1.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
2.
Nonprofit organization
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A nonprofit organization is an organization whose purpose is something other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. This is known as the non-distribution constraint, the decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on. The terms nonprofit and not-for-profit are not consistently differentiated across jurisdictions, in laymans terms they are usually equivalent in concept, although in various jurisdictions there are accounting and legal differences. The nonprofit landscape is varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do make up an often high-profile or visible aspect of the sector, overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. e. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving its members. Many NPOs use the model of a bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit. Although NPOs are permitted to generate revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors, many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and executives who work with or without compensation. In some countries, where there is a fee, in general. The extent to which an NPO can generate surplus revenues may be constrained or use of surplus revenues may be restricted. Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization, they may be organized as a corporation or as a trust. Their goal is not to be successful in terms of wealth, NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. Some of the above must be expressed in the charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the authority at each particular jurisdiction. While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose, most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes
3.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
4.
Board of directors
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A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of a corporation or organization, which can include a non-profit organization or a government agency. A board of directors activities are determined by the powers, duties and responsibilities conferred on it by an authority outside itself and these matters are typically detailed in regulations or in the organizations constitution and bylaws. These authorities may specify the number of members of the board, how they are to be chosen, and how often they are to meet. In an organization with voting members, the board is accountable to, and might be subordinate to, the full membership. In a stock corporation, non-executive directors are voted for by the shareholders, the board of directors appoints the chief executive officer of the corporation and sets out the overall strategic direction. In corporations with dispersed ownership, the identification and nomination of directors are often done by the board itself, in a non-stock corporation with no general voting membership, the board is the supreme governing body of the institution, its members are sometimes chosen by the board itself. Other names include Board of directors and advisors, board of governors, board of managers, board of regents, board of trustees and it may also be called the executive board and is often simply referred to as the board. For companies with publicly trading stock, these responsibilities are typically much more rigorous, typically, the board chooses one of its members to be the chairman, who holds whatever title is specified in the bylaws or articles of association. However, in organizations, the members elect the president of the organization. The directors of an organization are the persons who are members of its board, several specific terms categorize directors by the presence or absence of their other relationships to the organization. An inside director is a director who is also an employee, officer, chief executive, major shareholder, inside directors represent the interests of the entitys stakeholders, and often have special knowledge of its inner workings, its financial or market position, and so on. Executive directors often have an area of responsibility in the organization, such as finance, marketing, human resources. An outside director is a member of the board who is not otherwise employed by or engaged with the organization, a typical example is a director who is president of a firm in a different industry. Outside directors are not employees of the company or affiliated with it in any other way, outside directors bring outside experience and perspectives to the board. One of the arguments for having outside directors is that they can keep a eye on the inside directors. Outside directors are unlikely to tolerate insider dealing between insider directors, as outside directors do not benefit from the company or organization, outside directors are often useful in handling disputes between inside directors, or between shareholders and the board. They are thought to be advantageous because they can be objective, director - a person appointed to serve on the board of an organization, such as an institution or business. This practice results in an interlocking directorate, where a small number of individuals have significant influence over a large number of important entities
5.
Corporate title
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Corporate titles or business titles are given to company and organization officials to show what duties and responsibilities they have in the organization. Such titles are used in publicly and privately held for-profit corporations, in addition, many non-profit organizations, educational institutions, partnerships, and sole proprietorships also confer corporate titles. There are considerable variations in the composition and responsibilities of corporate titles, typically, senior managers are higher than vice presidents, although many times a senior officer may also hold a vice president title, such as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer. The board of directors is not part of management itself. A corporation often consists of different businesses, whose senior executives report directly to the CEO or COO, if organized as a division then the top manager is often known as an Executive Vice President. If that business is a subsidiary which has more independence, then the title might be chairman. In many countries, particularly in Europe and Asia, there is an executive board for day-to-day business. In these countries, the CEO presides over the board and the chairman presides over the supervisory board. This ensures a distinction between management by the board and governance by the supervisory board. This seemingly allows for clear lines of authority, there is a strong parallel here with the structure of government, which tends to separate the political cabinet from the management civil service. State laws in the United States traditionally required certain positions to be created within every corporation, such as president, secretary, some states that do not employ the MBCA continue to require that certain offices be established. Under the law of Delaware, where most large US corporations are established, every corporation incorporated in California must have a chairman of the board or a president, as well as a secretary and a chief financial officer. LLC-structured companies are run directly by their members, but the members can agree to appoint officers such as a CEO. American companies are generally led by an executive officer. In some companies, the CEO also has the title of president, in other companies, the president is a different person, and the primary duties of the two positions are defined in the companys bylaws. The next level, which are not executive positions, is middle management and may be called president, director or manager, depending on the size. In British English, the title of managing director is generally synonymous with that of executive officer. These titles are the titles that are used on business cards
6.
Brian Robertson
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Brian David Robbo Robertson is a Scottish rock guitarist, best known as a member of Thin Lizzy and Motörhead. Robertson was born in Clarkston, Renfrewshire, where he was educated, attending Eastwood High School and he studied cello and classical piano for eight years before switching to the guitar and drums. He played in gigs around his local area with bands like Dream Police, in June 1974, Thin Lizzy were auditioning for two new guitarists and a try-out for Robertson was arranged. Aged 18, Robertson was taken on along with Scott Gorham on the lead guitar. The two lead guitarists provided a critical part of Thin Lizzys signature sound, referred to by critics as their twin guitar attack, nightlife and Bad Reputation were the only records that did not feature his songwriting and he performed only on selected tracks from the latter album. Robertsons pioneering, unconventional use of the pedal as an extension of the instrument during soloing rather than as a purely rhythmic effect provided a boost to the band as well. He began drinking heavily towards the end of 1976, in late November of that year, Robertson went to the Speakeasy Club in London with his friend and fellow Scotsman, singer Frankie Miller. A fight ensued, in which Robertson attempted to protect Miller from getting hit in the face with a bottle by putting his hand in the way. The bottle cut straight into Robertsons hand, injuring him badly, Lynott was furious, and replaced Robertson with Gary Moore, whom he had replaced in 1974, for a tour supporting Queen. However, at Gorhams insistence, Lynott allowed Robertson to rejoin the band that June as a guest in Toronto. Gorham had left the songs Opium Trail and Killer Without a Cause without solos so that Robertson could contribute, the two also played lead together on one song, That Womans Gonna Break Your Heart. Robertson was fully reinstated for the remainder of 1977 and into 1978, during which the majority of the tapes for the bands well-known live double LP Live, Robertson formed Wild Horses along with Rainbow bassist Jimmy Bain in 1977, while recovering from his injury. After his final exit from Thin Lizzy in 1978, he returned to the band, achieving only partial success in the UK, the band split up after releasing two albums, Wild Horses and Stand Your Ground. In 1980 Robertson was featured on the Eric Burdon album Darkness Darkness, Robertson appeared for one performance of Thin Lizzys final tour in 1983, alongside other former guitarists. He was featured on the recording of the tour, Life, appearing on the songs Emerald, in 1986 he recorded a cover of Still in Love with You as a tribute to Phil Lynott, appearing alongside Bobby Tench. Robertson joined Motörhead in May 1982, replacing Fast Eddie Clarke as the lead guitarist. He recorded the bands 1983 King Biscuit Flower Hour sessions, remaining to record the album Another Perfect Day and his last appearance with Motörhead was at the Metropol in Berlin, on 11 November 1983. His resistance to playing classic Motörhead songs, coupled with a style which did not fit well with Motörheads aggressive style of music
7.
Music industry
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The modern Western music industry emerged between the 1930s and 1950s, when records replaced sheet music as the most important product in the music business. In the commercial world, the recording industry–a reference to recording performances of songs and pieces, labels outside of these three major labels are referred to as independent labels. The largest portion of the music market for concerts and tours is controlled by Live Nation. Live Nation is a subsidiary of iHeartMedia Inc, which is the largest owner of radio stations in the United States. In the first decades of the 2000s, the industry underwent drastic changes with the advent of widespread digital distribution of music via the Internet. A conspicuous indicator of changes is total music sales, since 2000. In 2011, the largest recorded music retailer in the world was now a digital, Internet-based platform operated by a computer company, printed music in Europe, Music publishing using machine-printed sheet music developed during the Renaissance music era in the mid-15th century. The development of music followed the evolution of printing technologies that were first developed for printing regular books. After the mid-15th century, mechanical techniques for printing music were first developed. The earliest example, a set of chants, dates from about 1465. Prior to this time, music had to be copied out by hand, to copy music notation by hand was a very costly, labor-intensive and time-consuming process, so it was usually undertaken only by monks and priests seeking to preserve sacred music for the church. The few collections of music that are extant were commissioned and owned by wealthy aristocrats. Examples include the Squarcialupi Codex of Italian Trecento music and the Chantilly Codex of French Ars subtilior music, the use of printing enabled sheet music to reproduced much more quickly and at a much lower cost than hand-copying music notation. This helped musical styles to spread to cities and countries more quickly. With music printing, though, a composers music could be printed, as sheet music of major composers pieces and songs began to be printed and distributed in a wider area, this enabled composers and listeners to hear new styles and forms of music. A German composer could buy songs written by an Italian or English composer, and this led to more blending of musical styles from different countries and regions. The pioneer of music printing was Ottaviano Petrucci, a printer and publisher who was able to secure a twenty-year monopoly on printed music in Venice during the 16th century. Venice was one of the business and music centers during this period
8.
RIAA
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The Recording Industry Association of America is a continental North and South American trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says create, the RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D. C. The RIAA was formed in 1952 and its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm,45 rpm. Since 2001, the RIAA has spent $2 to $6 million each year on lobbying in the United States, the RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States. Cary Sherman has been the RIAAs chairman and CEO since 2011, Sherman joined the RIAA as its general counsel in 1997 and became president of the board of directors in 2001, serving in that position until being made chairman and CEO. Mitch Glazier has been the RIAAs senior executive vice president since 2011 and he served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. The past RIAA chairman and CEO is Mitch Bainwol, who served from 2003 to 2011 and he left in 2011 to become president and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, the RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles, the criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales, the awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a program for Latin music sales. Currently, a Disco De Oro is awarded for 30,000 units, the RIAA defines Latin music as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish. In 2006, digital ringtones were added to branch of certification. In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for digital recordings in Spanish and this release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is different from other styles. Gold,50,000 Platinum,100,000 Multi-Platinum,200,000 copies The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music, studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible to moderate. The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers and it has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children
9.
Nettwerk
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Nettwerk Music Group is the umbrella company for Nettwerk Records, Nettwerk Management, and Nettwerk One Publishing. Today, Nettwerk continues to achieve critical and commercial success with label, management and publishing rosters, including Andy Kong, passenger, Christina Perri, Guster, Family of the Year, Ólafur Arnalds, and Perfume Genius. Once out of college, McBride managed a band called Moev. McBride had previously started a label, Noetix, and though it never quite got off the ground, he, the company officially opened its doors in 1985. Their first release was The Grapes of Wraths self-titled EP followed by their full-length and it piqued the attention of Capitol Records, and not only paved the way for a distribution deal for the band but for Nettwerk as a label. Fueled by this and Skinny Puppys success, Nettwerk began to grow, at a show in Halifax, McBride ran into a nineteen-year-old singer-songwriter named Sarah McLachlan – hed been introduced to her music through Jowett, and even tried to recruit her to front Moev. Her parents initially rejected the idea, saying she was too young, McBride offered McLachlan a five record deal on the spot, and she agreed, saying “Ok. At this point, McBride and Jowett had moved Nettwerk into a new office, the first single, Vox, was a sudden hit, and led to her signing a worldwide deal with Arista Records. She followed up with Solace in 1991 and Fumbling Towards Ecstasy in 1993 and it was with 1997’s Surfacing that McLachlan really catapulted, with the two hit singles Building a Mystery and I Will Remember You, and winning two Grammy Awards. Lilith Fair was initially McLachlan’s idea, she was tired of the standard touring, and wanted to do something different, something inventive. Though McBride was resistant at first, he pushed forward, and they assembled a lineup that they then were told was suicidal, Paula Cole, Aimee Mann, Patti Smith, Lisa Loeb and McLachlan to close. It was a success, and the summer they launched a touring version – it grossed $16 million. Founded by McLachlan, McBride, Nettwerk co-owner Dan Fraser and New York talent agent Marty Diamond, Lilith Fair would become one of the most powerful, the Lilith Fair momentum was a huge boost to Nettwerk, yet they still kept taking risks. They signed Barenaked Ladies, at the time viewed as a novelty act, after steady radio promotion, McBride booked the band for a show at City Hall Plaza in Boston to launch their album Stunt. The concert drew 80,000 fans, and the first single, One Week, skyrocketed to number one on the charts, also earning the band a Grammy nomination and they have since gone on to sell over 10 million albums. Nettwerk continued to branch out with new artists on both the side and management division, they brought on Dido in 1999, as well as Sum 41. Avril Lavigne was sixteen when she walked into the Nettwerk offices, Arista had sent her to McBride, hoping to figure out what to make of her extreme talent, though Lavigne would release her records through Arista, she continued with Nettwerk for her management. Nettwerk recognized the resonance in the immediately, and released the album in North America in 2000
10.
EMI
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EMI was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing—also based in London with offices globally. The company was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, other members of the Sony consortium include the Estate of Michael Jackson, The Blackstone Group, and Abu Dhabi–owned investment fund Mubadala Development Company. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording, the companys gramophone manufacturing led to forty years of success with larger-scale electronics and electrical engineering. He was killed in 1942 whilst conducting flight trials on an experimental H2S radar set, post-war, the company resumed its involvement in making broadcasting equipment, notably providing the BBCs second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield. It also manufactured broadcast television cameras for British television production companies as well as for the BBC, the commercial television ITV companies also used them alongside cameras made by Pye and Marconi. Exports of this piece of equipment were low, however, the company was also for many years an internationally respected manufacturer of photomultipliers. This part of the business was transferred to Thorn as part of Thorn-EMI, in 1958 the EMIDEC1100, the UKs first commercially available all-transistor computer, was developed at Hayes under the leadership of Godfrey Hounsfield, an electrical engineer at EMI. In 1973 EMI was awarded a prestigious Queens Award for Technological Innovation for what was called the EMI scanner. After brief, but brilliant, success in the imaging field, EMIs manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies. Subsequently, development and manufacturing activities were sold off to companies and work moved to other towns such as Crawley. Emihus Electronics, based in Glenrothes, Scotland, was owned 51% by Hughes Aircraft, of California, US and it manufactured integrated circuits electrolytic capacitors and, for a short period in the mid-1970s, hand-held calculators under the Gemini name. Early in its life, the Gramophone Company established subsidiary operations in a number of countries in the British Commonwealth, including India, Australia. Over 150,000 78-rpm recordings from around the world are held in EMIs temperature-controlled archive in Hayes, in 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at Abbey Road, London. During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included Arturo Toscanini, Sir Edward Elgar, during this time EMI appointed its first A&R managers. These included George Martin, who brought the Beatles into the EMI fold. When the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1931, at this point RCA had a majority shareholding in the new company, giving RCA chair David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board
11.
Sony BMG
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Sony BMG Music Entertainment was a record music company, which was a 50–50 joint venture between the Sony Corporation of America and Bertelsmann AG. The ventures successor, the again-active Sony Music Entertainment, is 100% owned by the Sony Corporation of America, Sony BMG Music Entertainment began in Skem as the result of a 50–50 joint venture between Sony Music Entertainment and Bertelsmann Music Group completed on March 4,2004. The merger affected all Sony Music and Bertelsmann Music Group companies worldwide except for Japan, financial analysts covering the merger anticipated that up to 2,000 jobs would be cut as a result, saving Sony BMG approximately $350 million annually. The companys chief executive officer is Rolf Schmidt-Holtz, who succeeded Andrew Lack on February 10,2006, in the first half of 2005, the companys share of new releases in the United States declined from 33% to 26% according to Nielsen SoundScan. This, and Lacks negotiation of what called a ill-conceived deal with Bruce Springsteen led to Bertelsmann informing Sony that it would not renew Lacks contract. The company signed a content deal with the video sharing community YouTube. On August 5,2008 Sony Corporation agreed to buy Bertelsmann AGs 50 percent stake in the company for $1.2 billion to get full control. The music company was renamed Sony Music Entertainment and became a unit of Sony Corporation of America, epic Records, one of their labels, was specifically cited for using fake contests in order to hide the fact that the gifts were going to disc jockeys rather than listeners. A scandal ensued over digital rights management software produced and shipped by Sony BMG that automatically installed itself on peoples computers, the scandal and attendant controversy about the practice of software auto-installation spawned several lawsuits. Sony BMG eventually recalled all of the affected CDs, uS-CERT advised, Do not install software from sources that you do not expect to contain software, such as an audio CD. In its Top Flops of 05 issue, the enterprise newsweekly eWeek had to create a new category for the Sony BMG root-kit fiasco, peter Coffee, of eWeek Labs reported, The Sony brand name was already in trouble—it lost 16 percent of its value between 2004 and 2005. Now it has taken a blow among tech-product opinion leaders, weve never done it before, and we hope well never have occasion to do it again but, for 2005, eWeek Labs awards a Stupid Tech Trick grand prize to Sony. EWeek Vol.22, No.50 In October 2007, Sony BMG, alongside other large music firms, successfully sued Jammie Thomas. Ms. Thomas – who made US$36,000 a year – was ordered to pay US$222,000 in damages for making 24 songs available for download on the Kazaa file-sharing network. Thomas had allegedly shared 1702 files in total, the court upholding the award called it a case of willful infringement. Sony did not restrict minor childrens participation in its websites, Sony paid a $1 million fine. Sony Commercial Music Group – Official Site Sony Music Entertainment, Incorporated – Company Profile on Yahoo
12.
Warner Music Canada
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Warner Music Canada is the Canadian division of Warner Music Group. The label previously operated as WEA Canada, the Canadian subsidiary of WEA International and it was founded in 1967 as Warner Reprise Canada Ltd. This list is for artists signed directly to Warner Music Canada
13.
Private copying levy
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A private copying levy is a government-mandated scheme in which a special tax or levy is charged on purchases of recordable media. Such taxes are in place in countries and the income is typically allocated to the developers of content. Levy system may operate in principle as a system of collectivisation, such levies were first introduced in Germany in the 1960s. With the advent of the cassette, legislators were persuaded that cassette recorders would decimate sales of records as friend after friend would then make copies of only one purchased album. Levies today are assessed on recordable compact discs, a form of media that did not exist when levies were first conceived, although the bulk of unrecorded compact discs are actually used in the computing industry, they are still taxed to provide a revenue stream to the recording industry. Levies are often considered a compensation for illegal file sharing, a notable exception in Europe is the UK, that does not allow private copies. On 2015-07-09 the European Parliament approved a resolution asking a review of the levy in the European Union, building on previous resolutions. Implemented systems are restricted to music and may distribute the proceeds proportionally to a measurement of sales of CDs in music shops or amount of air-play on radio or the like. This ignores other distribution channels such as the Internet, and it disproportionally benefits popular artists, fairer methods would arguably involve extensive sampling of purchasers to determine actual recording behaviour, or alternatively paying all musicians at a simple flat-rate. While the prime purpose of levy systems is to compensate authors, in Germany this is even required by law. It acknowledges the purpose of cultural diversity - which is not necessarily identical to free market effects and this funding is usually executed by the same entities that distribute the levy money to individual authors. One may question whether these entities are properly qualified to make culture policy. Levy systems assume that all authors want to exploit their work for money, however this is not always true, especially on the internet. Many authors do not write to entertain, but to inform readers, listeners and viewers, often their purpose is to reach the widest possible audience rather than make the maximum profit from the copyrighted work by itself. The discrepancy between reality and the underlying a levy system is growing as web 2.0 matures, with pervasive user-supplied content. A further problem is to find a proper base for levies. Conceivably the levy may be a percentage of media sales price. The implication of such a scheme is however that the author gets ever less as technology proceeds and becomes less expensive
14.
Internet service provider
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An Internet service provider is an organization that provides services for accessing and using the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service, and colocation. The Internet was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities, by the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. The remaining restrictions were removed by 1995,4 years after the introduction of the World Wide Web, in 1989, the first ISPs were established in Australia and the United States. In Brookline, Massachusetts, The World became the first commercial ISP in the US and its first customer was served in November 1989. On 23 April 2014, the U. S, a possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be municipal broadband, according to Professor Susan Crawford, a legal and technology expert at Harvard Law School. On 10 November 2014, President Barack Obama recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a service in order to preserve net neutrality. On 31 January 2015, AP News reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 to the internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify internet service from one of information to one of the telecommunications and, according to Tom Wheeler, chairman of the FCC, the FCC is expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to the New York Times. On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 and Section 706 in the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to the Internet. The FCC Chairman, Tom Wheeler, commented, This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the First Amendment is a plan to free speech. They both stand for the same concept, on 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules. On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the rule on its new Net Neutrality regulations. ISPs provide Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network, available technologies have ranged from computer modems with acoustic couplers to telephone lines, to television cable, wireless Ethernet, and fiber optics. For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide dial-up, DSL, typically asymmetric digital subscriber line, using fiber-optics to end users is called Fiber To The Home or similar names. Wireless access is another option, including cellular and satellite Internet access, a mailbox provider is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides email servers to send, receive, accept, many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not. Internet hosting services provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services, other services include virtual server, cloud services, or physical server operation
15.
Shaw Communications
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Shaw Communications Inc. is a Canadian telecommunications company that provides telephone, Internet, television, and mobile services all backed by a fibre optic network. Headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, Shaw provides services mostly in British Columbia and Alberta, with systems in Saskatchewan, Manitoba. Through its subsidiary Freedom Mobile, Shaw provides mobile services in areas of British Columbia, Alberta. The companys chief competitor is Telus Communications, Shaw was founded as Capital Cable Television Company, Ltd. in Edmonton, Alberta, in 1966. The company changed its name to Shaw Cablesystems Ltd. and went public on the TSX in 1983, however, two swaps, in 1994 and 2001, with Rogers Cable have resulted in its assets being restricted to Western Canada and a few areas of Northern Ontario. In 1999, Shaw spun out its media properties into a second publicly-traded company, in February 2003, the Florida systems would be sold to Time Warner Cable, while the Texas systems were sold to Cequel III, as part of its then-Cebridge Connections subsidiary. In 2008, Shaw entered the AWS spectrum auction with the intention of becoming a wireless phone provider. The auction ended July 2008, giving Shaw Communications enough spectrum to build a network in its home provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba. This spectrum ultimately went unused and was sold to Rogers Communications in January 2013, in July 2009, Shaw announced its acquisition of Mountain Cablevision, in September, Rogers sued Shaw to block the sale, citing violations of a non-compete clause. However, the suit was dismissed by the Ontario Superior Court. The purchase was approved by the CRTC on October 22,2009, the acquisition was Shaws first cable property east of Sault Ste. Marie since the 2001 swaps with Rogers and Cogeco, on April 30,2009, Shaw announced a deal to acquire three television stations — CHWI-TV in Windsor, Ontario, CKNX-TV in Wingham, Ontario and CKX-TV in Brandon, Manitoba — from CTVglobemedia. However, it was reported on June 30,2009 that Shaw has backed out of the deal and is declining to complete the purchase. CHWI-TV would remain on the air as is, CKNX-TV would become a repeater of London station CFPL-TV in September 2009, canwests newspapers were not part of the Shaw deal and were sold separately to Postmedia Network. The acquisition was completed on October 27,2010, after CRTC approval for the sale was announced on October 22, the campaign was designed by the Vancouver-based agency Rethink, who were also responsible for Bell Canadas beaver characters Frank and Gordon. In April 2013, Shaw Business Solutions took over Enmaxs Envision subsidiary, the acquisition was completed for $225 Million. In 2014, Shaw partnered with Rogers Communications to launch Shomi,1,600 of Shaws 14,000 employees were affected by the consolidation and cuts. In 2013, Shaw attempted to begin developing an IPTV-based platform for its television services, however, after experiencing issues developing the platform, Shaw took a $55 million write-down in June 2015, and announced that it was licensing Comcasts cloud-based X1 architecture
16.
Telus
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The company is based in the Vancouver, British Columbia area, it was originally based in Edmonton, Alberta, before its merger with BCTel in 1999. Teluss wireless division, Telus Mobility, offers HSPA+, and LTE-based mobile phone networks, Telus is the incumbent local exchange carrier in British Columbia and Alberta. Teluss primary competitors are Shaw Communications in the Western provinces, and Bell Canada, Telus is a member of the British Columbia Technology Industry Association. In 1995, it acquired Edmonton Telephones Corporation from the City of Edmonton making Telus the sole provider of service in Alberta. In 1996, Telus was introduced to the public as the consumer brand, in 1998, Telus and BCTel announced a proposed merger. The merger was completed in 1999, with the name slightly modified to Telus Corporation. While the merged company chose to retain the Telus name, it moved its headquarters from Edmonton to Vancouver, the merger created Canadas second largest telcom, with 22% of market share compared to Bell Canadas 42%. In 1966, the Anglo-Canadian Telephone Company, a subsidiary of General Telephone and Electronics of Stamford, Connecticut, Anglo-Canadian also owned BCTel, and GTE also owned services in Barbados, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. In 1997, Groupe QuébecTel was established to own Québec Téléphone, following the merger of BCTel with Telus of Alberta, GTE sold its interests in Québec Téléphone to Telus in August 2000, which renamed it Telus Québec on April 2,2001. In late 2004, American telecom Verizon Communications sold its 20. 5% stake in Telus and this was so that Verizon could focus more on its own services. After the Telus-BCTel merger, unionized employees voted to certify the Telecommunications Workers Union as the bargaining agent for the expanded companys workforce. The TWU had previously been the union representing BCTel employees - it replaced the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers in Alberta, a labour dispute between Telus and the TWU began after the previous contract, negotiated with BCTel before the Telus merger, expired at the end of 2000. The next day the union went on strike, although the union referred to the dispute as a lockout. On July 25,2005, Telus blocked its Internet subscribers from accessing a website supporting striking union members, the company expressed concerns over content on the site, saying it identified employees crossing picket lines and encouraged disruptive behaviour, while the union alleged it amounted to censorship. An Alberta court injunction ordered the website, Voices For Change, to remove postings of Telus employee photos. The site owner agreed to comply and Telus unblocked the website, Telus and the TWU ratified a tentative agreement on November 18,2005, ending the dispute. The company again closed to new business in June 2012, in February 2013, Telus exchanged all non-voting shares into common shares on a one-for-one basis. In October 2013, Telus acquired minor mobile phone provider Public Mobile, in October 2008, Telus was named one of British Columbias Top Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc. which was announced by The Vancouver Sun, The Province and the Victoria Times-Colonist
17.
Rogers Communications
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Rogers Communications Inc. is a Canadian communications and media company. It operates particularly in the field of communications, cable television, telephone. The present enterprise dates to 1960, when Rogers son, Ted Rogers and that company acquired CHFI that year, as well as Aldred-Rogers Broadcasting, a partnership with Joel Aldred which helped launch CFTO in 1961. Rogers later bought out Aldred and started the current cable and wireless operations, however, the company also competes nationally with Telus for wireless services, and primarily indirectly with Shaw Communications for television service. This was a breakthrough in the technology and became a key factor in popularizing radio reception, after this invention radios became far more commonplace in the world. No power transformers were needed in these radios In 1931, Rogers Sr. was awarded an experimental television licence in Canada and he was working on radar when, on May 6,1939 he died suddenly due to complications of a hemorrhage. He left a widow, Velma, and a five-year-old son, while his business interests were sold, his son later determined to carry on his fathers business. While Ted Rogers was a student with Tory, Tory, DesLauriers & Binnington, he started Rogers Radio Broadcasting Limited. In 1962, he pioneered stereo broadcasting in FM with CHFI, by making available FM radios to boost FM penetration, which was only at 3% at the time, Ted Rogers was able to make more Canadians aware of FM transmitters. CHFI-FM quickly became one of Canadas most listened to FM radio stations and one of the most popular, Rogerss interests in radio led him to cable television in the mid-1960s. He entered the business in 1967, and was awarded television licences for areas in and around Toronto. In 1974, Rogers Cable Communications expanded past 12 channels, including several multicultural channels, through a reverse-takeover in 1979, Ted Rogerss company, Rogers Cable TV Limited, acquired control of Canadian Cablesystems Limited. In 1980, the company purchased Premier Communications Limited, which almost doubled the number of cable subscribers, as a founding shareholder of Rogers Cantel Inc. which commenced service in 1985, the company entered the mobile phone market. The company operated a national telephone network in Canada in competition with the established telephone companies. Rogers Cantel Mobile Communications Inc. which is now called Rogers Wireless, is now a public company 51% of which is owned by Rogers Communications, between 1979 and 1982, Rogers Communications acquired and built a number of cable television systems in the United States. In March 1989, the completed the sale of its US cable television interests for CDN $1.581 billion. In 1986, Rogers Cablesystems changes its name to present-day Rogers Communications Inc and this led to Rogers Communications Inc. acquiring 40% of Unitel Communications, formerly CNCP Telecommunications, in September 1989. Unitel was granted permission by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission in June 1992 to compete with the Canadian telephone monopolies in the long-distance market, in January 1993, 20% of Unitel Communications was sold to AT&T Corporation
18.
Bell Canada
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Bell Canada is a Canadian telecommunications and media company headquartered in Montreal, Quebec. Its subsidiary Bell Mobility is one of Canadas big three mobile telecommunications providers, while Bell TV provides direct-to-home satellite TV service, Bell Canadas principal competitors are Rogers Communications Canada in Ontario and Vidéotron General Partnership and Telus in Quebec. The company serves over 13 million phone lines and is headquartered at the Campus Bell complex in Montreal, Bell Canada is one of the main assets of the conglomerate BCE Inc. formerly known as Bell Canada Enterprises, Inc. BCE ranked number 262 on the 2011 edition of the Forbes Global 2000 list, Bell Canada operated as the Canadian subsidiary of the Bell System from 1880 to 1975. However, unlike the other regional Bell operating companies, Bell Canada had its own research, in March 1876 he successfully patented his invention in the United States under the title of Improvement In Telegraphy. His device later adopted the now used worldwide, the telephone. In exchange for 1,000 telephones to be provided to the Canadian market, the first supplier of telephones to Bell was a company established by Thomas C. Cowherd and his son James H. Cowherd, in a brick building in Brantford, Ontario. With a government-granted monopoly on Canadian long-distance telephone service, The Bell Telephone Company of Canada was serving 237,000 subscribers by 1914, since its early years The Bell Telephone Company of Canada, Ltd. had been known colloquially as The Bell or Bell Telephone. On March 7,1968, Canadian federal legislation renamed The Bell Telephone Company of Canada, Bell Canada extended lines from Nova Scotia to the foot of the Rocky Mountains in what is now Alberta. However, most of the given to meeting demand for service focused on major cities in Ontario, Quebec. Newfoundland and Labrador joined Canada with several companies, and a government operation that was transferred to the control of Canadian National Railways. Bell acquired interests in all Atlantic companies during the early 1960s, Bell acquired controlling interest in Maritime Telephone and Telegraph Company, later known as MT&T, which also owned PEI-based Island Telephone, and in Bruncorp, the parent company of NBTel in 1966. The purchase of MT&T was made despite efforts of the Nova Scotia legislature on September 10,1966, bell-owned MT&T absorbed some 120 independent companies, most serving fewer than 50 customers each. Bell-owned NewTel purchased the CNR-owned Terra Nova Tel in 1988, newtel, Bruncorp, MT&T and Island Tel later merged into Aliant in the late 1990s, in which Bell Canada now owns. On January 1,2011, Bell purchased the technology services company xwave. Independent companies appeared in areas of Ontario, Quebec and the Maritime provinces without adequate Bell Canada service. Alongside the acquisition of Charon Systems, Nexxlink now operates today as Bell Business Solutions—a division of Bell Canada, Quebec, however, still has large swaths of relatively rural areas served by Telus Québec and Télébec and by some 20 small independent companies
19.
Bell Internet
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Bell Internet, originally and frequently still called Sympatico, is the residential Internet service provider division of BCE Inc. As of May 3,2012, Bell Internet has over 3 million subscribers in Ontario and Quebec, Bell Fibe Internet is offered at the following speeds, 15/10 Mbit/s, 25/10 Mbit/s, 50/10 Mbit/s, 150/50 Mbit/s, 300/100 Mbit/s, and 1 Gbit/s/100 Mbit/s. Sympatico was launched on November 29,1995, starting in Summer 2003, Sympatico tried to differentiate its service from its competitors by adding value-added services. This meant the launch of Radial Points suite of antivirus, firewall, although a fee was originally required, this is no longer the case, as Bell now provides the service at no extra charge for DSL customers. In 2004, Sympatico added a wireless modem-router hardware upgrade and Microsofts MSN Premium software to its portfolio, in Summer 2007, Sympatico packaged its Security suite and wireless home networking modem together with its high speed offering as Sympatico Total Internet. Bell Sympatico changed its name to Bell Internet on August 8,2008, on January 3,2012, customer advocacy blog Stop The Cap. In May 2012, Bell launched new fiber-to-the-home plans and simplified its slower DSL plans, FTTH regions can now download and upload at symmetric speeds of up to 175 Mbit/s. The previous changes for lower bandwidth caps were reverted for the new Fibe 15/1, the Fibe 5/1 plan replaced the older Essential, Essential Plus, Fibe 6 and Fibe 7 plans. The bandwidth cap for Fibe 5/1, however, was lowered from 25 GB to 15 GB, the Fibe 50/50 FTTH plan was removed from Bells website by February 2013. In its place, a Fibe 50/10 FTTN plan was available for the first time. During that same month, usage caps for the 15/10, 25/10 and 50/10 plans were lowered by 15,25 and 75 GB respectively, February also saw the addition of an unlimited Internet usage add-on for Bell Internet. It costs $30/month and can be added to any residential plan and those who subscribe to telephony and residential television from Bell can obtain a $20/month discount on the unlimited Internet usage add-on. When Bell started its DSL Internet service, then known as Sympatico, it offered one DSL modem. Later, it added more models with routing and wireless LAN capabilities built-in, customers previously had to pay extra for such capabilities. Today, both of these features are standard in both all-in-one devices Bell lends to its customers, standard DSL customers must rent Bells 2Wire 2701HG-G device, which can create 802. 11g wireless access point. VDSL customers consist of any service with more than 1 Mbit/s of upload speed, and they must rent the Cellpipe router 802. 11n-capable device instead, which also bundles a superior DSL modem. The SpeedStream 5200 is a basic, legacy device, distributed during the early 2000s, the SpeedStream 6520 is a wireless-capable, legacy device, distributed during the mid-2000s, The back of the SpeedStream 6520. Four RJ45 ports, one USB port and 802. 11g wireless LAN antenna for connectivity can be seen, the 2Wire 2701HG-G is Bells current device for standard DSL customers, distributed since 2009
20.
Copyright infringement
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The copyright holder is typically the works creator, or a publisher or other business to whom copyright has been assigned. Copyright holders routinely invoke legal and technological measures to prevent and penalize copyright infringement, Copyright infringement disputes are usually resolved through direct negotiation, a notice and take down process, or litigation in civil court. Egregious or large-scale commercial infringement, especially when it involves counterfeiting, is sometimes prosecuted via the criminal justice system, estimates of the actual economic impact of copyright infringement vary widely and depend on many factors. The terms piracy and theft are often associated with copyright infringement, the original meaning of piracy is robbery or illegal violence at sea, but the term has been in use for centuries as a synonym for acts of copyright infringement. Theft, meanwhile, emphasizes the potential harm of infringement to copyright holders. However, copyright is a type of property, an area of law distinct from that which covers robbery or theft. Not all copyright infringement results in loss, and the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in 1985 that infringement does not easily equate with theft. The term piracy has been used to refer to the copying, distribution. The practice of labelling the infringement of rights in creative works as piracy predates statutory copyright law. Prior to the Statute of Anne in 1710, the Stationers Company of London in 1557, received a Royal Charter giving the company a monopoly on publication and those who violated the charter were labelled pirates as early as 1603. Copyright holders frequently refer to copyright infringement as theft, courts have distinguished between copyright infringement and theft. For instance, the United States Supreme Court held in Dowling v. United States that bootleg phonorecords did not constitute stolen property, instead, interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft, conversion, or fraud. The Copyright Act even employs a separate term of art to one who misappropriates a copyright. The terms viewjacking and freebooting both have used to describe the unauthorized rehosting of online media, particularly videos. The terms were coined by YouTubers CGP Grey and Brady Haran in the podcast Hello Internet, Grey and Brady came up with the terms in an attempt to find a phrase more emotive than copyright infringement, yet more appropriate than theft. For example, in 2013, the US Army settled a lawsuit with Texas-based company Apptricity, which makes software that allows the army to track their soldiers in real time. In 2004, the US Army paid US$4.5 million for a license of 500 users, while installing the software for more than 9000 users. Major anti-piracy organizations, like the BSA, conduct software licensing audits regularly to ensure full compliance and its just that they want to consume films online and theyre ready to consume films that way and were not necessarily offering them in that way
21.
Peer-to-peer file sharing
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Peer-to-peer file sharing is the distribution and sharing of digital media using peer-to-peer networking technology. The nodes of such networks are end-user computers and distribution servers, several factors contributed to the widespread adoption and facilitation of peer-to-peer file sharing. These included increasing Internet bandwidth, the digitization of physical media. Users were able to either one or more files from one computer to another across the Internet through various file transfer systems. The central index server indexed the users and their shared content, when someone searched for a file, the server searched all available copies of that file and presented them to the user. The files would be transferred directly between the two private computers, a limitation was that only music files could be shared. Because this process occurred on a server, however, Napster was held liable for copyright infringement. It later reopened as a pay service, after Napster was shut down, the most popular peer-to-peer services were Gnutella and Kazaa. These services also allowed users to download files other than music, Napster and eDonkey2000, which both used a central server-based model, may be classified as the first generation of P2P systems. These systems relied on the operation of the respective central servers, the third generation of filesharing networks are the so-called darknets, including networks like Freenet, which provide user anonymity in addition to the independence from central servers. The BitTorrent protocol represents a special case, in principle, it is a filesharing protocol of the first generation, relying on central servers called trackers to coordinate users. However, it does not form a network in the traditional sense, instead new, separate networks of coordinating users are created for every set of files, called a torrent. This allows BitTorrent to encompass certain aspects of a network of the second generation as well. Users create a file containing the metadata of the files they want to share. Peer-to-peer file sharing is also efficient in terms of cost, the system administration overhead is smaller because the user is the provider and usually the provider is the administrator as well. Hence each network can be monitored by the users themselves, at the same time, large servers sometimes require more storage and this increases the cost since the storage has to be rented or bought exclusively for a server. However, usually peer-to-peer file sharing does not require a dedicated server, there is still ongoing discussion about the economic impact of P2P file sharing. This trades off efficiency for longer-term incentive effects for the recording industry, however, it is efficient within the normal meaning of the term in economics in a way that it would not have been had Jack and Jane used subsidized computers or network connections
22.
Internet
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The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990
23.
Peer-to-peer filesharing
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Peer-to-peer file sharing is the distribution and sharing of digital media using peer-to-peer networking technology. The nodes of such networks are end-user computers and distribution servers, several factors contributed to the widespread adoption and facilitation of peer-to-peer file sharing. These included increasing Internet bandwidth, the digitization of physical media. Users were able to either one or more files from one computer to another across the Internet through various file transfer systems. The central index server indexed the users and their shared content, when someone searched for a file, the server searched all available copies of that file and presented them to the user. The files would be transferred directly between the two private computers, a limitation was that only music files could be shared. Because this process occurred on a server, however, Napster was held liable for copyright infringement. It later reopened as a pay service, after Napster was shut down, the most popular peer-to-peer services were Gnutella and Kazaa. These services also allowed users to download files other than music, Napster and eDonkey2000, which both used a central server-based model, may be classified as the first generation of P2P systems. These systems relied on the operation of the respective central servers, the third generation of filesharing networks are the so-called darknets, including networks like Freenet, which provide user anonymity in addition to the independence from central servers. The BitTorrent protocol represents a special case, in principle, it is a filesharing protocol of the first generation, relying on central servers called trackers to coordinate users. However, it does not form a network in the traditional sense, instead new, separate networks of coordinating users are created for every set of files, called a torrent. This allows BitTorrent to encompass certain aspects of a network of the second generation as well. Users create a file containing the metadata of the files they want to share. Peer-to-peer file sharing is also efficient in terms of cost, the system administration overhead is smaller because the user is the provider and usually the provider is the administrator as well. Hence each network can be monitored by the users themselves, at the same time, large servers sometimes require more storage and this increases the cost since the storage has to be rented or bought exclusively for a server. However, usually peer-to-peer file sharing does not require a dedicated server, there is still ongoing discussion about the economic impact of P2P file sharing. This trades off efficiency for longer-term incentive effects for the recording industry, however, it is efficient within the normal meaning of the term in economics in a way that it would not have been had Jack and Jane used subsidized computers or network connections
24.
Private copying
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A private copying levy is a government-mandated scheme in which a special tax or levy is charged on purchases of recordable media. Such taxes are in place in countries and the income is typically allocated to the developers of content. Levy system may operate in principle as a system of collectivisation, such levies were first introduced in Germany in the 1960s. With the advent of the cassette, legislators were persuaded that cassette recorders would decimate sales of records as friend after friend would then make copies of only one purchased album. Levies today are assessed on recordable compact discs, a form of media that did not exist when levies were first conceived, although the bulk of unrecorded compact discs are actually used in the computing industry, they are still taxed to provide a revenue stream to the recording industry. Levies are often considered a compensation for illegal file sharing, a notable exception in Europe is the UK, that does not allow private copies. On 2015-07-09 the European Parliament approved a resolution asking a review of the levy in the European Union, building on previous resolutions. Implemented systems are restricted to music and may distribute the proceeds proportionally to a measurement of sales of CDs in music shops or amount of air-play on radio or the like. This ignores other distribution channels such as the Internet, and it disproportionally benefits popular artists, fairer methods would arguably involve extensive sampling of purchasers to determine actual recording behaviour, or alternatively paying all musicians at a simple flat-rate. While the prime purpose of levy systems is to compensate authors, in Germany this is even required by law. It acknowledges the purpose of cultural diversity - which is not necessarily identical to free market effects and this funding is usually executed by the same entities that distribute the levy money to individual authors. One may question whether these entities are properly qualified to make culture policy. Levy systems assume that all authors want to exploit their work for money, however this is not always true, especially on the internet. Many authors do not write to entertain, but to inform readers, listeners and viewers, often their purpose is to reach the widest possible audience rather than make the maximum profit from the copyrighted work by itself. The discrepancy between reality and the underlying a levy system is growing as web 2.0 matures, with pervasive user-supplied content. A further problem is to find a proper base for levies. Conceivably the levy may be a percentage of media sales price. The implication of such a scheme is however that the author gets ever less as technology proceeds and becomes less expensive
25.
Tariff
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A tariff is a tax on imports or exports. In other languages and very occasionally in English, tariff or its equivalent may also be used to any list of prices. A customs duty or due is the tax levied on the import or export of goods in international trade. In economic sense, a duty is also a kind of consumption tax, a duty levied on goods being imported is referred to as an import duty. Similarly, a duty levied on exports is called an export duty, a tariff, which is actually a list of commodities along with the leviable rate of customs duty, is popularly referred to as a customs duty. This is no longer the case, Customs duty is calculated on the determination of the assessable value in case of those items for which the duty is levied ad valorem. This is often the transaction value unless a customs officer determines assessable value in accordance with the Harmonized System, However, for certain items like petroleum and alcohol, customs duty is realized at a specific rate applied to the volume of the import or export consignments. For the purpose of assessment of duty, products are given an identification code that has come to be known as the Harmonized System code. This code was developed by the World Customs Organization based in Brussels, a Harmonized System code may be from four to ten digits. For example,17.03 is the HS code for molasses from the extraction or refining of sugar, However, within 17.03, the number 17.03.90 stands for Molasses. Introduction of Harmonized System code in 1990s has largely replaced the Standard International Trade Classification, in drawing up the national tariff, the revenue departments often specifies the rate of customs duty with reference to the HS code of the product. A Customs authority in each country is responsible for collecting taxes on the import into or export of goods out of the country, Evasion of customs duties takes place mainly in two ways. In one, the trader under-declares the value so that the value is lower than actual. In a similar vein, a trader can evade customs duty by understatement of quantity or volume of the product of trade, a trader may also evade duty by misrepresenting traded goods, categorizing goods as items which attract lower customs duties. The Evasion of customs duty may take place with or without the collaboration of customs officials, Evasion of customs duty does not necessarily constitute smuggling. Many countries allow a traveler to bring goods into the country duty-free and these goods may be bought at ports and airports or sometimes within one country without attracting the usual government taxes and then brought into another country duty-free. Some countries impose allowances which limit the number or value of items that one person can bring into the country. These restrictions often apply to tobacco, wine, spirits, cosmetics, gifts, often foreign diplomats and UN officials are entitled to duty-free goods
26.
IsoHunt
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IsoHunt is an online torrent files index and repository, where visitors can browse, search, download or upload torrents of various digital content of mostly entertainment nature. It originated in 2003 as isohunt. com website for IRC files search, with 7.4 million unique visitors as of May 2006, isoHunt was one of the most popular BitTorrent search engines. Thousands of torrents were added to and deleted from it every day, users of isoHunt performed over 40 million unique searches per month. On October 19,2008, isoHunt passed the 1 petabyte mark for torrents indexed globally, the site was the third most popular BitTorrent site as of 2008. According to isoHunt, the amount of shared content was more than 14.11 petabytes as of June 13,2012. The site came to an end when the battles that isoHunts founder had been in for years with conglomerates of IP rights holders over allegations of copyright infringing came to a head. A settlement with the MPAA was reached in 2013, stipulating a $110 million reimbursement for damages, by the end of October 2013 however, two sites with content presumably mirrored from isohunt. com were reported in computer media. One of them — isohunt. to — became a de facto replacement of the original site, IsoHunt was founded in January 2003 by Gary Fung, a Canadian national. Its name is derived from the term ISO image, used to describe a 1,1 soft copy of a disk, on February 23,2006, the Motion Picture Association of America issued a press release stating they were suing isoHunt for copyright infringement. On September 2,2009, isoHunt announced the launch of a spinoff site, the goal of hexagon. cc was to have a place for social groups based on certain niches to share specific content relevant to their interests. It is down until further notice, in October 2013 Isohunt announced it would shut down indefinitely. After years of battles over copyright infringement with the MPAA. Under the terms of the settlement Isohunt will shut down the site, Fung also agreed to pay $110 million in damages. Selected items of correspondence between Gary Fung and the MPAA have been posted on isoHunt. com. On February 28,2006 a lawsuit was filed against Gary Fung in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, Fung stands to oppose the MPAA on legal grounds. On December 21,2009, the granted the MPAAs motion for summary judgment, finding isoHunt. As a result, the court went on to issue a permanent injunction prohibiting IsoHunt to continue indexing and linking to infringing content. The site uses an ex-gratia takedown process modelled on the DMCA, Fung argues that isoHunt is merely a search engine to find torrents that are scattered around the web, much the same as Google or any other search engine can be used in the same way
27.
Supreme Court of British Columbia
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The Supreme Court of British Columbia is the superior trial court for the province of British Columbia, Canada. The BCSC hears civil and criminal law cases as well as appeals from the Provincial Court of British Columbia, including supernumerary judges, there are presently 108 judges. There are also 13 Supreme Court masters who hear and dispose of a variety of applications in chambers. The court was established in 1869 as the The Supreme Court of the Mainland of British Columbia to distinguish it from the Supreme Court of Vancouver Island, the two courts merged in 1870 under the present name. The BCSC is a court of record, having jurisdiction in all cases, civil and criminal. The BCSC has inherent jurisdiction under the Constitution of Canada in addition to any jurisdiction granted to it by federal or provincial statute. The BCSC has jurisdiction in any dispute, including those matters where the dollar amount involved is within the jurisdiction of the Small Claims division of the Provincial Court. Under the Criminal Code, the BCSC is included as a court of criminal jurisdiction. The BCSC also hears appeals from the Provincial Court and some administrative tribunals, appeals from its own judgments are heard by the Court of Appeal of British Columbia. The BCSC is also responsible for ceremonies for admitting lawyers. All justices of the BCSC are appointed by the federal cabinet, all BCSC justices have full jurisdiction over any matter before the BCSC. Masters are appointed by the cabinet, on recommendation of the Attorney General in consultation with the Chief Justice. As provincial appointees, masters do not have inherent jurisdiction and their jurisdiction is limited to those matters granted to them by statute and the Rules of Court. Masters preside in chambers, where they usually hear interlocutory applications, masters cannot hear civil trials and do not preside in criminal matters. Masters also sit and hear matters as registrars, hearing such matters as assessments of solicitors fees, the BCSC sits in eight judicial districts called counties. Prior to 1990, there existed in British Columbia a County Court, in 1990, the County Court of B. C. merged with the BCSC and its judges became justices of the BCSC. The judicial districts of the Supreme Court have the boundaries of the counties of the former County Court. The judicial districts are, Cariboo, Kootenay, Nanaimo, Prince Rupert, Vancouver, Victoria, Westminster, the Counties of Vancouver and Westminster are collectively one judicial district under the name of the Vancouver Westminster Judicial District
28.
Chet Baker
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Chesney Henry Chet Baker, Jr. was an American jazz trumpeter, flugelhornist, and vocalist. Baker earned much attention and critical praise through the 1950s, particularly for albums featuring his vocals, Jazz historian Dave Gelly described the promise of Bakers early career as James Dean, Sinatra, and Bix, rolled into one. His well-publicized drug habit also drove his notoriety and fame, Baker was in and his maternal grandmother, Randi Moser, was Norwegian. Baker notes that due to the Great Depression, his father, though talented, had to quit as a musician, Baker began his musical career singing in a church choir. His father introduced him to brass instruments with a trombone, which was replaced with a trumpet when the trombone proved too large, peers later described Baker as a natural musician, and that playing came effortlessly to him. Baker received some education at Glendale Junior High School. He was posted to Berlin, where he joined the 298th Army band, after leaving the army in 1948, he studied theory and harmony at El Camino College in Los Angeles. He dropped out in his year, however, re-enlisting in the army in 1950. Baker became a member of the Sixth Army Band at the Presidio in San Francisco, but was spending time in San Francisco jazz clubs such as Bop City. In 1952, Baker once again obtained a discharge from the army to pursue a career as a professional musician, in 1952, Baker joined the Gerry Mulligan Quartet, which was an instant phenomenon. Several things made the Mulligan/Baker group special, the most prominent of which being the interplay between Mulligans baritone sax and Bakers trumpet, the Quartets version of My Funny Valentine, featuring a Baker solo, was a hit, and became a tune with which Baker was intimately associated. With the Quartet, Baker was a performer at Los Angeles jazz clubs such as The Haig. The Quartet found success quickly, but lasted less than a year because of Mulligans arrest and imprisonment on drug charges. Baker formed his own quartet with pianist and composer Russ Freeman in 1953, along with bassists Carson Smith, Joe Mondragon, and Jimmy Bond and drummers Shelly Manne, Larry Bunker, and Bob Neel. The Chet Baker Quartet found success with their sets. In 1953 and 1954, Baker won the Down Beat and Metronome magazines Readers Jazz Polls, down Beat readers also voted Baker as the top jazz vocalist in 1954. In 1956, Pacific Jazz released Chet Baker Sings, a record that increased his profile but alienated traditional jazz fans, Bakers chiseled features led to an approach by Hollywood studios, and he made his acting debut in the film Hells Horizon, released in the fall of 1955. He declined an offer of a contract, preferring life on the road as a musician
29.
The Last Waltz (1978 album)
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The Last Waltz is a triple album by the Band, released on Warner Bros. Records in 1978, catalogue 3WS3146. It is the soundtrack to the 1978 film of the name. It peaked at #16 on the Billboard 200, the triple-album documents the Bands farewell concert which took place at Bill Grahams Winterland Ballroom on Thanksgiving Day 1976. The event included an actual Thanksgiving dinner for 5000 attendees, with ballroom dancing, the concert featured songs by the Band interspersed with the group backing up a variety of musical guests. These included many with whom they had worked in the past, notably their previous employers Ronnie Hawkins, van Morrison, a Woodstock neighbor, had co-written and sung on the track 4% Pantomime for the Cahoots album. Sides one through five of the album consisted of songs taken from the concert, Side six comprised The Last Waltz Suite, new numbers composed by Robertson and performed by the Band on an MGM soundstage. The suite featured Emmylou Harris and, on a remake of The Weight, Roebuck, the music received overdubs at Village Recorders and Shangri-La Studios in post-production, owing to faults recorded during the concert. On April 16,2002, a box set reissue of the arrived in stores. Side one Side two Side three Side four Side five Side six The Last Waltz Suite written by Robbie Robertson
30.
Right Round
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Right Round is a song performed by American singer/rapper Flo Rida. It was released as the single from his second studio album. The song features guest vocals from American singer Kesha and it was released to radio on 27 January 2009 and was digitally released on 10 February by Poe Boy Entertainment and Atlantic Records. The song heavily samples the chorus of the 1984 Dead or Alive song You Spin Me Round in its hook, according to one of the songs writers, the chorus refers to oral sex. Kesha contributed guest vocals to the song, but was uncredited in the United States, the singles accompanying music video was directed by Malcolm Jones and nominated for an MTV Video Music Award. The song has been used in movies, such as The Hangover, The Ugly Truth. In the movie Pitch Perfect, the song is performed by the a group the Treblemakers. This song is the track on the UK compilation Now 72. The song is one of the singles in the digital era, with over 12 million certified downloads, making it, Flo Ridas best selling single. The track was produced by Dr. Luke and Kool Kojak, at the end of 2008, Luke was working on a track with Flo Rida called Right Round and the two decided they needed a female hook. Luke pulled Kesha into the studio to record the vocals, Flo Rida explained that he listened to You Spin Me Round and similar records growing up as a result of the varying music genres his seven sisters listened to. Ultimately, his A&R Aaron Bay-Schuck came up with the idea to sample You Spin Me Round in a song, co-A&R Mike Caren then brought the sample to the attention of Flo Rida. As R. O. O. T. S. was Flo Ridas second studio album, he wanted to show listeners musical growth by broaden my horizons, after Luke produced the sample, the song was recorded. In the same night the song was written Aaron Bay-Schuck, Bruno Mars and Philip Lawrance decided to go to the studio and it was recorded primarily at Conway Studios in Hollywood, California, with additional recording at Atlantic Studios, also located in Hollywood. This is the first of three collaborations between Flo Rida and Dr. Luke, the songs Who Dat Girl and Good Feeling would follow. Also, with the use of the DJ Frank E shuffle beat in the songs production, the two would later actually meet together and collaborate on the songs Me & U, Turn Around, and more famously, Whistle. The song is swaggering and bass-heavy, according to Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly, the lyrics discuss being in a strip club with friends and tossing money at a woman performing a striptease. Additionally, the chorus line You spin my head right round, right round / When you go down, Bruno Mars, co-writer of the song confirmed in an interview with Entertainment Weekly that the songs chorus was referring to oral sex
31.
Flo Rida
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Tramar Lacel Dillard, known professionally as Flo Rida, is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter from Carol City, Florida. His 2008 breakout single Low was number one for 10 weeks in the United States, Flo Ridas debut studio album, 2008s Mail on Sunday, reached number four in the US. The album was succeeded by R. O. O. T. S and his subsequent albums, 2010s Only One Flo and 2012s Wild Ones, also charted on the US Billboard 200 chart. Flo Rida has sold over 80 million digital downloads, making him one of the music artists. His catalog includes the international singles Right Round, Club Cant Handle Me, Good Feeling, Wild Ones, Whistle, I Cry, G. D. F. R. and My House. Flo Rida was born as Tramar Lacel Dillard in Carol City, Florida and his parents raised him and his seven sisters together, some of whom sang in a local gospel group. His brother-in-law was a man for local rap group 2 Live Crew. The GroundHoggz had been a group, with members who lived in the same apartment complex as Flo Rida. They started recording at underground studios in Carver Ranches, the GroundHoggz, in this four-man incarnation, remained together for eight years. Flo Ridas work with 2 Live Crew member Fresh Kid Ice, attracted the attention of DeVante Swing, however, he was rejected by several of the major labels, so he sought many other jobs outside of music. After graduating from school in 1998, he studied international business management at the University of Nevada. He returned to Florida to continue pursuing his career after receiving a phone call from a representative of the independent label Poe Boy Entertainment. Flo Rida signed with Hot Boyz, in 2000 and with Poe Boy, in 2004 and began affiliating himself for Cash Money with other Southern hip hop artists, such as Rick Ross, Trina, T-Pain, and Trick Daddy. A promotional single entitled Birthday, featuring Rick Ross, was his first significant release. He made his debut guest appearance with the song Bitch Im From Dade County on DJ Khaleds album We the Best, which also features Trick Daddy, Trina, Rick Ross, Brisco, C-Ride, Flo Ridas debut album, Mail on Sunday, was released in March 2008. The first single was Low, featuring T-Pain, which was included in the soundtrack to the movie Step Up 2. Low reached No.1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, Elevator, featuring Timbaland, In the Ayer featuring will. i. am, and Roll featuring Sean Kingston followed, and both charted on the Hot 100 and other charts. In addition to T-Pain, there were featured guests throughout Mail on Sunday
32.
Kesha
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Kesha Rose Sebert is an American singer, songwriter, and rapper. In 2005, at age 18, Kesha was signed to producer Dr. Lukes label Kemosabe Records and her breakthrough came in early 2009 after appearing on American rapper Flo Ridas number-one single Right Round. Her debut album, Animal, and her first extended play, Keshas music and image propelled her to immediate commercial success, with Animal debuting as the number-one album in the United States. She also achieved two number-one singles, Tik Tok and We R Who We R, and a string of singles from the album. At the same time, she continued to write songs for other artists, Warrior, her second studio album, was released in 2012, spawning Keshas eighth top-ten single with Die Young, and her ninth and tenth Top 40 hits with CMon and Crazy Kids. Tik Tok is among the digital singles in history, selling over 14 million units internationally. Influenced by various genres and artists, Kesha primarily draws inspiration from music of the 1980s, Madonna, Queen, after experimenting with country, pop rock, and electronic music, Kesha stuck with the latter. Thematically, her music generally revolves around escapism, partying, individuality, supernatural moments, rebellion, Kesha has been involved with animal rights and LGBT activism. She has received awards and nominations, including her win for MTV Europe Music Award for Best New Act in 2010. As of November 2013, she has sold over 33 million records in the United States and 60 million records worldwide. Her recorded output has been curtailed since 2013 due to a dispute with her former producer Dr. Luke. Kesha alleged physical and emotional abuse and employment discrimination against Dr. Luke, while Dr. Luke claims breach of contract, Kesha was born in Los Angeles, California. Pebe, a mother, struggled financially while supporting herself, Kesha. When Kesha was an infant, Pebe would often have to look after her onstage while performing, Kesha says she has no knowledge of her fathers identity, though she has speculated that he may be Mick Jagger. Her mother is of German and Hungarian descent, one of Keshas great-grandfathers was Polish. Pebe moved the family to Nashville, Tennessee, in 1991 after securing a new publishing deal for her songwriting, Pebe frequently brought Kesha and her brothers along to recording studios and encouraged Kesha to sing when she noticed Keshas vocal talent. Kesha attended Franklin High School and Brentwood High School, but claimed that she did not fit in and she played the trumpet and later the saxophone in the marching band in school, and described herself in an interview with NPR as being a diligent student. After attaining a score on her SATs, she was offered a full scholarship at Barnard College
33.
A Moment Like This
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A Moment Like This is the debut single by American singer Kelly Clarkson, the winner of the first season of American Idol. It was released as a side with Before Your Love. The song was included on her debut album, Thankful. It is her song from American Idol. In 2006, the song was recorded and released by British singer Leona Lewis and her version gained the Christmas number one, outselling the rest of the top 40 combined. Lewis version has sold 914,000 copies as of 2015, the song was co-written by Jörgen Elofsson and John Reid and produced by Stephen Ferrera and Steve Mac. It was written to be the first single for the winner of the first season of American Idol. As a result, the four remaining finalists, Kelly Clarkson, Justin Guarini, Nikki McKibbin, the song was first revealed to the public when Guarini and Clarkson competed in a final showdown while singing this song, along with another track, Before Your Love. After the American public had voted, Guarini performed the song at the show before the results were revealed. When Clarkson was announced as the winner, she became emotional, a Moment Like This/Before Your Love was certified gold by RIAA on October 18,2002. As of June 4,2009, the single has sold approximately 1,047,000 copies, on March 5,2013, Billboard ranked the song #11 in its list of Top 100 American Idol Hits of All Time. This song received positive reviews. David Browne, also of Entertainment Weekly, wrote, A choir at the end of A Moment Like This is meant to indicate earthiness, arion Berger of Rolling Stone wrote that this song signaled that Kelly might be headed toward the Mariah-Whitney-Celine radio-ballad sausage mill. Sal Cinuqemani of Slant Magazine wrote that song is Adult Contemporary goo. He also marked this song as a standout on album Thankful, the Huffington Post ranked the song at number 11 on The 33 Greatest Pop Divas’ Debut Singles list. As the first single ever from American Idol, much pressure was put on A Moment Like This to perform well. The single became a hit in the U. S. debuting at number 60 on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 21,2002 and it sold 236,000 in its first week. It topped the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks, and remained on the chart for twenty consecutive weeks
34.
Kelly Clarkson
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Kelly Brianne Clarkson is an American singer and songwriter. She rose to fame in 2002 after winning the first season of American Idol, Clarksons debut single, A Moment Like This, topped the Billboard Hot 100 and became the best-selling single of 2002 in the U. S. It was followed with her studio album, Thankful, which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. Trying to reinvent her own image, Clarkson decided to part ways with American Idol management and developed a pop sound for her second album. It sold over 15 million copies worldwide and earned Clarkson two Grammy Awards and she took further creative control for her third album, My December, by becoming the executive producer and co-writing the entire material. However, it caused feud with her label, that was dissatisfied with her darker, less commercial rock music, Clarkson returned to the top of the charts with her more mainstream-oriented fourth album, All I Ever Wanted. Its lead single, My Life Would Suck Without You, holds the record for the biggest jump to one on the Billboard Hot 100. She scored another Hot 100 number-one single with Stronger from her studio album. Clarkson also became the first act to win the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album twice. Her sixth studio album and first Christmas record, Wrapped in Red, ended up as the holiday album of the year. Her seventh and final album under RCA, Piece by Piece, was her album to debut at number one on the Billboard 200. Its title track became her eleventh single on the Hot 100. She signed with Atlantic Records in 2016 and has prepared a soul-influenced album for a 2017 release, Clarkson has sold over 70 million records worldwide and scored a total of 100 number ones on the Billboard charts. Her accolades include three Grammy Awards, three MTV Video Music Awards, twelve Billboard Music Awards, four American Music Awards, and two Academy of Country Music Awards. Often called one of the best vocalists in the industry, Clarkson is known for her powerhouse voice and she became the first artist in history to top each of Billboards pop, adult contemporary, country and dance charts. She was ranked nineteenth on VH1s list of 100 Greatest Women in Music, Clarkson has also ventured into television and film, as well as writing childrens book. Clarkson was born in Fort Worth, Texas, to Jeanne Ann, a first-grade English teacher, and Stephen Michael Clarkson and she is the youngest of three children with a brother named Jason and a sister named Alyssa. Clarkson also has two half brothers from her fathers second marriage
35.
Paralyzer
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Paralyzer is the first single from the Canadian rock band Finger Elevens fifth album, Them vs. It was released in March 2007, Finger Elevens frontman Scott Anderson has said that the single has a feel distinct from the rest of Finger Elevens music, possessing more of a funk rock or dance-rock sound. However, the song has also characterized as alternative rock. The song has surpassed One Thing to be Finger Elevens most successful single, One is the original CD version, while the other two are radio edit versions, in which the line containing the word shitty is either censored or replaced with shady. The song alludes to the bands prior hit One Thing with the lyric I should just stay home, if one thing really means one, in addition, the style of the song has been compared to Take Me Out, a 2004 single by indie rock band Franz Ferdinand. The song is played during the New York Islanders warm-ups at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum and it has been featured on the television series Gossip Girl and Greek. The song is also a song in the rhythm game Band Hero by Activision. This song is even on the Rock Band Network, and was introduced as DLC into Rocksmith by Ubisoft. The video was released on YouTube and it starts with a man, walking, who begins to intersperse his steps with dance moves. He looks into windows and in the reflection, he himself with dancers around him. The two begin to dance with the symbolic dancers returning in greater numbers every time the chorus repeats, the video alternates between shots of the band playing on a rooftop that overlooks the dancers in a seemingly abandoned street. The video reached #8 on VH1s weekly VSpot Top 20 Countdown, on the channels year-end Top 40 Videos of 2007, it placed at number 23, despite only having spent one week on its weekly Top 20 Countdown. The music video was taped in downtown Los Angeles, as evidenced by the One Wilshire building located in the background in some shots, Paralyzer debuted on the U. S. Billboard Hot 100 at #97 in June 2007. It proceeded to gain in airplay and digital sales over the months. For the chart week of November 24,2007, it became the bands first-career Top Ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100, rising from #14 to #10 for that catalog week. The song then proceeded to reach a new peak of #6 on the Hot 100 over a month later, the song became the bands first #1 on the Mainstream Rock and Modern Rock charts. The record has since broken by Rise Againsts Savior. The song topped 3 million digital downloads in the United States in late December 2010, and as of January 2015, the track peaked at #12 on the Australian Singles Chart based on downloads alone, an amazing achievement considering eighty percent of single sales come from physical releases
