1.
Voyager Golden Record
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The Voyager Golden Records are phonograph records that were included aboard both Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977. Carl Sagan noted that The spacecraft will be encountered and the record played only if there are advanced space-faring civilizations in interstellar space, but the launching of this bottle into the cosmic ocean says something very hopeful about life on this planet. Thus the record is best seen as a time capsule, the Voyager 1 probe is currently the farthest human made object from Earth. Voyager 1 has reached interstellar space, the region between stars where the plasma is present. This is a present from a small, distant world, a token of our sounds, our science, our images, our music, our thoughts and we are attempting to survive our time so we may live into yours. The contents of the record were selected for NASA by a committee chaired by Carl Sagan of Cornell University, the selection of content for the record took almost a year. Sagan and his associates assembled 116 images and a variety of sounds, such as those made by surf, wind, thunder. The record also includes the inspirational message Per aspera ad astra in Morse code, the collection of images includes many photographs and diagrams both in black and white, and color. The first images are of scientific interest, showing mathematical and physical quantities, the Solar System and its planets, DNA, care was taken to include not only pictures of humanity, but also some of animals, insects, plants and landscapes. Images of humanity depict a range of cultures. These images show food, architecture, and humans in portraits as well as going about their day-to-day lives, many pictures are annotated with one or more indications of scales of time, size, or mass. Some images contain indications of chemical composition, all measures used on the pictures are defined in the first few images using physical references that are likely to be consistent anywhere in the universe. The inclusion of Berrys Johnny B. Goode was controversial, with some claiming that music was adolescent, to which Sagan replied. The Golden Record also carries a long recording of the brainwaves of Ann Druyan. During the recording of the brainwaves, Druyan thought of many topics, including Earths history, civilizations and the problems they face, and what it was like to fall in love. After NASA had received criticism over the nudity on the Pioneer plaque, instead, only a silhouette of the couple was included. However, the record does contain Diagram of vertebrate evolution, by Jon Lomberg, with drawings of an anatomically correct naked male and naked female, the pulsar map and hydrogen molecule diagram are shared in common with the Pioneer plaque. The 116 images are encoded in analogue form and composed of 512 vertical lines, the remainder of the record is audio, designed to be played at 16⅔ revolutions per minute
2.
Sound recording and reproduction
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Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording, prior to the development of analog recording, there were mechanical systems for reproducing instrumental music, such as wind-up music boxes and later, in the late 19th century, player pianos. Analog sound reproduction is the process, with a bigger loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves. Digital recording and reproduction converts the sound signal picked up by the microphone to a digital form by the process of digitization. This lets the audio data be stored and transmitted by a variety of media. Whereas successive copies of an analog recording tend to degrade in quality, as noise is added. A digital audio signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is amplified and connected to a loudspeaker to produce sound, long before sound was first recorded on cylinders or records, music was recorded—first by written music notation, then also by mechanical devices. Fowler, this. cylinder with raised pins on the surface remained the device to produce and reproduce music mechanically until the second half of the nineteenth century. The Banu Musa brothers also invented an automatic flute player, which appears to have been the first programmable machine, according to Fowler, the automata were a robot band that performed. more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection. In the 14th century, Flanders introduced a mechanical bell-ringer controlled by a rotating cylinder, similar designs appeared in barrel organs, musical clocks, barrel pianos, and musical boxes. A music box is a musical instrument that produces sounds by the use of a set of pins placed on a revolving cylinder or disc so as to pluck the tuned teeth of a steel comb. They were developed from musical snuff boxes of the 18th century, some of the more complex boxes also have a tiny drum and/or bells, in addition to the metal comb. The fairground organ, developed in 1892, used a system of accordion-folded punched cardboard books, the player piano, first demonstrated in 1876, used a punched paper scroll that could store an long piece of music. The most sophisticated of the rolls were hand-played, meaning that the roll represented the actual performance of an individual. This technology to record a live performance onto a piano roll was not developed until 1904, piano rolls were in continuous mass production from 1896 to 2008. A1908 U. S. Supreme Court copyright case noted that, in 1902 alone, the use of piano rolls began to decline in the 1920s although one type is still being made today. The first device that could record actual sounds as they passed through the air was the phonautograph, the earliest known recordings of the human voice are phonautograph recordings, called phonautograms, made in 1857. They consist of sheets of paper with sound-wave-modulated white lines created by a stylus that cut through a coating of soot as the paper was passed under it
3.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
4.
Music video
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A music video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys or marketing campaigns for food, although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by terms including illustrated song, filmed insert, promotional film, promotional clip, promotional video, song video. Music videos use a range of styles of contemporary videomaking techniques, including animation, live action filming, documentaries. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation, music, combining these styles and techniques has become more popular because of the variation it presents to the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the songs lyrics, other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the songs live performance. Product placement is a technique in music videos, exemplified by the appearance of the Beats Pill in numerous hip hop videos. In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B, marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various performers to promote sales of their song The Little Lost Child. Using a magic lantern, Thomas projected a series of images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a form of entertainment known as the illustrated song. In 1926, with the arrival of many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers, early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on-camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The early animated films by Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, the Warner Brothers cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Brothers musical films. Live action musical shorts, featuring such performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theaters. Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a short film called St. Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period, soundies, produced and released from 1940 to 1947, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos
5.
Gold
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Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au and atomic number 79. In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly yellow, dense, soft, malleable. Chemically, gold is a metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions, Gold often occurs in free elemental form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in veins, and in alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the element silver and also naturally alloyed with copper. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium, golds atomic number of 79 makes it one of the higher numbered, naturally occurring elements. It is thought to have produced in supernova nucleosynthesis, from the collision of neutron stars. Because the Earth was molten when it was formed, almost all of the present in the early Earth probably sank into the planetary core. Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia, a mixture of acid and hydrochloric acid. Gold also dissolves in solutions of cyanide, which are used in mining and electroplating. Gold dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, but this is not a chemical reaction, as a precious metal, gold has been used for coinage, jewelry, and other arts throughout recorded history. A total of 186,700 tonnes of gold is in existence above ground, the world consumption of new gold produced is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry. Gold is also used in infrared shielding, colored-glass production, gold leafing, certain gold salts are still used as anti-inflammatories in medicine. As of 2014, the worlds largest gold producer by far was China with 450 tonnes, Gold is cognate with similar words in many Germanic languages, deriving via Proto-Germanic *gulþą from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃-. The symbol Au is from the Latin, aurum, the Latin word for gold, the Proto-Indo-European ancestor of aurum was *h₂é-h₂us-o-, meaning glow. This word is derived from the root as *h₂éu̯sōs, the ancestor of the Latin word Aurora. This etymological relationship is presumably behind the frequent claim in scientific publications that aurum meant shining dawn, Gold is the most malleable of all metals, a single gram can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square meter, and an avoirdupois ounce into 300 square feet. Gold leaf can be thin enough to become semi-transparent
6.
Platinum
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Platinum is a chemical element with symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious and its name is derived from the Spanish term platina, translated into little silver. Platinum is a member of the group of elements and group 10 of the periodic table of elements. It has six naturally occurring isotopes and it is one of the rarer elements in Earths crust with an average abundance of approximately 5 μg/kg. It occurs in some nickel and copper ores along with some deposits, mostly in South Africa. Because of its scarcity in Earths crust, only a few hundred tonnes are produced annually, Platinum is one of the least reactive metals. It has remarkable resistance to corrosion, even at high temperatures, consequently, platinum is often found chemically uncombined as native platinum. Because it occurs naturally in the sands of various rivers. Platinum is used in catalytic converters, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts and electrodes, platinum resistance thermometers, dentistry equipment, and jewelry. Being a heavy metal, it leads to health issues upon exposure to its salts, compounds containing platinum, such as cisplatin, oxaliplatin and carboplatin, are applied in chemotherapy against certain types of cancer. Pure platinum is a lustrous, ductile, and malleable, silver-white metal, Platinum is more ductile than gold, silver or copper, thus being the most ductile of pure metals, but it is less malleable than gold. The metal has excellent resistance to corrosion, is stable at temperatures and has stable electrical properties. Platinum reacts with oxygen slowly at high temperatures. It reacts vigorously with fluorine at 500 °C to form platinum tetrafluoride and it is also attacked by chlorine, bromine, iodine, and sulfur. Platinum is insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid, but dissolves in hot aqua regia to form chloroplatinic acid and its physical characteristics and chemical stability make it useful for industrial applications. Its resistance to wear and tarnish is well suited to use in fine jewelry, the most common oxidation states of platinum are +2 and +4. The +1 and +3 oxidation states are common, and are often stabilized by metal bonding in bimetallic species. As is expected, tetracoordinate platinum compounds tend to adopt 16-electron square planar geometries, Platinum has six naturally occurring isotopes, 190Pt, 192Pt, 194Pt, 195Pt, 196Pt, and 198Pt
7.
Diamond
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Diamond is a metastable allotrope of carbon, where the carbon atoms are arranged in a variation of the face-centered cubic crystal structure called a diamond lattice. Diamond is less stable than graphite, but the rate from diamond to graphite is negligible at standard conditions. Diamond is renowned as a material with superlative physical qualities, most of which originate from the covalent bonding between its atoms. In particular, diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any bulk material and those properties determine the major industrial application of diamond in cutting and polishing tools and the scientific applications in diamond knives and diamond anvil cells. Because of its extremely rigid lattice, it can be contaminated by very few types of impurities, such as boron, small amounts of defects or impurities color diamond blue, yellow, brown, green, purple, pink, orange or red. Diamond also has relatively high optical dispersion, most natural diamonds are formed at high temperature and pressure at depths of 140 to 190 kilometers in the Earths mantle. Carbon-containing minerals provide the source, and the growth occurs over periods from 1 billion to 3.3 billion years. Diamonds are brought close to the Earths surface through deep volcanic eruptions by magma, Diamonds can also be produced synthetically in a HPHT method which approximately simulates the conditions in the Earths mantle. An alternative, and completely different growth technique is chemical vapor deposition, several non-diamond materials, which include cubic zirconia and silicon carbide and are often called diamond simulants, resemble diamond in appearance and many properties. Special gemological techniques have developed to distinguish natural diamonds, synthetic diamonds. The word is from the ancient Greek ἀδάμας – adámas unbreakable, the name diamond is derived from the ancient Greek αδάμας, proper, unalterable, unbreakable, untamed, from ἀ-, un- + δαμάω, I overpower, I tame. Diamonds have been known in India for at least 3,000 years, Diamonds have been treasured as gemstones since their use as religious icons in ancient India. Their usage in engraving tools also dates to early human history, later in 1797, the English chemist Smithson Tennant repeated and expanded that experiment. By demonstrating that burning diamond and graphite releases the same amount of gas, the most familiar uses of diamonds today are as gemstones used for adornment, a use which dates back into antiquity, and as industrial abrasives for cutting hard materials. The dispersion of light into spectral colors is the primary gemological characteristic of gem diamonds. In the 20th century, experts in gemology developed methods of grading diamonds, four characteristics, known informally as the four Cs, are now commonly used as the basic descriptors of diamonds, these are carat, cut, color, and clarity. A large, flawless diamond is known as a paragon and these conditions are met in two places on Earth, in the lithospheric mantle below relatively stable continental plates, and at the site of a meteorite strike. The conditions for diamond formation to happen in the mantle occur at considerable depth corresponding to the requirements of temperature and pressure
8.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
9.
George Formby
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George Formby, OBE, was an English actor, singer-songwriter and comedian who became known to a worldwide audience through his films of the 1930s and 1940s. On stage, screen and record he sang light, comical songs, usually playing the ukulele or banjolele, born in Wigan, Lancashire, he was the son of George Formby Sr, from whom he later took his stage name. After an early career as a boy and jockey, Formby took to the music hall stage after the early death of his father in 1921. His early performances were exclusively from his fathers act, including the same songs, jokes. In 1923 he made two career-changing decisions – he purchased a ukulele, and married Beryl Ingham, a performer who became his manager. She insisted that he appear on stage formally dressed, and introduced the ukulele to his performance, after the war his career declined, although he toured the Commonwealth, and continued to appear in variety and pantomime. His last television appearance was in December 1960, two weeks before the death of Beryl, Formbys biographer, Jeffrey Richards, considers that the actor had been able to embody simultaneously Lancashire, the working classes, the people, and the nation. Formby was considered Britains first properly home-grown screen comedian and he was an influence on future comedians—particularly Charlie Drake and Norman Wisdom—and, culturally, on entertainers such as the Beatles, who referred to him in their music. Since his death Formby has been the subject of five biographies, George Formby was born George Hoy Booth at 3 Westminster Street, Wigan, Lancashire, on 26 May 1904. Booth was a music hall comedian and singer who performed under the name George Formby. One of his characters was that of John Willie, an archetypal Lancashire lad. In 1906 Formby Sr was earning £35 a week at the halls, which rose to £325 a week by 1920. Formby Sr was so popular that Marie Lloyd, the music hall singer and actress. Formby was born blind owing to an obstructive caul, although his sight was restored during a violent coughing fit or sneeze when he was a few months old. Formby Sr sent his son away to work as he was worried Formby would watch him on stage, he was against Formby following in his footsteps, saying one fool in the family is enough. After a year working at Middleham, he was apprenticed to Thomas Scourfield at Epsom, where he ran his first professional races at the age of 10, the film is now considered lost, with the last-known copy having been destroyed in 1940. Later in 1915, and with the closure of the English racing season because of the First World War, later that month he returned to England and raced for Lord Derby at his Newmarket stables. Formby continued as a jockey until 1921, although he never won a race, on 8 February 1921 Formby Sr succumbed to his bronchial condition and died, at the age of 45, he was buried in the Catholic section of Warrington Cemetery
10.
RCA Records
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RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
11.
Bluebird Records
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Bluebird Records is a blues and jazz record label known for its low-cost releases in the 1930s and 1940s. Founded by RCA Victor during the Great Depression, Bluebird concentrated on producing and selling music inexpensively and it created what came to be known as the Bluebird sound, which influenced rhythm and blues and early rock and roll. The label was begun in 1932 as a division of RCA Victor by Eli Oberstein, Bluebird competed with other budget labels at the time. Records were made quickly and cheaply, the Bluebird sound came from the session band that was used on many recordings to save money. The band included such as Big Bill Broonzy, Roosevelt Sykes, Washboard Sam. Many blues musicians were brought to Bluebird by Lester Melrose, a talent scout, in these years, Bluebird became the home of Chicago blues. Bluebird also recorded and reissued jazz and big band music and its roster included Ted Weems, Rudy Vallée, Joe Haymes, Artie Shaw, Glenn Miller, Shep Fields, and Earl Hines. During the World War II years, Victor reissued albums by Duke Ellington, Jelly Roll Morton, bluebirds roster for country music included the Monroe Brothers, the Delmore Brothers, Bradley Kincaid. It reissued many titles by Jimmie Rodgers and the Carter Family, after World War II, Bluebird was retired and its previously released titles were reissued on the standard RCA Victor label. In the 1950s RCA Victor revived Bluebird for certain jazz releases and reissues, childrens records, in the mid-1970s it was again reactivated by RCA for a series of 2-LP sets of big band and jazz reissues produced by Frank Driggs. RCA Victors entry into the market was the 35c Timely Tunes. 40 issues appeared from April to July 1931 before the label was deleted, the first Bluebird records appeared in July 1932 along with identically numbered Electradisk records, test-marketed at selected Woolworths stores in New York City. These 8 discs may have sold for as little as 10c, Bluebird records bore a black-on-medium blue label, Electradisks a blue-on-orange label. Electradisks in the 2500 block were dance-band sides recorded on two days in June 1932, the few records in that block that have been seen resemble Crowns, leading to speculation that all were recorded at Crown. The 2500 series may also have been for only in New York City. In May 1933 RCA Victor restarted Bluebird as a 35c general-interest budget record, numbered B-5000 and up, most 1800-series material was immediately reissued on the Buff label, afterwards it ran concurrently with the Electradisk series. Another short-lived concurrent label was Sunrise, which may have made for a store chain. Few discs, and essentially no information, survive, Sunrise and Electradisk were discontinued early in 1934, leaving Bluebird as RCAs only budget priced label
12.
Chattanooga Choo Choo
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Chattanooga Choo Choo is a 1941 song written by Mack Gordon and composed by Harry Warren. It was originally recorded as a tune by Glenn Miller and His Orchestra. The song was a production number in the 20th Century Fox film Sun Valley Serenade. The Glenn Miller recording, RCA Bluebird B-11230-B, became the #1 song across the United States on December 7,1941, the flip side of the single was I Know Why, which was the A side. This is followed by the introduction of four lines before the main part of the song is heard. The main song opens with a dialog between a passenger and a boy, Pardon me, boy, is that the Chattanooga Choo-Choo. Boy, you can give me a shine, after the entire song is sung, the band plays two parts of the main melody as an instrumental, with the instruments imitating the WHOO WHOO of the train as the song ends. The 78-rpm was recorded on May 7,1941, for RCA Victors Bluebird label and became the first to be certified a gold disc on February 10,1942, for 1,200,000 sales. The transcription of this ceremony can be heard on the first of three volumes of RCAs Legendary Performer compilations released by RCA in the 1970s. In the early 1990s a two-channel recording of a portion of the Sun Valley Serenade soundtrack was discovered, the song was written by the team of Mack Gordon and Harry Warren while traveling on the Southern Railways Birmingham Special train. The song tells the story of traveling from New York City to Chattanooga and that train is now a museum artifact. From 1880, most trains bound for Americas South passed through the southeastern Tennessee city of Chattanooga, the most notable reason why the song isnt about any particular train is because of the line, nothing could be finer|than to have your ham and eggs in Carolina. The rails, especially the routes of the early 1900s. Any route from Pennsylvania Station to Chattanooga through Carolina would be disjointed at best, the composition was nominated for an Academy Award in 1941 for Best Song from a movie. The song achieved its success that even though it could not be heard on network radio for much of 1941 due to the ASCAP boycott. In 1996, the 1941 recording of Chattanooga Choo Choo by Glenn Miller, other notable performances include, Cab Calloway and His Orchestra recorded a cover version of Chattanooga Choo Choo for Conqueror Records in 1941. Carmen Miranda recorded a cover on July 25,1942, bill Haley & His Comets released a cover of Chattanooga Choo Choo as a 45 single on Essex Records in 1954. Pianist Floyd Cramer recorded a version on RCA Records in 1962
13.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
14.
Don't Be Cruel
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Dont Be Cruel is a song recorded by Elvis Presley and written by Otis Blackwell and Elvis Presley in 1956. It was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2002, in 2004, it was listed #197 in Rolling Stones list of 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song is ranked as the 173rd greatest song of all time, as well as the sixth best song of 1956. Dont Be Cruel was the first song that Presleys song publishers, Hill and Range, Blackwell was more than happy to give up 50% of the royalties and a co-writing credit to Presley to ensure that the hottest new singer around covered it. Freddy Bienstock, Elvis Music Publisher, gave the explanation for why Elvis received co-writing credit for songs like Dont Be Cruel. In the early days Elvis would show dissatisfaction with some lines and he would make alterations and his name did not appear after the first year. But if Elvis liked the song, the writers would be offered a guarantee of a million records, Presley recorded the song on July 2,1956 during an exhaustive recording session at RCA studios in New York City. During this session he also recorded Hound Dog, and Any Way You Want Me, the song featured Presleys regular band of Scotty Moore on lead guitar, Bill Black on bass, D. J. Fontana on drums, and backing vocals from the Jordanaires. The producing credit was given to RCAs Stephen H and he also ran through 31 takes of Hound Dog. The single was released on July 13,1956 backed with Hound Dog, within a few weeks Hound Dog had risen to #2 on the Pop charts with sales of over one million. Soon after it was overtaken by Dont Be Cruel which took #1 on all three charts, Pop, Country, and R n B. By the end of 1956 it had sold in excess of four million copies, Billboard ranked it as the No.2 song for 1956. Presley performed Dont Be Cruel during all three of his appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show in September 1956 and January 1957, Dont Be Cruel went on to become Presleys biggest selling single recorded in 1956, with sales over six million by 1961. It became a feature of his live sets until his death in 1977. According to author Mark Lewisohn in The Complete Beatles Chronicles The Beatles performed it live from at least 1959 till 1961 if not later, No recording from then is known to survive. They finally recorded a version during the massive 1969 Get Back sessions which has never been released. However ex-Beatles John Lennon, Ringo Starr, Pete Best, Presley was said to be so impressed with Wilsons version that he would later incorporate many of Wilsons mannerisms into future performances. Debbie Harry recorded the song for the Otis Blackwell tribute album Brace Yourself, a cover by American country music duo The Judds peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1987
15.
LP record
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The LP is an analog sound storage medium, a vinyl record format characterized by a speed of 33 1⁄3 rpm, a 12 or 10 inch diameter, and use of the microgroove groove specification. Introduced by Columbia in 1948, it was adopted as a new standard by the entire record industry. Apart from a few relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound, the new product was a 12- or 10-inch fine-grooved disc made of vinyl and played with a smaller-tipped microgroove stylus at a speed of 33 1⁄3 rpm. Each side of a 12-inch LP could play for more than 20 minutes, although the LP was suited to classical music because of its extended continuous playing time, it also allowed a collection of ten or more pop music recordings to be put on a single disc. The use of the word album persisted for the one-disc LP equivalent, the prototype of the LP was the soundtrack disc used by the Vitaphone motion picture sound system, developed by Western Electric and introduced in 1926. For soundtrack purposes, the less than five minutes of playing time of side of a conventional 12-inch 78 rpm disc was not acceptable. The sound had to play continuously for at least 11 minutes, long enough to accompany a full 1, the disc diameter was increased to 16 inches and the speed was reduced to 33 1⁄3 revolutions per minute. Unlike their smaller LP descendants, they were made with the same large standard groove used by 78s, unlike conventional records, the groove started at the inside of the recorded area near the label and proceeded outward toward the edge. Like 78s, early soundtrack discs were pressed in an abrasive shellac compound, syndicated radio programming was distributed on 78 rpm discs beginning in 1928. The desirability of a longer continuous playing time soon led to the adoption of the Vitaphone soundtrack disc format, 16-inch 33 1⁄3 rpm discs playing about 15 minutes per side were used for most of these electrical transcriptions beginning about 1930. Transcriptions were variously recorded inside out like soundtrack discs or with an outside start, some transcriptions were recorded with a vertically modulated hill and dale groove. This was found to allow deeper bass and also an extension of the frequency response. Neither of these was necessarily an advantage in practice because of the limitations of AM broadcasting. Today we can enjoy the benefits of those higher-fidelity recordings, even if the radio audiences could not. Initially, transcription discs were pressed only in shellac, but by 1932 pressings in RCA Victors vinyl-based Victrolac were appearing, by the late 1930s, vinyl was standard for nearly all kinds of pressed discs except ordinary commercial 78s, which continued to be made of shellac. Use of the LPs microgroove standard began in the late 1950s, the King Biscuit Flower Hour is a late example, as are Westwood Ones The Beatle Years and Doctor Demento programs, which were sent to stations on LP at least through 1992. RCA Victor introduced a version of a long-playing record for home use in September 1931. These Program Transcription discs, as Victor called them, played at 33 1⁄3 rpm and used a somewhat finer and they were to be played with a special Chromium Orange chrome-plated steel needle
16.
Harry Belafonte
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Harry Belafonte is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and social activist. One of the most successful CARIBBEAN AMERICAN pop stars in history and his breakthrough album Calypso is the first million-selling LP by a single artist. Belafonte is perhaps best known for singing The Banana Boat Song and he has recorded in many genres, including blues, folk, gospel, show tunes, and American standards. He has also starred in films, most notably in Otto Premingers hit musical Carmen Jones, Island in the Sun. Belafonte was a supporter of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s. Throughout his career, he has been an advocate for political and humanitarian causes, such as the anti-apartheid movement, since 1987, he has been a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. In recent years, he has been a critic of the policies of both the George W. Bush and Barack Obama presidential administrations. Harry Belafonte now acts as the American Civil Liberties Union celebrity ambassador for juvenile justice issues, Belafonte has won three Grammy Awards, including a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, an Emmy Award, and a Tony Award. In 1989, he received the Kennedy Center Honors and he was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1994. In 2014, he received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award at the Academys 6th Annual Governors Awards, in March 2014, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Berklee College of Music in Boston. His mother was born in Jamaica, the child of a Scottish white mother and his father also was born in Jamaica, the child of a black mother and Dutch Jewish father of Sephardi origins. This is all Harry says about his Jewish grandfather, whom he never met, “a white Dutch Jew who drifted over to the islands after chasing gold and diamonds, from 1932 to 1940, he lived with one of his grandmothers in her native country of Jamaica. When he returned to New York City, he attended George Washington High School after which he joined the Navy and served during World War II. In the 1940s, he was working as a assistant in NYC when a tenant gave him, as a gratuity. He fell in love with the art form and also met Sidney Poitier, the financially struggling pair regularly purchased a single seat to local plays, trading places in between acts, after informing the other about the progression of the play. He subsequently received a Tony Award for his participation in the Broadway revue John Murray Andersons Almanac, Belafonte started his career in music as a club singer in New York to pay for his acting classes. The first time he appeared in front of an audience, he was backed by the Charlie Parker band, with guitarist and friend Millard Thomas, Belafonte soon made his debut at the legendary jazz club The Village Vanguard. In 1952, he received a contract with RCA Victor and his first widely released single, which went on to become his signature song with audience participation in virtually all his live performances, was Matilda, recorded April 27,1953
17.
Calypso (album)
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Calypso is the third studio album by recording artist Harry Belafonte, released by RCA Victor in 1956. The album became his second consecutive number-one album on the Billboard Top Pop Albums chart, the first track Day-O largely contributed to the success of the album and it is still the song for which Harry Belafonte is best known, reaching number five on Billboards Pop chart. It is a traditional Jamaican folk song, not a calypso and this was the first album on which it was published. It reached number 14 on Billboards Pop chart, becoming the second hit from the album, calypso is the first LP album to sell over one million copies. Several singles, including Glenn Millers Chattanooga Choo-Choo, Bing Crosbys White Christmas, the album is number four on Billboards Top 100 Album list for having spent 31 weeks at number 1,58 weeks in the top ten, and 99 weeks on the U. S. charts. Allmusic gave the album 5 stars out of 5 and called it, Day-O was used in a dinner scene in the Tim Burton film Beetlejuice. Man Smart was also featured in Beetlejuice as well as The Simpsons and I Love Lucy episodes
18.
Recording Industry Association of America
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The Recording Industry Association of America is a continental North and South American trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says create, the RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D. C. The RIAA was formed in 1952 and its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm,45 rpm. Since 2001, the RIAA has spent $2 to $6 million each year on lobbying in the United States, the RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States. Cary Sherman has been the RIAAs chairman and CEO since 2011, Sherman joined the RIAA as its general counsel in 1997 and became president of the board of directors in 2001, serving in that position until being made chairman and CEO. Mitch Glazier has been the RIAAs senior executive vice president since 2011 and he served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. The past RIAA chairman and CEO is Mitch Bainwol, who served from 2003 to 2011 and he left in 2011 to become president and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, the RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles, the criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales, the awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a program for Latin music sales. Currently, a Disco De Oro is awarded for 30,000 units, the RIAA defines Latin music as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish. In 2006, digital ringtones were added to branch of certification. In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for digital recordings in Spanish and this release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is different from other styles. Gold,50,000 Platinum,100,000 Multi-Platinum,200,000 copies The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music, studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible to moderate. The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers and it has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children
19.
Van Cliburn
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His mother, an accomplished pianist and piano teacher, discovered him playing at age three and mimicking one of her students. She arranged for him to taking lessons. He developed a rich, round tone and a singing voice-like phrasing, having been taught from the start to sing each piece, Van Cliburn toured domestically and overseas. He played for royalty, heads of state, and every U. S. president from Harry S. Truman to Barack Obama, Cliburn was born in Shreveport, Louisiana, the son of Rildia Bee and Harvey Lavan Cliburn Sr. At age three, he began taking lessons from his mother, who had studied under Arthur Friedheim. When Cliburn was six, his father, who worked in the oil industry, moved the family to Kilgore, at age 12, he won a statewide piano competition, which enabled him to debut with the Houston Symphony Orchestra. He entered the Juilliard School in New York City at the age of seventeen and studied under Rosina Lhévinne, at age twenty, Cliburn won the Leventritt Award and made his Carnegie Hall debut. Recognition in Moscow propelled Cliburn to international prominence, Cliburns performance at the competition finale of Tchaikovskys Piano Concerto No.1 and Rachmaninoffs Piano Concerto No.3 on April 13 earned him a standing ovation lasting eight minutes. When it was time to announce a winner, the judges were obliged to ask permission of the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev to give first prize to an American. Cliburn returned home to a parade in New York City. His cover story in Time magazine proclaimed him The Texan Who Conquered Russia, because Im only one of many. Im only a witness and a messenger and that is why Im so grateful that you have honored me in that spirit. RCA Victor signed him to a contract, and his subsequent recording of the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto No.1 won the 1958 Grammy Award for Best Classical Performance. It was certified a gold record in 1961, and it became the first classical album to go platinum and it was the best-selling classical album in the world for more than a decade, eventually going triple-platinum. In 2004, this recording was re-mastered from the original analogue tapes. Other standard repertoire Cliburn recorded include the Schumann Piano Concerto in A minor, Grieg Piano Concerto in A minor,2, Beethoven Piano Concerto No.4 and No.5 Emperor, and the Prokofiev Piano Concerto No.3. Until his death, Cliburn continued to serve as Director Emeritus for the Van Cliburn Foundation, as host of the quadrennial competition, in 1961 he first performed at the Interlochen Center for the Arts during its summer camp. He went on to do so for eighteen years, his last visit to the school being in 2006
20.
Artie Schroeck
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Arthur Artie Bruce Schroeck is an American musician, best known for arranging and composing popular songs and jingles. He has won multiple Clio Awards, such as when he composed the music for the 1981 ABC-TV promo Now is the time and he also composed the 1982 promo Come on along with ABC. He arranged the classic Cant Take My Eyes Off You in 1967 for Frankie Valli and has written or arranged music for other artists including Liza Minnelli, Sammy Davis Jr. In the 1990s, he was a performer at Harrahs in Atlantic City with his wife, singer Linda November, and in 1997, he wrote, arranged. As of 2011, he continues to perform in Las Vegas, Schroeck was born in Irvington, New Jersey, the youngest of four boys, John, William, Harold, and Arthur. Harold eventually left the act at the age of 24 to raise his own family, but Artie continued with his music, in Las Vegas, Schroeck ran into jazz musician Lionel Hampton while they were both in a piano store and they started an impromptu jam session. Hampton immediately invited Schroeck to join his own band, where Schroeck remained for the two years, before leaving to become a professional music arranger at a recording studio. He worked with Neil Diamond, The Lovin Spoonful, Paul Anka, and Frankie Valli, Schroeck also began writing music at this point in his career, such as 1983s Heres to the Band for Frank Sinatra, written with Alfred Nittoli and Sharman Howe. In the 1980s and 90s, Schroeck could often be found performing in Atlantic City, a regular who would come to visit whenever she was in town was Liza Minnelli. Schroeck and November had met in the late 1960s while working together on musical projects, in 1988, they became a couple, and they married in 1996. In 1997, the couple directed a production saluting band leader Spike Jones, The New City Slickers Present a Tribute to Spike Jones, which Schroeck wrote, arranged and his brother Harold was also one of the performers in the show, which featured a nine-piece Spike Jones-style band. The show ran from September 26 – October 5,1997, in 2001, Schroeck and his wife moved to Las Vegas. Schroeck has three children by a previous marriage, the oldest, Shem Schroeck, is also a musician and singer. S. Artie Schroeck does Spike Jones - Concert opening in Atlantic City, ABC promo Now is the time, ABC is the place
21.
Can't Take My Eyes Off You
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Cant Take My Eyes Off You is a 1967 single credited to Frankie Valli. The song was among his biggest hits, earning a record and reaching No.2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for a week. It was co-written by Bob Gaudio, a bandmate of Vallis in The Four Seasons and it was Vallis biggest solo hit until he hit #1 in 1974 with My Eyes Adored You. Cant Take My Eyes Off You has had hundreds of cover versions, the song is a staple of television and film soundtracks, even being featured as part of the plot of some films, such as when the lead characters sing or arrange their own version of the song. The Valli version was used by NASA as a wake-up song for a mission of the Space Shuttle. The song was written by Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio, arrangement was done by Artie Schroeck and Gaudio. The original recording was made at A&R Recording Studios at 799 7th Avenue, with Bob Crewe producing, the song has been covered by some 200 artists over the years, in many countries, under both versions of the title. A few notable examples of cover versions appeared on the charts. The arranger and producer was Nick DeCaro and the conductor was Eddie Karam and this version is included in the soundtrack of the 2001 film Bridget Joness Diary. In 2002 he recorded a new version of the song, as a duet with British actress and singer Denise van Outen, nancy Wilson Engelbert Humperdinck covered the song on his 1968 album A Man Without Love. The Easybeats covered the song on their 1968 album Vigil, only released on the UK/European version of the album, the recording has also been released on Lyngstads compilation albums. In 1970, Brook Benton recorded the song on his album Brook Benton Today. In 1972, Bobby Darin performed the song on his television series, Dean Martin Presents, The Bobby Darin Amusement Company. In 1974, Anna Maria Alberghetti performed the song as part of a medley on the 1974 Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon, in 1975, Julio Iglesias sang the song on his TV show. Shirley Bassey recorded this as a United Artist Single in 1976, in 1978 actors Robert De Niro, Christopher Walken and John Cazale sang the lyrics in the movie The Deer Hunter. In 1982, San Francisco based disco band Boys Town Gang performed a version of the song which reached number one in the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain. This version was successful in Japan, receiving a gold digital certification by the RIAJ in 2011. In 1987, Hong Kong singer Prudence Liew recorded a Cantonese version, in 1989, Michelle Pfeiffer sang the song in The Fabulous Baker Boys
22.
Trademark
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The trademark owner can be an individual, business organization, or any legal entity. A trademark may be located on a package, a label, for the sake of corporate identity, trademarks are often displayed on company buildings. A trademark identifies the owner of a particular product or service. The unauthorized usage of trademarks by producing and trading counterfeit consumer goods is known as brand piracy, the owner of a trademark may pursue legal action against trademark infringement. Most countries require formal registration of a trademark as a precondition for pursuing this type of action, the United States, Canada and other countries also recognize common law trademark rights, which means action can be taken to protect an unregistered trademark if it is in use. Still, common law trademarks offer the holder in general less legal protection than registered trademarks. A trademark may be designated by the symbols, ™ ℠ ® A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image. There is also a range of non-conventional trademarks comprising marks which do not fall into these categories, such as those based on colour, smell. Trademarks which are considered offensive are often rejected according to a nations trademark law, the term trademark is also used informally to refer to any distinguishing attribute by which an individual is readily identified, such as the well-known characteristics of celebrities. When a trademark is used in relation to services rather than products, it may sometimes be called a service mark, in other words, trademarks serve to identify a particular business as the source of goods or services. The use of a trademark in this way is known as trademark use, certain exclusive rights attach to a registered mark. Different goods and services have been classified by the International Classification of Goods, in trademark treatises it is usually reported that blacksmiths who made swords in the Roman Empire are thought of as being the first users of trademarks. Other notable trademarks that have used for a long time include Löwenbräu. The first trademark legislation was passed by the Parliament of England under the reign of King Henry III in 1266, the first modern trademark laws emerged in the late 19th century. In France the first comprehensive system in the world was passed into law in 1857 with the Manufacture. In Britain, the Merchandise Marks Act 1862 made it an offense to imitate anothers trade mark with intent to defraud or to enable another to defraud. In 1875 the Trade Marks Registration Act was passed which allowed formal registration of marks at the UK Patent Office for the first time. Registration was considered to comprise prima facie evidence of ownership of a trade mark, in the United States, Congress first attempted to establish a federal trademark regime in 1870
23.
Perry Como
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Pierino Ronald Perry Como was an American singer and television personality. During a career spanning more than half a century, he recorded exclusively for RCA Victor for 44 years after signing with the label in 1943, Mr. C. as he was nicknamed, sold millions of records for RCA and pioneered a musical variety television show. Como was seen weekly on television from 1949 to 1963, then continued hosting the Kraft Music Hall variety program monthly until 1967 and his television shows and seasonal specials were broadcast throughout the world. Also a popular recording artist, Perry Como released numerous hit records from the 1940s through the 1970s, Comos appeal spanned generations and he was universally respected for both his professional standards and the conduct in his personal life. Como was born in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania and he was the seventh of ten children and the first American-born child of Pietro Como and Lucia Travaglini, who both emigrated to the US in 1910 from the Abruzzese town of Palena, Italy. He did not begin speaking English until he entered school, since the Comos spoke Italian at home. The family had a second-hand organ his father had bought for $3, as soon as Como was able to toddle, he would head to the instrument, pump the bellows, and play music he had heard by ear. Pietro, a hand and an amateur baritone, had all his children attend music lessons even if he could barely afford them. He showed more talent in his teenage years as a trombone player in the towns brass band, playing guitar, singing at weddings. Como was a member of the Canonsburg Italian Band along with the father of singer Bobby Vinton, bandleader Stan Vinton, young Como started helping his family at age 10, working before and after school in Steve Fragapanes barber shop for 50¢ a week. By age 13, he had graduated to having his own chair in the Fragapane barber shop and it was also around this time that young Como lost his weeks wages in a dice game. Filled with shame, he locked himself in his room and did not come out until hunger got the better of him and he managed to tell his father what had happened to the money his family depended on. His father told him he was entitled to make a mistake, when Perry was 14, his father became unable to work because of a severe heart condition. Como and his brothers became the support of the household, despite his musical ability, Comos primary ambition was to become the best barber in Canonsburg. Practicing on his father, young Como mastered the skills well enough to have his own shop at age 14. One of Comos regular customers at the shop owned a Greek coffee house that included a barber shop area. Como had so much work after moving to the coffee house and his customers worked mainly at the nearby steel mills. They were well-paid, did not mind spending money on themselves, Perry did especially well when one of his customers would marry
24.
Oklahoma! (soundtrack)
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Is the original soundtrack album of the 1955 film Oklahoma. An adaptation of the play of the same name. The soundtrack charted No.1 on the Billboard Pop Album Chart in 1956 and has been in continual print, on July 8,1958, it became the first album to be certified gold by the RIAA, and was later certified 2x multi-platinum on April 1,1992. It was originally released as a 42-minute album on the Capitol Records label, and again as with Carousel because of a difference between mono and stereo grooves, it was necessary to cut a very brief section of the music on the stereo release. In 1956, less than a year after the first mono Capitol soundtrack LP was released, featuring Nelson Eddy and a supporting cast, with the chorus and orchestra directed by Lehman Engel, and using the original orchestrations. Although the singing is the same in both, different inflections are noticeable in the spoken dialogue retained on the album, for instance. By order of appearance on soundtrack, gordon MacRae – Curly McLain Shirley Jones – Laurey Williams Charlotte Greenwood – Aunt Eller Murphy Gene Nelson – Will Parker Gloria Grahame – Ado Annie Carnes Rod Steiger – Jud Fry Jay C. Flippen – Ike Skidmore James Whitmore – Andrew Carnes All songs composed by Oscar Hammerstein II, –3,18 The film soundtrack album of Oklahoma. It is the recording of Oklahoma. Ever made, even eclipsing the fame of the pioneering 1943 original Broadway cast album of the show, even the ballet music was included
25.
Eagles (band)
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The Eagles are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1971 by Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, and Randy Meisner. With five number-one singles, six Grammy Awards, five American Music Awards, and six number one albums, the Eagles were one of the most successful musical acts of the 1970s. Hotel California is ranked 37th in Rolling Stones list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and their Greatest Hits was the best selling album of the 20th century in the U. S. They are the music act and the highest-selling American band in U. S. history. The band released their album, Eagles, in 1972. Their next album, Desperado, was successful than the first, only reaching number 41 on the charts. However, the album does contain what would go on to be two of the bands most popular tracks, Desperado and Tequila Sunrise, the band released On the Border in 1974, adding guitarist Don Felder as the fifth member midway through the recording of the album. The album generated two top 40 singles, Already Gone and their first number one, Best of My Love. Their 1975 album One of These Nights included three top 10 singles, One of These Nights, Lyin Eyes, and Take It to the Limit, guitarist and vocalist, Joe Walsh, also joined the band in 1975. The album yielded two singles, New Kid in Town and Hotel California. The Eagles disbanded in July 1980 but reunited in 1994 for the album Hell Freezes Over and they toured consistently and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998. In 2007, the Eagles released Long Road Out of Eden, their first full album in 28 years. The next year launched the Long Road Out of Eden Tour in support of the album. In 2013, they began the extended History of the Eagles Tour in conjunction with the bands documentary release, following the death of Frey in January 2016, Henley stated in several interviews that he didnt think the band would perform again. However, in March 2017 it was announced that the Eagles would be headlining two concerts in July 2017, the Eagles began in early 1971, when Linda Ronstadt and then-manager John Boylan recruited local musicians Glenn Frey and Don Henley for her band. While on the tour, Frey and Henley decided to form a band together, Frey later credited Ronstadt with suggesting Leadon for the band, and arranging for Leadon to play for her so Frey and Henley could approach him about forming a band together. They also pitched the idea to Meisner and brought him on board and these four played live together behind Ronstadt only once for a July concert at Disneyland, but all four appeared on her eponymous album. It was later proposed that J. D. Souther should join the band, the four were signed in September 1971 to Asylum Records, the new label started by David Geffen, who was introduced to Frey by Jackson Browne
26.
Johnnie Taylor
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Johnnie Harrison Taylor was an American vocalist in a wide variety of genres, from blues, rhythm and blues, soul, and gospel to pop, doo-wop and disco. Johnnie Taylor was born in Crawfordsville, Arkansas and he grew up in West Memphis, Arkansas, performing in gospel groups as a youngster. As an adult, he had one release, Somewhere to Lay My Head, on Chicagos Chance Records label in the 1950s, as part of the gospel group Highway QCs, which had been founded by a young Sam Cooke. His singing then was close to that of Sam Cooke, and he was hired to take Cookes place in the latters gospel group. A few years later, after Cooke had established his independent SAR Records, Taylor signed on as one of the labels first acts, however, SAR Records quickly became defunct after Cookes death in 1964. In 1966, Taylor moved to Stax Records in Memphis, Tennessee and he recorded with the labels house band, which included Booker T. & the MGs. His hits included I Had a Dream, Ive Got to Love Somebodys Baby and most notably Whos Making Love, Whos Making Love sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. In 1970, Taylor married Gerlean Rocket and they remained married until his death in 2000, I Believe in You also sold in excess of one million copies, and was awarded gold disc status by the R. I. A. A. in October 1973. He appeared in the film, Wattstax, which was released in 1973. After Stax folded in 1975, Taylor switched to Columbia Records and it spent four weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and six weeks at the top of the R&B chart. It peaked at #25 in the UK Singles Chart in May 1976, Disco Lady was the first certified platinum single by the RIAA. Taylor recorded several successful albums and R&B single hits with Davis on Columbia, before Brad Shapiro took over production duties. Z. Hills funeral in spring 1984, in 1996, Taylors eighth album for Malaco, Good Love. Reached number one on the Billboard Top Blues Albums chart, and was the biggest record in Malacos history, with this success, Malaco recorded a live video of Taylor at the Longhorn Ballroom in Dallas, Texas, in the summer of 1997. The club portion of the Good Love video was recorded at 1001 Nightclub in Jackson, Taylors final song was Soul Heaven, in which he dreamed of being at a concert featuring deceased African-American music icons from Louis Armstrong to Otis Redding to Z. Z. Hill to The Notorious B. I. G. among others, in the 1980s, Johnnie Taylor was a DJ on KKDA-AM, a radio station in the Dallas area, where he had made his home. The stations format was mostly R&B and Soul oldies and their personalities were often local R&B, Soul, blues. Taylor was billed as The Wailer, Johnnie Taylor, Taylor died of a heart attack at Charlton Methodist Hospital in Dallas, Texas, on May 31,2000, aged 66
27.
Ringtone
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A ringtone or ring tone is the sound made by a telephone to indicate an incoming call or text message. Not literally a tone nor an actual ring any more, the term is most often used today to refer to customizable sounds used on mobile phones, a telephone rings when the telephone network indicates an incoming call, so that the recipient is alerted of the calling attempt. For landline telephones typically receive an electrical alternating current signal, called power ringing, the ringing current originally operated an electric bell. For mobile phones, the network sends a message to the device, the caller is informed about the progress of the call by the audible ringing signal, often called ringback tone. Power ringing and audible ringing are not synchronized, telephones with electromagnetic ringers are still in widespread use. The ringing signal in North America is normally specified at ca.90 volts AC with a frequency of 20 hertz, in Europe it is around 60–90 VAC with a frequency of 25 Hz. Some non-Bell Company system party lines in the US used multiple frequencies for selective ringing, while the sound produced is still called a ring, more-recently manufactured telephones electronically produce a warbling, chirping, or other sound. Variation of the signal can be used to indicate characteristics of incoming calls. For example, rings with an interval between them might be used to signal a call from a given number. A ringing signal is an electric signal that causes a telephone to alert the user to an incoming call. On a POTS interface, this signal is created by superimposing ringing voltage atop the −48 VDC already on the line and this is done at the Central Office, or a neighborhood multiplexer called a SLC for Subscriber Line Carrier. This ring voltage came from various sources, large central offices used motor-driven generator sets for both ringing & other signals such as dial tone and busy signals. In smaller offices, special sub-cycle magnetic oscillators were used, typically, solid-state oscillators have replaced them. Originally this voltage was used to trigger an electromagnet to ring a bell installed inside the telephone, fixed phones of the late 20th century and later detect this ringing current voltage and trigger a warbling tone electronically. Mobile phones have been digital since the early 1990s second-generation devices. In POTS switching systems, ringing is said to be tripped when the impedance of the line reduces to about 600 ohms when the handset is lifted off the switch-hook. This signals that the call has been answered, and the telephone exchange immediately removes the ringing signal from the line. The ringing pattern is known as ring cadence and this only applies to POTS fixed phones, where the high voltage ring signal is switched on and off to create the ringing pattern
28.
Apple Music
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Apple Music is a music-streaming service, developed by Apple Inc. Users select music to stream to their device on-demand, or they can listen to existing, Apple Music provides music recommendations based on a users taste, and the iOS application is integrated with Siri voice commands. The service was announced on June 8,2015, and launched on June 30, New subscribers get a 3-month free trial before the service becomes paid-only. As of December 2016, Apple Music has more than 20 million paying subscribers, Apple sent out a press release on June 8,2015, that their music streaming service, Apple Music, would launch worldwide on June 30. For family plans the prices were, in the US $14.99, in Australia $17.99, in the UK £14.99, the Apple Music app has several tabs. Library shows the music collection, with options to view songs by Playlists, Artists, Albums, Songs. The tab also shows music recently added to the library, the For You section recommends music for the user. Human expert selections supplement the algorithmic curation, browse shows new album releases from popular artists, as well as different categories, including New Music, Curated Playlists, Videos, Top Charts, and Genres. The Radio tab incorporates some aspects of iTunes Radio, such as ad-supported stations that play genre-specific or artist-related music, the Search tab features a search box, as well as a list of recent user searches and overall trending searches happening on the service. Before Apple Music, the companys iPod and iTunes were known for having revolutionized digital music, former Apple CEO Steve Jobs was known to be opposed to the idea of music subscription services. Business Insider later reported that Apple was planning to merge the two services together, Apple also hired noted British radio DJ Zane Lowe to serve as a music curator. Morris emphasized several times that he prefers paid streaming as opposed to ad-supported, furthermore, Morris said he expects the service to be the tipping point to accelerate the growth of streaming, along with arguing that Apple has $178 billion dollars in the bank. And they have 800 million credit cards in iTunes. as opposed to Spotify, Morris further argued that Apple will promote this like crazy and I think that will have a halo effect on the streaming business. A rising tide will lift all boats and its the beginning of an amazing moment for our industry. She said the policy was unfair as Apple Music will not be paying writers, producers, on Twitter, Swift wrote After the events of this week, Ive decided to put 1989 on Apple Music. She concluded saying it was the first time its right in my gut to stream my album. The U. S. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission launched an investigation into this alleged cartel in May 2015, the announcement happened as the signature one more thing. Apple Music launched on June 30,2015, in 100 countries, New users receive a 3-month trial subscription, which changes to a monthly fee after 3 months
29.
Spotify
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Spotify is a music, podcast, and video streaming service, officially launched on 7 October 2008. It is developed by startup Spotify AB in Stockholm, Sweden and it provides digital rights management-protected content from record labels and media companies. Spotify is available in most of Europe, most of the Americas, Australia, New Zealand and it is available for most modern devices, including Windows, macOS, and Linux computers, as well as iOS and Android smartphones and tablets. Music can be browsed or searched for via various parameters, such as artist, album, genre, playlist, users can create, edit and share playlists, share tracks on social media, and make playlists with other users. Spotify provides access to over 30 million songs, as of June 2016, it has 100 million monthly active users, and as of March 2017, it has 50 million paying subscribers. They distribute approximately 70% of total revenue to rights holders, who then pay based on their individual agreements. Spotify operates under a freemium model, Spotify makes its revenues by selling premium streaming subscriptions to users and advertising placements to third parties. In December 2013, the company launched a new website, Spotify for Artists, Spotify gets its content from major record labels as well as independent artists, and pays copyright holders royalties for streamed music. The company pays 70% of its revenue to rights holders. Spotify for Artists states that the company does not have a fixed rate, instead considers factors such as the users home country. Rights holders received an average per-play payout between $.006 and $.0084, Spotify offers an unlimited subscription package, close to the Open Music Model —estimated economic equilibrium—for the recording industry. However, the incorporation of digital rights management protection diverges from the OMM and competitors such as iTunes Store, Spotify encourages people to pay for music, with subscriptions as its main revenue source. The subscription removes advertisements and limits, and increases song bitrates to 320 kbit/s, the website also claims that a Spotify customer is 1. 6x more financially valuable than the average adult non-Spotify U. S. music consumer. Additionally, the website includes a section entitled Spotifys impact on piracy as a response to the criticisms against the company regarding the exploitation of musicians. For example, in Norway, the figure of 1.2 billion unauthorized song downloads in 2008 is compared to a figure of 210 million from 2012, BBC Music Week editor Tim Ingham wrote, Unlike buying a CD or download, streaming is not a one-off payment. Hundreds of millions of streams of tracks are happening each and every day, which quickly multiplies the potential revenues on offer – and is a constant long-term source of income for artists. As of June 2016, the three Spotify subscription types, all offering unlimited listening time, are, In 2008, just after launch, in October 2010, Wired reported that Spotify was making more money for labels in Sweden than any other retailer online or off. Years after growth and expansion, a November 2012 report suggested strong momentum for the company
30.
Tidal (service)
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Tidal is a subscription-based music streaming service that combines lossless audio and high-definition music videos with exclusive content and curated editorial celebrating the culture of music. Included in Tidals offerings are concert livestreams, ticket giveaways and other events like listening parties. The service has over 46 million tracks and 192,000 music videos, Tidal was launched in 2014 by Norwegian/Swedish public company Aspiro. It has distribution agreements with all of the three labels, in addition to many indies. In the first quarter of 2015, the parent company Aspiro was acquired by Project Panther Bidco Ltd. which was dissolved on August 2,2016 which was owned by Shawn Jay Z Carter. Following the acquisition of Aspiro by Jay Z in March 2015, multiple music artists changed their social media profiles design blue, and posted the phrase #TIDALforAll on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. A press conference took place on March 30,2015, introducing sixteen music artists to the stage, including Jay Z, the service was promoted as being the first artist-owned streaming service with the goal of returning the value proposition to music. As of March 2015, the service itself claims to have over 580,000 paying users after being integrated with its service, WiMP. Tidal currently operates in 52 countries, Sprint purchased 33% of Tidal on January 23rd,2017 for a reported $200M. The launch was supported by Sonos and 15 other home audio manufacturers as integrations partners, in January 2015, Tidal launched in five more European countries, Ireland, Finland, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. It is currently available in 52 countries worldwide, Aspiro was purchased by Project Panther Bidco Ltd. for SEK466 million in January 2015. Before acquiring Aspiro, Jay Z stated in an interview with Billboard that he was willing to partner with other streaming services to carry out his vision, and that became a better proposition for us, not an easier one, mind you, he concluded. On April 16,2015 it came to attention that Tidal was closing its original Aspiro offices in Stockholm, terminating the employment for all Swedish employees. The company refused to comment on closing the offices, but confirmed that Andy Chen had been replaced as CEO by Peter Tonstad, in December 2015, Tidal appointed Jeff Toig as CEO of the company. On January 23rd,2017, US mobile carrier Sprint announced that they were buying a 33 percent stake in Tidal, Tidal is currently owned by Jay Z, and a variety of other successful music artists, making it the first artist-owned streaming service in the world. The idea of a streaming platform was stated as to restore the value to music by launching a service owned by artists. Cole were introduced to the stage as the owners of TIDAL, Tidal stated on its official Twitter page that lots of exclusive content on the way. On March 30,2015, a conference was held at Skylight at Moynihan Station in New York City
31.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
32.
Vevo
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Vevo hosts music videos from both Universal Music Group and Sony Music Entertainment syndicated on YouTube and its website, with Google and Vevo sharing advertising and similar benefits. EMI also licensed its library of videos for Vevo shortly before its launch, originally, Warner Music Group was reported to be considering hosting its content on the service after it launched, but formed an alliance with rival MTV Networks. The concept for Vevo was described as being a service for music videos. The sites other revenue sources include a store and referral links to purchase viewed songs on Amazon Music. UMG acquired the domain name vevo. com on November 20,2008, SME reached a deal to add its content to the site in June 2009. The site went live on December 8,2009, and that month became the number one most visited music site in the United States. In June 2012, Vevo launched its Certified awards, which honors artists with at least 100 million views on Vevo, on March 12,2013, Vevo launched Vevo TV, an advertising-supported internet television channel running 24 hours a day, featuring blocks of music videos and specials. The channel is available to viewers in North America and Germany. Vevo has planned launches in other countries, after revamping its website, Vevo TV later branched off into three separate networks, Hits, Flow, and Nashville. Vevo shut down the service during the first half of 2016 as part of a site wide redesign, during the run of the service, its schedule and programming was heavily repetitive. Many videos would play twice within an hour and a majority of the videos shown were current, programming shows such as the Top10Now and Vevo Lift would air several times per day. Since the service has been shut down, its apps that havent been updated just play the Top10Now in an infinite loop. Vevo is available in Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, Nepal, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The website was scheduled to go worldwide in 2010, but as of January 1,2017, Vevos official blog cited licensing issues for the delay in the worldwide rollout. Most of Vevos videos on YouTube are viewable by users in other countries, the Vevo service in the United Kingdom and Ireland was launched on April 26,2011. On April 16,2012, Vevo was launched in Australia, on August 14,2012, Brazil became the first Latin American country to have the service. It was expected to be launched in six more European and Latin American countries in 2012, Vevo launched in Spain, Italy, and France on November 15,2012. Vevo launched in the Netherlands on April 3,2013, and on May 17,2013, in September 29,2013, Vevo updated its iOS application that now includes launching in Germany
33.
Yahoo! Music
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Music, owned by Yahoo. is the provider of a variety of music services, including Internet radio, music videos, news, artist information, and original programming. Accounts can gain access to hundreds of thousands of songs sorted by artist, album, song, Yahoo Music began as LAUNCH, a website and magazine produced by LAUNCH Media which Yahoo acquired for US$12 million in 2001. LAUNCH was later rebranded as Yahoo Music, then simply Y, lAUNCHs LAUNCHcast Internet radio and music video offerings were integrated into Yahoos site along with artist profiles containing an extensive selection of music and biographical information. Yahoo Music was the number one online music site in terms of audience reach, as of June 2008, Yahoo Musics old website is inactive and redirecting to the new website at new. music. yahoo. co. Sometime in early 2013, Yahoo Music has deleted its entire database of artists, however, music videos continue to be accessible. As of late 2015, all of Yahoo, Musics previous URLs have been redirected to its new URL. Music Radio and LAUNCHcast Plus Internet radio Yahoo, Music Unlimited subscription streaming and download service In 2001, Yahoo purchased LAUNCH Media, makers of the LAUNCHcast Internet radio service. On September 14,2004, Yahoo purchased Musicmatch, Inc. makers of the Musicmatch Jukebox software, as of Musicmatch 10.1, Yahoo has rebranded Musicmatch Jukebox as Yahoo Music Musicmatch Jukebox, and integrated it with the Yahoo Music Engine store. The main difference is the branding and physical program, in 2008, Yahoo announced that Yahoo Music Unlimited will be merged into Rhapsody. This merge was completed with the shutdown of Yahoo Music Unlimited on September 30,2008, in 2011, Yahoo Music became the main CBS Radio player, with AOL Radio switching to Slacker Radio. Yahoo Music provides officially licensed lyrics, local stations are limited to affiliates within iHeartRadios platform. Customization is limited to favorite artist or song, however, it can be built using the Thumbs Up/Down rating tool. No play-on-demand, playback, rewind, or fast-forward, commercial interruptions every hour or half-hour on live stations. A maximum of six skips per hour per customized station, refreshing or reloading the player, as well as changing the station, will use a skip. Banner ads, which cannot be blocked, as of 2012, there is no premium service to remove skip limits or ads. Listeners are limited to Low/Medium audio quality, on pre-programmed stations, listeners are allowed 5 skips an hour. Overall, listeners are allowed so many songs per listening month, local stations are limited to affiliates of CBS Radio. No direct customization, although rating songs influences the songs played, songs cannot be banned entirely, although a one-star rating will have it played very rarely
34.
Plus One (band)
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Plus One was an American Christian pop boy band which formed in 1999, disbanded in 2004, and briefly reunited in 2014. The groups line-up consisted of Nate Cole, Gabe Combs, Nathan Walters, Jeremy Mhire and they enjoyed their greatest success with the release of their debut album, The Promise which featured the hits Written on My Heart and God Is in This Place. The group then released their second album Obvious, Jason Perry and Jeremy Mhire left the band in 2002, and the remaining three members signed a deal with Inpop Records. A year later released their first album as a trio. After their Exodus 04 tour, they disbanded in 2004 to pursue other interests, Combs, Walters, and Perry briefly reunited in 2014, releasing a song titled My All. Cole and Combs had known each other from mutual music circles while growing up in Northern California and Nathan had initially heard about the new group through an acquaintance of Nates. The group came to fruition with the arrival of Jason Perry. The youngest member of the group, The name Plus One refers to the members of the group, atlantic Records pursued the formation of a boy band motivated by the success of such secular bands as N Sync and Backstreet Boys. Plus One got together as a quintet and their successful debut album, The Promise, was released in May 2000, and enjoyed great success in the Christian Pop scene. The Promise went gold with more than 500,000 album sales, grammy Award Winning Producer David Foster was one of the producers on Plus Ones albums. They found themselves touring with such Christian Artists as Jaci Velasquez, Rachael Lampa, in 2000, they appeared in an episode of hit soap opera Days of Our Lives to perform on the show. They performed with Monica on ABCs Christmas Eve special, Twas the Night Before Christmas, in addition, Plus One was featured as one of the new artists of 2000 on TNNs annual television special, Class of 2000. They gave performances at the 2000 Democratic National Convention, and several major sporting events including games with the Los Angeles Lakers, Chicago Bulls. The band was featured on Teen Magazine Online and performed at Atlanta Fest and the Raggedy Ann Festival in Arcola, IL, as part of their tour schedule. The following year in 2001, they appeared as kids who form a group while in jail on the TV series Touched by an Angel. They also appear on Natalie Grants album Stronger with the song Whenever You Need Somebody in 2001 and they also covered the American patriotic song America the Beautiful and they performed in Luis Palau Festival in 2001. Returning from the Promise tour, Plus One went back into the studio, a strong beat and guitar riffs defined these new tracks, distinguishing them from the lighter sound of the groups first recording. Obvious was released in February 2002, and sold twice as many copies in its first week of release as Promise had and it hit the number-one spot on the Christian charts immediately
35.
Somalis
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Somalis are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa. The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic family, ethnic Somalis number around 16-20 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Djibouti. Expatriate Somalis are also found in parts of the Middle East, North America, Oceania, Samaale, the oldest common ancestor of several Somali clans, is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali. The name Somali is, in turn, held to be derived from the words soo and maal, another plausible etymology proposes that the term Somali is derived from the Arabic for wealthy, again referring to Somali riches in livestock. The first clear reference of the sobriquet Somali, however. Simur was also an ancient Harari alias for the Somali people, Ancient rock paintings, which date back 5000 years, have been found in the northern part of Somalia, these depict early life in the territory. In other places, such as the northern Dhambalin region, a depiction of a man on a horse is postulated as being one of the earliest known examples of a mounted huntsman. Inscriptions have been found many of the rock paintings. During the Stone age, the Doian and Hargeisan cultures flourished here with their industries and factories. The oldest evidence of burial customs in the Horn of Africa comes from cemeteries in Somalia dating back to 4th millennium BC. The stone implements from the Jalelo site in northern Somalia are said to be the most important link in evidence of the universality in palaeolithic times between the East and the West. In antiquity, the ancestors of the Somali people were an important link in the Horn of Africa connecting the regions commerce with the rest of the ancient world. According to most scholars, the ancient Land of Punt and its inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people, the ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. The pyramidal structures, temples and ancient houses of dressed stone littered around Somalia are said to date from this period, the city of Mogadishu came to be known as the City of Islam, and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries. The Sultanate of Ifat, led by the Walashma dynasty with its capital at Zeila, ruled parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti. The historian al-Umari records that Ifat was situated near the Red Sea coast and its army numbered 15,000 horsemen and 20,000 foot soldiers. Al-Umari also credits Ifat with seven cities, Belqulzar, Kuljura, Shimi, Shewa, Adal, Jamme. The Harla, an early Hamitic group of tall stature who inhabited parts of Somalia, Tchertcher and other areas in the Horn and these masons are believed to have been ancestral to the Somalis
36.
Saado Ali Warsame
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Saado Ali Warsame was a Somali-American singer-songwriter and politician. She served as a lawmaker in the Federal Parliament of Somalia, a prominent figure in traditional Somali music, her art and legislative work were centered on political and social justice. She was killed by Islamists in 2014, Warsame was born in 1950 in Buuhoodle, situated in the northern Cayn region of Somalia. She came from a family from the Dhulbahante sub-clan of the Harti Darod. After the start of the war in Somalia in the early 1990s, Warsame moved to Minneapolis. She later resided for a while in St. Cloud, in 2012, Warsame returned to Somalia to serve in the newly established Federal Government based in Mogadishu. Warsame was a prominent figure in traditional Somali music and her art was noted for its emphasis on political and social justice, as well as nationalism and romantic love. She often made use of satire, metaphor and historical allusions to convey complex themes in an understandable manner, Warsames song Laand Karuusar criticized kleptocracy in the ruling military junta. She also blamed incompetent management for infrastructural dilapidation of Mogadishus then two five-star hotels, establishments which had originally built with public funds. Additionally, Warsame was one of several prominent Somali artists that took part in the long-running Deelley serial poem and she used the opportunity to defend the cause of northerners from the increasingly authoritarian southern-based regime. After the start of the war in the 1990s, Warsames compositions emphasized national identity. Her Aan kuu Taliyo humorously satirized political infighting, in addition, Warsame was critical of the secessionist administration in Somalias northwestern Somaliland region. She felt that the leadership was tyrannical and wanted to force a separatist agenda upon her northern constituents. The title translates as O Las Anod, you will remain a part of Somalia. Following the establishment of the Federal Parliament of Somalia in 2012, Warsame moved to the capital Mogadishu and she subsequently served as an MP in the new legislature, representing the northeastern Puntland regional states constituency. On 23 July 2014, Warsame and her driver were gunned down by unknown assailants in Mogadishu as she was being driven to a hotel, Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the attack, which it said was part of its assassination campaign against Somali legislators. Somali American community leaders in Minnesota also requested an investigation by the State Department into her death. Additionally, Prime Minister Ahmed vowed to apprehend the perpetrators, in April 2015, two Al-Shabaab operatives were sentenced to death and later executed for Warsames assassination and the murder of several other federal officials
37.
Vacuum metallizing
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Vacuum deposition is a family of processes used to deposit layers of material atom-by-atom or molecule-by-molecule on a solid surface. These processes operate at pressures well below atmospheric pressure, the deposited layers can range from a thickness of one atom up to millimeters, forming freestanding structures. Multiple layers of different materials can be used, for example to form optical coatings, the process can be qualified based on the vapor source, physical vapor deposition uses a liquid or solid source and chemical vapor deposition uses a chemical vapor. Vacuum deposition describes the family of processes used to deposit layers of material atom-by-atom or molecule-by-molecule on a solid surface and these processes operate at pressures well below atmospheric pressure. The deposited layers can range from a thickness of one atom up to millimeters, multiple layers of different materials can be used, for example to form optical coatings. There are subcategories of the process, based on the source, Physical vapor deposition uses a liquid or solid source. A plasma environment aids in activating gaseous species and in decomposition of chemical vapor precursors, when the vapor source is a liquid or solid the process is called physical vapor deposition. When the source is a chemical vapor precursor, the process is called chemical vapor deposition, the latter has several variants, low-pressure chemical vapor deposition, Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, and plasma-assisted CVD. Often a combination of PVD and CVD processes are used in the same or connected processing chambers, electrical conduction, metallic films, transparent conductive oxides, superconducting films & coatings Semiconductor devices, semiconductor films, electrically insulating films Solar cells. Ion plating Sputter deposition Cathodic arc deposition Spin coating Metallised film
