The Muslim conquests of Afghanistan began during the Muslim conquest of Persia as the Arab Muslims expanded eastwards to Khorasan, Sistan and Transoxiana. Fifteen years after the battle of Nahāvand in
Minaret of Jam built by the Ghurid dynasty
Names of territories during the Caliphate
The Turk Shahi kingdom of Kabul in 700 AD
Mahmud receives a robe from Caliph Al-Qadir; painting by Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
Turk Shahis
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The Turk Shahis were a dynasty of Western Turk, or mixed Turco-Hephthalite origin, that ruled from Kabul and Kapisa to Gandhara in the 7th to 9th centuries AD. They may have been of Khalaj ethnicity.
The Bala Hissar fortress, west Kabul, originally built around the 5th century AD
Portrait of the Turk Shahis ruler Tegin Shah, who received the investiture from the Tang Emperor in 719/720 CE, as "King of Jibin, Tegin (ruler) of the Khalaj".
Royal figure with triple-crescent crown and halo, wearing a double-lapel caftan and boots, accompanied by a figure in armour. This is a possible depiction of Sun and Moon deities, showing Central Asian influence. Mural from the Fondukistan monastery, circa 700 AD. Similarities can be seen with the Kizil Caves knights, indicating the continuity of Central Asian art under the patronage of the Western Turks.
Sasanian drachm with Fromo Kesaro obverse and reverse rim overstrike in Bactrian.