Mutualism (economic theory)
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Mutualism is an anarchist school of thought and economic theory that advocates for workers' control of the means of production, a free market made up of individual artisans, sole proprietorships and w
Josiah Warren, a follower of Owenism that established some of the first experiments in mutualism
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, the first self-described anarchist and the primary proponent of mutualism
Mikhail Bakunin, the leader of the anti-authoritarian faction of the IWA, who argued that his collectivist anarchism was an extension of Proudhonian mutualism
Benjamin Tucker, whose critique of capitalism's tendency towards monopoly provided a foundation for the development of mutualist alternatives
First International
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The International Workingmen's Association, commonly known as the First International, was a political international which aimed to unite a variety of left-wing political groups and trade union organi
Mutualism (economic theory)
…calling themselves "mutualists" after his principle of mutual exchange. After Proudhon's death in 1865, his mutualist followers helped establish the International Workingmen's Association (IWA). In the early years of the IWA, the organisation was largely mutualist, as exemplified by its contractual demands during its 1866 Geneva Congress…
Delegates at the 1866 Geneva Congress
George Odger
Henri Tolain
Depiction of the IWA's founding meeting at St Martin's Hall in London, 1864