1.
Justin Bieber
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Justin Drew Bieber is a Canadian singer and songwriter. After a talent manager discovered him through his YouTube videos covering songs in 2008 and signed to RBMG, Bieber released his debut EP, My World and it was certified Platinum in the U. S. He became the first artist to have seven songs from a record chart on the Billboard Hot 100. Bieber released his first full-length studio album, My World 2.0 and it debuted at or near number one in several countries, was certified triple Platinum in the U. S. and contained his most successful single at the time, Baby. He released his studio album, Under the Mistletoe, in November 2011. Bieber released his studio album, Believe, in 2012. His fourth studio album Purpose was released in November 2015 to commercial success and his U. S. album and singles sales total 44.7 million. He has sold an estimated 100 million records, making him one of the world’s best-selling music artists, Bieber has won numerous awards, including the American Music Award for Artist of the Year in 2010 and 2012. In his career, he has won one Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording for the song Where Are Ü Now at the 2016 ceremony. He has been listed four times by Forbes magazine among the top ten most powerful celebrities in the world in 2011,2012, Bieber also became the first artist to surpass 10 billion total video views on Vevo. Bieber was born on March 1,1994, in London, Ontario, at St Josephs Hospital and he is the only child of Jeremy Jack Bieber and Patricia Pattie Mallette. Pattie raised her son with the help of her mother, Diane and his mother is of French-Canadian descent, his paternal great-grandfather was of German ancestry, and his other roots are English, Scottish and Irish. He has also claimed that he has some undetermined Aboriginal Canadian ancestry, through Jeremy, Bieber has two younger half-siblings, Jazmyn and Jaxon. Pattie worked a series of low-paying office jobs, raising Bieber as a mother in low-income housing. Bieber has maintained contact with his father, Bieber attended a French-language immersion elementary school in Stratford, the Jeanne Sauvé Catholic School. Growing up, he learned to play the piano, drums, guitar and he graduated from high school in Stratford, Ontario, the St. Michael Catholic Secondary School in 2012 with a 4.0 GPA. In early 2007, aged 12, Bieber sang Ne-Yos So Sick for a singing competition in Stratford and was placed second. Mallette posted a video of the performance on YouTube for their family and she continued to upload videos of Bieber singing covers of various R&B songs, and Biebers popularity on the site grew
2.
Island Records
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Island Records is a major record label that operates as a division of UMG Recordings, Inc. It was founded by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong in Jamaica in 1959, Blackwell sold the label to PolyGram in 1989. Three Island labels exist in the world, Island UK, Island US, and Island Australia, current key people of Island Records include Island president Darcus Beese, OBE and MD Jon Turner. Partially due to the labels significant legacy, Island remains one of UMGs pre-eminent record labels, Island Records was founded in Jamaica on 4 July 1959 by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong, and partially financed by Stanley Borden from RKO. Its name was inspired by the Harry Belafonte song Island in the Sun. Blackwell explained in 2009, “I loved music so much, I just wanted to get into it, or be as close to it as I could. ”Tom Hayes, the labels sales manager between 1965 and 1967, referred to the early period of the label in the UK as “organized chaos”. “My Boy Lollipop”, sung by Millie Small, was the labels first success in the UK, Blackwell explained in a 50-year-anniversary documentary that he was only interested in building long-term careers at that stage in time, rather than short-term projects. Suzette Newman has been a colleague of Chris Blackwells since working together in the early days of Island Records. Suzette Newman and Chris Salewicz were the editors for the book “The Story of Island Records, Blackwell relocated to England in May 1962 to garner greater levels of attention after the local Jamaican sound systems proved to be overwhelmingly successful. The vast majority of the artists who had signed to Blackwells fledgling label while he was in Jamaica agreed to allow the entrepreneur to release their music in the UK. While in England, Blackwell travelled throughout the city carrying his stock with him and he did not provide any copies to radio stations, as they would not play any of the Island music, the music was also not reviewed by the press. Meanwhile, Goodall left to start the Doctor Bird record label in 1965, Blackwell signed the Spencer Davis Group to the label. The group became popular and Island started their own independent series to spotlight UK rock talent. They signed artists like John Martyn, Fairport Convention, Free, by the late 1960s and early 1970s, they were a major label in England with artists like Roxy Music, King Crimson, Traffic, The Wailers, and many others. Blackwell had signed Bob Marley, and now Toots and the Maytals, in November 2016, Jackie Jackson described the formation of the group in a radio interview for Kool 97 FM Jamaica. Accompanied by Paul Douglas and Radcliffe Dougie Bryan in studio, Jackson explained, Were all original members of Toots, first it was Toots and the Maytals, three guys, Toots, Raleigh, and Jerry. …And then they were signed to Island Records, Chris Blackwell, and we were their recording band. One day we were summoned to Chris house, and he says, Alright gentleman, I think its time
3.
Teen Island Records
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Island Records is a major record label that operates as a division of UMG Recordings, Inc. It was founded by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong in Jamaica in 1959, Blackwell sold the label to PolyGram in 1989. Three Island labels exist in the world, Island UK, Island US, and Island Australia, current key people of Island Records include Island president Darcus Beese, OBE and MD Jon Turner. Partially due to the labels significant legacy, Island remains one of UMGs pre-eminent record labels, Island Records was founded in Jamaica on 4 July 1959 by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong, and partially financed by Stanley Borden from RKO. Its name was inspired by the Harry Belafonte song Island in the Sun. Blackwell explained in 2009, “I loved music so much, I just wanted to get into it, or be as close to it as I could. ”Tom Hayes, the labels sales manager between 1965 and 1967, referred to the early period of the label in the UK as “organized chaos”. “My Boy Lollipop”, sung by Millie Small, was the labels first success in the UK, Blackwell explained in a 50-year-anniversary documentary that he was only interested in building long-term careers at that stage in time, rather than short-term projects. Suzette Newman has been a colleague of Chris Blackwells since working together in the early days of Island Records. Suzette Newman and Chris Salewicz were the editors for the book “The Story of Island Records, Blackwell relocated to England in May 1962 to garner greater levels of attention after the local Jamaican sound systems proved to be overwhelmingly successful. The vast majority of the artists who had signed to Blackwells fledgling label while he was in Jamaica agreed to allow the entrepreneur to release their music in the UK. While in England, Blackwell travelled throughout the city carrying his stock with him and he did not provide any copies to radio stations, as they would not play any of the Island music, the music was also not reviewed by the press. Meanwhile, Goodall left to start the Doctor Bird record label in 1965, Blackwell signed the Spencer Davis Group to the label. The group became popular and Island started their own independent series to spotlight UK rock talent. They signed artists like John Martyn, Fairport Convention, Free, by the late 1960s and early 1970s, they were a major label in England with artists like Roxy Music, King Crimson, Traffic, The Wailers, and many others. Blackwell had signed Bob Marley, and now Toots and the Maytals, in November 2016, Jackie Jackson described the formation of the group in a radio interview for Kool 97 FM Jamaica. Accompanied by Paul Douglas and Radcliffe Dougie Bryan in studio, Jackson explained, Were all original members of Toots, first it was Toots and the Maytals, three guys, Toots, Raleigh, and Jerry. …And then they were signed to Island Records, Chris Blackwell, and we were their recording band. One day we were summoned to Chris house, and he says, Alright gentleman, I think its time
4.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
5.
Usher (musician)
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Usher Raymond IV is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor. Born in Dallas, Texas but raised and lived in Chattanooga, Tennessee until moving to Atlanta, at the age of 12, his mother put him in local singing competitions, before catching the attention of a music A&R from LaFace Records. In 1994 he released his debut album, Usher. 8701 produced the number-one singles U Remind Me and U Got It Bad and it sold 8 million copies worldwide and won his first two Grammy Awards as Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2002 and 2003. Confessions established him as one of the musical artists of the 2000s decade. Bolstered by its four consecutive Billboard Hot 100 number one singles, Burn, Confessions Part II, and My Boo, it has been certified Diamond by the RIAA. Here I Stand and Raymond v. Raymond, debuted atop of the Billboard 200, the EP, Versus, also produced the Hot 100 top-five single DJ Got Us Fallin in Love. Looking 4 Myself, also debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart, Raymond v. Raymond and Looking 4 Myself received Grammy Awards for R&B singles There Goes My Baby and Climax. Hard II Love peaked at five of the Billboard 200 albums chart. Usher has sold 23.8 million albums and 38.2 million digital songs in the United States, to date, his worldwide sales stand at 43 million albums and 75 million records overall, making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time. Usher has won awards and accolades including 18 Billboard Music Awards and 8 Grammy Awards. Billboard also placed him at number 6 on their list of Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years, Usher has attained 9 US Hot 100 number-one singles. Considered an icon and sex symbol, he was inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame, in 2008, he started his own record label Raymond-Braun Media Group, a joint venture with talent manager Scooter Braun that includes Canadian singer Justin Bieber. Usher was born in Dallas, Texas, the son of Jonetta Patton, from Tennessee, Usher spent the majority of his young life in Chattanooga, his father left the family when Usher was a year old. Usher grew up with his mother, then-stepfather, and half-brother, while in Atlanta, Usher attended North Springs High School. At age 10, Usher joined an R&B local quintet called the NuBeginnings, Usher recorded 10 songs with the group in 1991, and the ensuing album, Nubeginning Featuring Usher Raymond IV, was only made available regionally and by mail order. However, Patton took him out because, according to her, the album was re-released nationally in April 2002 by Hip-O Records. At age 13, Usher would meet A. J, alexander at local talent show in Atlanta
6.
Scooter Braun
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Scott Samuel Scooter Braun is an American talent manager and businessman. He owns two record labels, School Boy Records and Raymond-Braun Media Group, RBMG is a joint venture with R&B performer Usher. Three of the most prominent artists Braun represents are Justin Bieber, Ariana Grande, for School Boy Records, his represented acts include Psy, Carly Rae Jepsen, Tori Kelly and The Wanted among others. Braun was born to a Jewish family in New York City, to Ervin, the film won in regional and state competitions and then placed third overall. A member of Brauns family sent the film to Steven Spielbergs office, Braun has said Spielbergs response was one of the most inspirational moments in his life. Braun began his career by organizing parties while studying at Emory University in Atlanta, in 2002, Braun was hired to plan after-parties in each of the five cities on the Anger Management Tour, featuring Ludacris and Eminem. This launch into the world of hip-hop led Braun to producer Jermaine Dupri, Braun was 19 years old when Dupri asked him to join So So Def in a marketing position, and 20 when Dupri named him So So Defs executive director for marketing. Still in his year at Emory, Braun was working at So So Def. Some of his larger events included parties for the 2003 NBA All-Star Game, eventually Braun left So So Def to go on his private venture. Some report he was fired from the job after a dispute over the direction of the label, Braun first encountered Justin Bieber when he saw a video of a 12-year-old Bieber on YouTube, performing a song by Ne-Yo. Braun contacted Biebers mother, Pattie Mallette, who agreed to bring her son to Atlanta for a trial period. Eventually, Braun convinced them to move permanently from Canada to the United States, after further online success, Braun pitched Bieber to two successful artists, Usher and Justin Timberlake, both expressed interest. Eventually Ushers mentor, music executive L. A. Reid, under the agreement, the label would take a cut of all revenues generated by Bieber, including ticket sales and merchandising. The group also includes RBMG, a joint venture between Braun and Usher, School Boy Records had a special business arrangement with Universal Music Group and later on with Republic Records for distribution. One source close to Ariana Grande has said that the reasons behind her actions is that She thinks this is the best professional decision for her moving forward. In 2016, Scooter won the award for “Best Talent Manager” at the 3rd annual “International Music Industry Awards” presented by Shazam at the 12th annual MUSEXPO in Los Angeles. Braun appeared on the cover of Billboard in the August 11,2012 Forty Under Forty special issue titled Scooter Braun, Braun was featured on the Time 100 list for 2013. He also appeared a second time on the cover of Billboard in its April 20,2013, issue, alongside Guy Oseary, Braun was born in New York City to Conservative Jewish parents, Ervin and Susan Braun
7.
L.A. Reid
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Antonio Marquis L. A. Reid is an American music executive, musician, songwriter, record producer, author and former television music competition judge. He is currently the chairman and CEO of Epic Records, a division of Sony Music Entertainment. Reid was also the founder and CEO of Hitco Music Publishing, based in New York, Reid first began his music career as a drummer, with his first appearance on record being with the Cincinnati funk rock outfit Pure Essence. Pure Essence released one solitary 45 in the mid-1970s and they later appeared on local FM rock radio station WEBNs second annual LP compilation, but the group was renamed Essence. Reid would experience more success when he became a member of the 1980s R&B band The Deele, best known for their 1988 hit Two Occasions. The band had broken up before the success of the single, the song peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100. After The Deele disbanded, Reid and band mate Kenneth Babyface Edmonds founded LaFace in 1989 through a joint venture with Arista Records, with funding from Arista Records creator Clive Davis. The label soon became one of the destinations for popular African-American entertainers who created Black Pop music that was easily accessible to both Urban and Top 40 radio formats. Reid signed 14-year-old Usher to the label, whose six album releases have sold 65 million units worldwide, other popular acts on the label during its peak include Toni Braxton, TLC, and Outkast. Both TLC and Toni Braxton went on to more than 65 million records each. Initially headquartered in Atlanta, the played a significant role in building the current landscape of the Atlanta music industry. Hitco Publishing Group With the belief that good songwriting is essential to the success of recording artists, Reid formed the Hitco Publishing Group in 1996 and he gave the future senior vice president of Island Def Jam Music Group his first position as an inter-level creative person at Hitco. In May 2000, Edmonds and Reid sold their remaining 50% stake in LaFace to parent company BMG, the label became an imprint of Arista Records, with Arista taking on sales, marketing, and promotional duties for its acts. At this time, Reid also succeeded his mentor Clive Davis as president of Arista Records, in 2000, LaFace was merged into Arista Records with Reid being promoted to president and CEO of Arista Records. In 1997 Reid was accepted to the Harvard Business School Advanced Management Program in preparation to become CEO of Arista Records in 2000, Reid signed his first unknown artist, pop/rocker Avril Lavigne, to Arista. Her debut album Let Go sold 6 million copies in the United States, as president of Arista Records, Reid brought the company great success by signing artists such as P. nk and Ciara. Outkasts Speakerboxxx/The Love Below also went on to sell 10 million copies and won a Grammy Award for Album of the year. Following the merger of Sony and BMG, L. A. Reid was released from his contract at Arista in 2004 and quickly became the chairman, Reid stepped down as Chairman/CEO of Island Def Jam in March 2011
8.
Kuk Harrell
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Thaddis Laphonia Kuk Harrell is an American songwriter, vocal producer, arranger and engineer. He was a member of a team composed of himself, Christopher Tricky Stewart. 2011 marked the highly anticipated return of Jennifer Lopez and her album LOVE. in which Kuk served as Album Vocal Producer. Earning his fourth Grammy for the production of Rihannas No.1 Billboard Single Only Girl. A composer and engineer on Beyoncés chart topping Single Ladies from the album I Am, Sasha Fierce, he is also vocal producer and engineer of the Diane Warren-penned I Was Here from Beyoncés 2011 album 4. He also produced the majority of the vocals on Mary J. Bliges Platinum album Growing Pains, the first single from Growing Pains, Just Fine, earned a Grammy nomination for best R&B vocal performance in 2007. Kuk Harrell is currently signed to a publishing deal with Sony/ATV U. K. and is one of the most sought after vocal producers in the industry. Harrells music career began in his native Chicago, where he performed as a drummer and he soon became a commercial writer and producer, working for Joy Art Music, contributing to major ad campaigns for McDonalds, Kraft, Coca-Cola and many others. During this time, he sang on tracks written and produced by Diane Warren,2004 brought Harrell to Atlanta, where he joined his cousins Tricky Stewart and Mark Stewart at RedZone Entertainment as a writer, producer, and engineer. In a recent Billboard interview, Mark Stewart describes Kuk Harrell as. the secret weapon,2007 was a pivotal year for Harrell. Rihannas Good Girl Gone Bad and Mary J. Bliges Growing Pains were released this year, the single Umbrella off of Good Girl Gone Bad and Just Fine off of Growing Pains were both nominated for Grammys in 2007. This was also the year that Harrell established his own production company, Suga Wuga Entertainment. On March 29,2007, the first single from Rihannas Good Girl Gone Bad, Harrell co-wrote and produced the vocals on the track, which subsequently had one of the highest digital debuts in the United States since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking downloads in 2003. The song won ASCAPs Pop Music Award which honored Umbrella as one of the most performed pop songs of the year 2007, Time magazine named Umbrella one of The 10 Best Songs of 2007, ranking it at No.3. Writer for Time magazine, Josh Tyrandiel, cited Rihannas vocal performance, Umbrella was set at No.2 at the Billboard Hot 100 year-end chart, behind Beyoncés Irreplaceable. In the United Kingdom, Umbrella broke a record on the UK Singles Chart by debuting at one on the chart based on digital sales alone. During the singles fourth week on the chart, both the single and album topped the UK Singles Chart and UK Albums Chart. Umbrella eventually reached a total of ten weeks at one on the UK Singles Chart
9.
My Worlds: The Collection
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My World 2.0 is the debut studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Justin Bieber. It was released on March 19,2010, by Island Records and it is considered the second half of a two-piece project, being supplemented by his debut extended play My World. The record follows in the vein of My World, incorporating pop and R&B styles, lyrically, it discusses teen romance and coming of age situations. Upon its release, My World 2.0 received generally favorable reviews from music critics and it debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 283,000 copies. In doing so, Bieber became the youngest solo male artist to top the chart since Stevie Wonder in 1963, with My World peaking at number five that week, he became the first artist to occupy two top-five positions since Nelly in 2004. When the album sold more copies in its week, it became the first album since The Beatles 1 to debut at number one. Bieber also had his second number one album in Canada, and in its second week the album peaked at number one in Ireland, Australia. It also charted in the top ten of fifteen other countries, Bieber supported the album with his very first headlining tour, the My World Tour. The album was preceded by the single, Baby, featuring Ludacris, which was released on January 18,2010. Somebody to Love impacted radio as the second single on April 20,2010. The album received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2011 ceremony. In 2009, in an interview with Billboard at the Z100 Jingle Ball, Bieber said that people do not want to wait over a year and half for new music, and it was decided best to give it in parts. In an interview with the Houston Chronicle, Bieber stated, I wanted to do something that was a bit more R&B. I just wanted to be able to show my vocal abilities, in a piece with The New York Times Bieber stated that most of the production took place in Atlanta, and confirmed collaborating again with Tricky Stewart and The-Dream. Bieber said, that he was hoping that the album would be better, considering that My World was his first time in a studio. The album has been described as edgier and more mature than its predecessor, Bieber stated, I wanted to do something that was a little bit more R&B and that could reach out to everyone. I just wanted to be able to show my vocal abilities, sara Anderson of AOL Music commented that his sophomore release also showcases pop-y and hip-hop fused tracks. The record has also said to mine vintage teen-pop themes
10.
Never Say Never: The Remixes
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Never Say Never, The Remixes is the second remix album by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber. Released on February 14,2011, the album accompanies the release of his film, Justin Bieber, Never Say Never. The album includes remixes of five songs from his first album, My World 2.0, featuring guest appearances from Jaden Smith, Rascal Flatts, Usher, Chris Brown, Kanye West, Raekwon, in addition a new track is also included. The Jaden Smith-assisted Never Say Never, originally the song for The Karate Kid, was re-released as the albums lead single. In December 2010, Bieber stated that he was collaborating with American country band Rascal Flatts, in an interview with WSIX, lead singer Gary LeVox said asked us to do a duet with him on his next record. Its actually a good song. He plays five or six different instruments really well, Bieber also confirmed the collaboration in-the-works on Twitter. Also a conversation on Twitter, American R&B singer Chris Brown, in January 2011, it was rumored that Bieber was planning to release an album to accompanying the release of his 3D biopic-concert film, Justin Bieber, Never Say Never. On January 6,2011, Biebers manager Scooter Braun held a live chat with fans, warren said Its a beautiful song. Thats a good age difference between Cher and Justin –40 years, additionally, singer-songwriter Ester Dean confirmed she worked on the project for Biebers film. On January 31,2011, the announcement of a musical counterpart to the film was revealed, and that it would be released on February 14,2011. A previous intentionally leaked remix of Biebers Runaway Love, which was produced by Kanye West, featuring himself, new contributions came from Rascal Flatts and Chris Brown adding parts to That Should Be Me and Up, respectively. A live version of Bieber performing Overboard alongside fellow pop singer Miley Cyrus on his My World Tour at Madison Square Garden is included as a track. The Diane Warren-penned Born to Be Somebody is a previously unheard track on the album, stating that you are born to be whatever you want to be, to light up the sky like lighting, to Be somebody. Cognata appreciated the albums mixture, stating the album actually has something for all walks of life, the album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, opening with 179,000 copies in the first week. It marked Biebers second time at the top of the chart, after debuting at one with his first studio album. It was also Biebers fourth consecutive top ten release on the chart, following My World 2.0, and My World, and My Worlds Acoustic, likewise, the album was the first remix album in almost a decade, with Jennifer Lopezs J to tha L-O. The Remixes led for two weeks in February 2002, in its second week, the album fell to number 2, with 102,000 copies sold
11.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
12.
Pray (Justin Bieber song)
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Pray is a song performed by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber. The song was written by Bieber along with Omar Martinez and Adam Messinger and Nasri of The Messengers, the song is taken as a single in several European countries from his first compilation album, My Worlds, The Collection. In the United States and Canada, the song is included on My Worlds Acoustic, according to Bieber, he was inspired by Michael Jacksons Man in the Mirror when writing the song. The song is a contemporary Christian song, while deriving from pop and R&B influences and it primarily features acoustic instruments, however does make small usages of electronic sounds. Pray received generally positive reviews, with critics appreciating the message portrayed in the song and it reached the lower half on the singles charts in Germany and Austria, and charted in several regions where it was not released as a single such as the United States and Australia. The songs music video premiered on Facebook on December 11,2010, the video, which also has religious undertones, features clips of places affected by natural disasters, sick children, possessed homes, and more, which are intercut with Bieber performing. Bieber debuted and performed the song on the American Music Awards, Pray was written by Omar Martinez and Adam Messinger and Nasri Atweh of The Messengers. It definitely comes from the heart, I definitely thought of Michael Man in the Mirror when I was writing it. The song was released as a CD single in Germany on December 3,2010, Pray is a mid-tempo song that uses a world-music beat as a backing. According to the music published at Musicnotes. com by Universal Music Group. It is composed in the key of B major with Biebers vocal range spanning from the low-note of F♯3 to the high-note of B4, the song follows in the chord progression of B/G♯–B/F♯–E–B. Present throughout the background is the use of violins and a choir, as well as guitar, string instruments, congas. However it does make use of synths and electronic sounds. Musically and lyrically, it is influenced by Contemporary Christian music, and has a gospel feel, while including standard pop and R&B. The song opens with Bieber singing, And I pray over a keyboard, while the chorus repeats one simple refrain, I close my eyes and I can see a better day/ I close my eyes. Vocally, Biebers vocals are sung in a lower key compared to previous singles, referring to the song as a junior varsity take on Man in the Mirror, Allison Stewart of Washington Post said as an indicator of the Biebs awakening social consciousness, its a good start. Lucy Jones of The Daily Telegraph noted the song as a download from the album. Dan Savoie of Rockstar Weekly said the song is a more advanced lyric and shows a more side to the young singer
13.
Walmart
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Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. doing business as Walmart, is an American multinational retailing corporation that operates as a chain of hypermarkets, discount department stores, and grocery stores. Headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas, the company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962, as of January 31,2017, Walmart has 11,695 stores and clubs in 28 countries, under a total of 63 banners. The company operates under the name Walmart in the United States and it operates as Walmart de México y Centroamérica in Mexico and Central America, as Asda in the United Kingdom, as the Seiyu Group in Japan, and as Best Price in India. It has wholly owned operations in Argentina, Brazil, and Canada and it also owns and operates the Sams Club retail warehouses. Walmart is the worlds largest company by revenue, according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2016 and it is a family-owned business, as the company is controlled by the Walton family. Sam Waltons heirs own over 50 percent of Walmart through their company, Walton Enterprises. Walmart is also one of the worlds most valuable companies by market value, in 2016,62.3 percent of Walmarts US$478.614 billion sales came from its U. S. operations. The company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1972, by 1988, Walmart was the most profitable retailer in the U. S. and by October 1989, it had become the largest in terms of revenue. A Walmart in York, Pennsylvania opened in October 1990, bringing the store to the Northeast. In 1945, a businessman and a former J. C. Penney employee, Sam Walton and his primary focus was on selling products at low prices to get higher-volume sales at a lower profit margin, portraying it as a crusade for the consumer. He experienced setbacks, because the price and branch purchase were unusually high. He passed on the savings in the product pricing, sales increased 45 percent in his first year of ownership to US$105,000 in revenue, which increased to US$140,000 the next year and US$175,000 the year after that. Within the fifth year, the store was generating US$250,000 in revenue, when the lease for the location expired, Walton was unable to reach an agreement for renewal, so he opened up a new store at 105 N. Main Street in Bentonville, naming it Waltons Five and Dime and that store is now the Walmart Museum. On July 2,1962, Walton opened the first Walmart Discount City store at 719 W. Walnut Street in Rogers, within its first five years, the company expanded to 24 stores across Arkansas and reached US$12.6 million in sales. In 1968, it opened its first stores outside Arkansas, in Sikeston, Missouri and Claremore, the company was incorporated as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. on October 31,1969. In 1970, it opened its office and first distribution center in Bentonville. It had 38 stores operating with 1,500 employees and sales of US$44.2 million and it began trading stock as a publicly held company on October 1,1970, and was soon listed on the New York Stock Exchange
14.
Sam's Club
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Sams West, Inc. is an American chain of membership-only retail warehouse clubs owned and operated by Walmart, founded in 1983 and named after Walmart founder Sam Walton. As of 2012, Sams Club chain serves 47 million U. S. members and is the 8th largest U. S. retailer. As of January 31,2008, Sams Club ranks second in volume among warehouse clubs with $56.828 billion in sales behind Costco. Sams Club had sales of $57.157 billion in FY2014 and it reported a 0. 3% sales increase in 2014,4. 1% in 2013, and 8. 4% sales increase in 2012. This is significantly higher growth than Walmart U. S. stores and its major competitors are Costco and BJs Wholesale Club. As of January 31,2017, Sams Club operates 660 membership warehouse clubs in 47 U. S. states, oregon, Rhode Island and Vermont are the only states where Sams Club does not operate, as is the case for the District of Columbia. Walmart International also operates Sams Clubs in Mexico, Brazil, and it has 160 locations in Mexico,27 locations in Brazil, and 15 in China. Locations generally range in size from 71, 000–168,000 sq ft, there was also Sams Club in Canada, in which the last location closed in 2009. The first Sams Club opened on April 7,1983, in Midwest City, in 1987, Sams Club made its first acquisition by purchasing West Monroe, Louisiana-based SuperSaver Wholesale Warehouse Club, the purchase expanded the chain by 24 locations. The stores were owned by Alton Howard and his son John, johns daughter Korie later married Willie Robertson and became a regular cast member on Duck Dynasty. In 1989, Sams Club entered New Jersey with a club in Delran in a former Two Guys / Jefferson Ward store and this was Walmarts first expansion into the Northeast. The first Walmart discount store in New Jersey opened in 1991 in Turnersville, the company entered the Pennsylvania market in 1990. In 1993, Walmart acquired PACE Membership Warehouse from Kmart and converted many PACE locations into Sams Clubs, the latest flagship club opening as of September 13,2007, was in Fayetteville, Arkansas. The largest Sams Club is located in Pineville, North Carolina with 185,000 sq ft of space that was formerly an Incredible Universe. On September 24,2006, Sams Club received a new logo, the new logo has an updated serif font and features a green and blue diamond inside the big blue diamond found above the word Sams. In December 2007, Sams Club launched a new slogan, Enjoy the Possibilities, since then it became an official advertising slogan, mentioned in television and radio advertisements, but it is not mentioned on its website. As of January 2008, the Enjoy the Possibilities slogan was no longer in use, Sams Club launched their latest slogan Savings Made Simple in the fourth quarter of 2009. Starting in April 2007, there was speculation of a sale or spinoff of Sams Club from parent company Wal-Mart Stores
15.
Acoustic music
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Acoustic music is music that solely or primarily uses instruments that produce sound through acoustic means, as opposed to electric or electronic means. The retronym acoustic music appeared after the advent of electric instruments, such as the guitar, electric violin, electric organ. It has its origins in the music of the 1960s. The trend has also dubbed as acoustic rock in some cases. Navigating the Music Industry, Current Issues & Business Models, Music and the Modern Condition, Investigating the Boundaries
16.
My World (EP)
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My World is the debut extended play by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber. It was released on 17 November 2009, by Island Records, the album is considered the first half of a two-piece project, later being supplemented by his debut studio album My World 2.0. Its music incorporates pop and R&B styles, and lyrically discusses teen romance, upon its release, My World received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who complimented its production. It debuted at six on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 137,000 copies. In doing so, it became the release for a new artist in 2009, though it was topped the following week by I Dreamed a Dream by Susan Boyle. Upon the release of My World 2.0 in March 2010, Less than two months after its release, the record was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales exceeding one million copies. Internationally, the extended play attained similar success and it debuted atop the Canadian Albums Chart, where it was later certified double platinum. It additionally attained double platinum recognition in the United Kingdom, two singles were released from My World, both of which became international successes. Its lead single One Time reached the top twenty in five countries singles charts, while its follow-up One Less Lonely Girl peaked within the top ten in Canada, the promotional singles Love Me and Favorite Girl peaked in the top forty of the US Billboard Hot 100. The project was promoted through television appearances and the My World Tour in 2010. On February 12,2016, the EP was released on vinyl for the first time, Bieber first began his career through YouTube, posting videos of his performances in singing competitions for family members who could not attend. As his popularity on the website grew, he was discovered by his eventual manager Scooter Braun and he provided him with an audition for L. A. Reid of Island Records, and signed a recording contract in October 2008. In April 2009, after recording his debut single One Time, Usher described Bieber as a phenomenon and definitely a priority for me. Bieber later described the title as the only way could really describe it. When recording My World, Bieber expressed a desire to grow as an artist and have fans grow with, musically, the project incorporates pop and R&B styles, similar to the catalogs of Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder, Chris Brown, Usher, and Ne-Yo. Entertainment Weekly described the record as featuring sugary puppy-love ballads and dinky dance-pop confections, Bieber looked to address a variety of lyrical themes, which he described as songs that teens can relate to and just stuff that happens in everyday life. The introductory track One Time discusses an admiration of a female, Favorite Girl shares a similar sentiment, describing the object of his affection as his prized possession. The ballad Down to Earth was inspired by the divorce of Biebers parents, Bigger details an aspiration to work past the difficulties a relationship experiences
17.
My World 2.0
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My World 2.0 is the debut studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Justin Bieber. It was released on March 19,2010, by Island Records and it is considered the second half of a two-piece project, being supplemented by his debut extended play My World. The record follows in the vein of My World, incorporating pop and R&B styles, lyrically, it discusses teen romance and coming of age situations. Upon its release, My World 2.0 received generally favorable reviews from music critics and it debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 283,000 copies. In doing so, Bieber became the youngest solo male artist to top the chart since Stevie Wonder in 1963, with My World peaking at number five that week, he became the first artist to occupy two top-five positions since Nelly in 2004. When the album sold more copies in its week, it became the first album since The Beatles 1 to debut at number one. Bieber also had his second number one album in Canada, and in its second week the album peaked at number one in Ireland, Australia. It also charted in the top ten of fifteen other countries, Bieber supported the album with his very first headlining tour, the My World Tour. The album was preceded by the single, Baby, featuring Ludacris, which was released on January 18,2010. Somebody to Love impacted radio as the second single on April 20,2010. The album received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2011 ceremony. In 2009, in an interview with Billboard at the Z100 Jingle Ball, Bieber said that people do not want to wait over a year and half for new music, and it was decided best to give it in parts. In an interview with the Houston Chronicle, Bieber stated, I wanted to do something that was a bit more R&B. I just wanted to be able to show my vocal abilities, in a piece with The New York Times Bieber stated that most of the production took place in Atlanta, and confirmed collaborating again with Tricky Stewart and The-Dream. Bieber said, that he was hoping that the album would be better, considering that My World was his first time in a studio. The album has been described as edgier and more mature than its predecessor, Bieber stated, I wanted to do something that was a little bit more R&B and that could reach out to everyone. I just wanted to be able to show my vocal abilities, sara Anderson of AOL Music commented that his sophomore release also showcases pop-y and hip-hop fused tracks. The record has also said to mine vintage teen-pop themes
18.
ITunes
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ITunes is a media player, media library, online radio broadcaster, and mobile device management application developed by Apple Inc. It is used to play, download, and organize digital downloads of music and video on personal computers running the macOS, the iTunes Store is also available on the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. Application software for the iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch can be downloaded from the App Store. ITunes 12.5 is the most recent major version of iTunes, available for Mac OS X v10.9.5 or later and Windows 7 or later, it was released on September 13,2016. ITunes 12.2 added Apple Music to the application, along with the Beats 1 radio station, soundJam MP, developed by Bill Kincaid and released by Casady & Greene in 1998, was renamed iTunes when Apple purchased it in 2000. Jeff Robbin, Kincaid, and Dave Heller moved to Apple as part of the acquisition and they simplified SoundJams user interface, added the ability to burn CDs, and removed its recording feature and skin support. On January 9,2001, iTunes 1.0 was released at Macworld San Francisco, originally a Mac OS 9-only application, iTunes began to support Mac OS X when version 2.0 was released nine months later, which also added support for the original iPod. Version 3 dropped Mac OS9 support but added smart playlists, in April 2003, version 4.0 introduced the iTunes Store, in October, version 4.1 added support for Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP. Introduced at Macworld 2005 with the new iPod Shuffle, Version 4.7, Version 7.0 introduced gapless playback and Cover Flow in September 2006. In March 2007, iTunes 7.1 added support for Windows Vista, iTunes lacked support for 64-bit versions of Windows until the 7.6 update on January 16,2008. ITunes is supported under any 64-bit version of Windows Vista, although the iTunes executable is still 32-bit, the 64-bit versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 are not supported by Apple, but a workaround has been devised for both operating systems. Version 8.0 added Genius playlists, grid view, iTunes 9 added Homeshare, enabling automatic updating of purchased items across other computers on the same subnet and offers a new iTunes Store UI. Genius Mixes were added, as well as improved app synchronization abilities and it also adds iTunes LPs to the store, which provides additional media with an album. Apple added iTunes Extras as well to the store, which adds content usually reserved for films on DVD, both iTunes LPs and Extras use web-standards HTML, JavaScript and CSS. iTunes acts as a front end for Apples QuickTime media framework. Officially, it is required in order to manage the data of an iPod, iPhone, or iPad. In addition, users are able to add PDF files to their library, the PDFs can be synchronized with and read on several devices except the regular iPod. iTunes 8.0 saw the removal of several options in the Preferences window. For example, iTunes once gave users the option to display arrows beside the selected songs title, artist, album and these arrows are no longer removable, except through the direct editing of a preferences file. ITunes keeps track of songs by creating a library, allowing users to access
19.
Billboard 200
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The Billboard 200 is a record chart ranking the 200 most popular music albums and EPs in the United States, published weekly by Billboard magazine. It is frequently used to convey the popularity of an artist or groups of artists, often, a recording act will be remembered by its number ones, those of their albums that outperformed all others during at least one week. The chart is based mostly on sales of albums in the United States, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but since July 2015, tracking week begins on Friday and ends on Thursday. A new chart is published the following Tuesday with an issue post-dated to the Saturday of the following week, the charts streaming schedule is also tracked from Friday to Thursday. Example, Friday January 1 – sales tracking week begins Thursday January 7 – sales tracking week ends Tuesday January 12 – new chart published, New product is released to the American market on Fridays. Digital downloads of albums are included in Billboard 200 tabulation. Albums that are not licensed for sale in the United States are not eligible to chart. As of the issue dated April 15,2017, the album on the Billboard 200 is More Life by Drake. Billboard began an album chart in 1945, initially only five positions long, the album chart was not published on a weekly basis, sometimes three to seven weeks passing before it was updated. A biweekly, 15-position Best-Selling Popular Albums chart appeared in 1955, the position count varied anywhere from 10 to 30 albums. The first number-one album on the new weekly list was Belafonte by Harry Belafonte, the chart was renamed to Best-Selling Pop Albums later in 1956, and then to Best-Selling Pop LPs in 1957. Beginning on May 25,1959, Billboard split the ranking into two charts Best-Selling Stereophonic LPs for stereo albums and Best-Selling Monophonic LPs for mono albums and these were renamed to Stereo Action Charts and Mono Action Charts in 1960. In January 1961, they became Action Albums—Stereophonic and Action Albums—Monophonic, three months later, they became Top LPs—Stereo and Top LPs—Monaural. On August 17,1963 the stereo and mono charts were combined into a 150-position chart called Top LPs, on April 1,1967, the chart was expanded to 175 positions, then finally to 200 positions on May 13,1967. In 1960, Billboard began concurrently publishing album charts which ranked sales of older or mid-priced titles and these Essential Inventory charts were divided by stereo and mono albums, and featured titles that had already appeared on the main stereo and mono album charts. In January 1961, the Action Charts became Action Albums—Monophonic, Albums appeared on either chart for up to nine weeks, then were moved to an Essential Inventory list of approximately 200 titles, with no numerical ranking. This list continued to be published until the consolidated Top LPs chart debuted in 1963, in 1982, Billboard began publishing a Midline Albums chart which ranked older or mid-priced titles. The chart held 50 positions and was published on a bi-weekly basis, on May 25,1991, Billboard premiered the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart
20.
Twitter
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Twitter is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages, tweets, restricted to 140 characters. Registered users can post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them, users access Twitter through its website interface, SMS or a mobile device app. Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, California, United States, Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams and launched in July. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, in 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day, and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has described as the SMS of the Internet. As of 2016, Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users. On the day of the 2016 U. S. presidential election, Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news, Twitters origins lie in a daylong brainstorming session held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then a student at New York University. The original project name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, inspired by Flickr. The developers initially considered 10958 as a code, but later changed it to 40404 for ease of use. Work on the project started on March 21,2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9,50 PM Pacific Standard Time, Dorsey has explained the origin of the Twitter title. we came across the word twitter, and it was just perfect. The definition was a short burst of inconsequential information, and chirps from birds, and thats exactly what the product was. The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as a service for Odeo employees. Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitters startup until 2011, Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007. Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview, With Twitter and they called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didnt replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is, Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network, the tipping point for Twitters popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000, the Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages, remarked Newsweeks Steven Levy
21.
Auto-Tune
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Auto-Tune is an audio processor created by Antares Audio Technologies which uses a proprietary device to measure and alter pitch in vocal and instrumental music recording and performances. It was originally intended to disguise or correct off-key inaccuracies, allowing vocal tracks to be perfectly tuned despite originally being slightly off-key, the processor slightly shifts pitches to the nearest true semitone. Auto-Tune can also be used as an effect to distort the voice when pitch is raised or lowered significantly, such that the voice is heard to leap from note to note stepwise. Auto-Tune is available as a plug-in for professional audio multi-tracking suites used in a setting and as a stand-alone. Auto-Tune has become standard equipment in professional recording studios, instruments like the Peavey AT-200 guitar are seamlessly using the Auto Tune technology for real time pitch correction. Auto-Tune was initially created by Andy Hildebrand, an engineer working for Exxon, Hildebrand developed methods for interpreting seismic data and subsequently realized that the technology could be used to detect, analyze, and modify the pitch in audio files. The earliest commercial use of Auto-Tune as an effect in a popular song was Roy Vedas Fragments Of Life in August 17th 1998 and later on in Chers Believe. The effect is not to be confused with a vocoder or the talk box, devices referenced by producers of these songs when they were new to hide their use of Auto-Tune from music audiences. For example, in an interview, the producers of Believe claimed they had used a DigiTech Talker FX pedal. After the success of Believe the technique known as the Cher Effect. Originally, Auto-Tune was designed to discreetly correct imprecise intonations, and this technique soon became a widespread technique used in live performances and in pop recordings throughout the first ten years of the 21st century. According to Chris Lee of the Los Angeles Times, Believe is widely credited with injecting Auto-Tunes mechanical modulations into pop consciousness, in the year 2000, the single Naive Song performed by Mirwais Ahmadzai from his album Production is the first ever track using Auto-Tune on the complete vocals. The use of Auto-Tune as an effect was bolstered in the late 2000s by hip hop/R&B recording artist T-Pain who elaborated on the effect. He cites new jack swing producer Teddy Riley and funk artist Roger Troutmans use of the Talk Box as inspirations for his own use of Auto-Tune, T-Pain became so associated with Auto-Tune that he has an iPhone App named after him that simulates the effect, called I Am T-Pain. Auto-Tune has since used in other hip hop/R&B artists works, including Snoop Doggs single Sexual Eruption, Lil Waynes Lollipop. The effect has become popular in raï music and other genres from Northern Africa. According to the Boston Herald, country stars Faith Hill, Shania Twain, however, other country music singers, such as Allison Moorer, Trisha Yearwood, Vince Gill, Garth Brooks and Martina McBride, have refused to use Auto-Tune. At the 51st Grammy Awards in early 2009, the band Death Cab for Cutie made an appearance wearing blue ribbons to protest the use of Auto-Tune in the music industry
22.
Electronic music
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In general, a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer. During the 1920s and 1930s, electronic instruments were introduced and the first compositions for instruments were composed. Musique concrète, created in Paris in 1948, was based on editing together recorded fragments of natural and industrial sounds, Music produced solely from electronic generators was first produced in Germany in 1953. Electronic music was created in Japan and the United States beginning in the 1950s. An important new development was the advent of computers for the purpose of composing music, algorithmic composition was first demonstrated in Australia in 1951. In America and Europe, live electronics were pioneered in the early 1960s, during the 1970s to early 1980s, the monophonic Minimoog became once the most widely used synthesizer at that time in both popular and electronic art music. In the 1980s, electronic music became dominant in popular music, with a greater reliance on synthesizers, and the adoption of programmable drum machines. Electronically produced music became prevalent in the domain by the 1990s. Contemporary electronic music includes many varieties and ranges from art music to popular forms such as electronic dance music. Today, pop music is most recognizable in its 4/4 form. At the turn of the 20th century, experimentation with emerging electronics led to the first electronic musical instruments and these initial inventions were not sold, but were instead used in demonstrations and public performances. The audiences were presented with reproductions of existing music instead of new compositions for the instruments, while some were considered novelties and produced simple tones, the Telharmonium accurately synthesized the sound of orchestral instruments. It achieved viable public interest and made progress into streaming music through telephone networks. Critics of musical conventions at the time saw promise in these developments, ferruccio Busoni encouraged the composition of microtonal music allowed for by electronic instruments. He predicted the use of machines in future music, writing the influential Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music, futurists such as Francesco Balilla Pratella and Luigi Russolo began composing music with acoustic noise to evoke the sound of machinery. They predicted expansions in timbre allowed for by electronics in the influential manifesto The Art of Noises, developments of the vacuum tube led to electronic instruments that were smaller, amplified, and more practical for performance. In particular, the theremin, ondes Martenot and trautonium were commercially produced by the early 1930s, from the late 1920s, the increased practicality of electronic instruments influenced composers such as Joseph Schillinger to adopt them
23.
Baby (Justin Bieber song)
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Baby is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber. It was released as the single from the latter half of Biebers debut album. It was available for download on January 18,2010. The song received airplay directly after release, officially impacting mainstream, the song is uptempo R&B, blending together dance-pop and hip-hop elements, while using influences of doo-wop music. The song has received reviews from critics who complimented the songs effective lyrics and chorus, and commended Ludacris part. The accompanying music video takes place in a mall/bowling-alley setting, the video features several cameos such as Drake, Lil Twist and Tinashe, in which Bieber chases after a girl. As of May 2013, the song has sold 3.9 million digital downloads in the United States, the official music video is the eighteenth most-viewed video all-time on YouTube, and is also, as of 2017, the YouTube video with the most dislikes. It had been the most-viewed from July 12,2010 until November 24,2012, Bieber performed the song several times, including Saturday Night Live, and the ninth season of American Idol. Bieber also performed a rendition of the remix version with Drake at the 2010 Juno Awards. The official remix in the United Kingdom features British hip-hop artist Chipmunk, when asked how the collaboration initially came about, Bieber said, both live in Atlanta. I met him a year prior to this and we figured it was a collaboration for him. Bieber first premiered the song performing on MuchMusic on December 28,2009, a few days before the release of the single, Bieber posted an acoustic version of the song to his YouTube with his guitarist Dan Kanterr, similar to the way he did with Favorite Girl. Billboard said that, Bieber delivers his characteristically clean vocals with conviction, My first love broke my heart for the first time / and Im like, baby, baby, baby, I thought youd always be mine. Also in a review of the acoustic version Bill Lamb of About. com said that I think the vocals here will convince some that Justin Bieber really does have the vocal chops. The song is upbeat, featuring Biebers R&B vocals over a backdrop containing a dance infused beat, full of keyboard. The song is composed in the key of E♭ major with Biebers vocal range spanning from the low-note of G3 to the high-note of C5. Lyrically, Biebers lines explain his distress over his lost love, the chorus features the distinct and repetitive baby, baby, baby, ohhhh hook. A famous section of the song plays Baby, Baby baby oh and it is the catchphrase of the song that identifies the song
24.
String quartet
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A string quartet is a musical ensemble of four string players – two violin players, a viola player and a cellist – or a piece written to be performed by such a group. The string quartet is one of the most prominent chamber ensembles in classical music, with most major composers, from the mid to late 18th century onwards, writing string quartets. The string quartet was developed into its current form by the Austrian composer Joseph Haydn, ever since Haydns day the string quartet has been considered a prestigious form and represents one of the true tests of the composers art. With four parts to play with, a composer working in anything like the key system has enough lines to fashion a full argument. The closely related characters of the four instruments, moreover, while they cover in combination an ample compass of pitch, do not lend themselves to indulgence in purely colouristic effects. Thus, in ways the string quartet is pre-eminently the dialectical form of instrumental music. Quartet composition flourished in the Classical era, with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, in the 21st century it remains an important and refined musical form. Some quartets play together for years in ensembles which may be named after the first violinist. Well-known string quartets can be found in the list of string quartet ensembles, the early history of the string quartet is in many ways the history of Haydns journey with the genre. However, these composers showed no interest in exploring the development of the quartet as a medium. The origins of the quartet can be further traced back to the Baroque trio sonata. A very early example is a sonata for string ensemble by Gregorio Allegri that might be considered an important prototype string quartet. By the early 18th century, composers were often adding a third soloist, thus when Alessandro Scarlatti wrote a set of six works entitled Sonata à Quattro per due Violini, Violetta, e Violoncello senza Cembalo, this was a natural evolution from the existing tradition. The string quartet in its now accepted form came about with Haydn, even the composition of Haydns earliest string quartets owed more to chance than artistic imperative. Haydns early biographer Georg August Griesinger tells the story thus, The following purely chance circumstance had led him to try his luck at the composition of quartets. A Baron Fürnberg had a place in Weinzierl, several stages from Vienna, and he invited from time to time his pastor, his manager, Haydn, Fürnberg requested Haydn to compose something that could be performed by these four amateurs. Haydn went on to nine other quartets around this time. These works were published as his Op.1 and Op.2, one quartet went unpublished and they have five movements and take the form, fast movement, minuet and trio I, slow movement, minuet and trio II, and fast finale
25.
Conga
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The conga, also known as tumbadora, is a tall, narrow, single-headed drum from Cuba. Congas are staved like barrels and classified three types, quinto, tres dos or tres golpes, and tumba or salidor. Most modern congas have a wooden or fiberglass shell. They are usually played in sets of two to four with the fingers and palms of the hand, typical congas stand approximately 75 centimetres from the bottom of the shell to the head. The drums may be played while seated, alternatively, the drums may be mounted on a rack or stand to permit the player to play while standing. While they originated in Cuba, their incorporation into the popular and folk music of countries has resulted in diversification of terminology for the instruments. In Cuba, congas are called tumbadoras, Conga players are called congueros, while rumberos refers to those who dance following the path of the players. The term conga was popularized in the 1930s, when Latin music swept the United States, Cuban son and New York jazz fused together to create what was then termed mambo, but later became known as salsa. In that same period, the popularity of the Conga Line helped to spread this new term, desi Arnaz also played a role in the popularization of conga drums. However, the drum he played was similar to the type of known as bokú used in his hometown. The word conga came from the rhythm la conga used during carnaval in Cuba, the drums used in carnaval could have been referred to as tambores de conga since they played the rhythm la conga, and thus translated into English as conga drums. There are five basic strokes, Open tone is played with the four fingers near the rim of the head, producing a clear resonant tone with a distinct pitch. Muffled or mute tone, like the tone, is made by striking the drum with the four fingers. Bass tone, played with the palm on the head. It produces a low muted sound, slap tone, the most difficult technique producing a loud clear popping sound. Touch tone, as implied by the name, this tone is produced by just touching the fingers or heel of the palm to the drum head. It is possible to alternate a touch of the palm with a touch of the fingers in a maneuver called heel-toe, the moose call or glissando is done by rubbing the third finger, supported by the thumb, across the head of the drum. The finger is sometimes moistened with saliva or sweat, and sometimes a little coat of beeswax is put on the surface of the head to help make the sound
26.
Ryan Seacrest
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Ryan John Seacrest is an American radio personality, television host and producer. He is best known for hosting the talent competition show American Idol, as well as the countdown program American Top 40. He received Emmy Award nominations for American Idol, and won an Emmy for producing Jamie Olivers Food Revolution. Seacrest was born on December 24,1974, in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Constance Marie, a homemaker, and Gary Lee Seacrest and his mother told the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Instead of playing with G. I. Joes or Cowboys and Indians, Ryan would always have a little microphone, at age 14, he attended Dunwoody High School. At age 16, while attending high school, Seacrest won an internship at WSTR, in Atlanta, with Tom Sullivan. When the regular DJ called in sick, Sullivan put him on the air for the very first show of his broadcasting career, Seacrest was given the weekend overnight shift at WSTR. Seacrest continued to work on air at WSTR until graduating from Dunwoody High School in 1992, Seacrest went on to study journalism at the University of Georgia in fall 1992. He continued his show at a local Athens station. Seacrest left the university at age 19 and moved to Hollywood to pursue his broadcasting career, in 1993, Seacrest hosted the first season of ESPNs Radical Outdoor Challenge. He also hosted three kids game shows, Gladiators 2000 from 1994–96, Wild Animal Games in 1995, Seacrest appeared as the host of the fictional game show Lovers Lane on Beverly Hills,90210 in The Final Proof. In the fall and winter of 2000, Seacrest was the host of The NBC Saturday Night Movie, during commercial breaks, he offered trivia on the film and a chance to win prizes by answering online on NBCi. In 2001, he hosted a reality program, Ultimate Revenge. It was shown on TNN from 2001 to 2003, American Idol In 2002, Seacrest accepted the position as co-host of a new Fox reality television series American Idol with comedian Brian Dunkleman. American Idol went on to success, putting Seacrest in the national spotlight, the following year, he became the sole host. When the show increased in popularity, seen by some 26 million viewers weekly, in 2003, Seacrest hosted the spin-off show, American Juniors. In July 2009, Seacrest inked a deal with CKX for $45 million to continue to host American Idol, in April 2012, Seacrest signed a two-year, $30 million deal to stay on as host of American Idol. In May 2014, Deadline. com reported that he had signed a deal with the option of another year
27.
Michael Jackson
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Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, actor, and philanthropist. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music, dance, the eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5. He began his career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music, the popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jacksons 1987 album Bad spawned the U. S and he continued to innovate with videos such as Black or White and Scream throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and his distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres. Thriller is the album of all time, with estimated sales of 65 million copies worldwide. Jacksons other albums, including Off the Wall, Bad, Dangerous and he is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by Guinness World Records. Jackson won hundreds of awards, making him the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music. He became the first artist in history to have a top ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades when Love Never Felt So Good reached number nine on May 21,2014. Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his humanitarianism, and, in 2000, aspects of Jacksons personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of sexual abuse, but the civil case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of child sexual abuse allegations. While preparing for his concert series, This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25,2009. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician, Jacksons death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was viewed around the world. Forbes ranks Jackson as the dead celebrity with earnings of $825 million in 2016. Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29,1958 and his mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovahs Witness. She played clarinet and piano and once aspired to be a country-and-western performer, michaels father, Joseph Walter Joe Jackson, a former boxer, was a steelworker at U. S. Steel
28.
Man in the Mirror
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Man in the Mirror is a song recorded by Michael Jackson, written by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett and produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones. It peaked at number 1 in the United States when released in January 1988 as the single from his seventh solo album. It is one of Jacksons most critically acclaimed songs and it was nominated for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards, the song topped the Billboard Hot 100 for 2 weeks. It also became the number 1 single in iTunes downloads in the US, the song was remixed for the soundtrack of Jacksons tribute tour Immortal. Man in the Mirror was composed by Glen Ballard and Siedah Garrett, Jackson added background vocals from Garrett, The Winans and the Andraé Crouch Choir, which gave the song its distinctive sound. The song is said to have one of Jacksons favorite songs. Arranged with a choir, Jackson would use a gospel choir again several years later on his hit Will You Be There. Siedah Garrett also sang Jacksons duet I Just Cant Stop Loving You in summer 1987, the song is played in the keys of G and G# Major at a tempo of 100bpm. The killing was highly traumatic to the Japanese public and to Jackson himself, Man in the Mirror is one of Michael Jacksons most critically acclaimed songs. When Ed Hogan reviewed the song, he called it gentle, jon Pareles of The New York Times noted that this song has gospelly lift. One of the videos is a departure from Jacksons other videos mainly because Jackson himself does not appear in the video. Instead, it featured a montage of footage from major news events such as the nuclear explosion of Operation Crossroads. The Man in the Mirror music video was directed, produced and edited by Don Wilson, Don and Michael Jackson developed the idea for the video. Larry Stessel who was Video Commissioner at Epic Records at the time was the Executive Producer. PCM Stereo music video version of song was included on Number Ones, Michael Jacksons Vision, the Target version DVD of Bad 25. An alternate live video was used as the song in Jacksons film Moonwalker with live audio. Man In The Mirror was the 4th consecutive number-one single for Jacksons Bad in the United States. The single debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 48 on February 6,1988, and reached number 1 by its 8th week on the chart, on March 26,1988, the song originally peaked at number 21 in the United Kingdom in 1988
29.
Justin Bieber: Never Say Never
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Justin Bieber, Never Say Never is a 2011 3-D concert film centering on singer Justin Bieber. It was released in the United States, Canada and Africa on February 11,2011, a sequel to Never Say Never was released on December 25,2013 entitled Justin Biebers Believe. The film follows the pop star Justin Bieber during 10 days counting down to what is considered his biggest performance, that of August 31,2010 in Madison Square Garden and it shows footage of the performances during this period from his My World Tour. The main people around Bieber, being like family and good friends to him, are interviewed, various instances of praying together before a show are shown. The film also includes a visit Bieber made to his hometown while being in Canada for the tour and he is scolded for having damaged his voice while having fun with his old friends. Reluctantly he accepts the postponement of a performance in Syracuse and he is not allowed to speak for some days, and thus recovers enough to do the next performance, at MSG. Also included are some stories and old videos of Biebers childhood and he was raised by his mother but also had a very special bond with his maternal step-grandfather. The latter still gets emotional about the time that Bieber and his moved to Atlanta. The website also reported that the film, described as a feature biopic would be directed by the Academy Award-winning An Inconvenient Truths director Davis Guggenheim, the untitled film was said to also include performances from Biebers My World Tour throughout. Biebers manager Scooter Braun and Island Def Jam president L. A. Reid were tapped to produce, after the report was published by Deadline, Bieber confirmed the news on his official Twitter account, and verified that it would be released around February 11,2011. In a following tweet, Bieber stated that the performances for the film would be set to take place at Madison Square Garden on the tour. On August 4,2010, Deadline reported that Guggenheim had dropped out of the position for the film. After the future of the film was up in the air for a few days, on August 13,2010, it was reported that Step Up 3D director Jon Chu was recruited to direct the film. On directing the film, Chu stated that he jumped at the opportunity to tell a story with honesty and heart, as most people did not know that Bieber had a true underdog story. Chu went on to say that he hoped to tell his story in a compelling, genuine way, in another interview, Chu said that the movie was for fans and non-fans alike, commenting, were gonna tell the underdog story of where he came from. He later explained that it was fascinating due to Biebers story had much to do with the digital lifestyle, such as using YouTube. On the type of film, Chu said Theres not going to be acted-out scenes and its not your typical concert film and its not going to be a biopic, but it is about his life. The contest lasted for twenty-four hours, on August 31,2010, filming took place at his concert at Madison Square Garden for scenes for the film, and Bieber donned white and purple attire, his tour colors
30.
Never Say Never (Justin Bieber song)
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Never Say Never is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber. The song is used as the song for The Karate Kid. It was originally a demo with sexual lyrics performed by American singer Travis Garland, it was written and produced by The Messengers. However, for reasons, Bieber was tapped to record the song for the film. He re-wrote the song with The Messengers, Rambert, Smith, the song contains R&B and pop elements while merging hip-hop. The song was released for download in the United States on June 8,2010. The song was included as an acoustic track on the remix album My Worlds Acoustic. To promote Biebers 3D concert film of the name, the song was released as the lead single. Never Say Never peaked within the top twenty in Canada, Norway and its accompanying music video, directed by Honey, features Smith and Bieber in a recording studio playing around and dancing, and is intercut with scenes from the film. He has notably performed the song on Today and on his My World Tour, Smith joined Bieber during the tours stop at Madison Square Garden to perform the song for scenes in Justin Bieber, Never Say Never. A demo of the song, Sexy Together was originally recorded by Mike Chilton, reportedly the song was re-written by its original writers Adam Messinger, Nasri, Omarr Rambert, and his vocal producer Kuk Harrell, while Smith added lines. Carina Adly MacKenzie of Zap2it preferred Bieber and Smiths version, commenting, youd think that a song about sex would be more interesting than a song about little kids doing karate. The song was confirmed when the listing for the soundtrack was revealed. It was released on iTunes in the United States on June 8,2010, Never Say Never is a pop-R&B which includes hip hop. It is composed in the key of A minor with vocals spanning from the low-note of G3 to the high-note of C6, the song follows in the chord progression of Am–C–G–D Bieber provides lead vocals in the song while Smith provides the backing with rap interludes. Idolator thought the song as a version of Eminems Lose Yourself. Smiths lines reference his father, and puns in the phrase and he also makes reference to his lineage by saying Born from two stars so the moons where I land. As he is the son of Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith, Smith also makes references to Luke Skywalker and Kobe Bryant in his lines. is sure to stand out as the films flagship anthem
31.
2010 World Series
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The 2010 World Series was the 106th edition of Major League Baseballs championship series. The Giants won the series 4–1 to secure their first World Series championship since 1954, in their respective League Championship Series, the Rangers and the Giants eliminated the 2009 World Series teams—the New York Yankees and the Philadelphia Phillies—each in six games. The Rangers victory in the ALCS gave the franchise its first World Series appearance in its 50-year history, the Giants were the first National League champions to have home-field advantage since 2001, because the NL won the All-Star Game 3–1 on July 13. For the second year, Series games were scheduled for earlier start times in hope of attracting younger viewers. San Francisco landmarks, such as Coit Tower, the Ferry Building, an exclusive VIP party was held on the eve of the World Series at the California Academy of Sciences, most media were not allowed near the event. With three games slated in Arlington, this marked the 5th time the city hosted both a World Series game and the upcoming Super Bowl. The Rangers and their fans had a history of futility. Enfranchised in 1961 as the iteration of the Washington Senators. The team relocated to Arlington, Texas, for the 1972 season but failed to make the postseason for over 20 years. They went on to win three titles in 1996,1998, and 1999, but were eliminated by the New York Yankees in the ALDS each time. The Rangers last postseason appearance before 2010 was in 1999, heading into 2010, the Rangers were plagued with off-field issues. During spring training, manager Ron Washington admitted to prior cocaine use, in the offseason, Iván Rodríguez, Marlon Byrd, Omar Vizquel, and Andruw Jones all departed due to free agency. Kevin Millwood was traded to the Baltimore Orioles for Chris Ray, the Rangers also traded two minor leaguers to the Florida Marlins in exchange for Jorge Cantú, and Joaquín Árias to the New York Mets in exchange for Jeff Francoeur. The Rangers spent most of the season in first place in the American League West and their.556 winning percentage was the lowest among all eight 2010 postseason teams. In the postseason, the Rangers faced the top-seeded Tampa Bay Rays in the ALDS, Game 5 was another decisive Rangers victory, as ace Cliff Lee stymied the Rays and the offense struck Rays ace David Price once again. This was the first postseason win in franchise history, additionally. In the ALCS, the Rangers faced the wild-card winning New York Yankees, the Yankees had swept the second-seeded Minnesota Twins in their ALDS. The Rangers held a 5–0 lead in Game 1, only to see the Yankees come back, however, the next three games were all blowouts, as the Rangers took a 3–1 series lead
32.
American Music Awards of 2010
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The 38th American Music Awards were held November 21,2010, at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles, California. The awards recognized the most popular artists and albums from 2010s music list, nominees were announced on October 12,2010. Justin Bieber was nominated for, and won, four awards, usher and Eminem both won two awards, the former was nominated for three and the latter, five. The nominees for the 38th American Music Awards were announced on October 12,2010 by Demi Lovato, the ceremony was watched by 11.6 million viewers and received a 4.3 preliminary rating in the 18–49 demographic. This marked the lowest-ever ratings for the ceremony, with coming from NBC Sunday Night Football. American Music Awards of 2010 at the Internet Movie Database
33.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
34.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
35.
Chicago Sun-Times
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The Chicago Sun-Times is a daily newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois. It is the paper of the Sun-Times Media Group. The Chicago Sun-Times is the oldest continuously published daily newspaper in the city and it began in 1844 as the Chicago Daily Journal, which was the first newspaper to publish the rumor, now believed false, that a cow owned by Catherine OLeary was responsible for the Chicago fire. The Evening Journal, whose West Side building at 17-19 S. Canal was undamaged, in 1929, the newspaper was relaunched as the Chicago Daily Illustrated Times. The modern paper grew out of the 1948 merger of the Chicago Sun, founded December 4,1941 by Marshall Field III, and the Chicago Daily Times. The newspaper was owned by Field Enterprises, controlled by the Marshall Field family, when the Daily News ended its run in 1978, much of its staff, including Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist Mike Royko, were moved to the Sun-Times. During the Field period, the newspaper had a populist, progressive character that leaned Democratic but was independent of the citys Democratic establishment, although the graphic style was urban tabloid, the paper was well regarded for journalistic quality and did not rely on sensational front-page stories. It typically ran articles from the Washington Post/Los Angeles Times wire service, the advice column Ask Ann Landers debuted in 1943. Ann Landers was the pseudonym of staff writer Ruth Crowley, who answered readers letters until 1955, eppie Lederer, sister of Dear Abby columnist Abigail van Buren, assumed the role thereafter as Ann Landers. Kups Column, written by Irv Kupcinet, also made its first appearance in 1943, Jack Olsen joined the Sun-Times as editor-in-chief in 1954, before moving on to Time and Sports Illustrated magazines and authoring true-crime books. Hired as literary editor in 1955 was Hoke Norris, who covered the civil-rights movement for the Sun-Times. Jerome Holtzman became a member of the Chicago Sun sports department after first being a boy for the Daily News in the 1940s. He and Edgar Munzel, another longtime sportswriter for the paper, famed for his World War II exploits, two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist Bill Mauldin made the Sun-Times his home base in 1962. The following year, Mauldin drew one of his most renowned illustrations, two years out of college, Roger Ebert became a staff writer in 1966, and a year later was named Sun-Times film critic. He continued in this role for the remainder of his life, after the friend wrote a story about it, Grizzard fired Banks. With that, the employees union intervened, a federal arbitrator ruled for Banks and 13 months later. The articles received considerable publicity and acclaim, but a nomination for the Pulitzer Prize met resistance from some who believed the Mirage series represented a form of entrapment. In March 1978, the afternoon publication the Chicago Daily News, sister paper of the Sun-Times
36.
Entertainment Weekly
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Entertainment Weekly is an American magazine, published by Time Inc. that covers film, television, music, Broadway theatre, books and popular culture. Different from celebrity-focused publications like Us Weekly, People, and In Touch Weekly, EW primarily concentrates on entertainment media news, however, unlike Variety and The Hollywood Reporter, which are aimed at industry insiders, EW targets a more general audience. The first issue was published on February 16,1990, the cover price was $1.95 The title word entertainment was not capitalized on the cover until mid-1992 and has remained so since. By 2003, the weekly circulation averaged 1.7 million copies per week. In March 2006, managing editor Rick Tetzeli oversaw an overhaul of EWs graphics, Entertainment Weekly follows a typical magazine format by featuring a letters to the editor and table of contents in the first few pages, while also featuring advertisements. While many advertisements are unrelated to the entertainment industry, the majority of ads are typically related to up-and-coming television and these beginning articles open the magazine and as a rule focus on current events in pop culture. First Look, subtitled An early peek at some of Hollywoods coolest projects, is a spread with behind-the-scenes or publicity stills of upcoming movies. The Hit List, written each week by critic Scott Brown, highlights ten major events, Typically, there will be some continuity to the commentaries. This column was written by Jim Mullen and featured twenty events each week. The Hollywood Insider is a section that reports breaking news in entertainment. It gives details, in the columns, on the most-current news in television, movie. The Style Report is a section devoted to celebrity style. Because its focus is on celebrity fashion or lifestyle, it is rich in nature. Recently, the converted to a new format, five pictures of celebrity fashions for the week. A spin-off section, Style Hunter, which finds reader-requested articles of clothing or accessories that have appeared in pop culture recently, appears frequently. The Monitor is a two-page spread devoted to events in celebrity lives with small paragraphs highlighting events such as weddings, illnesses, arrests, court appearances. Deaths of major celebrities are typically detailed in a one-half- or full-page obituary titled Legacy and this feature is nearly identical to sister publication Peoples Passages feature. Harris column focuses on analyzing current popular-culture events, and is generally the most serious of the columns, harris has written about the writers strike and the 2008 presidential election, among other topics
