The first museum/library is considered to be the one of Plato in Athens, however, Pausanias gives another place called Museum, namely a small hill in Classical Athens opposite to the Akropolis. The hill was called Mouseion after Mousaious, a man who used to sing on the hill, the purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display items of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the education of the public. The purpose can also depend on ones point of view, to a family looking for entertainment on a Sunday afternoon, a trip to a local history museum or large city art museum could be a fun, and enlightening way to spend the day. To city leaders, a healthy museum community can be seen as a gauge of the health of a city. To a museum professional, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museums mission, Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. In 1829, James Smithsons bequest, that would fund the Smithsonian Institution, stated he wanted to establish an institution for the increase, Museums of natural history in the late 19th century exemplified the Victorian desire for consumption and for order. Gathering all examples of classification of a field of knowledge for research. As American colleges grew in the 19th century, they developed their own natural history collections for the use of their students, while many large museums, such as the Smithsonian Institution, are still respected as research centers, research is no longer a main purpose of most museums. While there is a debate about the purposes of interpretation of a museums collection, there has been a consistent mission to protect. Much care, expertise, and expense is invested in efforts to retard decomposition in aging documents, artifacts, artworks. All museums display objects that are important to a culture, as historian Steven Conn writes, To see the thing itself, with ones own eyes and in a public place, surrounded by other people having some version of the same experience can be enchanting. Museum purposes vary from institution to institution, some favor education over conservation, or vice versa. For example, in the 1970s, the Canada Science and Technology Museum favored education over preservation of their objects and they displayed objects as well as their functions. One exhibit featured a printing press that a staff member used for visitors to create museum memorabilia
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