1.
Energia
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Energia was a Soviet rocket that was designed by NPO Energia to serve as a heavy-lift expendable launch system as well as a booster for the Buran spacecraft. Control system main developer enterprise was the NPO Electropribor, the Energia used four strap-on boosters each powered by a four-chamber RD-170 engine burning kerosene/LOX, and a central core stage with 4 one-chamber RD-0120 engines fueled by liquid hydrogen/LOX. The rocket had the capacity to place about 100 tonnes in Low Earth orbit, up to 20 tonnes to geostationary orbit, work on the Energia/Buran system began in 1976 after the decision was made to cancel the unsuccessful N1. The cancelled N1 rocket-based Manned Lunar Launch Facilities and Infrastructure were used for Energia, Energia also replaced the Vulkan concept, which was a design based on the Proton and using the same hypergolic propellants, but much larger and more powerful. The Vulkan designation was given to a variation of the Energia which has eight boosters. This configuration required the addition of a stage to perform the final orbital insertion. Due to the termination of the Buran programme the Energia program was concluded after only two launches, and further the payload on the first launch didnt perform the final boost properly, the Energia was first test-launched on 15 May 1987, with the Polyus spacecraft as the payload. The intended orbit was altitude 280 km, inclination 64. 6°, the two stages of the Energia launcher functioned as designed, but due to a software error in its attitude control system, Polyus orbital insertion motor failed to inject the payload into orbit. Instead, the Polyus reentered the atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean, the second flight, and the first one where payload successfully reached orbit, was launched on 15 November 1988. This mission launched the unmanned Soviet Shuttle vehicle, Buran, at apogee, the Buran spacecraft made a 66.7 m/s burn to reach a final orbit of 251 km x 263 km. Production of Energia rockets ended with the fall of the Soviet Union, ever since, there have been persistent rumors of the renewal of production, but given the current political realities, that is highly unlikely. While the Energia is no longer in production, the Zenit boosters are still in production, the four strap-on liquid-fuel boosters, which burned kerosene and liquid oxygen, were the basis of the Zenit rocket which used the same engines. The engine is the four combustion chamber RD-170 and its derivative, the RD-171, is still used on the Zenit rocket. In August 2016, plans were announced to develop a super heavy-lift launch vehicle from existing Energia components instead of pushing the less-powerful Angara A5V project, three major variants were conceptualized after the original configuration, each with vastly different payloads. The Energia M was the smallest design configuration, the number of Zenit boosters was reduced from four to two, and instead of four RD-0120 engines in the core, it had only one. It was designed to replace the Proton rocket, but lost the 1993 competition to the Angara rocket, Energia II, named Uragan, was a rocket proposed to be fully reusable with the design feature to land on a conventional airfield. S. The Energia II core as proposed would be capable of re-entering and gliding to a landing, the final unflown configuration was also the largest. With eight Zenit booster rockets and an Energia-M core as the upper stage, the development of rocket-carrier Vulcan and the refurbishment of the Energia launch pad for its launches was in progress in 1990-1993
2.
MAKS Air Show
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MAKS is an international airshow held at Zhukovsky International Airport, the home of the Gromov Flight Research Institute in Zhukovsky,40 km southeast of Moscow, Russia. The event was organized by the Russian Ministry of Industry and Trade until 2009, more recently by the Government of Moscow, the first show, Mosaeroshow-92, was held in 1992. Since 1993, the airshow was renamed as MAKS and is held biennially on odd years, MAKS is an important event for the Russian aviation industry and the Commonwealth of Independent States. The airshows history traces back to 1911, when one was held in Mikhailovskiy square in Saint-Petersburg, the USSR held annual airshows on the Tushino airfield in Moscow 22 years later. Its history in Zhukovskiy, however, began later with the Engineering Show by Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute in 1990. The objective of the MAKS airshow is to demonstrate leading technologies, a large portion of the show is dedicated to holding scientific conferences and symposia, under the auspices of Russias Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute. The airshow is held in the city of Zhukovsky, at Zhukovsky International Airport, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, many aviation companies eventually moved to Zhukovsky, using the Gromov Flight Research Institutes airfield for MosAeroShow-92 held on 11–16 August 1992. A second show was held in 1993, now renamed MAKS, since then the airshow has been held biannually. It lasts for six days, three of which are open to the general public, after this incident a Mi-8 was called to take the place of the destroyed Yak-38. The pilot from a Su-15 ejected during an experimental low-altitude ejection of a due to the inability to regain control. The prototype amphibious aircraft Be-103 crashed on the day before the opening of MAKS-1997, the pilot, Vladimir Nikolaevich Ulyanov, was killed. The death of Tkachenko was paid tribute to by a minute of silence at the opening of the airshow, the wing from an An-70 getting ready for takeoff scratched the ladder of a stationary aircraft. No one was hurt in this accident, nor were the aircraft, antonov denied the occurrence of this collision, and the An-70 flew to Kiev on August 20. An L-39 from the Baltic bees left the runway while landing, a PAK FA suffered a compressor stall while accelerating, after which a drogue chute was deployed and the aircraft stopped on the runway. A main criticism of the airshow is the influx of visitors. The high cost of electricity and the lack of air conditioning in the exhibition halls are also subject to criticism. Some critics accused the organizers for still showing outdated Soviet-era aircraft, critics believe that the MAKS is still inferior to other leading airshows of the world, and do not agree with other parts of Russian and western press. The Danish daily newspaper Børsen comments that the MAKS is not worse than the Le Bourget, the airshow administration argues that the airshows are conducted in a highly organized fashion, and is the hallmark of Russia.1 to 1.8 times lower than that at Farnborough
3.
Cargo aircraft
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A cargo aircraft is a fixed-wing aircraft that is designed or converted for the carriage of cargo rather than passengers. Such aircraft usually do not incorporate passenger amenities and generally one or more large doors for loading cargo. Freighters may be operated by passenger or cargo airlines, by private individuals or by the armed forces of individual countries. Cargo aircraft represent a small proportion of the air freight market. The majority is carried in special ULD containers in the holds of normal passenger aircraft. Aircraft were put to use carrying cargo in the form of air mail as early as 1911, although the earliest aircraft were not designed primarily as cargo carriers, by the mid-1920s aircraft manufacturers were designing and building dedicated cargo aircraft. The Vickers Vernon, a development of the Vickers Vimy Commercial, in February 1923 this was put to use by the RAFs Iraq Command who flew nearly 500 Sikh troops from Kingarban to Kirkuk in the first ever strategic airlift of troops. The Victorians also helped to pioneer air routes for Imperial Airways Handley Page HP.42 airliners, the World War II German design, the Arado Ar 232 was the first purpose built cargo aircraft. The Ar 232 was intended to supplant the earlier Junkers Ju 52 freighter conversions, most other forces used freighter versions of airliners in the cargo role as well, most notably the C-47 Skytrain version of the Douglas DC-3, which served with practically every Allied nation. This aircraft, like most of its era, used tail-dragger landing gear caused the aircraft to have a decided rearward tilt when landed. A similar rear loading ramp even appeared in a different form on the nosewheel gear-equipped. Postwar Europe also served to play a role in the development of the modern air cargo. To rapidly supply the numbers of aircraft, many older types. In operation it was found that it took as long or longer to unload these older designs as the much larger tricycle landing gear Douglas C-54 Skymaster which was easier to move about in when landed. The C-47s were quickly removed from service, and from then on flat-decks were a requirement of all new cargo designs, in the years following the war era a number of new custom-built cargo aircraft were introduced, often including some experimental features. For instance, the USs C-82 Packet featured a cargo area. Although larger, smaller and faster designs have been proposed for many years and these designs offer the ability to carry the heaviest loads, even main battle tanks, at global ranges. The Boeing 747 was originally designed to the specification as the C-5
4.
Myasishchev
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V. M. Myasishchev Experimental Design Bureau or OKB-23, founded in 1951 by Vladimir Myasishchev) was one of the chief Soviet aerospace design bureaus until its dissolution in 1960. Vladimir Myasishchev went on to head TsAGI, in 1967, Myasishchev left TsAGI and recreated his bureau, which still exists to this day. As of 2003, its workforce is estimated at one thousand. Myasishchev and NPO Molniya intend to use the V-MT or M-55 as launch vehicle for sub-orbital spaceflight,3.7.2014 and 25.7.2014 information from Board of Directors OAO Il about integration between Ilyushin and Myasishchev. Myasishchev M-90 Air Ferry - very heavy multi-purpose transport project, not built, m-101 Gzhel/Duet and Duet business aircraft M-112 and M-150 cargo-passenger aircraft M-500 agricultural aircraft Space Adventures C-21 Space Adventures M-55X M-4 Bison a strategic bomber. Buran program, cockpit Cosmopolis XXI suborbital craft VKA-23 spaceplane project RSS-40 Buran, nuclear cruise missile project Official site, in English and Russian
5.
Vladimir Mikhailovich Myasishchev
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Vladimir Mikhailovich Myasishchev was a Soviet aircraft designer, Major General of Engineering, Hero of Socialist Labor, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Honored Science Worker of the RSFSR. As an assistant to Boris Pavlovich Lisunov, he traveled to the United States in 1937 to help translate the Douglas DC-3 drawings in preparation for the production of the Lisunov Li-2, in 1938, Myasishchev became a victim of a repression campaign. While in confinement, he worked at NKVDs Central Design Bureau No.29 in Moscow under the guidance of Vladimir Petlyakov, in 1940, after his release, Myasishchev headed a design bureau, working on the long-range high-altitude bomber DVB-102. In 1946–1951, Myasishchev was the head of the faculty and later dean of the Department of Aircraft Design at Moscow Aviation Institute, in 1956, he became chief aircraft designer. In 1960–1967, Myasishchev was appointed Head of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute, in 1967–1978, Myasishchev held a post of the chief aircraft designer of the Experimental Machine Building Factory, which would bear his name starting 1981. Myasishchev designed different kinds of aircraft, including Pe-2B, Pe-2I, Pe-2M, DIS, DB-108, M-4, 3M. He also worked on a cargo aircraft VM-T Atlant and high-altitude airplane M-17 Stratosfera, myasishchevs aeroplanes, the 3M and M-4, set nineteen world records, and the M-17 Stratosfera twenty. Myasishchev was awarded Hero of Socialist Labor gold star, three Orders of Lenin, the Order of Suvorov II degree, the Order of the October Revolution, Myasishchev Design Bureau Encyclopædia Astronautix entry Тайны забытых побед. Ostashev, Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov - The Genius of the 20th Century —2010 M. of Public Educational Institution of Higher Professional Training MGUL ISBN 978-5-8135-0510-2
6.
Soviet Air Forces
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The Soviet Air Forces was the official designation of one of the air forces of the Soviet Union. The other was the Soviet Air Defence Forces, the Air Forces were formed from components of the Imperial Russian Air Service in 1917, and faced their greatest test during World War II. The groups were involved in the Korean War, and dissolved along with the Soviet Union itself in 1991–92. Former Soviet Air Forces assets were divided into several air forces of former Soviet republics. March of the Pilots was its anthem, the All-Russia Collegium for Direction of the Air Forces of the Old Army was formed on 20 December 1917. This was a Bolshevik aerial headquarters initially led by Konstantin Akashev and it became the Directorate of the USSR Air Forces on 28 March 1924, and then the Directorate of the Workers-Peasants Red Army Air Forces on 1 January 1925. Gradually its influence on aircraft design became greater, from its earliest days, the force mimicked ground forces organization especially in the 1930s, by which time it was made up of air armies, aviation corps, aviation divisions, and aviation regiments. At first, the I-16 proved superior to any Luftwaffe fighters, however, the Soviets refused to supply the plane in adequate numbers, and their aerial victories were soon squandered because of their limited use. Later, Bf-109s delivered to Francos Spanish Nationalist air forces secured air superiority for the Nationalists, on 19 November 1939, VVS headquarters was again titled the Main Directorate of the Red Army Air Forces under the WPRA HQ. Between 1933 and 1938, the Soviet government planned and funded missions to break numerous world aviation records, not only did aviation records and achievements become demonstrations of the USSRs technological progress, they also served as legitimization of the socialist system. With each new success, Soviet press trumpeted victories for socialism, furthermore, Soviet media idolized record-breaking pilots, exalting them not only as role models for Soviet society, but also as symbols of progress towards the socialist-utopian future. The early 1930s saw a shift in focus away from collectivist propaganda. In the case of aviation, the government began glorifying people who utilized aviation technology instead of glorifying the technology itself. Pilots such as Valery Chkalov, Georgy Baydukov, Alexander Belyakov, in May 1937, Stalin charged pilots Chkalov, Baydukov, and Belyakov with the mission to navigate the first transpolar flight in history. On 20 June 1937, the aviators landed their ANT-25 in Vancouver, a month later, Stalin ordered the departure of a second crew to push the boundaries of modern aviation technology even further. The public reaction to the flights was euphoric. The media called the pilots Bolshevik knights of culture and progress, Soviet citizens celebrated Aviation Day on 18 August with as much zeal as they celebrated the October Revolution anniversary. Literature including poems, short stories, and novels emerged celebrating the feats of the aviator-celebrities, feature films like Victory, Tales of Heroic Aviators, and Valery Chkalov reinforced the positive hero imagery, celebrating the aviators individuality within the context of a socialist government
7.
Roscosmos
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The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, commonly known as Roscosmos, is the governmental body responsible for the space science program of Russia and general aerospace research. The Corporation was established on the basis of the now-defunct Federal Space Agency on December 28,2015, Roscosmos was previously known as the Russian Aviation and Space Agency. The headquarters of Roscosmos are located in Moscow, while the main Mission Control space center is located in the city of Korolev. The Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center is in Star City, the Launch facilities used are Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, and Vostochny Cosmodrome being built in the Russian Far East in Amur Oblast. The current Director since January 2015 is Igor Komarov, in 2015 the Russian government merged Roscosmos with the United Rocket and Space Corporation, the re-nationalized Russian space industry, to create the Roscosmos State Corporation. The Soviet space program did not have central executive agencies, instead, its organizational architecture was multi-centered, it was the design bureaus and the council of designers that had the most say, not the political leadership. The creation of a central agency after the separation of Russia from the Soviet Union was therefore a new development, Russian Space Agency was formed on February 25,1992, by a decree of President Yeltsin. Yuri Koptev, who had worked with designing Mars landers at NPO Lavochkin. In the early years, the agency suffered from lack of authority as the design bureaus fought to protect their own spheres of operation. For example, the decision to keep Mir in operation beyond 1999 was not taken by the agency, instead, another example is that the decision to develop the new Angara rocket was rather a function of Khrunichevs ability to attract resources than a conscious long-term decision by the agency. The 1990s saw serious financial problems because of decreased cash flow and this resulted in Roscosmos leading role in commercial satellite launches and space tourism. In March 2004, director Yuri Koptev was replaced by Anatoly Perminov, the Russian economy boomed throughout 2005 from high prices for exports, such as oil and gas, the outlook for future funding in 2006 appeared more favorable. The budget for 2006 was as high as 25 billion rubles, under the current 10-year budget approved, the budget of the Space Agency shall increase 5–10% per year, providing the space agency with a constant influx of money. In addition to the budget, Roscosmos plans to have over 130 billion rubles flowing into its budget by other means, such as industry investments and it is around the time US-based The Planetary Society entered a partnership with Roscosmos. In 2011, the government spent 115 billion rubles in the space programs. The proposed project core budget for 2013 to be around 128.3 billion rubles, the budget for the whole space program is,169.8 billion rubles. By 2015, the amount of the budget can be increased to 199.2 billion rubles, priorities of the Russian space program include the new Angara rocket family and development of new communications, navigation and remote Earth sensing spacecraft. The GLONASS global navigation system has for many years been one of the top priorities and has been given its own budget line in the federal space budget
