1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
2.
States and territories of India
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India is a federal union comprising twenty-nine states and seven union territories. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and further into smaller administrative divisions, the Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State. The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by different ethnic groups throughout its history. Between 1947 and 1950, the territories of the states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, the new republic was also declared to be a Union of States. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. The eight Part B states were former princely states or groups of states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India, the Part B states were Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin. The ten Part C states included both the former chief commissioners provinces and some states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura, the only Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government. The Union Territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karaikal, Yanam, Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states, as a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to from Travancore-Cochin. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956, kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. The Laccadive Islands which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the territory of Lakshadweep. Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal. Bombay State was split into the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act. Nagaland was formed on 1 December 1963, the Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh. The act also designated Chandigarh as a territory and the shared capital of Punjab
States and territories of India
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Hyderabad state in 1909
3.
Tamil Nadu
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Tamil Nadu is one of the 29 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai, Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Puducherry and the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. The state shares a border with the nation of Sri Lanka. Tamil Nadu is the eleventh-largest state in India by area and the sixth-most populous, the state was ranked sixth among states in India according to the Human Development Index in 2011, with the second-largest state economy after Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu is the second largest state economy in India with ₹13,842 billion in gross domestic product after Maharashtra. Tamil Nadu was ranked as one of the top seven developed states in India based on a Multidimensional Development Index in a 2013 report published by the Reserve Bank of India and its official language is Tamil, which is one of the longest-surviving classical languages in the world. Tamil Nadu is home to natural resources. In addition, its people have developed and continue classical arts, classical music, historic buildings and religious sites include Hindu temples of Tamil architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites, and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Archaeological evidence points to this area being one of the longest continuous habitations in the Indian peninsula, the ASI archaeologists have proposed that the script used at that site is very rudimentary Tamil Brahmi. Adichanallur has been announced as a site for further excavation. About 60 per cent of the epigraphical inscriptions found by the ASI in India are from Tamil Nadu. A Neolithic stone celt with the Indus script on it was discovered at Sembian-Kandiyur near Mayiladuthurai in Tamil Nadu, according to epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan, this was the first datable artefact bearing the Indus script to be found in Tamil Nadu. Mahadevan claimed that the find was evidence of the use of the Harappan language, the date of the celt was estimated at between 1500 BCE and 2000 BCE. The early history of the people and rulers of Tamil Nadu is a topic in Tamil literary sources known as Sangam literature, numismatic, archaeological and literary sources corroborate that the Sangam period lasted for about six centuries, from 300 BC to AD300. Three dynasties, namely the Chera, Chola and Pandya, ruled the area of present-day Tamil Nadu, the Chera ruled the whole of present-day Kerala and parts of western Tamil Nadu comprising Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Karur, Salem and Erode districts from the capital of Vanchi Muthur. The Chola dynasty ruled the northern and central parts of Tamil Nadu from their capital, Uraiyur, All three dynasties had extensive trade relationships with Rome, Greece, Egypt, Ceylon, Phoenicia, Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia. Trade flourished in commodities such as spices, ivory, pearls, beads, Chera traded extensively from Muziris on the west coast, Chola from Arikamedu and Puhar and Pandya through Korkai port. A Greco-Roman trade and travel document, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea gives a description of the Tamil country, besides these three dynasties, the Sangam era Tamilakam was also divided into various provinces named nadu, meaning country
Tamil Nadu
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Location of Tamil Nadu (marked in red) in
India
Tamil Nadu
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Sage
Agastya father of Tamil literature,
Sangam period
Tamil Nadu
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Megalithic Sarcophagus burial from Tamil Nadu.
4.
List of districts of India
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A district is an administrative division of an Indian state or territory. In some cases districts are subdivided into sub-divisions, and in others directly into tehsils or talukas. As of 2016 there are a total of 707 districts, up from the 640 in the 2011 Census of India, mahe of Puducherry is the smallest district of India by area while Kutch of Gujarat is the largest district of India by area. The majority of districts are named after their administrative centre, some are referred to by two names, a traditional one and one that uses the name of the town that is the headquarters. Since most of the districts are named after a town, the district is appended to distinguish between the town and the district. Official websites very often use District with a capital D in this context, the names of the 687 districts are mostly unique. The following tables list the details of various states
List of districts of India
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Districts of India
5.
Chennai District
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Chennai district, also and formerly known as Madras district or Madarasapattinam, is a district in the state of Tamil Nadu, in India. It is the smallest of all the districts in the state, the district is a city district which means that it does not have a district headquarters. Most of the city region of Chennai comes under this district, as of 2011, the district had a population of 4,646,732 with a sex-ratio of 989 females for every 1,000 males. Chennai district covers an area of 178.2 km2 located on the Eastern Coastal Plains of India. It is situated on the corner of Tamil Nadu along the Coramandel coast. It lies between 12°59 and 13°9 of the latitude and 80°12 and 80°19 of the eastern longitude at an average altitude of 6 metres above sea level on a sandy shelving breaker swept beach. Terrain slope varies from 1,5000 to 1,10,000, the district runs inland in a rugged semi-circular fashion and its coastline is about 25.60 km. Because of its location and economic importance, it is referred to as the Gateway of South India. The drainage system includes two rivers, namely, Cooum and Adyar, a canal, and a stream slicing the district into several islands, the district falls under Seismic Zone III indicating a moderate risk of earthquake. Geologically the district is divided into three regions, namely, sandy, clayey and hard-rock regions, the soil comprises clay, shale and sandstone. Of the total area, reserved forests cover 2.71 km2 and is concentrated in and around the Guindy National Park region. A total of 459,324 were under the age of six, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 16. 78% and. 22% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 81. 27%, compared to the average of 72. 99%. The district had a total of 154,982 households. The English get Madras Patnam from Ayyapa Naicker,1640 Francis Day and Cogan landed with 25 Europeans. Foundation laid for Fort St. George. 1668 Triplicane annexed to the city,1678 Foundation laid for St. Mary’s Church in Fort St. George. 1688 Madras City Municipal Corporation inaugurated,1693 Egmore, Purasawalkam and Tondiarpet annexed to the City. 1708 Thiruvottiyur, Nungambakkam, Vyasarpady, Kottivakkam and Sathangadu, Five neighbouring Villages annexed,1711 First Printing Press erected in Madras. 1742 Veperi, Perimet, Perambur and Pudupakkam annexed to the city,1746 The French return Madras to the British, Santhome and Mylapore annexed to the City
Chennai District
–
Divisions of Chennai district.
6.
Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority
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The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority, formerly known as Madras Metropolitan Development Authority is the nodal planning agency within the Chennai Metropolitan Area. It is headquartered at Thaalamuthu Natarajan Building at Egmore, the MMDA was constituted as an ad hoc body in 1972 under the Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act 1971. It was formed as the nodal Town planning authority for the city of Madras and its suburbs and it is headed by minister for housing as its chairman. In January 2013, CMDA was recognised as a centre by the Centre for Research. CHENNAI METROPOLITAN AREA - PROFILE Chennai, the city of Tamil Nadu is the fourth largest metropolitan city in India. The Chennai Metropolitan Area Chennai corporation limit comprises the city of Chennai,16 Municipalities,20 Town Panchayats and 214 Village Panchayats in 10 Panchayat Unions, the extent of CMA is 1189 km2. The setting of Chennai is presented in the figure, the CMDA falls in three districts of Tamil Nadu namely Chennai district, part of Thiruvallur district and part of Kancheepuram district. In Kancheepuram District out of 4433 km2,376 again fall under the CMA. in Tambaram, Sriperumbudur and Chengalpattu Taluks fall in the Metropolitan area. In Thiruvallur District out of district area of 3427 km2,637 km2 falls under the CMA. in Ambattur. Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority was constituted as a body in 1972 and become statutory body in 1974 vide the Tamil Nadu Town. It was established under the sub-section 1 of the section 9 –A of the Act and consists of the following members, hon’ble Minister for Housing and Urban Development Chairman 2. Vice- Chairman, CMDA Vice Chairman 3, secretary to Government H&UD Member 5. Commissioner, Corporation of Chennai Member 9, managing Director CMWSS Board Member 10. Director, Town & Country Planning Member 11, chief Urban Planner, CMDA Member 12. Chief Engineer, Highways & Rural Works Department Member 13, chief Architect to Government Member 14. Joint Director, Town & Country Planning Member 15, Chairman, Tamil Nadu Housing Board Member 16. Chairman Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board Member 17, Member of the State Legislative Assembly 2 Members 18. Representatives of Local Bodies in CMA4 Members 19, member-Secretary Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board Special Invitee FUNCTIONS The functions of the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority are, i
Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority
–
The CMDA masterplan for Chennai
7.
Tamil language
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Tamil is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken by the Tamil people of India and Sri Lanka, and also by the Tamil diaspora, Sri Lankan Moors, Burghers, Douglas, and Chindians. Tamil is a language of two countries, Singapore and Sri Lanka. It has official status in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and it is also used as one of the languages of education in Malaysia, along with English, Malay and Mandarin. Tamil is also spoken by significant minorities in the four other South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and it is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India. Tamil is one of the classical languages in the world. Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions from 500 BC have been found on Adichanallur and 2 and it has been described as the only language of contemporary India which is recognizably continuous with a classical past. The variety and quality of classical Tamil literature has led to it being described as one of the classical traditions. A recorded Tamil literature has been documented for over 2000 years, the earliest period of Tamil literature, Sangam literature, is dated from ca.300 BC – AD300. It has the oldest extant literature among other Dravidian languages, the earliest epigraphic records found on rock edicts and hero stones date from around the 3rd century BC. More than 55% of the inscriptions found by the Archaeological Survey of India are in the Tamil language. Tamil language inscriptions written in Brahmi script have been discovered in Sri Lanka, the two earliest manuscripts from India, acknowledged and registered by the UNESCO Memory of the World register in 1997 and 2005, were written in Tamil. In 1578, Portuguese Christian missionaries published a Tamil prayer book in old Tamil script named Thambiraan Vanakkam, the Tamil Lexicon, published by the University of Madras, was one of the earliest dictionaries published in the Indian languages. According to a 2001 survey, there were 1,863 newspapers published in Tamil, Tamil belongs to the southern branch of the Dravidian languages, a family of around 26 languages native to the Indian subcontinent. It is also classified as being part of a Tamil language family, the closest major relative of Tamil is Malayalam, the two began diverging around the 9th century CE. According to linguists like Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, Tamil, as a Dravidian language, descends from Proto-Dravidian, linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the third millennium BC, possibly in the region around the lower Godavari river basin in peninsular India. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were of the associated with the Neolithic complexes of South India. The next phase in the reconstructed proto-history of Tamil is Proto-South Dravidian, the linguistic evidence suggests that Proto-South Dravidian was spoken around the middle of the second millennium BC, and that proto-Tamil emerged around the 3rd century BC. The earliest epigraphic attestations of Tamil are generally taken to have been shortly thereafter
Tamil language
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Silver coin of king
Vashishtiputra Sātakarni (c. AD 160). Obv: Bust of king; Rev: Ujjain/Sātavāhana symbol, crescented six-arch chaitya hill and river with
Tamil Brahmi script
Tamil language
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Tamil
Tamil language
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Agastya, Chairman of first Tamil
Sangam,
Madurai,
Pandiya Kingdom
Tamil language
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Mangulam Tamil Brahmi inscription
8.
Indian Standard Time
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Indian Standard Time is the time observed throughout India and Sri Lanka, with a time offset of UTC+05,30. India does not observe daylight saving time or other seasonal adjustments, in military and aviation time IST is designated E*. Indian Standard Time is calculated on the basis of 82.30 E longitude, in Shankargarh Fort, in the tz database, it is represented by Asia/Kolkata. The Central observatory was moved from Chennai to a location at Shankargarh Fort Allahabad district, daylight Saving Time was used briefly during the China–Indian War of 1962 and the Indo–Pakistani Wars of 1965 and 1971. Inhabitants of the states have to advance their clocks with the early sunrise. In the late 1980s, a team of researchers proposed separating the country two or three time zones to conserve energy. The binary system that they suggested involved a return to British–era time zones, in 2001, the government established a four–member committee under the Ministry of Science and Technology to examine the need for multiple time zones and daylight saving. In Assam, tea gardens follow a separate time zone, known as the Chaibagaan or Bagan time, still Indian Standard Time remains the only officially used time. The filmmaker Jahnu Barua has been campaigning for a time zone for the past 25 years. In 2010, he suggested creating a time zone for the Development of Northeastern Region. In 2014, Chief Minister of Assam Tarun Gogoi started campaigning for another time zone for Assam, however, the proposal would need to be cleared by the Central Government of India. Official time signals are generated by the Time and Frequency Standards Laboratory at the National Physical Laboratory in New Delhi, the signals are based on atomic clocks and are synchronised with the worldwide system of clocks that support the Coordinated Universal Time. IST is taken as the time as it passes through almost the centre of India. To communicate the exact time to the people, the time is broadcast over the state-owned All India Radio. Telephone companies have dedicated phone numbers connected to mirror time servers that also relay the precise time, another increasingly popular means of obtaining the time is through Global Positioning System receivers
Indian Standard Time
–
IST in relation with the bordering nations
9.
Postal Index Number
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A Postal Index Number or PIN or Pincode is a code in the post office numbering or post code system used by India Post, the Indian postal administration. The code is six digits long, the PIN Code system was introduced on 15 August 1972 by Shriram Bhikaji Velankar, an additional secretary in the Union Ministry of Communications. The system was introduced to simplify the manual sorting and delivery of mail by eliminating confusion over incorrect addresses, similar place names, there are nine PIN zones in India, including eight regional zones and one functional zone. The first digit of the PIN code indicates the region, the second digit indicates the sub-region, and the third digit indicates the sorting district within the region. The final three digits are assigned to individual post offices, a state may have one or more sorting districts depending on the volumes of mail handled. The fourth digit represents the route on which a Delivery office is located in the sorting district and this is 0 for offices in the core area of the sorting district. The last two represent the delivery office within the sorting district starting from 01 which would be the GPO or HO. The numbering of the office is done chronologically with higher numbers assigned to newer delivery offices. If the volume of mails handled at an office is too large, a new delivery office is created. Thus two delivery offices situated next to each other only have the first four digits in common. Each PIN code is mapped to exactly one delivery post office which receives all the mail to be delivered to one or more lower offices within its jurisdiction, all of which share the same code. The delivery office can either be a General Post Office, a Head Office or Sub Office which are located in urban areas. The post from the office is sorted and routed to other delivery offices for a different PIN or to one of the relevant sub offices or branch offices for the same PIN. Branch offices are located in areas and have limited postal services
Postal Index Number
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A post box with PIN (571120) marked on it
Postal Index Number
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2-digit postcode areas in India(defined through the first two postcode digits)
10.
Vehicle registration plate
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A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate or a license plate, is metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the owner within the issuing regions database. The first two letters indicate the state to which the vehicle is registered, the next two digit numbers are the sequential number of a district. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, the numbers were given to the RTO offices of registration as well, the third part indicates the year of registration of the vehicle and is a 4 digit number unique to each plate. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. In the vast majority of jurisdictions, the government holds a monopoly on the manufacturing of vehicle registration plates for that jurisdiction. Thus, it is illegal for private citizens to make and affix their own plates. Alternately, the government will merely assign plate numbers, and it is the owners responsibility to find an approved private supplier to make a plate with that number. In some jurisdictions, plates will be assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country. Other jurisdictions follow a policy, meaning that when a vehicle is sold the seller removes the current plate from the vehicle. Buyers must either obtain new plates or attach plates they already hold, as well as register their vehicles under the buyers name, a person who sells a car and then purchases a new one can apply to have the old plates put onto the new car. One who sells a car and does not buy a new one may, depending on the laws involved, have to turn the old plates in or destroy them. Some jurisdictions permit the registration of the vehicle with personal plates, in some jurisdictions, plates require periodic replacement, often associated with a design change of the plate itself. Vehicle owners may or may not have the option to keep their original plate number, alternately, or additionally, vehicle owners have to replace a small decal on the plate or use a decal on the windshield to indicate the expiration date of the vehicle registration. Plates are usually fixed directly to a vehicle or to a frame that is fixed to the vehicle. Sometimes, the plate frames contain advertisements inserted by the service centre or the dealership from which the vehicle was purchased. Vehicle owners can also purchase customized frames to replace the original frames, in some jurisdictions licence plate frames are illegal
Vehicle registration plate
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Some
jurisdictions license non-traditional vehicles, such as
golf carts, particularly on on-road vehicles, such as this one in
Put-in-Bay, Ohio.
Vehicle registration plate
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Burkina passenger plate
Vehicle registration plate
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Burkina Faso Gendarmerie plate
Vehicle registration plate
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Botswana plate
11.
Lok Sabha
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The Lok Sabha is the Lower house of Indias bicameral Parliament, with the Upper house being the Rajya Sabha. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi, under the current laws, the strength of Lok Sabha is 545, including the two seats reserved for members of the Anglo-Indian community. The total elective membership is distributed among the states in proportion to their population, a total of 131 seats are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The quorum for the House is 10% of the total membership, term of the House The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and the expiration of the period of five years. An exercise to redraw Lok Sabha constituencies boundaries has been carried out by the Delimitation Commission based on the Indian census of 2001, the 16th Lok Sabha was elected in May 2014 and is the latest to date. The Lok Sabha has its own channel, Lok Sabha TV. A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1858 to 1947, the Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India, although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power still remained limited, and the electorate very small. The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration, the Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion. The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. This contained the principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form. The Lok Sabha was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 and he / She should not be less than 25 years of age. He / She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament, a seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances, When the holder of the seat, by writing to the speaker, resigns. When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House, when the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament. A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the Anti-Defection Law, a member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State. System of elections in Lok Sabha Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India, for the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha, each state is divided into territorial constituencies. This provision does not apply for states having a population of less than 6 million, note, The expression population here refers to the population ascertained at the preceding census of which relevant figure have been published. Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha, motions of no confidence against the government can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha
Lok Sabha
Lok Sabha
–
Lok Sabha लोक सभा House of the People
12.
Vidhan Sabha
–
The Vidhan Sabha or the Legislative Assembly is the lower house or the sole house of the state legislature in the different States of India. The same name is used for the lower house of the legislatures for two of the Union Territories, Delhi and Puducherry. The upper house in the seven states with a legislature is called the Legislative Council. Members of a Vidhan Sabha are direct representatives of the people of the state as they are directly elected by an electorate consisting of all citizens above the age of 18 of that state. Its maximum size as outlined in the Constitution of India is not more than 500 members and not less than 60 members. However, the size of the Vidhan Sabha can be less than 59 members through an Act of Parliament, such is the case in the states of Goa, Sikkim, Mizoram and the Union Territory of Puducherry. In some states Governor may appoint 1 member to represent minorities, e. g. the Anglo-Indian community, if he finds that minority inadequately represented in the House. Those elected or nominated to Vidhan Sabha are referred to as Members of Legislative Assembly or MLAsEach Vidhan Sabha assembles for a five-year term, during a State of Emergency, its term may be extended past five years or it may be dissolved. The term of the Legislative Assembly is five years, but it may be dissolved even earlier than five years by the Governor on the request of the Chief Minister. The term of a Legislative Assembly may be extended during an Emergency, a Vidhan Sabha can also be dissolved if a motion of no confidence is passed within it against the majority party or coalition. To become a member of a Vidhan Sabha, a person must be a citizen of India and he or she should be mentally sound and should not be bankrupt. He or she should also state an affidavit that there are no criminal procedures against him or her, Speaker of Vidhan Sabha who is responsible for the conduct of business of the body, and also a Deputy Speaker to preside during the Speakers absence. The Speaker acts as a judge and manages all debates. A motion of no confidence against the government in the state can only be introduced in the Vidhan Sabha, if it is passed by a majority vote, then the Chief Minister and his Council of Ministers must collectively resign. A money bill can only be introduced in Vidhan Sabha, in bicameral jurisdictions, after it is passed in the Vidhan Sabha, it is sent to the Vidhan Parishad, where it can be kept for a maximum time of 14 days. Unless by the Finance Minister of the state in the name of the Governor of that state, in matters related to ordinary bills, the will of Legislative Assembly prevails and there is no provision of joint sitting. In such cases, Legislative council can delay the legislation by maximum 4 months
Vidhan Sabha
–
Republic of India
13.
Urban planning
–
Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning or some combination in various areas worldwide. It takes many forms and it can share perspectives and practices with urban design, urban planning guides orderly development in urban, suburban and rural areas. Practitioners of urban planning are concerned with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and management. Urban planners work with the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, civil engineering. Early urban planners were often members of these cognate fields, today urban planning is a separate, independent professional discipline. The discipline is the category that includes different sub-fields such as land-use planning, zoning, economic development, environmental planning. There is evidence of planning and designed communities dating back to the Mesopotamian, Indus Valley, Minoan. Archeologists studying the ruins of cities in these areas find paved streets that were out at right angles in a grid pattern. The idea of a planned out urban area evolved as different civilizations adopted it, beginning in the 8th century BCE, Greek city states were primarily centered on orthogonal plans. The ancient Romans, inspired by the Greeks, also used orthogonal plans for their cities, city planning in the Roman world was developed for military defense and public convenience. The spread of the Roman Empire subsequently spread the ideas of urban planning, as the Roman Empire declined, these ideas slowly disappeared. However, many cities in Europe still held onto the planned Roman city center, cities in Europe from the 9th to 14th centuries, often grew organically and sometimes chaotically. But many hundreds of new towns were built according to preconceived plans. Most of these were realized from the 12th to 14th centuries, from the 15th century on, much more is recorded of urban design and the people that were involved. In this period, theoretical treatises on architecture and urban planning start to appear in which questions are addressed and designs of towns. During the Enlightenment period, several European rulers ambitiously attempted to redesign capital cities, during the Second French Republic, Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann, under the direction of Napoleon III, redesigned the city of Paris into a more modern capital, with long, straight, wide boulevards. Planning and architecture went through a shift at the turn of the 20th century. The industrialized cities of the 19th century grew at a tremendous rate, the pace and style of this industrial construction was largely dictated by the concerns of private business
Urban planning
–
Urban planning designs settlements, from the smallest towns to the largest cities. Shown here is
Hong Kong from Western District overlooking
Kowloon, across
Victoria Harbour.
14.
Chennai
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Chennai /ˈtʃɛnnaɪ/, formerly known as Madras /məˈdrɑːs/ or /-ˈdræs/) is the capital of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Located on the Coromandel Coast off the Bay of Bengal, it is one of the biggest cultural, economic, according to the 2011 Indian census, it is the sixth-largest city and fourth-most populous urban agglomeration in India. The city together with the adjoining regions constitute the Chennai Metropolitan Area, Chennai is among the most visited Indian cities by foreign tourists. It was ranked 43rd most visited city in the world for year 2015, the Quality of Living Survey rated Chennai as the safest city in India. Chennai attracts 45 percent of tourists visiting India, and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists. As such, it is termed Indias health capital, as a growing metropolitan city in a developing country, Chennai confronts substantial pollution and other logistical and socio-economic problems. Chennai has the third-largest expatriate population in India at 35,000 in 2009,82,790 in 2011, tourism guide publisher Lonely Planet named Chennai as one of the top ten cities in the world to visit in 2015. Chennai is ranked as a city in the Global Cities Index and was ranked the best city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual Indian city survey. In 2015 Chennai was named the hottest city by the BBC, National Geographic ranked Chennais food as second best in the world, it was the only Indian city to feature in the list. Chennai was also named the ninth-best cosmopolitan city in the world by Lonely Planet, the Chennai Metropolitan Area is one of the largest city economies of India. Chennai is nicknamed The Detroit of India, with more than one-third of Indias automobile industry being based in the city, in January 2015, it was ranked third in terms of per capita GDP. Chennai has been selected as one of the 100 Indian cities to be developed as a city under PM Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. The name Madras originated even before the British presence was established in India, the name Madras is said to have originated from a Portuguese phrase mae de Deus which means mother of god, due to Portuguese influence on the port city. According to some sources, Madras was derived from Madraspattinam, a north of Fort St George. However, it is whether the name was in use before the arrival of Europeans. The British military mapmakers believed Madras was originally Mundir-raj or Mundiraj, Madras might have also been derived from the word Madhuras meaning juice of honey or sugarcane in Sanskrit. The nativity of name Chennai, being of Telugu origin is clearly proved by the historians. The first official use of the name Chennai is said to be in a deed, dated 8 August 1639
Chennai
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Clockwise from top right:
Chennai Central,
Marina Beach,
Madras High Court,
TIDEL Park,
Ripon Building,
San Thome Basilica,
Kapaleeshwarar Temple,
Classical dance Bharata Natyam and
Valluvar Kottam.
Chennai
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Clive House at
Fort St. George, Madras said to be the first English settlement in
India during 1609
Chennai
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Surrender of the City of Madras in 1746 to de La Bourdonnais, by Jacques François Joseph Swebach
15.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
India
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Flag
India
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The granite
tower of
Brihadeeswarar Temple in
Thanjavur was completed in 1010 CE by
Raja Raja Chola I.
India
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Writing the will and testament of the Mughal king court in Persian, 1590–1595
16.
Kapaleeshwarar Temple
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Kapaleeshwarar Temple, Mylapore, Chennai is a temple of Shiva located in Mylapore, Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The form of Shivas consort Parvati worshipped at this temple is called Karpagambal is from Tamil, the temple was built around the 7th century CE in Dravidian architecture. According to the Puranas, Shakti worshipped Shiva in the form of a peacock, Shiva is worshiped as Kapaleeswarar, and is represented by the lingam. His consort Parvati is depicted as Karpagambal, the presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the Tevaram, written by Tamil saint poets known as the nayanars and classified as Paadal Petra Sthalam. The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Kapaleeswarar and Karpagambal being the most prominent, the temple complex houses many halls. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 5,30 a. m. to 10 p. m. the Arubathimooval festival celebrated during the Tamil month of Panguni is the most prominent festival in the temple. The present masonry structure was built during the Vijayanagar rulers of the Tuluva Dynasty, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the Government of Tamil Nadu. The temples name is derived from the words kapalam and eeshwarar an alias of lord Shiva, according to the Puranas, during the meeting of Brahma and Shiva at top of Mount Kailash Brahma failed to show the due respect to Shiva. Due to this, Shiva plucked of one of Brahmas heads, in an act of penance, Brahma came down to the site of Mylapore and installed a Lingam to please Shiva. This place is known as Sukra Puri, Veda Puri, among other names including “Kailaye Mayilai. Goddess Karpagambal, a form of Shivas consort Parvati, due to a curse became a pea-hen, Shivas son Murugan received the spear for the destruction of a demon from Parvati here. Brahma had worshipped here to get rid of his ego and get back his power to create, the four Vedas have worshipped here. Sukracharya worshipped the Lord here and got back his lost eye, rama has worshipped here and won the war against Ravana and brought back Sita from Lanka. The daughter of Sivanesa Chettiar Angam Poompavai got her lost life due to snake bite was later resurrected here by the powers of Thirugnana Sambandar, vayilar Nayanar, a saiva saint, attained salvation here and Mylapore is also the birth place of Thiruvalluvar who wrote Thirukkural. In Thevaram special mention is made about the beautiful Madaveedhi as “Malgun Mathri Thavazhum Maada Veedhi Mylappil Ullar”, thiruganana Sambandar, Arunagirinathar have sung the glory of Karpagambal, Singara Velar. The 10-day festival during March / April is a treat to watch, the commonly held view is that the temple was built in the 7th century CE by the ruling Pallavas. This view is based on references to the temple in the hymns of the Nayanmars, there are inscriptions dating back to 12th century inside the temple. The temples 120 ft gopuram was built during 1906 with stucco figures adorning it, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the Government of Tamil Nadu
Kapaleeshwarar Temple
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Kapaleeshwarar Temple
Kapaleeshwarar Temple
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Image of Karpagambal and Kapaleeswarar
Kapaleeshwarar Temple
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Facade of the temple
Kapaleeshwarar Temple
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Goddess Karpagambal with Lord Kapaleeshwarar
17.
Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai
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Ramakrishna Math is a monastic organisation for men brought into existence by Ramakrishna, a 19th-century saint of Bengal. The motto of the Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission is, For ones own salvation, Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai is the first branch center of the Ramakrishna Order in Southern India. It was started in the year 1897 by Swami Ramakrishnananda, one of the disciples of Ramakrishna. In February 1897, Swami Vivekananda returned to Calcutta from the West and he meant Swami Ramakrishnananda, who was sent in March 1897. The Ice House, otherwise known as Castle Kernan and situated in the Triplicane sea-beach, is a three-storeyed structure owned then by a prosperous advocate, Sri Biligiri Iyengar. It was there that Swami Vivekananda had stayed on his return from the West when he was given a reception by the citizens of Madras. Sri Iyengar who was a devotee, now placed the ground floor at the Swamis disposal. Swami Ramakrishnananda moved to Ice House and started his activities and he set up a shrine for Sri Ramakrishna and would do regular worship there. While at the Ice House, Swami Ramakrishnananda started an orphanage for the children which has now grown into a large institution called Ramakrishna Mission Students Home. The Ice House served as the first monastery of the Ramakrishna Movement in South India for 9 years, Biligiri Iyengar, the owner of the Ice House, died in 1902. Owing to financial problems the proprietors of the Ice House building decided to auction it in 1906, after the Ice House was sold out, Swami Ramakrishnananda shifted to an outhouse in the rear portion of the Ice House. He spent almost a year in small room, until the new Math building was built at Mylapore. The Swami moved into the new building on 17 November 1907 and this Math building constructed by Swami Ramakrishnananda no longer exists. It was unfortunate that within 2 years after its construction, extensive cracks developed in the roof of the building. One of the cracks was above the Shrine Room, and when there was sudden rainfall one night, at his instance the building was dedicated to Swami Ramakrishnananda, who died in 1911 in Calcutta. Swami Brahmananda stayed in this building in a room to the Southeast on the ground floor and he used to walk inside the prayer Hall often touching the black stone pillars, going into high spiritual moods on several occasions. Initially the building consisted of the hall and a few rooms only on the ground floor. Later some rooms were built on the first floor, running parallel to the side of the prayer hall
Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai
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Ramakrishna Mutt, Chennai
Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai
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Universal Temple at Sri Ramakrishna Math Chennai
Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai
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Prayer Hall in Old Temple
18.
San Thome Basilica
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San Thome Basilica is a Roman Catholic minor basilica in Santhome, in the city of Chennai, India. It was built in the 16th century by Portuguese explorers, over the tomb of Saint Thomas, in 1893, it was rebuilt as a church with the status of a cathedral by the British. The British version still stands today and it was designed in Neo-Gothic style, favoured by British architects in the late 19th century. A vast majority of early writings point to St. Thomas’s apostolic ministry in India specifically Cranganore along the Malabar coast from 52 A. D to 68 A. D and his journey through Kerala resulted in numerous conversions. After spending 10 years on the Malabar coast he is said to have traveled Eastwards across the Deccan Plateau, the cave at little mount used to be his favourite preaching spot. A2000 years old never drying, miraculous stream of water on rock face is said to be an example of the apostle’s divine exploits. The church atop St. Thomas mount was built by Portuguese in 1547 to mark the spot here and it was on this St. Thomas Mount that the apostle was killed by a lance which pierced through his backside. His mortal remains were believed to be buried in the location over which the present day Santhome Cathedral Basilica stands. Sometime in the 10th century A. D a group of Nestorian Christians from Persia founded the Christian village of San Thome and this structure fell to ruins between 14th and 15th century. In 1522 the Portuguese moved the remains to a new tomb. Pope Pius XII honored the Cathedral Church of the Archdiocese of Madras - Mylapore raising it to the and rank of Minor Basilica by apostolic brief dated 16th March 1956. Massive following and immense devotion of people to an ancient image of the Blessed Virgin also known as “Our Lady of Mylapore” was among the motives that prompted the Pope to bestow this honor. There was 118 years of insecurity and uncertainty from the time the Golconda’s occupied San Thome in 1662 to 1780, no considerable changes happened to the original structure of the church built in 1523. It was only in 1893 that his Excellency Dom Henrique Jose Reed da Silva, the second small tower in the centre of the existing cathedral points to the exact place where the apostle was buried. The present Gothic style church was completed in 1896 and duly consecrated by Rt, rev. Dom Henrique Jose Reed da Silva, the first Bishop of the diocese. In 1956 the church was elevated to the status of a Minor Basilica, San Thome Basilica is the principal church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore. In 1956, Pope Pius XII raised the church to the status of a Basilica Minor, the San Thome Basilica is a pilgrimage centre for Christians in India. The church also has an attached museum. com/about/history/ Official website of San Thome Church website for San Thome Cathedral Church website for San Thome News San Thome Church Youth Group
San Thome Basilica
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San Thome Basilica
San Thome Basilica
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The tomb of St. Thomas the Apostle
San Thome Basilica
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Main altar at San Thome Church
19.
Thomas the Apostle
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Thomas the Apostle was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, according to the New Testament. He is informally called doubting Thomas because he doubted Jesus resurrection when first told, followed later by his confession of faith, My Lord and my God, on seeing Jesus wounded body. According to undocumented traditions, the Apostle reached Muziris, in AD52 and baptized several people, after his death, the reputed relics of Saint Thomas the Apostle were enshrined as far as Mesopotamia in the 3rd century, and later moved to various places. In 1258, some of the relics were brought to Abruzzo in Ortona, Italy and he is often regarded as the Patron Saint of India, and the name Thoma remains quite popular among Saint Thomas Christians of India. Today scholars say the legends are no more possible for there is no written claim before centuries later. Thomas first speaks in the Gospel of John, in John 11,16, when Lazarus had recently died, the apostles do not wish to go back to Judea, where some Jews had attempted to stone Jesus. Thomas says, Let us also go, that we may die with him and he speaks again in John 14,5. There, Jesus had just explained that he was going away to prepare a heavenly home for his followers, Thomas reacted by saying, Lord, we don’t know where you are going, so how can we know the way. But when Jesus appeared later and invited Thomas to touch his wounds and behold him, Thomas showed his belief by saying, My Lord and my God. Jesus then said, Thomas, because thou hast seen me, thou hast believed, blessed they that have not seen, and have believed. The name Thomas given for the apostle in the New Testament is derived from the Aramaic or Syriac, ܬܐܘܡܐ Toma, equivalently from Hebrew Teom, the equivalent term for twin in Greek, which is also used in the New Testament, is Δίδυμος Didymus. The Nag Hammadi copy of the Gospel of Thomas begins, These are the sayings that the living Jesus spoke. Early Syrian traditions also relate the apostles full name as Judas Thomas, some have seen in the Acts of Thomas an identification of Saint Thomas with the apostle Judas, brother of James, better known in English as Jude. However, the first sentence of the Acts follows the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles in distinguishing the apostle Thomas, when the feast of Saint Thomas was inserted in the Roman calendar in the 9th century, it was assigned to 21 December. 3 July was the day on which his relics were translated from Mylapore, traditionalist Roman Catholics and many Anglicans, still celebrate his feast day on 21 December. However, most modern liturgical calendars prefer 3 July, the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches celebrate his feast day on 6 October. Thomas is commemorated in common with all of the apostles on 30 June. He is also associated with the Arabian icon of the Theotokos, the Malankara Orthodox church celebrates his feast on three days,3 July,18 December, and 21 December
Thomas the Apostle
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Eastern icon of Thomas
Thomas the Apostle
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St. Thomas receiving the Virgin Mary's girdle from heaven.
Thomas the Apostle
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The tomb of St. Thomas the Apostle in
Mylapore,
India.
20.
Thiruneermalai
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Thiruneermalai is a panchayat town in Chennai in Kancheepuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. This place is close to Chennai city. Thiruneermalai is popular for Sri Neervannan Perumal Temple on a hill, from the top of the hill, one can view the entire Pallavaram area. The temple is one of the 108 divyadesams, Thiruneermalai area is one of the 163 notified areas in the state of Tamil Nadu. As of 2001 India census, Thiruneermalai had a population of 19,019, males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Thiruneermalai has an literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59. 5%, male literacy is 84%. Many of the already have college degrees. In Thiruneermalai, 11% of the population is under 14 years of age, about Neelamugilvanna Perumal DivyaDesam About Thiruneermalai Journey to Thiruneermala Temple
Thiruneermalai
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Thiruneermalai
Thiruneermalai
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A view of the temple tank from the temple
Thiruneermalai
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Unpainted temple gopuram
21.
Thirunageswaram
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Thirunageswaram is a panchayat town in Thanjavur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Thirunageswaram is located 8 km east of Kumbakonam, as of 2001 India census, Thirunageswaram had a population of 9,814. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%, Thirunageswaram has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59. 5%, male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 65%. In Thirunageswaram, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age, the town receives a lot of rainfall every year and is known for its extremely fertile land and chief crops include Rice, Wheat and Corn. Coconut and Mango farms are found in abundance. There are two temples at Thirunageswaram. One of them is the famous Vaishnavite temple of Oppliyappan, the other the Thiru Nageswarar or Naganatha Swami temple for Shaivites, Oppliyappan temple attracts pilgrims throughout the year. Ramanavami is celebrated every year in a manner in the months of April/May. Thirukalyanam and Kanakibishekam are the two important events in Ramanavami festival and this temple food is always done without salt in any food. No one should ever take anything that contains salt into this temple, Naganatha Swami is a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. An important feature of Naganatha Swami temple is that of Rahu bhagawan sannathi and it is the 29th in the series of Tevara Stalams located south of the river Kaveri. Here milk abhishekam is performed daily during Rahukaalam, at this time, the milk that is poured on the statue turns blue when it passes over the body and once again to white after it reaches the floor. This wonder is watched by many daily during the Raahu Kaalam and this is also the only place wherein one can view Rahu bhagawan with his consorts. The mythological serpents Aadi Seshan, Dakshan and Kaarkotakan worshipped Shiva here, gautama Maharishi, Parashara and Bhageerata are also associated with this temple. Tirunageswaram assembly constituency is part of Mayiladuturai, Present MP - Mr. R. K. Bharathi mohan Present MLA - Mr. KoVi. Sheziyan Present President - Mr. S. Saminathan
Thirunageswaram
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District headquarters
22.
Thirumayam
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Thirumayam is a place of historical importance located about 20 km south of the town of Pudukkottai in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The noted Indian independence activist Sathyamurthy was born in Thirumayam in 1887, Thirumayam is from the word Thiru-meyyam which means Place of truth in Tamil. The Lord Vishnu is also called by the name of Meyyar, since he stayed in that village it is called by the name Thirumeyyam. Thirumayam, a town panchayat and also the Taluk headquarters of the eponymous Vattam, lies 20 km south of Pudukkottai and this is actually National Highway NH-210, which connects Tiruchirapalli and Rameshwaram. Thirumayam is the first main junction on this road, the Madurai road takes its diversion from Thirumayam, Thirumayam is well connected by road and rail. The nearest railhead is at Pudukkottai, bus facility is available from Pudukkottai, Karaikudi, Thanjavur, Madurai and many other places. The nearest airport connected is at Trichy,70 km away, accommodation is also available at nearby Pudukkottai. Famous freedom fighters Veerapandiya Kattabomman and his brother Umathaiturai hid in a fort at Tirumayam, Thirumayam is a much-frequented picnic spot and affords much to the discerning tourist who ventures a little beyond the beaten track. The main attractions of the place are the fort, and the Shiva, miles before reaching the town, one can see a fort atop a large hill. In past centuries, the fort was much larger than what now obtains and this entrance to the old fort still stands, it has a courtyard with pillared corridors and shrines of various deities. The sculptures on the pillars are truly beautiful, as one enters the town through the road which connects it with the highway, one finds a small temple dedicated to Bhairava. This temple, which faces the road, is a favourite with vehicle-owners who traditionally halt. This temple was built on the outermost wall of the old fort. The Thirumayam fort, set in 40 acres, is of historical importance. It was built by Sethupathi Vijaya Ragunatha Thevar, ruler of Ramanathapuram in AD1687, Sethupathi is the name of the ruling dynasty of Ramanathapuram. Another fact of historic interest is that the founder of the state of Pudukkottai had served as governor of Thirumayam fort before founding his own kingdom. There are two famous rock-cut shrines Sathyagirisvarar and Sathyamoorthi, one of Siva and the other of Thirumal, the Siva temple, which stands to the west of the Vishnu temple, is the older of the two. These are located at the foot of a hillock on the side of the town
Thirumayam
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View of
Thirumayam Fort
23.
Tiruvanamalai
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Tiruvannamalai is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The city is administered by a special grade municipality that covers an area of 16.33 km2 and had a population of 145,278 in 2011 and it is the administrative headquarters of Tiruvannamalai District. Roadways are the mode of transport in Tiruvannamalai, while the town also has rail connectivity. Chennai International Airport is the nearest domestic and international airport to the town, Tiruvannamalai is named after the central deity of the Annamalaiyar Temple, Annamalaiyar. The Karthigai Deepam festival is celebrated during the day of the moon between November and December, and a huge beacon is lit atop the Annamalai hill. The event is witnessed by three million pilgrims, on the day preceding each full moon, pilgrims circumnavigate the temple base and the Annamalai hills in a worship called Girivalam, a practice carried out by one million pilgrims yearly. It served as the city of the Hoysalas. The town is built around the Annamalaiyar Temple like other Nayak capitals, Tiruvannamalai is administered by a special-grade a municipality constituted in 1886. Tiruvannamalai has an elevation of 200 metres and experiences a hot. Being a pilgrimage town, most of the people are employed in the tertiary sector, there are 25 elementary schools, nine high schools,18 higher secondary schools, four arts & science colleges, one government medical college and four engineering colleges in the town. In Hindu mythology, Parvati, wife of Shiva, once closed the eyes of her husband playfully in a garden at their abode atop Mount Kailash. Although only a moment for the gods, all light was taken from the universe, Parvati performed penance with other devotees of Shiva, and her husband appeared as a column of fire at the top of Annamalai hills, returning light to the world. He then merged with Parvati to form Ardhanarishvara, the half-female, half-male form of Shiva, the Annamalai, or red mountain, lies behind the Annamalaiyar temple, and is associated with the temple of its namesake. The hill is sacred and considered a lingam, or iconic representation of Shiva, another legend is that once, while Vishnu and Brahma contested for superiority, Shiva appeared as a flame, and challenged them to find his source. Brahma took the form of a swan, and flew to the sky to see the top of the flame, while Vishnu became the boar Varaha, the scene is called lingothbava, and is represented in the western wall at the sanctum of most Shiva temples. Neither Brahma nor Vishnu could find the source, and while Vishnu conceded his defeat, Brahma lied, in punishment, Shiva ordained that Brahma would never have temples on earth in his worship. In Tamil, the word Arunam means red or fire and Asalam means hill, since Shiva manifested himself in the form of fire in this place, this name Arunachalam came to be associated with Annamalai hill and the town. The first mention of Annamalai is found in Tevaram, the seventh century Tamil Saiva canonical work by Appar and Tirugnanasambandar, the history of Tiruvannamalai revolves around the Annamalaiyar Temple
Tiruvanamalai
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The sacred
Arunachala hill,
Tiruvannamalai
Tiruvanamalai
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Sathanur Dam Park
24.
Thiruchendur
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Tiruchendur is a panchayat town at the southern tip of India, in the Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu. It is home to Thiruchendur Murugan Temple, one of the ancient Hindu temples dedicated to Lord Muruga, the suburban villages surrounding the town contain arid, red soil forests that are densely planted with palm trees, cashew plantations, and other crops typical of the region. As of the 2001 Indian census, Tiruchendur had a population of 29,330, males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Tiruchendur has an literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59. 5%. Male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 76%, in Tiruchendur, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age. The town is connected by rail and road, the Tuticorin Airport is about 40 kilometres from chennai,55 km from Tirunelveli, and 171 km from Madurai. Currently, Spice Jet and Air Carnival operates 3 inbound and outbound flights to Chennai, there are bus connections to Aruppukkottai, Ettayapuram, Tuticorin, Kovilpatti, Sankarankovil, Madurai, Tirunelveli and major cities of Tamilnadu. The town is connected to Tirunelveli by a train track. The Chendur Express train runs daily between Chennai Egmore Junction and Tiruchendur, passenger train services are also available between Tirunelveli and Tiruchendur. The name, Tiruchendur, originated from Thiru, meaning sacred, because it was a battleground for Lord Muruga, many towns in Tamil Nadu have the same honorary prefix, including Tiruchirappalli, Tiruppur and Tirunelveli. Tiruchendur Murugan Temple is an ancient Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Muruga at the site of the battle and it is one of the six major abodes, or sacred temples, of the Kaumaram religion. Soorasamharam, a reenactment of the victory over Sarapadman, and Kanda Shasti, a devotional song in praise of Lord Muruga are performed at the temple. The temple, which is built near the seashore, measures 91 m north to south,65 m east to west, and has a gopuram, or tower gate. The principal entrance faces south, and opens into the first of two prakarams, the first of which is lined with rows of Yalis. The inner sanctum of the temple is in a cave and the deity, or moolavar, is Murugan as a saintly child. Naazhi Kinaru, a well fed by a freshwater spring, is located 100 m south of the temple. Devotees undergo a cleansing by bathing in water from the well after bathing in the ocean. The Murugan temple at Thiruchendur was occupied by the Dutch East India company from 1646 to 1648, the local people tried to free their temple, with no success
Thiruchendur
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Tiruchendur beach
Thiruchendur
Thiruchendur
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View of Thiruchedur Temple Rajagopuram
Thiruchendur
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Door of Temple
25.
Tiruchirappalli
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Tiruchirappalli, also called Tiruchi or Trichy, is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Tiruchirappalli District. It is the fourth largest municipal corporation and the fourth largest urban agglomeration in the state, located 322 kilometres south of Chennai and 379 kilometres north of Kanyakumari, Tiruchirappalli sits almost at the geographic centre of the state. Occupying 167.23 square kilometres, the city was home to 916,857 people in 2011, tiruchirappallis recorded history begins in the 3rd century BC, when it was under the rule of the Cholas. The city has also ruled by the Pandyas, Pallavas, Vijayanagar Empire, Nayak Dynasty, the Carnatic state. The most prominent historical monuments in Tiruchirappalli include the Rockfort, the Ranganathaswamy temple at Srirangam, the archaeologically important town of Uraiyur, capital of the Early Cholas, is now a suburb of Tiruchirappalli. The city played a role in the Carnatic Wars between the British and the French East India companies. Industrial units such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Golden Rock Railway Workshop, the presence of a large number of energy equipment manufacturing units in and around the city has earned it the title of Energy Equipment and Fabrication Capital of India. Tiruchirappalli is internationally known for a brand of cheroot known as the Trichinopoly cigar, a major road and railway hub in the state, the city is served by an international airport which operates flights to Southeast Asia and the Middle East. According to the National Urban Sanitation Policy, Tiruchirappalli was listed as the third-cleanest city in India in 2016. According to Hindu Mythology, the word Tiruchirappalli is derived from Tiru which is to address someone with respect, Chirapalli is a compound of siram - head, palli - to sleep. It is a reference to the deity Sriranganathaswamy who is depicted at rest with his head in an elevated position in the Srirangam Temple. Telugu scholar C. P. Brown has proposed that Tiruchirappalli might be a derivative of the word Chiruta-palli meaning little town, other scholars have suggested that the name Tiruchirappalli is a rewording of Tiru-chinna-palli, meaning holy little town. The Madras Glossary gives the root as Tiruććināppalli or the village of the shina plant. Historically, Tiruchirappalli was commonly referred to in English as Trichinopoly, Tiruchirappalli is one of the oldest inhabited cities in Tamil Nadu, its earliest settlements date back to the second millennium BC. Uraiyur, the capital of the Early Cholas for 600 years from the 3rd century BC onwards, is a suburb of present-day Tiruchirappalli, the city is referred to as Orthoura by the historian Ptolemy in his 2nd-century work Geography. The worlds oldest surviving dam, the Kallanai about 18 kilometres from Uraiyur, was built across the Kaveri River by Karikala Chola in the 2nd century AD. Following the downfall of the Pallavas in the 8th century, the city was conquered by the Medieval Cholas, who ruled until the 13th century. After the decline of the Cholas, Tiruchirappalli was conquered by the Pandyas, who ruled from 1216 until their defeat in 1311 by Malik Kafur, the victorious armies of the Delhi Sultanate are believed to have plundered and ravaged the region
Tiruchirappalli
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Clockwise from top:
Jambukeswarar Temple,
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple,
Our Lady of Lourdes Church,
Rockfort,
Kaveri river separating Tiruchirappalli from the
Srirangam Island,
Upper Anaicut
Tiruchirappalli
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Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah
Tiruchirappalli
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The town and fort of Trichinopoly c. 1840
Tiruchirappalli
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Rockfort and Teppakulam, c. 1860
26.
Thiruttani
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Thiruttani is a town in the state of Tamil Nadu, India, famous for being birthplace of Indian President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and also birthplace of Chief Minister of Madras Presidency B. As of 2011, the town had a population of 44,781, lord Murugas one of the arupadai veedu, one being tiruttani, this reason makes this town famous and a major source of income revolves around the Thiruthani Murugan Temple. Tiruttani is located at 13. 18°N79. 63°E /13.18,79.63 and it has an average elevation of 76 metres. Tiruttani has good links to the nearest cities, towns. Its bus depot contains a total of 79 buses, including 42 operating in rural areas, during the festival season, additional buses are operated in order to keep up with the increased demand. Southern Railway also operates frequent passenger services to and from Chennai, according to the 2011 census, Tiruttani had a population of 44,781 with a sex ratio of 1,003 females for every 1,000 males, well above the national average of 929. A total of 4,656 were under the age of six, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 12. 42% and 2. 4% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 75. 32%, compared to the average of 72. 99%. The town had a total of 11,122 households, the Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act, enacted in 1959 by the Parliament of India under the provisions of article 3 of the constitution, went into effect from 1 April 1960. Under the act, Tirutani taluk and Pallipattu sub-taluk of the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh were transferred to Madras State in exchange for territories from the Chingelput and Salem Districts
Thiruttani
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District Headquarters
27.
Tiruchengode
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Also refer to Thirukodimaadachenkundrur Tiruchengode is a city and municipality located in Namakkal District, in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The famous Ardhanareeswarar hill temple is situated in Tiruchengode and this ancient temple is mentioned in the Tamil work Silapathikaram as Neduvelkunru. It is also famous for Chenkottu Velavar Temple, which is situated in the same hill, as of 2011, the town had a population of 95,335. In ancient days, Tiruchengode was known as Thirukodimaadachenkundrur - one of the places in Tamil Nadu. It was also known as Thiruchengottankudi Nageswaram, the red color of the hill is the reason that it was called Chengode. The image above, shows the view of the area from the top of the Tiruchengode hill. This temple is regarded as the 4th of the 7 Tevara Stalams in the Kongu Region of Tamil Nadu. It is believed that Kannagi, after demolishing the city of Madurai by fire is called to Sorgam by her husband Kovalan and is in a wrath at the peak of the Tiruchengode hill, the modern history of Tiruchengode includes many memorable events. Eminent leaders like Rajaji, EVR Periar, T. S. Pattabiraman, T. M. Kaliyannan Gounder, Tiruchengode has the pride of having the countrys first Gandhi Ashram a tribute to Indias great leader Mahatma Gandhi and opened by countrys then viceroy Rajaji. Tiruchengode is in south India in the state of Tamil Nadu, approximately 20 km from the City of Erode,46 km from Salem, Tiruchengode has a more industry oriented occupation rather than agriculture. The major industries here are Rig Spares, Power Looms and Textile Industries, Bus and Lorry Body Building, Lathe Industry, Rice Mills, Tiruchengode is well known for its Rig Lorries. Tiruchengode can be called The Borewell Hub of India as it manufactures the largest number of Borewell Vehicles operated in India. According to 2011 census, Tiruchengode had a population of 95,335 with a sex-ratio of 994 females for every 1,000 males, a total of 8,901 were under the age of six, constituting 4,495 males and 4,406 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 11. 36% and. 07% of the population respectively, the average literacy of the town was 75. 87%, compared to the national average of 72. 99%. The town had a total of 26508 households and this city has various other names like Nagasalam, Panimalai, Kodhai Malai, Aravakiri, Vayu Malai, Kongumalai, Nagagiri, Vandhimalai, Siddharmalai, Didya and still more. It is a part of Kongu Nadu region of Tamil Nadu, Kongu Nadu includes in it 24 villages, out of which Poondhurai, a suburb of Erode city is one of the important pilgrimage centre. West of Cauvery is Melakarai Pundhurai and East of Cauvery is Kilakarai Pundhurai, Kilakarai Pundhurai is famously known as Thiruchengodu. The word Thiruchengodu means beautiful, steeped hill in Tamil Language, Tiruchengodu is famous for its hill and the temple on the top
Tiruchengode
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View of the city from T.Gode Tirumalai
Tiruchengode
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Thiruchengode hill siva temple
28.
Thirunallar
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Thirunallar is most noted for the shrine of Lord Sani, Tirunallar Saniswaran Temple within the temple dedicated to Lord Darbharanyeswaran, a form of Lord Shiva. This is the temple that is dedicated to Lord Shani. Whenever Saturn transits from one sign to another, millions throng this shrine for worship. The legendary King Nala is said to have been relieved of his afflictions caused by the influence of Saturn. Of the numerous theertams, the Nala theertam is the most important one and this hymn is written in praise of Lord Darbharanyeswaran. Legend has it that in the 7th century C. E. in Madurai, the capital of the Pandian Kingdom, during this time, Jainism was spreading in influence in South India. Soon, all but his queen Mangaiyarkarasi and his minister Kulacchirai Nayanar - both staunch Saivaites had embraced Jainism, forsaking the old religion. This caused immense agony to the queen and the minister who were anxious to reclaim both king and kingdom back into the fold of the traditional religion, to these two grief-stricken individuals came news of the camping of boy saint Thirugnana Sambandar at Vedaranyam. The arrival of the Saivate saint irked the Jains, who are said to have set fire to his holy dwelling. But by his powers, Sambandar had the heat transferred to the king. Upon the Queens request, the young saint then sang the Padigam Mandiramavadu Neeru, in contest, the Jains in turn chanted the Aruga Mantra and stroked the left side of the kings person with peacock feathers, but it only aggravated the pain. In response to entreaties by the king and his ministers, Sambandar applied a few grains of the sacred ash to the kings left side also. The poor Pandian monarch, who only a little while ago was the picture of suffering, misery and distress. But the Jains challenged the Saivites further, asking that the Mantras of both religions be written on leaves and consigned to flames to see which one survived the ordeal of fire. The Jains first placed their palm leaf onto the fire but it was consumed by the flames. Saint Thirugnana Sambandar placed on the flames one leaf containing the forty-ninth Padigam of the Tevaram hymn which was sung at the shrine of Lord Darbharanyeswaran Shiva at Thirunallar. The leaf remained untouched by the flames and maintained its evergreen freshness, hence the glory of the Thirunallar temple. The name ThiruNallar is believed to represent the association of King Nala of the Nishadha country who was delivered from the bad effects of Shani by invoking the Lords mercy here
Thirunallar
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Thirunallar Dharbaranyeeswarar temple and tank (also known as Saniswaran temple)
29.
Tirukalukundram
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Tirukazhukundram (திருக்கழுகுன்றம்} is a panchayat town in Kancheepuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is famous for the Vedagiriswarar temple, a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, tirukazhukundrams name is derived from kazhughu, meaning eagle. At one time, two eagles soared above the Shiva temple above the hill every day at lunch time. According to legend, these eagles were not ordinary eagles, the legend also said that the eagles would stop coming to the temple during the Kali Yuga. The eagles have not been sighted in recent years, which is regarded as a sign that the Kali Yuga has begun, the prefix Tiru in Tirukalukundram means holy or sacred and is traditionally used in names of temple towns in all parts of Tamil Nadu. In the 2001 India census, Tirukalukundram had a population of 23,677, males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Tirukalukundram has an literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59. 5%, male literacy is 80%. In Tirukalukundram, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age, thirukazhukundram is located on State Highway 58 between Sadras and Thiruttani,70 kilometres from Chennai and 15 kilometres from the tourist town of Mahabalipuram. It lies 10 kilometres from Old Mahabalipuram Road,10 kilometres from East Coast Road, and 15 kilometres from GST road
Tirukalukundram
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Tirukalukundram view
Tirukalukundram
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Panorama of Tirukalukundram village showing temple complex and water tanks.
30.
Vedagiriswarar temple
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Vedagiriswarar temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the god Shiva located in Tirukalukundram, Tamil Nadu, India. Tirukalukundram is known for the Vedagiriswarar temple complex, popularly known as Kazhugu koil, the consists of two temple structures, one in the foothill and the other atop the hill. The main attraction, the large temple hilltop temple houses the deity of Shiva, the temple at the foothills is dedicated to his consort Parvati, known here as Thiripurasundari Amman. The temple at the foothills has four closely resembling the architecture of the Annamalaiyar Temple The word Thirukazhukundram comes from the Tamil words Thiru, Kazhugu. It was known as Thirukazhugukundram in ancient times, which, overtime became Thirukazhukundram, the town is also known as Pakshi Theertham because of a pair of birds -Most likely Egyptian vultures- that are believed to have visited the site for centuries. These birds are fed by the temple priests and arrive before noon to feed on offerings made from rice, wheat, ghee. Although punctual, the failure of the birds to turn up was attributed to the presence of sinners among the onlookers, legend has it the vultures represent eight sages who were punished by Shiva with two of them leaving in each of a series of epochs. It has also known as Uruthrakodi, Nandipuri, Indrapuri, Narayanapuri, Brahmapuri, Dinakarapuri, Muniganapuri in the past. Sage Bharadwaja prayed to the god Shiva for a life so he could learn all the Vedas. Shiva appeared before him and granted him the wish to learn the Vedas, Shiva took a handful of mud and said Dear Bharadwaja. Shiva also said that in Kaliyuga, the simplest and the surest way to salvation is Bhakti or unfettered devotion, service and love of God and it is believed that the hill on which the Vedagiriswarar temple is built, is the mountains signifying the Vedas created by Shiva himself. The name Vedagiriswarar means the Lord of the Vedic Mountains in Sanskrit, the four Nayanmars, Appar, Sundarar, Manickavasagar and Thirugnanasamandhar visited the temple complex and composed hymns in praise of Vedagiriswarar. A shrine, Nalvar Koil, is dedicated to them, arunagirinathar composed many of his hymns of Thirupugazh in Thirukazhukundram. Thirukazhukundram is located on State Highway 58,70 km away from Chennai and 15 km away from the famous tourist town Mahabalipuram and it is also 15 km away from Chengalpattu. Near road links are,10 km away from Old Mahabalipuram Road,10 km away from East Coast Road and 15 km away from GST road, hymns of Thirupugazh with their composed locations
Vedagiriswarar temple
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Vedagiriswarar temple
Vedagiriswarar temple
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Sacred vultures fed by temple priests at Thirukalukundram, 1906
Vedagiriswarar temple
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Panoramic view of the Tirupurasundari Amman Shrine at the foothills
Vedagiriswarar temple
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Main Gopuram of Hill temple of Thirukazhukundram
31.
Garbharakshambigai temple
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Garbharakshambigai Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva located in Thirukarukavoor, Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is located 6 km east of Papanasam,20 km south east of Kumbakonam,10 km north of Saliyamangalam,20 km north east of Thanjavur, the place is also called Tirukalavur, Mullaivanam, Mathavipuram and Garabapuri. Thirukarukavoor Temple is dedicated to Shiva and is located near Papanasam, Tanjore, Tamil Nadu, the temple has a 5-tier Rajagopuram and an outer prakaram. There are inscriptions from Cholas and king Koparakesarivarman, the temple is 460 ft by 284 ft and has a gopuram facing east and also has an entrance facing south. There is a garden in the side and a Vasantha Mandapam in the north. The sanctum of Mullaivananathar is in the precinct and the shrine of Amman is located parallel to the Swami shrine. The shrine is Nandi is located in front of Swami, with the Palipeeda, there is a Nataraja hall and a yagasalai. There are separate shrines for Natarajar, Somaskanda, Karpaga Vinayagar, there are separate shrines for Sezhkizhar, Nalvar, Santhanachariar, Dakshinamoorthy, Nrithivu Nayakkar, Arthanariswarar, Mahalakshmi, Arumugan, Brahma, Durga and Chandikeswarar. There are four water bodies associated with the temple, sheerakundam is the temple tank located opposite to the temple and the water is believed to be born out of the milk of Kamadenu, the sacred cow. Sathyakupam is a located in between the shrines of Swami and Amman. Brahma Theertham is a tank located north east of the temple - Nataraja gives theerthavari during Karthigai Thivatharai in this tank, vritha Kaveri is the branch of Kaveri, Vettaru - the stepshore is the bank for many of the temple occasions. The temple tree, Mullai tree is located in between the Swami shrine and Chandikeswarar shrine, the temple finds mention in Tevaram, the 7th century 12 volume Saiva canonical work by Tamil saints, namely Appar, Sundarar and Campantar. The temple also finds mention in Periya Puranam by Sezhkizhar, Siva Ksehtra Sivanamaga Kalivenba by Umapathi Sivam, vaithiyanathan are some of the religious works associated with the temple. The temple has 31 inscriptions dating from the Chola period from the reigns of Koperi Varman, Raja Raja I, Rajendra Chola I, the inscriptions record the grants of the temple by the kings. The inscriptions are found on the walls of the temple, sanctum, the inscriptions are recorded in numbers 100,102 and 110 in South Indian Inscriptions, Volume III, Part III. The nearest railway station is in Papanasam, about 3 kilometres from the place, the nearest airport is in Trichy. Thirukarukavoor is situated in Thanjavur - Kumbakonam main road, people from Chennai and northern parts of Tamil Nadu may reach Kumbakonam and from there to Thirukarukavoor. People from east and southern parts of Tamil Nadu must reach Thanjavur, the temple is one of the prominent and most visited temples in the district
Garbharakshambigai temple
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Thirukkarugavur
32.
Tirunelveli
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Tirunelveli pronunciation ), also known as Nellai and historically as Tinnevelly, is a city in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the headquarters of the Tirunelveli District. It is the sixth-largest municipal corporation in the state, Tirunelveli is located 700 km southwest of the state capital, Chennai and 58 km away from Thoothukudi. The city is located on the west bank of the Thamirabarani River, the Polygar War, involving Palaiyakkarars led by Veerapandiya Kattabomman and forces of the British East India Company, was waged on the citys outskirts from 1797 to 1801. Tirunelveli has a number of monuments, the Nellaiappar Temple being the most prominent. Industries in Tirunelveli include administrative services, agricultural trading, tourism, banking, agricultural machinery, Tirunelveli is administered by a municipal corporation, established in 1994 by the Municipal Corporation Act. The city covers an area of 169.9 km2, and had a population of 1,473,637 in 2011, Tirunelveli is well-connected by road and rail with the rest of Tamil Nadu. Tirunelveli was known in Sambandars seventh-century Saiva canonical work Tevaram as Thirunelveli, Nellaiappar temple inscriptions indicate that Shiva descended in the form of a hedge and roof to save the paddy crop of a devotee. In Hindu legend, the place was known as Venuvana due to the presence of bamboo in the temple under which the deity is believed to have appeared, the word Tirunelveli is derived from three Tamil words, thiru, nel and veli, meaning sacred paddy hedge. The history of Tirunelveli was researched by Robert Caldwell, a Christian missionary who visited the area, Tirunelveli was under the rule of Pandya kings as their secondary capital, Madurai was the empires primary capital. The Pandya dynasty in the dates to several centuries before the Christian era from inscriptions by Ashoka and mention in the Mahavamsa, the Brihat-Samhita. The province came under the rule of Cholas under Rajendra Chola I in 1064 CE, however, Tirunelveli remained under control of the Cholas until the early 13th century, when the second Pandyan empire was established with Madurai as its capital. The Nellaiappar temple was the shrine of the later Pandyas during the 13th and 14th centuries. After the death of Kulasekara Pandian, the region was occupied by Vijayangara rulers, the Maravars occupied the western foothills and the Telugas, and the Kannadigas settled in the black-soil-rich eastern portion. Tirunelveli was the capital of the Madurai Nayaks, under Viswanatha Nayak. Inscriptions from the Nellaiappar temple indicate generous contributions to the temple, Nayak rule ended in 1736, and the region was captured by Chanda Sahib, Arcot Nawab and Muhammed Yusuf Khan during the mid-18th century. In 1743 Nizam-ul-mulk, lieutenant of the Deccan Plateau, displaced most of the Marathas from the region, the original power lay in the hands of the polygars, who were originally military chiefs of the Nayaks. The city was the commercial town during the Nawab and Nayak era
Tirunelveli
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Sculpted pillar in Nellaiappar Temple (the largest temple in Tirunelveli)
Tirunelveli
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The
Agasthiyamalai hills cut off Tirunelveli from the
southwest monsoon, creating a
rainshadow region.
Tirunelveli
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Podhigai mountain's shadow falling on
Poovankurichi lake.
33.
Tiruppur
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Tiruppur or Tirupur is a city in the Kongu Nadu region of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Tiruppur is the headquarters of Tiruppur district and the fifth largest urban agglomeration in Tamil Nadu. Located on the banks of Noyyal River, it has been ruled at different times, by the Early Pandyas, Medieval Cholas, Later Cholas, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Mysore Kingdom and the British. It is situated at the centre of the South Indian Peninsula, about 450 kilometres southwest of the state capital Chennai, Tiruppur is administered by municipal corporation which was established in 2008 and the total area of the corporation is 159.6 km2 divided into 60 wards. The total population of the city as per the 2011 census is 444,352, Tiruppur is a part of the Tiruppur constituency that elects its member of parliament. Tiruppur is a textile and knit wear hub contributing to 90% of total cotton knit wear exports from India. The textile industry provides employment to over six lakh people and contributed to exports worth ₹200 billion in 2014-15, the name Tiruppur is said to have emerged during the Mahabharata era. According to history, the herds of Pandavas were stolen by thieves. Tiruppur formed a part of the Kongu Nadu region ruled by the Cheras during Sangam period, the region was part of a prominent Roman trade route that connected east and west coasts of India. The medieval Cholas conquered the Kongu Nadu in the 10th century CE and Chola stone carvings mention Kanchi Maanadhi, the region came under the rule of the Vijayanagara Empire by the 15th century and later Palayakkarars, the chieftains of Madurai Nayaks ruled the region. In the later part of the 18th century, the region came under the Kingdom of Mysore, after the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars, the British East India Company annexed the region into the Madras Presidency in 1799. Tirupur was a town with irrigated farms and the farmers became small owners of various textile related units during the 1970s. The boom in the industry led to an inter woven network of the small scale units leading to growth of the city into a major textile hub. Tiruppur became a corporation in 2008 and a separate Tiruppur district was carved out from parts of Coimbatore district. Tiruppur is located at 11. 1075°N77. 3398°E /11.1075,77.3398 on the banks of the Noyyal River and it has an average elevation of 295 metres and covers an area of 159.6 km2. According to 2011 census, Tiruppur had a population of 444,352 with a sex-ratio of 955 females for every 1,000 males, a total of 48,802 were under the age of six, constituting 24,818 males and 23,984 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 5. 47% and. 06% of the population respectively, the average literacy of the city was 78. 17%, compared to the national average of 72. 99%. The city had a total of 124,617 households, the area of Tiruppur was expanded in 2011 and the population was 877,778 as per the revised estimate
Tiruppur
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Tiruppur old bus stand
Tiruppur
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Kumaran memorial - near
railway station
34.
Tiruvallur
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Tiruvallur is a suburb city of Chennai and Grade I municipality in Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the banks of Cooum river about 42 km northwest of Chennai and it is well known because of the Veera Raghavar temple which is one of the 108 sacred shrines of Vaishnavites. There is a pond nearby this temple, where the festival is held. There is a Siva temple near this shrine which is quite popular among the locals. There is also a 40 feet tall Viswaroopa Panchamukha Hanuman temple, poondi reservoir from where drinking water is drawn to Chennai city is at about 9 km from this town. The neighborhood is served by Tiruvallur railway station of the Chennai Suburban Railway Network, as of 2011, the town had a population of 56,074. It is one of the fast developing suburban areas in Chennai. The word Tiruvallur is supposedly derived from the Tamil sentence tiru evvull, meaning, Tiru - god, evvull - where do I sleep. So, Tiruvallur means, a place/town where, the god, a Rishi named Saalihothirar came down from Badrinath now in Uttaranchal State and settled in this place in order to reach Paramapadam. He took bath in Hiruthaapanasana Theertham and started the vow of silence for one year, daily he collected some rice and after a year of fasting, he purified collected rice and cooked. He offered a part of cooked rice to God duly keeping the rest for himself to eat and he waited for some Guest, probably a muni or rishi, so that he could offer him to eat and end his fasting. At that time the God Narayana with the intention to test devotion of the Rishi came there as an old muni and he looked as if he was so hungry and thirsty. On seeing him, Saalihothirar greeted him and made him to sit, but the Guest wanted the entire quantity of food. Saalihothirar was very happy to give all of the food to the Guest starving himself. After eating the food, the Lord asked where can he sleep. Saalihothirar asked him to sleep in his hut itself, in Tamil =Ev =which/uL =place/room/uRangalAm could sleep. Tiru is a prefix before name of any holy place, in 1687, the Golkonda rulers were defeated and the region came under the Moghul emperors of Delhi. The towns and villages of this region were the scene of Carnatic wars, battles are said to have been fought in this region during the struggle for supremacy between the English and French. The town of Pulicat was the earliest Dutch possession in India founded in 1609 which was ceded to the British in 1825, with this, the region came under the British rule which ended on 15 August 1947 with India becoming independent. According to 2011 census, Thiruvallur had a population of 56,074 with a sex-ratio of 999 females for every 1,000 males, a total of 5,627 were under the age of six, constituting 2,904 males and 2,723 females
Tiruvallur
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40 feet Sri Panchamukha Hanuman Temple
35.
Ptolemy
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Claudius Ptolemy was a Greek writer, known as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology. He lived in the city of Alexandria in the Roman province of Egypt, wrote in Koine Greek, beyond that, few reliable details of his life are known. His birthplace has been given as Ptolemais Hermiou in the Thebaid in a statement by the 14th-century astronomer Theodore Meliteniotes. This is a very late attestation, however, and there is no reason to suppose that he ever lived elsewhere than Alexandria. Ptolemy wrote several treatises, three of which were of importance to later Byzantine, Islamic and European science. The first is the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest, although it was entitled the Mathematical Treatise. The second is the Geography, which is a discussion of the geographic knowledge of the Greco-Roman world. The third is the treatise in which he attempted to adapt horoscopic astrology to the Aristotelian natural philosophy of his day. This is sometimes known as the Apotelesmatika but more known as the Tetrabiblos from the Greek meaning Four Books or by the Latin Quadripartitum. The name Claudius is a Roman nomen, the fact that Ptolemy bore it indicates he lived under the Roman rule of Egypt with the privileges and political rights of Roman citizenship. It would have suited custom if the first of Ptolemys family to become a citizen took the nomen from a Roman called Claudius who was responsible for granting citizenship, if, as was common, this was the emperor, citizenship would have been granted between AD41 and 68. The astronomer would also have had a praenomen, which remains unknown and it occurs once in Greek mythology, and is of Homeric form. All the kings after him, until Egypt became a Roman province in 30 BC, were also Ptolemies, abu Mashar recorded a belief that a different member of this royal line composed the book on astrology and attributed it to Ptolemy. The correct answer is not known”, Ptolemy wrote in Greek and can be shown to have utilized Babylonian astronomical data. He was a Roman citizen, but most scholars conclude that Ptolemy was ethnically Greek and he was often known in later Arabic sources as the Upper Egyptian, suggesting he may have had origins in southern Egypt. Later Arabic astronomers, geographers and physicists referred to him by his name in Arabic, Ptolemys Almagest is the only surviving comprehensive ancient treatise on astronomy. Ptolemy presented his models in convenient tables, which could be used to compute the future or past position of the planets. The Almagest also contains a catalogue, which is a version of a catalogue created by Hipparchus
Ptolemy
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Engraving of a crowned Ptolemy being guided by the muse Astronomy, from Margarita Philosophica by
Gregor Reisch, 1508. Although
Abu Ma'shar believed Ptolemy to be one of the
Ptolemies who ruled Egypt after the conquest of
Alexander the title ‘King Ptolemy’ is generally viewed as a mark of respect for Ptolemy's elevated standing in science.
Ptolemy
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Early
Baroque artist's rendition
Ptolemy
–
A 15th-century manuscript copy of the
Ptolemy world map, reconstituted from Ptolemy's Geography (circa 150), indicating the countries of "
Serica " and "Sinae" (
China) at the extreme east, beyond the island of "Taprobane" (
Sri Lanka, oversized) and the "Aurea Chersonesus" (
Malay Peninsula).
Ptolemy
–
Prima Europe tabula. A C15th copy of Ptolemy's map of Britain
36.
James Playfair
–
James Playfair was a Scottish architect who worked largely in the Neoclassical tradition. He was born in Benvie near Dundee, where his father was the parish minister and he was the brother of William Playfair the engineer, and the mathematician John Playfair. His son, William Henry Playfair, was also a celebrated architect, james Playfairs works include Melville Castle in Midlothian and Townley Hall in Ireland. His most famous building is Cairness House, in Aberdeenshire, which used revolutionary forms of Neoclassicism and is unique in British architecture of the period. Cairness House shows the influence of the French architects Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicholas Ledoux, on his death in 1794, most of Playfair’s papers were bought by his close friend Sir John Soane and are now housed at Sir John Soanes Museum in London. Parks & Gardens, UK Gazetteer for Scotland Details http, //www. castlehillsberwick. com/playfairexhibition/
James Playfair
–
Memorial to James and John Playfair, Old Calton Burial Ground
37.
Portugal
–
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, to the west and south it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and to the east and north by Spain. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 kilometres long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union, the republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments. The territory of modern Portugal has been settled, invaded. The Pre-Celts, Celts, Carthaginians and the Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigothic, in 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors, making Portugal part of Muslim Al Andalus. Portugal was born as result of the Christian Reconquista, and in 1139, Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal, in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global empire, becoming one of the worlds major economic, political and military powers. Portugal monopolized the trade during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. After the 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, democracy was restored after the Portuguese Colonial War and the Carnation Revolution in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories, Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence across the globe and a legacy of over 250 million Portuguese speakers today. Portugal is a country with a high-income advanced economy and a high living standard. It is the 5th most peaceful country in the world, maintaining a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and it has the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to drug decriminalization, as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for use in 2001. The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe, the name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlements, which were found in Alenquer, Coimbra, the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Neanderthals and then by Homo sapiens, who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula. These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing. Chief among these tribes were the Calaicians or Gallaeci of Northern Portugal, the Lusitanians of central Portugal, the Celtici of Alentejo, a few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements were also founded in the Algarve region by Phoenicians-Carthaginians. Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC, during the last days of Julius Caesar, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Romes adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies and it suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north
Portugal
–
Citânia de Briteiros, in the
Minho Province, is the best preserved
Iron Age and
Castro culture site in Portugal.
Portugal
–
Flag
Portugal
–
The
Roman Temple of Évora, in the
Alentejo, is a symbol of
Lusitania, Roman rule in Portugal.
Portugal
–
Monument in Porto to
Vimara Peres, first ruler of the County of Portugal
38.
Portuguese India
–
The first viceroy, Francisco de Almeida, established his headquarters in Cochin. Subsequent Portuguese governors were not always of viceroy rank, after 1510, the capital of the Portuguese viceroyalty was transferred to Goa. Until the 18th century, the Portuguese governor in Goa had authority over all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean, from southern Africa to southeast Asia. Portugal lost effective control of the enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1954, and finally the rest of the territory in December 1961. In spite of this, Portugal only recognised Indian control in 1975, after the Carnation Revolution, the first Portuguese encounter with the subcontinent was on 20 May 1498 when Vasco da Gama reached Calicut on Malabar Coast. Anchored off the coast of Calicut, the Portuguese invited native fishermen on board, one Portuguese accompanied the fishermen to the port and met with a Tunisian Muslim. On the advice of this man, Gama sent a couple of his men to Ponnani to meet with ruler of Calicut, over the objections of Arab merchants, Gama managed to secure a letter of concession for trading rights from the Zamorin, Calicuts Hindu ruler. But, the Portuguese were unable to pay the customs duties. Later Calicut officials temporarily detained Gamas Portuguese agents as security for payment and this, however, annoyed Gama, who carried a few natives and sixteen fishermen with him by force. Nevertheless, Gamas expedition was successful beyond all expectation, bringing in cargo that was worth sixty times the cost of the expedition. Matters worsened when the Portuguese factory at Calicut was attacked by surprise by the locals, Cabral also ordered his ships to bombard Calicut for an entire day in retaliation for the violation of the agreement. In Cochin and Cannanore Cabral succeeded in making advantageous treaties with the local rulers, Cabral started the return voyage on 16 January 1501 and arrived in Portugal with only 4 of 13 ships on 23 June 1501. The Portuguese built the Pulicat fort in 1502, with the help of the Vijayanagar ruler, Vasco da Gama sailed to India for a second time with 15 ships and 800 men, arriving at Calicut on 30 October 1502, where the ruler was willing to sign a treaty. Gama this time made a call to expel all Muslims from Calicut which was turned down. He bombarded the city and captured several rice vessels and he returned to Portugal in September 1503. Francisco de Almeida left Portugal with a fleet of 22 vessels with 1,500 men, on 13 September, Francisco de Almeida reached Anjadip Island, where he immediately started the construction of Fort Anjediva. On 23 October, with the permission of the ruler of Cannanore, he started building St. Angelo Fort at Cannanore, leaving Lourenço de Brito in charge with 150 men. Francisco de Almeida then reached Cochin on 31 October 1505 with only 8 vessels left, there he learned that the Portuguese traders at Quilon had been killed
Portuguese India
–
Remnants of
St. Thomas Fort in
Tangasseri,
Kollam city
Portuguese India
–
Flag
Portuguese India
–
Fort St. Angelo,
Cannanore
Portuguese India
–
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Portuguese Eastern empire, the Estado da Índia (State of India), with its capital in Goa, then often called in Europe as the "Rome of the East", included possessions (as subjected areas with a certain degree of autonomy) in all the Asian Subcontinents, East Africa, and in the Pacific
39.
Dutch India
–
Dutch India consisted of the settlements and trading posts of the Dutch East India Company on the Indian subcontinent. It is only used as a definition, as there has never been a political authority ruling all Dutch India. Instead, Dutch India was divided into the governorates Dutch Ceylon and Dutch Coromandel, the commandment Dutch Malabar, the Dutch Indies, on the other hand, were the Dutch East Indies and the Dutch West Indies. Dutch presence on the Indian subcontinent lasted from 1605 to 1825, Dutch Suratte and Dutch Bengal were established in 1616 and 1627 respectively. After the Dutch conquered Ceylon from the Portuguese in 1656, they took the Portuguese forts on the Malabar coast five years later as well, to secure Ceylon from Portuguese invasion. Apart from textiles, the items traded in Dutch India include precious stones, indigo, and silk across the Indian Peninsula, saltpetre and opium in Dutch Bengal, Indian slaves were imported on the Spice Islands and in the Cape Colony. In the second half of the century the Dutch lost their influence more and more. The Kew Letters relinquished all Dutch colonies to the British, to prevent them from being overrun by the French, in the famous Battle of Colachel, Travancore king Marthanda Varmas army defeated the Dutch East India Company, resulting in the complete eclipse of Dutch power in Malabar. Under the terms of the treaty, all transfers of property, by the middle of 1825, therefore, the Dutch had lost their last trading posts in India. During the days when the Dutch were commercially active in India, they operated several mints, at Cochin, Masulipattam, Nagapatam, Pondicherry, the coins were all modelled on the local coinages. British India Danish India French India India–Netherlands relations Portuguese India Coins of Dutch India World Statesmen - India Cuddalore History India, shores without end
Dutch India
–
A View of Chinsura the Dutch Settlement in Bengal (1787).
Dutch India
–
Imperial entities of India
Dutch India
–
Gold pagoda with an image of Lord
Venkateswara, a form of the Hindu god
Vishnu, issued at the Dutch mint at
Pulicat, c. 17th or 18th century.
Dutch India
–
Dutch trading ships in Negapatnam, Dutch Coromandel, circa 1680.
40.
British East India Company
–
The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India. The company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600, wealthy merchants and aristocrats owned the Companys shares. Initially the government owned no shares and had only indirect control, during its first century of operation the focus of the Company was trade, not the building of an empire in India. The company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its own armies, exercising military power. Despite frequent government intervention, the company had recurring problems with its finances, the official government machinery of British India had assumed its governmental functions and absorbed its armies. Soon after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, London merchants presented a petition to Queen Elizabeth I for permission to sail to the Indian Ocean, one of them, Edward Bonventure, then sailed around Cape Comorin to the Malay Peninsula and returned to England in 1594. In 1596, three ships sailed east, however, these were all lost at sea. Two days later, on 24 September, the Adventurers reconvened and resolved to apply to the Queen for support of the project, the Adventurers convened again a year later. For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Anybody who traded in breach of the charter without a licence from the Company was liable to forfeiture of their ships and cargo, the governance of the company was in the hands of one governor and 24 directors or committees, who made up the Court of Directors. They, in turn, reported to the Court of Proprietors, ten committees reported to the Court of Directors. According to tradition, business was transacted at the Nags Head Inn, opposite St Botolphs church in Bishopsgate. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601, in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. Early in 1608 Alexander Sharpeigh was appointed captain of the Companys Ascension, thereafter two ships, Ascension and Union sailed from Woolwich on 14 March 1607–8. Initially, the company struggled in the trade because of the competition from the already well-established Dutch East India Company. The company opened a factory in Bantam on the first voyage, the factory in Bantam was closed in 1683. During this time belonging to the company arriving in India docked at Surat. In the next two years, the company established its first factory in south India in the town of Machilipatnam on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal
British East India Company
–
Imperial entities of India
British East India Company
–
Company flag after 1801
British East India Company
–
James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601
British East India Company
–
Red Dragon fought the Portuguese at the
Battle of Swally in 1612, and made several voyages to the
East Indies.
41.
Mohamed Ali Khan Walajan
–
Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah, or Muhammad Ali Khan Walla Jah, was the Nawab of Arcot in India and an ally of the British East India Company. Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah the Nawab of Arcot often referred to himself as the Subedar of the Carnatic in his letters and he held two investitures, bestowing the KB upon Sir John Lindsay and Sir Hector Munro, in 1771 and 1779, respectively. By Imperial firman on 5 April 1750 and he joined forces with Nasir Jung and the British in opposing Chanda Sahib, the French nominee for the Subadarship. He defeated by the French at Gingee in December 1750, and he was received an Imperial firman confirming his possession of the Carnatic and appointing him as Naib to Viceroy of the Deccan,21 January 1751. He was recognised by the Treaty of Paris as an independent ruler,1763, raised to the titles of Walla Jah 1760, and Sahib us-Saif wal-qalam Mudabbir-i-Umur-i-Alam Farzand-i-Aziz-az Jan by Emperor Shah Alam II. Sir John Macpherson, writing to Lord Macartney in November 1781 declared, I have been sending him sheep and bags of rice by every ship. It is more than he did for me when I was fighting his battles, much of the ensuing war was fought on the Nawabs territory. For the defence of his territory, the Nawab paid the British 400,000 pagodas per annum and 10 out of the 21 battalions of the Madras army were posted to garrison his forts, the British derived income from his jagirs. For a period the situation of the Nawab was a significant factor in Westminster politics, the Nawab had borrowed heavily, and many East India Company officials, in India or in the United Kingdom, were his creditors. Elections in the UK could be, and were, influenced by money, with the result that a group of about a dozen Members of Parliament formed a discernible Arcot interest. By the 1780s issues affecting Arcot were therefore having an impact on British politics. He died from poisoning, at Madras on 13 October 1795. He was buried outside the gate of the Gunbad of Shah Chand Mastan and he was succeeded by his son Umdat ul-Umara, who was later accused of supporting Tipu Sultan the heir of Hyder Ali during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
Mohamed Ali Khan Walajan
–
Muhammad Ali Khan Walla Jah
Mohamed Ali Khan Walajan
–
Muhammed Ali Khan Walla-Jah, the
Nawab of the Carnatic, portrait by
George Willison
Mohamed Ali Khan Walajan
–
Another portrait of Muhammad Ali
Mohamed Ali Khan Walajan
–
Stringer Lawrence and Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah
42.
Nawab of Arcot
–
Nawabs of the Carnatic ruled the Carnatic region of South India between about 1690 and 1801. The Carnatic was a dependency of Hyderabad Deccan, and was under the purview of the Nizam of Hyderabad. They initially had their capital at Arcot in the present-day Indian state of Tamil Nadu, the old province known as the Carnatic, in which Madras was situated, extended from the Krishna river to the Kaveri river, and was bounded on the West by Mysore kingdom and Dindigul. The Northern portion was known as the Mughal Carnatic, the Southern the Maratha Carnatic with the Maratha fortresses of Gingee, the Nawabs of the Carnatic trace their origin back to second Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab. With the Vijayanagara Empire in serious decline, the Nawabdom of the Carnatic controlled a vast territory south of the Krishna river, the Nawab Saadatullah Khan I moved his court from Gingee to Arcot. His successor Dost Ali conquered and annexed Madurai in 1736, in 1740, the Maratha forces descended on Arcot. They attacked the Nawab, Dost Ali Khan, in the pass of Damalcherry, in the war that followed, Dost Ali, one of his sons Hasan Ali, and a number of prominent persons lost their lives. This initial success at once enhanced Maratha prestige in the south, from Damalcherry the Marathas proceeded to Arcot, which surrendered to them without much resistance. Chanda Saheb and his son were arrested and sent to Nagpur, Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah became the ruler in 1765. The growing influences of the English and the French and their colonial wars had a impact on the Carnatic. Wallajah supported the English against the French and Hyder Ali, placing him heavily in debt, as a result he had to surrender much of his territory to the East India Company. Wikipedia Paul Benfield The thirteenth Nawab, Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan, died without issue, Ghouse Khans uncle Azim Jah was created the first Prince of Arcot in 1867 by Queen Victoria, and was given a tax free-pension in perpetuity. This privilege continues to be honoured by the Government of India, even after the 26th Amendment withdrew recognition for titles and this status is protected by the Indian Constitution, and the family continues to retain its privileges and titles. The current Prince of Arcot, Abdul Ali, inherited the title in July 1994. uq. net. au The House of Arcot
Nawab of Arcot
–
In the year 1702,
Nawab Daud Khan the
Mughal Empire 's local
Subedar of the
Carnatic, besieged and blockaded
Fort St. George for more than three months, the governor of the fort
Thomas Pitt was instructed by the
British East India Company to vie for peace.
Nawab of Arcot
–
Emblem of the Nawab of the Carnatic
Nawab of Arcot
–
Death of the
Nawab Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan in a battle against the
French in 1749, by Paul Philipoteaux.
Nawab of Arcot
–
Mohamed Ali Khan Wallajah, (1717–1795)
43.
Madras Presidency
–
The Madras Presidency, or the Presidency of Fort St. George and also known as Madras Province, was an administrative subdivision of British India. The city of Madras was the capital of the Presidency and Ootacamund or Ooty. The island of Ceylon was a part of Madras Presidency from 1793 to 1798 when it was created a Crown colony, the agency was upgraded to a Presidency in 1652 before once more reverting to its previous status in 1655. In 1684, it was re-elevated to a Presidency and Elihu Yale was appointed as president, in 1785, under the provisions of Pitts India Act, Madras became one of three provinces established by the East India Company. Thereafter, the head of the area was styled Governor rather than President and became subordinate to the Governor-General in Calcutta, a title that would persist until 1947. Judicial, legislative and executive powers rested with the Governor who was assisted by a Council whose constitution was modified by reforms enacted in 1861,1909,1919 and 1935, regular elections were conducted in Madras up to the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. Following the Montague-Chelmsford reforms of 1919, Madras was the first province of British India to implement a system of dyarchy, in the early decades of the 20th century, many significant contributors to the Indian independence movement came from Madras. With the advent of Indian independence on 15 August 1947, the Presidency became the Madras Province. Madras was later admitted as Madras State, a state of the Indian Union at the inauguration of the Republic of India on 26 January 1950, the discovery of dolmens from this portion of the subcontinent shows inhabitation as early as the Stone Age. The first prominent rulers of the part of the future Presidency were the Tamil pandya dynasty. Following the decline of the pandyas of Tamil Nadu and the Cholas in Tamil Nadu, the country recovered under the subsequent Pallava dynasty and its civilisation attained a peak under the later where the telugu period when telugu kings started accquiring vast places in Tamil Nadu. Following the conquest of Madurai by Malik Kafur in 1311, there was a brief lull when both culture and civilisation began to deteriorate, the Tamil and Telugu territories recovered under the Vijayanagar Empire, founded in 1336. Following the empires demise, the country was split amongst numerous sultans, polygars, between 1685 and 1947, a number of kings ruled the areas that became part of the Madras Presidency. On 31 December 1600, Queen Elizabeth I of England granted a group of English merchants a charter to establish a company which became known as the East India Company. The first of these were built at Surat on the west coast, Masulipatam is thus the oldest English trading post on Indias east coast, dating back to 1611. In 1625, another factory was established at Armagon, a few miles to the south, the English authorities decided to relocate these factories farther south, due to a shortage of cotton cloth, the main trade item of the east coast at the time. The problem was compounded when the Sultan of Golconda started harassing the local officers, an agency was created to govern the new settlement, and the factor Andrew Cogan of Masulipatnam was appointed as its first Agent. All the agencies along Indias east coast were subordinated to the East India Company presidency of Bantam in Java, by 1641, Fort St George became the Companys headquarters on the Coromandel Coast
Madras Presidency
–
The Madras Presidency in 1913
Madras Presidency
–
Flag
Madras Presidency
–
Imperial entities of India
Madras Presidency
–
Stringer Lawrence who established the Madras Army with
Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah, the
Nawab of Carnatic
44.
Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar
–
Diwan Bahadur Sir Vembakkam Bhashyam Aiyangar, CIE was an eminent lawyer and jurist who served as the first Indian Advocate-General of Madras Province and also as a Judge of the Madras High Court. Bhashyam Aiyangar served as the Acting Advocate General of Madras from February 1897 to March 1898 and he was the first Indian to hold the post. In February,1897, Bhashyam Aiyangar was nominated to the Madras Legislative Council as an official member He was nominated for two terms in November 1899 and March 1900. In July 1901 Bhashyam Aiyangar was appointed a Judge of the High Court at Madras, Bhashyam Aiyangar was created a Companion of the Indian Empire in May 1895. He was knighted on 5 February 1900, after a knighthood had been announced in the 1900 New Year Honours list. A statute of Bhashyam Aiyangar was donated by M. S. Nagappa in 1927 and has installed in the Madras High Court campus. Bhashyam Aiyangar had a number of daughters and his third daughter was married to eminent lawyer and freedom fighter S. Srinivasa Iyengar. The Indian independence activist Ambujammal is his granddaughter, the India List and India Office List
Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar
–
Vembakkam Bhashyam Aiyangar
45.
Sir S. Subramania Iyer
–
Sir Subbier Subramania Iyer KCIE was an Indian lawyer, jurist and freedom fighter who, along with Annie Besant, founded the Home Rule Movement. He was popularly known as the Grand Old Man of South India, Subramania Iyer was born in the Madurai district of Madras Presidency. He also served as the first Indian Chief Justice of the Madras High Court, Subramania Iyer was born in Madurai in the Madras Presidency, on 1 October 1842. His father Sooravally Subbier Aiyer was the agent of the Raja of Ramnads zamindari. He had his education at the English Mission School, Madurai, joining the Zilla School, Madurai, in 1856. As his mother was not willing to send him to Madras for a higher education and he served as a clerk in the Deputy Collectors Office, Madurai, Deputy Collectors Office, Ramnad, and the Collectors Office, Madurai. While working in the Collectors Office, he studied privately for the Pleaders Examination, though unable to secure a Sanad to practise, he was appointed the Public Prosecutor, when the Criminal Penal Code came into force, in 1862. Desiring to practise as a lawyer, he studied privately for the Matriculation Examination and passed the same in 1865, two years later, in 1868, he passed the B. L. examination from Presidency College, Madras, standing first among all successful candidates. He served as an apprentice under J. C, mill, Barrister-at-Law, and thus qualified himself to practise as a Vakil. He presented an Address of Welcome, on behalf of the people of Madura, to the Prince of Wales, in 1877, he gave evidence and pleaded for the necessity of protecting tenants from arbitrary eviction by the landlords, before the Famine Commission when it visited Madura. He also served as the Vice-Chairman of the Madura Municipality, from 1882 until his departure for Madras, after his wife, Lakshmis death in 1884, he shifted to Madras, where he emerged as a formidable rival to the redoubtable lawyers Bhashyam Aiyangar and Eardley Norton. Recognising his merit, the Government appointed him Government Pleader and Public Prosecutor in 1888, as Government Pleader, he appeared in two sensational cases – the Nageswara Iyer Forgery Case and the Tirupati Mahant Case. As Judge, amongst other cases, he presided over the court which investigated into the crash of a Madras bank, Arbuthnot & Co. He also acted as the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court in 1899,1903 and 1906, the first Indian to do so. After serving as a judge of the Madras High Court for 12 years, he resigned on 13 November 1907 due to failing sight and he presented the Welcome Address to the Prince of Wales, in 1914, on behalf of the public of Madras. Serving as a member of the Malabar Land Tenure Committee, largely due to his initiative, nominated for a second time, Subramania Iyer made his association with the Council as useful as possible under the system extant then. One of the members of the Indian National Congress, he led the Madras delegation to its first session at Bombay, in December 1885. He was close to Sir Arthur Lawley, whom he is held to have influenced and assisted in his administration of the Madras Presidency
Sir S. Subramania Iyer
–
Sir Subbier Subramania Iyer
Sir S. Subramania Iyer
–
Subramania Iyer in later life
46.
Sir T. Madhava Rao
–
He was the nephew of the former Diwan of Travancore T. Venkata Rao and the son of another Ranga Rao. Madhava Rao was born in a Thanjavur Marathi Deshastha Brahmin family of Kumbakonam in 1828 and had his education in Madras, after serving for two years in the Madras civil service, Madhava Rao was appointed tutor to the princes of Travancore. Impressed with his performance, Madhava Rao was transferred to the Revenue Department in which he rose step by step to become Diwan in 1857. Madhava Rao served as Diwan of Travancore from 1857 to 1872 bringing about developments in education, legislation, public works, medicine, vaccination and public health and he was also responsible for clearing Travancores public debts. Madhava Rao quit as Diwan of Travancore and returned to Madras in 1872 and he served as Diwan of Indore from 1873 to 1875 and as Diwan of Baroda from 1875 to 1882. In his later life, Madhava Rao actively participated in politics and was one of the pioneers of the Indian National Congress. Madhava Rao died in 1891 in Mylapore, Madras at the age of 63, Madhava Rao was respected and regarded for his administrative abilities. British Liberal statesman Henry Fawcett called him the Turgot of India, in 1866, he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India. Madhava Rao was born in 1828 in a prominent Marathi Deshastha Brahmin family and his surname was Thanjavurkar or Tanjorekar. His great-grandfather Gopal Pant and his grandfather, Gundo Pant, held offices of trust and his paternal uncle Rai Raya Rai Venkatta Rao was a former Dewan of Travancore and later even his father Ranga Rao became the Premier of Travancore, although only for a short while. Madhava Rao had two older brothers, Madhava Rao spent his early life in Madras city where he studied at the Government High School. As a student, Madhava Rao was a diligent and careful and strong in mathematics, in 1846, he received his Proficients Degree with high honours. Soon afterwards, Powell appointed him tutor of Mathematics and Physics at the High School, however, Madhava Rao quit in a short while to take up a job in the office of the Accountant General. In 1848, he was appointed tutor to the princes of Travancore at the recommendation of the English Resident which he accepted, Madhava worked for four years as tutor to the Travancore princes. Impressed with his performance, he was offered a position in the Revenue Department of Travancore, in a short time, Madhava Rao rose to be Diwan Peishkar of the Southern division. During this time, Travancore was facing a financial crisis. A large amount of due to the Madras government remained unpaid. Not long after promulgating his infamous Doctrine of Lapse, Lord Dalhousie was looking forward to annexe Travancore too under this pretext, at this juncture, the Raja of Travancore Uthram Thirunal chose Madhava Rao to negotiate a deal with the British government which he did successfully
Sir T. Madhava Rao
–
Portrait of Sir T. Madhava Rao
Sir T. Madhava Rao
–
Madhava Rao with (from left) the
heir-apparent Visakham Thirunal and the
Maharaja of Travancore,
Ayilyam Thirunal
Sir T. Madhava Rao
–
Group portrait of Madhava Rao and ministers of Baroda (circa 1880)
Sir T. Madhava Rao
–
Tanjore Madhava Rao (C.1880)
47.
Eardley Norton
–
Eardley John Norton was a Madras barrister, Coroner and politician of British origin. He was also one of the earliest members of the Indian National Congress, eardley was born in India in 1852, the son of lawyer John Bruce Norton who later served as the Advocate-General of Madras. He received his education in England and he matriculated on 15 October 1870 at the age of 18 and graduated in arts from Merton College, Oxford. He studied law at Lincolns Inn and was called to bar in 1876, in 1879, he set sail to India to practice in the Madras High Court. Eardley Norton practised as a lawyer in Madras from 1879 to 1906, Norton was elected to the Imperial Legislative Council in 1894 but had to resign within a month due to an adultery suit against him. In 1897, a furor was raised over the appointment of a lawyer V. Bhashyam Aiyangar as Advocate-General of the Presidency, Norton suggested that it was better to seek the opinion of the Bombay Bar over it and his suggestion was implemented. Norton was a friend of G. Subramania Iyer, who founded The Hindu. He wrote a column in The Hindu called Olla Podrida under the pseudonym Sentinel and this column ran from May 1889 to December 1889. Norton started the Indian Aluminium Company for the manufacture of utensils in 1900, Norton was associated with the Indian National Congress right from its early stages. He participated in the 1887 session at Madras in the course of which, he made a much acclaimed speech defending his support for Indian nationalists and association with the Congress. He also organised a magnificent reception for the visiting dignitaries along with the Governor Lord Connemara, as an outcome of the Madras session, Norton was appointed member of the committee which drafted the constitution of the Indian National Congress. Norton declared that British Parliament had become indifferent to the sufferings of Indians, Norton also participated in the tenth session of the Indian National Congress held in Madras in 1894 and the Mysore session of the Indian National Congress held in 1903. Norton was instrumental in enlisting the support of Charles Bradlaugh, Member of British Parliament for Northampton for the creation of an UK chapter of the Indian National Congress. Accordingly, the UK-wing came into existence in July 1889 under the leadership of Bradlaugh who was accorded the title Member for India, Norton was also part of the Congress first deputation to England in 1889. Eardley died on 13 July 1931 at Bexley in Kent, Norton was frequently accused of sedition by his fellow countrymen. Once he responded, Amvika Charan Mazumdar, Madras, G. A. Natesan and Co
Eardley Norton
–
Portrait of Eardley Norton at the
Madras High Court
48.
Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer
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He practised as a lawyer in Madras and succeeded S. Srinivasa Iyengar as the Advocate-General of the Madras Presidency. He subsequently served as the Law member of the Governor of Madras, Ramaswami Iyer served as Diwan from 1936 to 1947, during his tenure, many social and administrative reforms were made. However, at the time, he is also remembered for the ruthless suppression of the communist-organised Punnapra-Vayalar revolt. He resigned in 1947 following an assassination attempt. He served as a leader of the Indian National Congress in his early days and he was made a Knight Commander of the Indian Empire in 1926 and a Knight Commander of the Star of India in 1941. He returned these titles when India attained independence in 1947 and he was also a member of the 1926 and 1927 delegations to the League of Nations. In his later life he served in international organisations and on the board of several Indian universities. Ramaswami Iyer died in 1966 at the age of 86 while on a visit to the United Kingdom, the ancestors of C. P. Ramaswami Iyer were Vadadesa Vadama Brahmins whose seat was the town of Chetpet in the North Arcot of Tamil Nadu. As a reward for their piety and scholarship, the migrants were granted the villages of Chetpet, Adayapalayam, Ramaswami Iyers family originated from the group which inherited the village of Chetpet. C. P. was also related to Achan Dikshitar, brother of the famous Advaitist savant Appayya Dikshitar, P. s grandfather, Chetpat Ramaswami Iyer served the British East India Company as Tehsildar of Kumbakonam. C. P. had his schooling at the Wesley College High School in Madras and he had an extremely strict upbringing as a result of a prediction that the child would not pass a single exam in his life. On completion of his schooling, C. P. enrolled at the Presidency College, in college, C. P. won prizes in English, Sanskrit and Mathematics and the Elphinstone Prize for his paper on the Nebular theory. C. P. passed his degree with a gold medal, C. P. had always desired to become an English professor. However, his father, Pattabhirama Iyer wished that his son become a lawyer and accordingly, C. P. spent his college vacations in the Mysore kingdom with the Diwan, Sir K. Seshadri Iyer whom he always claimed as his inspiration. In 1903, C. P. joined V. Krishnaswamy Iyer as an apprentice, just before the death of Pattabhirama Iyer the same year, he arranged for C. P. s admission as a junior to Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar, as a result, C. P. practised on his own and made a reputation as a lawyer. He fought and won over 300 cases and was offered a judgeship of the Madras High Court which he, however, in 1920, he was appointed Advocate-General of Madras by the then Governor, Lord Willingdon. During his tenure as a lawyer, C. P. handled a number of prominent cases as the Ashe murder trial, in his early days, C. P. was an admirer of Gopal Krishna Gokhale and desired to join the Servants of India society in Poona
Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer
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Portrait of Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, 1940
Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer
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Signature
Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer
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A sketch of Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer in a London newspaper during the Third Round Table Conference
Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer
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Bhaktivilas, the residence of Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer while serving as the Diwan of Travancore
49.
Triplicane
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Triplicane, also known as Thiruvallikeni, is one of the oldest neighbourhoods of Chennai, India. It is situated on the Bay of Bengal coast and about 0.5 km from Fort St George, the average elevation of the neighbourhood is 14 metres above sea level. Along with Mylapore and the regions, Triplicane is historically much older than the city of Chennai itself. Triplicane is equally famous for its traditional culture, which is prominent in. The name Triplicane is the version of Thiruvallikeni, which derives from Thiru-Alli-Keni, denoting the pond in front of the Parthasarathy temple. The place is referred as Brindaranyam in Brahmanda Purana, owing to the presence of the tulasi plants in the area. It is also referred to as Brindaranya kshetra and Southern Brindavana, the early records of the town are rooted to epic rather than history. Thirumangai Alvar described Thiruvallikeni as a densely canopied forest with peacocks and koels, Peyalwar describes Thiruvallikeni as a place having a beach, where white waves bring precious gems like red corals and white pearls to the shore that which lights up the area with beautiful colours. The evidence from stone inscriptions indicates that Parthasarathy temple was built in the 8th century by a Pallava King, the temple was later expanded by the Pallavas, Cholas, Vijayanagara rulers. It has been recorded that a rivulet, Kaivareni, ran across Triplicane and it is believed that Peyalvar, one of the 12 alvars, was born on a lily flower in this well and that he sailed through the rivulet to worship Lord Krishna in the Parthasarathy temple. To commemorate this, the idol of Peyalwar in Mylapore is brought, as a procession, Peyalwar temple was built in the 13th century. In the 1600s, Triplicane was a separate village, after about a century, British found Triplicane to be a good area for settlement and a large number of people moved there. In 1668, Triplicane was annexed to the Madras City, in addition, the presence of the Nawab of Arcot increased the economic prosperity of the area, and many Muslims settled in Triplicane. From that time, Triplicane grew in importance, second only to George Town, in 1795, the Wallajah Mosque was built. During this period, Chepauk Palace and Amir Mahal were also built, in the early 20th century, Triplicane became one of the major residential areas of Madras. In 1841, Ice House was built to store the ice bars imported from America through ships, Ice bars were imported to provide the English a temporary relief from the blistering heat. This building was renamed Vivekananda house after Swami Vivekananda stayed in the building for a brief while, in the mid-19th century, numerous educational institutions were formed in the area. Hindu Higher Secondary School was started in 1853 and Presidency College in 1864-65, in 1870, the college was moved to its present location on Beach Road
Triplicane
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Triplicane Pond and Parthasarthy temple Gopuram
Triplicane
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Triplicane pond
Triplicane
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Triplicane Pycrofts Road in 1906
Triplicane
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A typical residential street in the neighbourhood
50.
Teynampet
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Teynampet is one of the busiest commercial localities in the city of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Teynampet is along Anna Salai, the road of Chennai. Teynampet derives its name from Thennam and pettai due to the groves that once existed there. Neighbouring localities include Alwarpet, T. Nagar, Nandanam, gopalapuram, Poes road, Poes Garden, Seethamal Colony, Vellala Teynampet, Ellaiyamman colony are important residential areas in Teynampet. Poes Garden houses two of the most celebrated houses in Chennai, residences of the late Tamil Nadu Chief Minister and AIADMK Chief J. Jayalalithaa, gopalapuram area houses the residences of DMK Chief and former Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M Karunanidhi. Teynampet also houses Anna Arivalaya, which is the office of the DMK party. The famous Diocesan Church and the Gemini Flyover are also in this region, Teynampet houses one of Chennais famous arts and science womens college, the Justice Basheer Ahmed Sayeed College. The other colleges in the vicinity of Teynampet is the Stella Maris College in Cathedral Road
Teynampet
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Teynampet
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Mylapore
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