1.
Social networking service
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Most social network services are web-based and provide means for users to interact over the Internet, such as by e-mail and instant messaging and online forums. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, digital photos and videos, posts, depending on the social media platform, members may be able to contact any other member. In other cases, members can contact anyone they have a connection to, and subsequently anyone that contact has a connection to, LinkedIn, a career social networking service, generally requires that a member personally know another member in real life before they contact them online. Some services require members to have a connection to contact other members. The main types of social networking services are those that contain category places, means to connect with friends, there have been attempts to standardize these services to avoid the need to duplicate entries of friends and interests. A study reveals that India has recorded worlds largest growth in terms of media users in 2013. A2013 survey found that 73% of U. S. adults use social networking sites, the variety and evolving range of stand-alone and built-in social networking services in the online space introduces a challenge of definition. Furthermore, the idea that these services are defined by their ability to bring people together provides too broad a definition, such a broad definition would suggest that the telegraph and telephone were social networking services – not the Internet technologies scholars are intending to describe. The terminology is unclear, with some referring to social networking services as social media. The potential for computer networking to facilitate newly improved forms of computer-mediated social interaction was suggested early on, efforts to support social networks via computer-mediated communication were made in many early online services, including Usenet, ARPANET, LISTSERV, and bulletin board services. Many prototypical features of social networking sites were present in online services such as America Online, Prodigy, CompuServe, ChatNet. Early social networking on the World Wide Web began in the form of generalized online communities such as Theglobe. com, Geocities, some communities – such as Classmates. com – took a different approach by simply having people link to each other via email addresses. In the late 1990s, user profiles became a feature of social networking sites, allowing users to compile lists of friends. New social networking methods were developed by the end of the 1990s and it also became one of the first companies to profit from the sale of virtual goods. Friendster was followed by MySpace and LinkedIn a year later, friendster became very popular in the Pacific Islands. Orkut became the first popular social networking service in Brazil and quickly grew in popularity in India, attesting to the rapid increase in social networking sites popularity, by 2005, it was reported that Myspace was getting more page views than Google. Facebook, launched in 2004, became the largest social networking site in the world in early 2009, Facebook was first introduced as a Harvard social networking site, expanding to other universities and eventually, anyone. The term social media was introduced and soon became widespread, web-based social networking services make it possible to connect people who share interests and activities across political, economic, and geographic borders
2.
Myspace
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Myspace is a social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music, and videos. It is headquartered in Beverly Hills, California, Myspace was acquired by News Corporation in July 2005 for $580 million. From 2005 to 2009, Myspace was the largest social networking site in the world, since then, the number of Myspace users has declined steadily in spite of several redesigns. As of March 2017, Myspace was ranked 3,178 by total Web traffic, Myspace had a significant influence on pop culture and music and created a gaming platform that launched the successes of Zynga and RockYou, among others. Despite an overall decline, in 2015 Myspace still had 50.6 million unique visitors and has a pool of nearly 1 billion active and inactive registered users. In June 2009, Myspace employed approximately 1,600 employees, in June 2011, Specific Media Group and Justin Timberlake jointly purchased the company for approximately $35 million. In August 2003, several employees with Friendster accounts saw potential in its social networking features. The group decided to mimic the popular features of the website. Within 10 days, the first version of Myspace was ready for launch, a complete infrastructure of finance, human resources, technical expertise, bandwidth, and server capacity was available for the site. The project was overseen by Brad Greenspan, who managed Chris DeWolfe, Josh Berman, Tom Anderson, the first Myspace users were eUniverse employees. The company held contests to see who could sign up the most users, eUniverse used its 20 million users and e-mail subscribers to breathe life into Myspace, and move it to the head of the pack of social networking websites. A key architect was tech expert Toan Nguyen who helped stabilize the Myspace platform when Brad Greenspan asked him to join the team. Despite over ten times the number of developers, Friendster, which was developed in JavaServer Pages, could not keep up with the speed of development of Myspace and cfm. The MySpace. com domain was owned by YourZ. com, Inc. intended until 2002 for use as an online data storage. By 2004, it was transitioned from a storage service to a social networking site. A friend, who worked in the data storage business. DeWolfe suggested they charge a fee for the basic Myspace service, Brad Greenspan nixed the idea, believing that keeping Myspace free was necessary to make it a successful community. Myspace quickly gained popularity among teenage and young adult social groups, in February 2005, DeWolfe held talks with Mark Zuckerberg over acquiring Facebook but DeWolfe rejected Zuckerbergs $75 million asking price
3.
Beverly Hills, California
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Beverly Hills is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, surrounded by the cities of Los Angeles and West Hollywood. By 2013, its population had grown to 34,658, sometimes referred to as 90210, one of its primary ZIP codes, it was home to many actors and celebrities throughout the 20th century. The city includes the Rodeo Drive shopping district and the Beverly Hills Oil Field, gaspar de Portolá arrived in the area that would later become Beverly Hills on August 3,1769, travelling along native trails which followed the present-day route of Wilshire Boulevard. The area was settled by Maria Rita Quinteros de Valdez and her husband in 1828 and they called their 4,500 acres of property the Rancho Rodeo de las Aguas. in 1854, she sold the ranch to Benjamin Davis Wilson and Henry Hancock. By the 1880s, the ranch had been subdivided into parcels of 75 acres and was being bought up by anglos from Los Angeles. Henry Hammel and Andrew H. Denker acquired most of it, at this point, the area was known as the Hammel and Denker Ranch. By 1888, Denker and Hammel were planning to build a town called Morocco on their holdings and they did not find enough to exploit commercially by the standards of the time, though. In 1906, therefore, they reorganized as the Rodeo Land and Water Company, renamed the property Beverly Hills, subdivided it, the development was named Beverly Hills after Beverly Farms in Beverly, Massachusetts and because of the hills in the area. The first house in the subdivision was built in 1907, although sales remained slow, Beverly Hills was one of many all-white planned communities started in the Los Angeles area around this time. Restrictive covenants prohibited non-whites from owning or renting property unless they were employed as servants by white residents and it was also forbidden to sell or rent property to Jews in Beverly Hills. Burton Green began construction on The Beverly Hills Hotel in 1911, the hotel was finished in 1912. The visitors drawn by the hotel were inclined to purchase land in Beverly Hills and that same year, the Rodeo Land and Water Company decided to separate its water business from its real estate business. The Beverly Hills Utility Commission was split off from the company and incorporated in September 1914, buying all of the utilities-related assets from the Rodeo Land. In 1919, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford bought land on Summit Drive and built a mansion, finished in 1921, the glamor associated with Fairbanks and Pickford as well as other movie stars who built mansions in the city contributed to its growing appeal. By the early 1920s the population of Beverly Hills had grown enough to make the water supply a political issue, in 1923 the usual solution, annexation to the city of Los Angeles, was proposed. There was considerable opposition to annexation among such famous residents as Pickford, Fairbanks, Will Rogers, the Beverly Hills Utility Commission, opposed to annexation as well, managed to force the city into a special election and the plan was defeated 337 to 507. In 1925, Beverly Hills approved an issue to buy 385 acres for a new campus for UCLA. The cities of Los Angeles, Santa Monica and Venice also issued bonds to pay for the new campus
4.
Time Inc.
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Time Inc. is an American mass media company founded on November 28,1922 by Henry Luce and Briton Hadden and based in New York City. It owns and publishes over 100 magazine brands, most notably its flagship Time, other magazines include Sports Illustrated, Travel + Leisure, Food & Wine, Fortune, People, InStyle, Life, Golf Magazine, Southern Living, Essence, Real Simple, and Entertainment Weekly. It also owns the UK magazine house Time Inc, UK, whose major titles include Whats on TV, NME, Country Life and Wallpaper. Time Inc. also operates over 60 websites and digital-only titles including MyRecipes, TheSnug, HelloGiggles, Time Inc. also owns the rights to LIFE, a well-known magazine that has been published in many different formats. Time Inc. currently owns and runs LIFE. com, a dedicated to news. In 1990, Time Inc. merged with Warner Communications to form the media conglomerate Time Warner and this merger lasted until the company was spun off on June 9,2014. Nightly discussions of the concept of a magazine led its founders Henry Luce and Briton Hadden. Later that same year, they formed Time Inc, having raised $86,000 of a $100,000 goal, the first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, as the first weekly news magazine in the United States. Luce served as manager while Hadden was editor-in-chief. Luce and Hadden annually alternated year-to-year the titles of president and secretary-treasurer, upon Haddens sudden death in 1929, Luce assumed Haddens position. Luce launched the business magazine Fortune in February 1930 and created/founded the pictorial Life magazine in 1934 and he also produced The March of Time radio and newsreel series. By the mid 1960s, Time Inc. was the largest and most prestigious magazine publisher in the world, the main target was Luce, who had long opposed FDR. Historian Alan Brinkley argues the move was badly mistaken, for had Luce been allowed to travel, but stranded in New York City, Luces frustration and anger expressed itself in hard-edged partisanship. Luce, supported by Editor-in-Chief T. S. Matthews, appointed Whittaker Chambers as acting Foreign News editor in 1944, in 1963, recommendations from Time Inc. based on how it delivered magazines led to the introduction of ZIP codes by the United States Post Office. Luce, who remained editor-in-chief of all his publications until 1964, holding anti-communist sentiments, he used Time to support right-wing dictatorships in the name of fighting communism. The merger of Time Inc. and Warner Communications was announced on March 4,1989 and this caused Time to raise its bid for Warner to $14.9 billion in cash and stock. Paramount responded by filing a lawsuit in a Delaware court to block the Time/Warner merger, in 2008, Time Inc. launched Maghound, an internet-based magazine membership service that featured approximately 300 magazine titles from both Time Inc. brands and external publishing companies. On January 19,2010, Time Inc. acquired StyleFeeder, on March 6,2013, Time Warner announced plans to spin-off Time Inc. into a publicly traded company
5.
Meredith Corporation
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The Meredith Corporation is an American media conglomerate based in Des Moines, Iowa, USA. The company has two divisions, National Media and Local Media, as of 2015, the company employs 3,900 people. In 2013, the company had US$1.47 billion in revenues, edwin Thomas Meredith founded the company in 1902 when he began publishing Successful Farming magazine. In 1922, Meredith began publishing Fruit, Garden and Home magazine, two years later, this magazine was retitled Better Homes and Gardens, and the first issue cost a dime on the newsstand. In 1930, they published the first edition of The Better Homes, by 1928, the company had combined circulations of 2.5 million. The company went public in 1946 and was first listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1965, following its initial public offering, Meredith began acquiring television stations, a strategy it has continued over the decades. The company has extended its media and marketing platform around the globe, through acquisitions, in recent years, Meredith has acquired allrecipes. com from Readers Digest Association, mywedding. com. Selectable Media, and Shape, Natural Health and Fit Pregnancy from American Media Inc, in February 2013, Meredith and Time Warner held discussions on a possible purchase of Time Inc. to Meredith. On September 8,2015, Media General announced the acquisition of Meredith Corporation in a cash, pending regulatory and shareholder approval, the deal was expected to be consummated in June 2016. The combined company would have operated under the name Meredith Media General, to comply with FCC ownership limits, the company would have divested and/or swapped stations in six markets. Media General shareholders would have controlled 65% of the company, with Meredith shareholders holding 35%, however, on January 27,2016, Nexstar Broadcasting Group announced that it would acquire Media General. In February 2017, it was reported that Meredith Corp. allrecipes. com mywedding. com The broadcasting division owns 15 television stations. Merediths broadcasting division also produces Better, which was conceived as a brand extension of BH&G. Since its inception in 2007 the show has placed an emphasis on celebrity interviews. There are also cooking demonstrations and regular features on health, beauty, fitness, the program currently airs on 80 stations nationwide. The purchase of KMOV was completed on February 28,2014, Stations are arranged in alphabetical order by state and city of license. Meredith also operates independent station WPCH-TV in Atlanta under a local marketing agreement with Time Warner subsidiary Turner Broadcasting System,1 Owned by SagamoreHill Broadcasting, Meredith operated KASW under a shared services agreement. 2 WCPX was acquired along with KPDX and WHNS when Meredith bought their parent company First Media, Meredith never held control of the station
6.
Entrepreneurship
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What appears as a real opportunity ex ante might actually be a non-opportunity or one that cannot be actualized by entrepreneurs lacking the necessary business skills, financial or social capital. Traditionally, an entrepreneur has been defined as a person who starts, organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk. Rather than working as an employee, an entrepreneur runs a business and assumes all the risk and reward of a given business venture, idea. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as a leader and innovator of new ideas. They act as the manager and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise, Entrepreneurship is the process by which an individual identifies a business opportunity and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation. For Schumpeter, the changes and dynamic disequilibrium brought on by the innovating entrepreneur, the ‘norm’ of a healthy economy. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and risk-taking, for example, in the 2000s, the field of social entrepreneurship has been identified, in which entrepreneurs combine business activities with humanitarian, environmental or community goals. In the 2010s, entrepreneurship can be studied in college or university as part of the disciplines of management or business administration, Entrepreneur, is a loanword from French. First used in 1723, today the term entrepreneur implies qualities of leadership, initiative, economist Robert Reich has called team-building, leadership, and management ability essential qualities for the entrepreneur. Historically the study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work in the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Richard Cantillon and Adam Smith, which was foundational to classical economics. In the 20th century, entrepreneurship was studied by Joseph Schumpeter in the 1930s and other Austrian economists such as Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, the term entrepreneurship was coined around the 1920s, while the loan from French of the word entrepreneur dates to the 1850s. According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation, thus, creative destruction is largely responsible for long-term economic growth. The idea that leads to economic growth is an interpretation of the residual in endogenous growth theory. For Schumpeter, entrepreneurship resulted in new industries and in new combinations of currently existing inputs, Schumpeters initial example of this was the combination of a steam engine and then current wagon making technologies to produce the horseless carriage. In this case the innovation, the car, was transformational and it did not immediately replace the horse-drawn carriage, but in time, incremental improvements reduced the cost and improved the technology, leading to the modern auto industry. Despite Schumpeters early 20th-century contributions, traditional microeconomic theory did not formally consider the entrepreneur in its theoretical frameworks, in this treatment, the entrepreneur was an implied but unspecified actor, consistent with the concept of the entrepreneur being the agent of x-efficiency. For Schumpeter, the entrepreneur did not bear risk, the capitalist did, Schumpeter was of the opinion that entrepreneurs shift the Production Possibility Curve to a higher level using innovations. Cantillon emphasized the willingness of the entrepreneur to assume risk and to deal with uncertainty, thus, he draws attention to the function of the entrepreneur, and distinguishes clearly between the function of the entrepreneur and the owner who provides the money
7.
Chris DeWolfe
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Chris DeWolfe is an American entrepreneur, and one of the creators of Myspace, of which he is also the former CEO. He has the account ever made on the site. During DeWolfes tenure, MySpace became the top network, with over 135 million worldwide unique visitors a month. Currently, DeWolfe is the CEO of Jam City, Inc, DeWolfe got his vision for MySpace while taking a course titled, The Impact of Tech on Media and Entertainment, during the final year of his college. In the final project for his class, DeWolfe created Sitegeist which had elements of CitySearch, Match. com mixed with the function of IM, DeWolfe got an A on his project and used it as inspiration in creating MySpace. DeWolfe was integral to the sale of MySpace to News Corporation in 2005 for $580 million and remained as its CEO until March 2009, at point, MySpace was larger than its competitor. On April 22,2009, News Corp. announced DeWolfe would step down as CEO and will be an adviser to Myspace. The former Facebook executive Owen Van Natta replaced him, in 2010, DeWolfe won backing from Austin Ventures to purchase MindJolt, a social gaming platform, with former MySpace colleagues Aber Whitcomb and Colin Digiaro. Jam City, Inc went on to video game developer Mob Science in June 2013. In July 2015, Jam City, Inc announced an investment of $130 million from Netmarble Games, DeWolfe went to Lincoln High School, then graduated from the University of Washington in 1988, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi Fraternity. DeWolfe also has an MBA from the University of Southern California and he was honored by the school as Alumni Entrepreneur of the Year in 2006. He won the prestigious E&Y Entrepreneur of the Year award in June 2015 and he has been profiled in many major publications such as The New York Times, USA Today, Fortune, and BusinessWeek, and also is an investor in the travel site, GoGoBot. In 2006, DeWolfe was named one of TIME’s 100 most influential people in the world, in 2007, he was chosen by Barbara Walters as one of her 10 most fascinating people and won the Producers Guild of Americas Vanguard Award in 2009. DeWolfe also served on the board of trustees of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and is currently on the board of directors for Woven Digital
8.
Tom Anderson
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Thomas Anderson is the American co-founder of the social networking website Myspace, which he founded in 2003 with Chris DeWolfe. He was later president of Myspace and an adviser for the company until he left in 2009. Anderson is popularly known as Myspace Tom because until 2010 he would automatically be assigned as the first friend of new Myspace users upon the creation of their profiles and he was not arrested because of his young age. Anderson studied English and Rhetoric at the University of California, Berkeley, Anderson then lived in Taiwan for some time, before returning to the United States to study for a degree in Critical Film Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. Anderson was a tester and copywriter at XDrive, a digital storage company in 2000. He initially joined XDrive as a product tester after answering an advertisement, while still at film school. After XDrive went bankrupt in 2001, he and DeWolfe founded direct marketing company ResponseBase and they sold ResponseBase to Brad Greenspans eUniverse in late 2002. With other eUniverse employees, Anderson set up the first pages of Myspace in August 2003 and he founded the site partly as a reaction to Friendster, and its policy of blocking accounts that did not use real names. Intermix Media was then founded as the successor of eUniverse, when Intermix Media and Myspace were sold to News Corp, Anderson became president of the company. Myspace was sold to News Corp in 2005 for $580 million, following the News Corp acquisition, Anderson said, Before, I could do whatever I wanted. Now it takes time to get people to agree on things. All the budget reviews and processes, reuters quoted an unnamed News Corp executive, Tom was responsible for the product but ended up being a complete bottleneck on getting things done. Anderson was replaced as president in April 2009 by News Corp, by 2010, he was no longer the friend on Myspace. In late May 2012, Anderson announced that he would be joining RocketFrog Interactive as an adviser to the 16-person, Los Angeles, U. S. -based company, which created a Facebook app. However, in a September 2014 interview, Anderson did not mention any advisory roles in his life at the time, while his Twitter blurb in October 2014 reads, Enjoying being retired. He explained in the interview that he is not interested in returning to his previous vocation, I dont know exactly where my life will lead. Adventure and the unknown has always been appealing to me, Anderson had a cameo appearance in the 2009 American drama-comedy film Funny People starring Adam Sandler. Anderson is active on social media platforms, including Facebook, Reddit, Twitter
9.
Revenue
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In accounting, revenue is the income that a business has from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. Revenue is also referred to as sales or turnover, some companies receive revenue from interest, royalties, or other fees. Revenue may refer to income in general, or it may refer to the amount, in a monetary unit, received during a period of time, as in Last year. Profits or net income generally imply total revenue minus total expenses in a given period, in accounting, revenue is often referred to as the top line due to its position on the income statement at the very top. This is to be contrasted with the line which denotes net income. For non-profit organizations, annual revenue may be referred to as gross receipts, in general usage, revenue is income received by an organization in the form of cash or cash equivalents. Sales revenue or revenues is income received from selling goods or services over a period of time, tax revenue is income that a government receives from taxpayers. In more formal usage, revenue is a calculation or estimation of periodic income based on a standard accounting practice or the rules established by a government or government agency. Two common accounting methods, cash basis accounting and accrual basis accounting, corporations that offer shares for sale to the public are usually required by law to report revenue based on generally accepted accounting principles or International Financial Reporting Standards. In a double-entry bookkeeping system, revenue accounts are general ledger accounts that are summarized periodically under the heading Revenue or Revenues on an income statement, Revenue account names describe the type of revenue, such as Repair service revenue, Rent revenue earned or Sales. Money income from activities that are ordinary for a corporation, company, partnership. For some businesses, such as manufacturing and/or grocery, most revenue is from the sale of goods, service businesses such as law firms and barber shops receive most of their revenue from rendering services. Lending businesses such as car rentals and banks receive most of their revenue from fees, Revenues from a businesss primary activities are reported as sales, sales revenue or net sales. This includes product returns and discounts for early payment of invoices, most businesses also have revenue that is incidental to the businesss primary activities, such as interest earned on deposits in a demand account. This is included in revenue but not included in net sales, Sales revenue does not include sales tax collected by the business. Other revenue is revenue from peripheral operations, for example, a company that manufactures and sells automobiles would record the revenue from the sale of an automobile as regular revenue. The combination of all the revenue generating systems of a business is called its revenue model, Revenue is a crucial part of financial statement analysis. The company’s performance is measured to the extent to which its asset inflows compare with its asset outflows, net income is the result of this equation, but revenue typically enjoys equal attention during a standard earnings call
10.
Alexa Internet
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Alexa Internet, Inc. is a California-based company that provides commercial web traffic data and analytics. It is an owned subsidiary of Amazon. com. Founded as an independent company in 1996, Alexa was acquired by Amazon in 1999 and its toolbar collects data on browsing behavior and transmits them to the Alexa website, where they are stored and analyzed. This is the basis for the web traffic reporting. According to its website, Alexa provides traffic data, global rankings, as of 2015, its website has been visited by over 6.5 million people monthly. Alexa Internet was founded in April 1996 by American web entrepreneurs Brewster Kahle, Alexa initially offered a toolbar that gave Internet users suggestions on where to go next, based on the traffic patterns of its user community. The company also offered context for each site visited, to whom it was registered, how many pages it had, how other sites pointed to it. Alexas operations grew to include archiving of web pages as they are crawled and this database served as the basis for the creation of the Internet Archive accessible through the Wayback Machine. In 1998, the company donated a copy of the archive, Alexa continues to supply the Internet Archive with Web crawls. In 1999, as the company moved away from its vision of providing an intelligent search engine. Alexa began a partnership with Google in early 2002, and with the web directory DMOZ in January 2003, in May 2006, replaced Google with Bing as a provider of search results. In December 2006, Amazon released Alexa Image Search, built in-house, it was the first major application built on the companys Web platform. In December 2005, Alexa opened its extensive search index and Web-crawling facilities to third-party programs through a set of Web services. These could be used, for instance, to construct vertical search engines that could run on Alexas own servers or elsewhere. In May 2007, Alexa changed their API to limit comparisons to three websites, reduce the size of embedded graphs in Flash, and add mandatory embedded BritePic advertisements. In April 2007, the company filed a lawsuit, Alexa v. Hornbaker, in the lawsuit, Alexa alleged that Ron Hornbaker was stealing traffic graphs for profit, and that the primary purpose of his site was to display graphs that were generated by Alexas servers. Hornbaker removed the term Alexa from his name on March 19,2007. Thereafter, Alexa became a purely analytics-focused company, on March 31,2009, Alexa launched a major website redesign
11.
News Corporation
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The original News Corporation or News Corp. was an American multinational mass media corporation headquartered in New York City. It was the worlds fourth-largest media group in 2014 in terms of revenue, board members include prominent former Spanish prime minister José María Aznar. News Corporation was a traded company listed on the NASDAQ. Formerly incorporated in Adelaide, South Australia, the company was re-incorporated under Delaware General Corporation Law after a majority of shareholders approved the move on 12 November 2004. News Corporation was headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York and its major holdings at the time of the split were News Limited, News International, Dow Jones & Company, the book publisher HarperCollins, and the Fox Entertainment Group. News Corp was created in 1979 by Rupert Murdoch as a company for News Limited. News Limited was created in 1923 in Adelaide, subsequently the controlling interest was bought by The Herald, in 1949, Sir Keith Murdoch took control of The Adelaide News. When he died in 1952, his son Rupert inherited a controlling interest in an Adelaide afternoon tabloid, News Limited operates today as News Corporations Australian brand, The Australian operating out of Surry Hills, in Sydney. News Ltd. made its first acquisition in the United States in 1973, soon afterwards it founded the National Star, a supermarket tabloid, and in 1976 it purchased the New York Post. In 1981, News Corp bought half of the movie studio 20th Century Fox, in 1985, News Corp announced it was buying the Metromedia group of stations, setting the stage for the launch of a fourth U. S. commercial broadcasting television network. On 4 September 1985, Murdoch became a citizen to satisfy the legal requirement that only United States citizens could own American television stations. In 1986, the Metromedia deal closed, and the Fox Broadcasting Company was launched and this network, known on-screen as Fox, can now be picked up in over 96% of U. S. households. In 1986 and 1987, News Corp moved to adjust the production process of its British newspapers, a number of senior Australian media moguls were brought into Murdochs powerhouse, including John Dux, who was managing director of the South China Morning Post. This led to a confrontation with the printing unions National Graphical Association and Society of Graphical, the move of News Internationals London operation to Wapping in the East End resulted in nightly battles outside the new plant. Delivery vans and depots were frequently and violently attacked, in 1993, News Corp acquired a 63. 6% stake of the Hong Kong-based STAR TV satellite network for over $500 million, followed by the purchase of the remaining 36. 4% in July 1995. Murdoch declared that, have proved a threat to totalitarian regimes everywhere. Satellite broadcasting makes it possible for residents of many closed societies to bypass state-controlled television channels. In 1995, the Fox network became the object of scrutiny from the FCC when it was alleged that its Australian base made Murdochs ownership of Fox illegal, the FCC, however, ruled in Murdochs favour, stating that his ownership of Fox was in the publics best interests
12.
Google
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Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, software, Google was founded in 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph. D. students at Stanford University, in California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares, and they incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4,1998. An initial public offering took place on August 19,2004, in August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, Alphabets leading subsidiary, will continue to be the company for Alphabets Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond Googles core search engine. The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, the Google Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS, the new hardware chief, Rick Osterloh, stated, a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience. Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier, alexa, a company that monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google. com as the most visited website in the world. Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including YouTube, Googles mission statement, from the outset, was to organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful, and its unofficial slogan was Dont be evil. In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase Do the right thing, Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California. They called this new technology PageRank, it determined a websites relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine BackRub, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. Originally, Google ran under Stanford Universitys website, with the domains google. stanford. edu, the domain name for Google was registered on September 15,1997, and the company was incorporated on September 4,1998. It was based in the garage of a friend in Menlo Park, craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was incorporated. At least three other investors invested in 1998, Amazon. com founder Jeff Bezos, Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton. Author Ken Auletta claims that each invested $250,000, early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million, vinod Khosla, one of Excites venture capitalists, talked the duo down to $750,000, but Bell still rejected it. Googles initial public offering took place five years later, on August 19,2004, at that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024
13.
Facebook
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Facebook is an American for-profit corporation and an online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park, California. Facebook gradually added support for students at other universities. Since 2006, anyone age 13 and older has been allowed to become a user of Facebook, though variations exist in the minimum age requirement. The Facebook name comes from the face book directories often given to United States university students, Facebook may be accessed by a large range of desktops, laptops, tablet computers, and smartphones over the Internet and mobile networks. After registering to use the site, users can create a user profile indicating their name, occupation, schools attended and so on. Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups organized by workplace, school, hobbies or other topics, in groups, editors can pin posts to top. Additionally, users can complain about or block unpleasant people, because of the large volume of data that users submit to the service, Facebook has come under scrutiny for its privacy policies. Facebook makes most of its revenue from advertisements which appear onscreen, Facebook, Inc. held its initial public offering in February 2012, and began selling stock to the public three months later, reaching an original peak market capitalization of $104 billion. On July 13,2015, Facebook became the fastest company in the Standard & Poors 500 Index to reach a market cap of $250 billion, Facebook has more than 1.86 billion monthly active users as of December 31,2016. As of April 2016, Facebook was the most popular social networking site in the world, Facebook classifies users from the ages of 13 to 18 as minors and therefore sets their profiles to share content with friends only. Zuckerberg wrote a program called Facemash on October 28,2003 while attending Harvard University as a sophomore, to accomplish this, Zuckerberg hacked into protected areas of Harvards computer network and copied private dormitory ID images. Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours online, the site was quickly forwarded to several campus group list-servers, but was shut down a few days later by the Harvard administration. Zuckerberg faced expulsion and was charged by the administration with breach of security, violating copyrights, Zuckerberg expanded on this initial project that semester by creating a social study tool ahead of an art history final exam. He uploaded 500 Augustan images to a website, each of which was featured with a corresponding comments section and he shared the site with his classmates, and people started sharing notes. The following semester, Zuckerberg began writing code for a new website in January 2004 and he said that he was inspired by an editorial about the Facemash incident in The Harvard Crimson. On February 4,2004, Zuckerberg launched Thefacebook, originally located at thefacebook. com. com and they claimed that he was instead using their ideas to build a competing product. The three complained to The Harvard Crimson and the newspaper began an investigation and they later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg, subsequently settling in 2008 for 1.2 million shares. Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard College, within the first month, eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, Andrew McCollum, and Chris Hughes joined Zuckerberg to help promote the website
14.
Zynga
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Zynga /ˈzɪŋɡə/ is an American video game developer running social video game services founded in July 2007 and headquartered in San Francisco, California, United States. Zynga states its mission as connecting the world through games, the company was named in honor of Zinga, CEO Mark Pincuss deceased American bulldog. Zynga launched its best-known game, FarmVille, on Facebook in June 2009, as of early January 2013, Zynga games had over 265 million monthly active users, and three of the top five Facebook games were Zynga titles, FarmVille 2, Texas HoldEm Poker, and ChefVille. According to the BBC, around 80 percent of Zyngas revenue comes from Facebook users, Zynga began trading on NASDAQ December 16,2011 under the ticker ZNGA. Originally priced at $10, ZNGA shares reached a price of $14.50 in March 2012, Zynga has been taking steps to cut expenses and expand its business into areas such as licensed board games, online gambling, its own gaming platform, and mobile game apps. Zynga was named after an American bulldog named Zinga once owned by Mark Pincus, the company uses an image of a bulldog as its logo. Zyngas first game, Texas HoldEm Poker, now known as Zynga Poker, was released on Facebook in July 2007, the company received US$10 million, led by venture capital firm Union Square Ventures, in its first round of funding in January 2008. During the same period, they also bought YoVille, a virtual world social network game. Zynga became the Facebook app developer with the most monthly active users in April 2009, soon after, the company opened its first external game studio in Baltimore, Zynga East, led by Brian Reynolds. In June of the year, Zynga acquired MyMiniLife which then built and launched FarmVille on Facebook. It had 20 million daily active users by October, on November 23,2009, FarmVille. com went live as Zynga’s first stand-alone game. On May 18,2010, Facebook and Zynga entered into a relationship to expand the use of Facebook Credits in Zyngas games. In December 2010, Zyngas game CityVille surpassed FarmVille as its most popular game with over 61 million monthly active users, Zynga filed with the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission to raise up to $1 billion in an initial public offering on July 1,2011. At the time, the company had 2,000 employees, Zynga began trading on NASDAQ on December 16,2011. On June 26,2012, during the annual Zynga Unleashed conference, Zynga announced the Zynga With Friends network, Zynga also announced the Zynga API, intended to help developers build social games. On October 14,2012, Zynga filed a lawsuit against a general manager for allegedly misappropriating trade secrets. The suit claims the ex-employee copied important confidential information from his computer before leaving Zynga to work for a social games maker. On July 1,2013, Zynga confirmed that it had hired Microsofts Interactive Entertainment President Don Mattrick as its new CEO, Zyngas press release announced that former CEO, Mark Pincus, would continue as Zynga’s chairman and chief product officer
15.
RockYou
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RockYou is a company that developed widgets for MySpace and implemented applications for various social networks and Facebook. Since 2014, it has engaged primarily in the purchases of rights to video games, it incorporates in-game ads. Based in San Francisco, California, RockYou was founded in 2005 by Lance Tokuda, the companys first product, a slide show service, was designed to work as an application widget. Later applications included various forms of mail, text and photo stylization. As of December,2007 it is the most successful widget maker for the Facebook platform in terms of total installations, applications made for Facebook include Super Wall, Hug Me, Likeness, Vampires, Slideshows, Birthdays, MyGifts, and Emote, among others. In December 2009, the experienced a data breach resulting in the exposure of over 32 million user accounts. This resulted from storing user data in a database and not patching a ten-year-old SQL vulnerability. RockYou failed to provide a notification of the breach to users, in October 2010, the company completed major layoffs. In November,2010, the founder and CEO, Lance Tokuda. In 2010, RockYou announced the acquisitions of two development studios, TirNua and Playdemic, as well as development agreements for two new games from John Romeros social game studio Loot Drop. Playdemics first game, Gourmet Ranch, was nominated in February 2011 for a Mochi Award for Best Social Game, rockYous investors include SoftBank, Sequoia Capital, Lightspeed Venture Partners, Partech International, and DCM. On June 13,2012, RockYou acquired Bingo developer Ryzing and relocated its headquarters to San Francisco, in August 2012, RockYou launched The Walking Dead Social Game based on AMCs hit series of the same name. In 2015, RockYou purchased The Godfather, Five Families, Kingdoms of Camelot, Edgeworld, Glory of Rome, in 2016, RockYou acquired War of Nations from GREE. RockYous most played game, Zoo World is a social media application where users try to build the best zoo they can. Participants can build on various islands, decorate their zoo with kiosks, trees, in addition, it has features such as breeding animals, collecting objects, and visiting friends zoo islands. The act of leveling up is based on achievements of tasks, also, users can earn wildlife points, a bonus reward that can be used to buy special items, like ultra rare animals, and rare decorative items. Wildlife points can be earned by breeding animals, completing levels and trophies, lastly, around each holiday there are events, new animals, and new items to add to the zoo. In May 2011, RockYou announced that Zoo World 2, the sequel to the original Zoo World, would be available on Facebook on June 8,2011
16.
Justin Timberlake
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Justin Randall Timberlake is an American singer-songwriter, actor and record producer. Born and raised in Tennessee, he appeared on the television shows Star Search, in the late 1990s, Timberlake rose to prominence as one of the two lead vocalists and youngest member of NSYNC, which eventually became one of the best-selling boy bands of all time. With his first two albums exceeding sales of 10 million copies worldwide, he was established as one of the most commercially successful singers of the decade, furthermore, he produced records and collaborated with other artists. For his live performances, including the concert tour for the albums, he began performing with his band The Tennessee Kids, composed by instrumentalists. Timberlake voiced the character in DreamWorks Animations Trolls, which soundtrack includes his fifth Billboard Hot 100 chart-topping single. Among numerous awards and accolades, Timberlake has won ten Grammy Awards, four Emmy Awards, Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2007 and 2013. His other ventures include record label Tennman Records, fashion label William Rast, Timberlake was born in Memphis, Tennessee, the son of Lynn Harless and Charles Randall Timberlake, a Baptist church choir director. Timberlake grew up in Shelby Forest, a community between Memphis and Millington. He has two half-brothers, Jonathan and Stephen, from Charles second marriage to Lisa Perry and his half-sister Laura Katherine died shortly after birth on May 12,1997, and is mentioned in his acknowledgments in the album NSYNC as My Angel in Heaven. He was inspired to become a performer by Janet Jackson, saying She didnt just stand there and sing her song, fascinated by her energy, at the age of 11, Timberlake appeared on the television show Star Search, performing country music songs as Justin Randall. Timberlake then recruited Chasez to be in a singing group, organized by boy band manager Lou Pearlman. The boy band NSYNC formed in 1995, and began their career in 1996 in Europe, Timberlake and Chasez served as its two lead singers. In 1998, the rose to prominence in the United States with the release of their self-titled debut studio album. Their second album No Strings Attached sold 2.4 million copies in the first week, nSYNCs third album Celebrity was also financially successful. Upon the completion of the Celebrity Tour, the group went into hiatus in 2002, in late 1999, Timberlake appeared in the Disney Channel movie Model Behavior. He played Jason Sharpe, a model who falls in love with a waitress after mistaking her for another model and it was released on March 12,2000. The rise of his own stardom and the decline in the popularity of boy bands led to the dissolution of NSYNC. Band member Lance Bass was openly critical of Timberlakes actions in his memoir Out of Sync and his debut solo studio album Justified was released in November and debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 439,000 copies, fewer than previous N Sync releases
17.
Friendster
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Friendster was a social gaming site based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It was originally a social networking service website, before Friendster was redesigned, the service allowed users to contact other members, maintain those contacts, and share online content and media with those contacts. The website was used for dating and discovering new events, bands. Users could share videos, photos, messages and comments with other members via profiles and it is considered one of the original and even the grandfather of social networks. After the relaunch of Friendster as a gaming platform in June 2011. The company operated mainly from three Asian countries, the Philippines, Malaysia and Singapore, and over 90% of the traffic came from Asia. As of 2008, Friendster had more monthly unique visitors than any other social network in Asia, Friendster remained notably popular in Indonesia through 2012. On June 14,2015 Friendster, citing the evolving landscape in our industry and lack of engagement by the online community. Friendster was founded by Canadian computer programmer Jonathan Abrams in 2002, before the adoption of MySpace, Hi5, Facebook. Friendster was one of the first of these sites to attain over 1 million members, although it was preceded by other smaller social networking sites such as SixDegrees. com. The name Friendster is a portmanteau of friend and Napster, the original Friendster site was founded in Mountain View, California and was privately owned. Friendster was based on the Circle of Friends social network technique for networking individuals in communities and demonstrates the small world phenomenon. Friendster was considered the top social network service until around April 2004 when it was overtaken by MySpace in terms of page views. Friendster. com went live in 2002 and was adopted by 3 million users within the first few months, publications including Time, Esquire, Vanity Fair, Entertainment Weekly, US Weekly and Spin wrote about Friendsters success and the founder appeared on magazine covers and late-night talk shows. Friendsters rapid success inspired a generation of social networking websites including Dogster and Elfster. Friendster had also received competition from all-in-one sites such as Windows Live Spaces, Google offered $30 million to buy out Friendster in 2003, but the offer was turned down. Friendster was then funded by Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers, Friendsters decision to stay private instead of selling to Google in 2003 is considered one of the biggest blunders of Silicon Valley, the Associated Press claims. In April 2004, John Abrams was removed as CEO and Tim Koogle took over as interim CEO, Koogle previously served as president and CEO at Yahoo
18.
Adobe ColdFusion
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Adobe ColdFusion is a commercial rapid web application development platform created by JJ Allaire in 1995. ColdFusion was originally designed to make it easier to connect simple HTML pages to a database, by Version 2, it became a full platform that included an IDE in addition to a full scripting language. One of the features of ColdFusion is its associated scripting language. CFML compares to the components of ASP, JSP, and PHP in purpose and features. Originally a product of Allaire and released on July 2,1995, ColdFusion was developed by brothers Joseph J. JJ, in 2001 Allaire was acquired by Macromedia, which in turn was acquired by Adobe Systems Inc in 2005. ColdFusion is most often used for data-driven websites or intranets, but can also be used to remote services such as REST services, websockets. It is especially well-suited as the technology to the client-side ajax. ColdFusion can also handle asynchronous events such as SMS and instant messaging via its gateway interface, ColdFusion provides a number of additional features out of the box. NET environment or image manipulation. The engine was written in C and featured, among other things, a scripting language, plugin modules written in Java. The equivalent to an HTML element, a ColdFusion tag begins with the letters CF followed by a name that is indicative of what the tag is interpreted to, <cfoutput> to begin the output of variables or other content. In addition to CFScript and plugins, CFStudio provided a platform with a WYSIWYG display. In addition to ColdFusion, CFStudio also supports syntax in other languages popular for backend programming, in addition to making backend functionality easily available to the non-programmer, integrated easily with the Apache Web Server and with Internet Information Services. All versions of ColdFusion prior to 6.0 were written using Microsoft Visual C++ and this meant that ColdFusion was largely limited to running on Microsoft Windows, although Allaire did successfully port ColdFusion to Sun Solaris starting with version 3.1. The Allaire company was sold to Macromedia, then Macromedia was sold to Adobe, earlier versions were not as robust as the versions available from version 4.0 forward. Version 6.1 included the ability to code and debug Shockwave Flash, Cold Fusion studio gained a live page preview and HTML syntax checker. Cold Fusion moniker renamed simply as ColdFusion - possibly to distinguish it from Cold fusion theory, Version 4.5 brought the ability to natively invoke Java objects, execute system commands, and talk directly to a Java EE server. First release from Macromedia after the Allaire Corporation acquisition, the last to be legacy coded for a specific platform. On January 16,2001, Allaire announced a merger with Macromedia
19.
Aber Whitcomb
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Aber Whitcomb is the CTO and Co-Founder of Jam City, Inc. Whitcomb is a recognized expert in large scale computing, networking and storage and frequently speaks on these topics at industry events. He has been profiled in such as VentureBeat, The New York Times. Prior to Jam City, Whitcomb’s most recent role was CTO and co-founder of MySpace where he was responsible for the engineering, infoWorld named Whitcomb as one of the Top 25 CTOs of 2009. Whitcomb is a co-founder of i/o Ventures, an early stage startup program that focuses heavily on mentorship and he graduated from the University of Washington and was born and raised in Bellingham, WA
20.
JavaServer Pages
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JavaServer Pages is a technology that helps software developers create dynamically generated web pages based on HTML, XML, or other document types. Released in 1999 by Sun Microsystems, JSP is similar to PHP, ASP and Reacts JSX, to deploy and run JavaServer Pages, a compatible web server with a servlet container, such as Apache Tomcat or Jetty, is required. Architecturally, JSP may be viewed as an abstraction of Java servlets. JSPs are translated into servlets at runtime, therefore JSP is a Servlet, JSP can be used independently or as the view component of a server-side model–view–controller design, normally with JavaBeans as the model and Java servlets as the controller. This is a type of Model 2 architecture, the compiled pages, as well as any dependent Java libraries, contain Java bytecode rather than machine code. Like any other Java program, they must be executed within a Java virtual machine that interacts with the servers host operating system to provide an abstract, platform-neutral environment. JSPs are usually used to deliver HTML and XML documents, but through the use of OutputStream, the Web container creates JSP implicit objects like request, response, session, application, config, page, pageContext, out and exception. JSP Engine creates these objects during translation phase, JSP pages use several delimiters for scripting functions. %>, which encloses a JSP scriptlet, a scriptlet is a fragment of Java code that is run when the user requests the page. %> for expressions, where the scriptlet and delimiters are replaced with the result of evaluating the expression, Java code is not required to be complete or self-contained within a single scriptlet block. It can straddle markup content, provided that the page as a whole is syntactically correct, for example, any Java if/for/while blocks opened in one scriptlet must be correctly closed in a later scriptlet for the page to successfully compile. Content that falls inside a block of Java code is subject to that code. Content inside an if block will appear in the output when the if condition evaluates to true. Likewise, content inside a loop construct may appear multiple times in the output, the following would be a valid for loop in a JSP page, The output displayed in the users web browser would be, Counting to three, This number is 1. Version 2.0 of the JSP specification added support for the Expression Language, used to access data, in JSP2.1, it was folded into the Unified Expression Language, which is also used in JavaServer Faces. An example of EL Syntax, The value of variable in the object javabean is $, the JSP syntax add additional tags, called JSP actions, to invoke built-in functionality. Additionally, the technology allows for the creation of custom JSP tag libraries that act as extensions to the standard JSP syntax, some JSP containers support configuring how often the container checks JSP file timestamps to see whether the page has changed. Typically, this timestamp would be set to an interval during software development
21.
Mark Zuckerberg
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Mark Elliot Zuckerberg is an American computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur. He is the chairman, chief officer, and co-founder of Facebook. His net worth is estimated to be US$58.6 billion as of March 2017, Zuckerberg launched Facebook from his Harvard University dormitory room on February 4,2004. He was assisted by his roommates and fellow Harvard students Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz. The group then introduced Facebook to other college campuses, Facebook expanded rapidly, reaching one billion users by 2012. Meanwhile, Zuckerberg was involved in legal disputes brought by others in the group. On December 1,2015, they announced they would eventually give 99 percent of their Facebook shares to the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative. Since 2010, Time magazine has named Zuckerberg among the 100 wealthiest and most influential people in the world as a part of its Person of the Year award, in December 2016, Zuckerberg was ranked 10th on Forbes list of The Worlds Most Powerful People. According to Forbes Magazine, Zuckerberg has a net worth of US$55.9 billion as of February 2017, Zuckerberg was born in 1984 in White Plains, New York. He is the son of Karen, a psychiatrist, and Edward Zuckerberg and his ancestors came from Germany, Austria and Poland. He and his three sisters, Randi, Donna, and Arielle, were brought up in Dobbs Ferry, New York, Zuckerberg was raised Jewish and had his bar mitzvah when he turned 13. At Ardsley High School, Zuckerberg excelled in classes and he transferred to the exclusive private school Phillips Exeter Academy, in New Hampshire, in his junior year, where he won prizes in science and classical studies. On his college application, Zuckerberg claimed that he could read and write French, Hebrew, Latin and he was captain of the fencing team. Zuckerberg began using computers and writing software in middle school and his father taught him Atari BASIC Programming in the 1990s, and later hired software developer David Newman to tutor him privately. Newman calls him a prodigy, adding that it was tough to stay ahead of him, Zuckerberg took a graduate course in the subject at Mercy College near his home while still in high school. He enjoyed developing computer programs, especially communication tools and games and it is considered a primitive version of AOLs Instant Messenger, which came out the following year. According to writer Jose Antonio Vargas, some kids played computer games, Zuckerberg himself recalls this period, I had a bunch of friends who were artists. Theyd come over, draw stuff, and Id build an out of it
22.
Equity (finance)
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In accounting, equity is the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities of something owed. Equity can be negative if liabilities exceeds assets, shareholders equity represents the equity of a company as divided among shareholders of common or preferred stock. Negative shareholders equity is often referred to as a shareholders deficit, alternatively, equity can also refer to the capital stock of a corporation. The value of the stock depends on the future economic prospects. For a company in liquidation proceedings, the equity is that which remains after all liabilities have been paid, when starting a business, the owners fund the business to finance various operations. Throughout the businesss existence, the equity of the business will be the difference between its assets and debt liabilities, this is the accounting equation, when a business liquidates during bankruptcy, the proceeds from the assets are used to reimburse creditors. The creditors are ranked by priority, with secured creditors being paid first, other creditors being paid next, owners equity is this remaining or residual claim against assets, which is paid only after all other creditors are paid. In such cases where even creditors could not get money to pay their bills. In financial accounting, owners equity consists of the net assets of an entity, net assets is the difference between the total assets and total liabilities. Equity appears on the sheet, one of the four primary financial statements. The assets of an entity can be tangible and intangible items. Intangible assets include such as brand names, copyrights or goodwill. Tangible assets include land, equipment, and cash, issue of new equity in which the firm obtains new capital increases the total shareholders equity. Share repurchases, in which a firm returns money to investors, reducing on the side its financial assets. For practical purposes, share repurchasing is similar to a dividend payment, rather than giving money to all shareholders immediately in the form of a dividend payment, a share repurchase reduces the number of shares outstanding. Dividends paid out to preferred stock owners are considered an expense to be subtracted from net income, sometimes assets bought and held in other countries get translated back into the reporting currency at different exchange rates, resulting in a changed value. When the owners are shareholders, the interest can be called shareholders equity, the remains the same. If all shareholders are in one and the class, they share equally in ownership equity from all perspectives
23.
Internet
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The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990
24.
Rupert Murdoch
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Keith Rupert Murdoch /ˈmɜːrdɒk/, AC, KCSG is an Australian-born American media mogul. His father, Keith Murdoch, had been a reporter, editor, after his fathers death in 1952, Murdoch declined to join his late fathers registered public company and created his own private company, News Limited. Murdoch moved to New York City in 1974, to expand into the U. S. market, however, he retained interests in Australia and Britain. In 1981, Murdoch bought The Times, his first British broadsheet, in 1986, keen to adopt newer electronic publishing technologies, Murdoch consolidated his UK printing operations in Wapping, causing bitter industrial disputes. Murdochs News Corporation acquired Twentieth Century Fox, HarperCollins, and The Wall Street Journal, Murdoch formed the British broadcaster BSkyB in 1990, and during the 1990s expanded into Asian networks and South American television. By 2000, Murdochs News Corporation owned over 800 companies in more than 50 countries, Murdoch faces police and government investigations into bribery and corruption by the British government and FBI investigations in the U. S. On 21 July 2012, Murdoch resigned as a director of News International, on 1 July 2015, Murdoch left his post as CEO of 21st Century Fox. Murdoch and his own both 21st Century Fox and News Corp through the Murdoch Family Trust. In July 2016, after the resignation of Roger Ailes due to accusations of sexual harassment, Keith Rupert Murdoch was born on 11 March 1931 in Melbourne to Sir Keith Murdoch and Dame Elisabeth Murdoch. He is of English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry, Murdochs parents were also born in Melbourne. Keith Murdoch was a war correspondent and later a newspaper magnate owning two newspapers in Adelaide, South Australia, and a radio station in a faraway mining town. Later in life, Keith Rupert chose to use Rupert, the first name of his maternal grandfather. Keith Murdoch the elder asked to meet with his wife after seeing her debutante photograph in one of his own newspapers and they married in 1928. In addition to Rupert, the couple had three daughters, Janet Calvert-Jones, Anne Kantor and Helen Handbury, Murdoch attended Geelong Grammar School, where he was co-editor of the schools official journal The Corian and editor of the student journal If Revived. He took his schools cricket team to the National Junior Finals and he worked part-time at the Melbourne Herald and was groomed by his father to take over the family business. After her husbands death from cancer in 1952, Elisabeth Murdoch did charity work, as governor of the Royal Womens Hospital in Melbourne. At the age of 102, she had 74 descendants, Murdoch completed an MA before working as a sub-editor with the Daily Express for two years. Following his fathers death, when he was 21, Murdoch returned from Oxford to take charge of the family business News Limited, Rupert Murdoch turned its newspaper, Adelaide News, its main asset, into a major success
25.
Fox Broadcasting Company
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The Fox Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. It is the third largest major network in the world based on total revenues, assets. Launched on October 9,1986 as a competitor to the Big Three television networks, Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets, although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U. S. network. Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U. S, the network is named after sister company 20th Century Fox, and indirectly for producer William Fox, who founded one of the movie studios predecessors, Fox Film. Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters, 20th Century Fox had been involved in television production as early as the 1950s, producing several syndicated programs. Following the demise of the DuMont Television Network in August of that year after it became mired in financial problems. 20th Century Fox would also produce original content for the NTA network, KTTV in Los Angeles, KRIV in Houston, WFLD-TV in Chicago, and KRLD-TV in Dallas. In October 1985, 20th Century Fox announced its intentions to form a television network that would compete with ABC, CBS. The plans were to use the combination of the Fox studios, organizational plans for the network were held off until the Metromedia acquisitions cleared regulatory hurdles. Then, in December 1985, Rupert Murdoch agreed to pay $325 million to acquire the remaining equity in TCF Holdings from his original partner, Marvin Davis. These first six stations, then broadcasting to a reach of 22% of the nations households. Except for KDAF, all of the original owned-and-operated stations are part of the Fox network today. Like the core O&O group, Foxs affiliate body consisted of independent stations. The Fox Broadcasting Company launched at 11,00 p. m. Eastern and its inaugural program was a late-night talk show, The Late Show, which was hosted by comedian Joan Rivers. By early 1987, Rivers quit The Late Show after disagreements with the network over the creative direction. The network expanded its programming into prime time on April 5,1987, with Children and the sketch comedy series The Tracey Ullman Show. Fox added one new show per week over the several weeks, with the drama 21 Jump Street. On July 11, the network rolled out its Saturday night schedule with the premiere of the drama series Werewolf
26.
Viacom
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Viacom, Inc. is an American media conglomerate with interests primarily in cinema and cable television. It is currently the sixth largest broadcasting and cable company in terms of revenue—behind Comcast, The Walt Disney Company, Time Warner, and CBS Corporation. Voting control of Viacom is held by National Amusements, Inc. a privately owned theater company controlled by the billionaire Sumner Redstone, Redstone also holds – via National Amusements – a controlling stake in CBS Corporation. The current incarnation of Viacom was created on December 31,2005 as a spin-off from the incarnation of Viacom. CBS Corporation currently retains control of the broadcasting, TV production, subscription pay television and publishing assets. Predecessor firms of the original Viacom included Gulf+Western and Westinghouse Electric Corporation, in addition, the company was facing issues after MTV was banned from producing any more Super Bowl halftime shows after the Super Bowl Halftime Show controversy of 2004. Redstone was set to retire in the future, and a split was seen as a creative solution to the matter of replacing him. A new company, the present Viacom, was created and was headed by Freston and it comprises BET Networks, MTV Networks, and Paramount Pictures Corporation. In June 2005, Viacom announced its purchase of Neopets, a virtual pet website, along with GameTrailers, GoCityKids and that December, Paramount announced it would acquire DreamWorks. On February 1,2006, Paramount completed its acquisition of DreamWorks. On April 24, Viacom obtained Xfire, in August, just hours before announcing its most recent quarterly earnings, Viacom announced that it had acquired Atom Entertainment for $200 million. In September, Viacom acquired game developer Harmonix for $175 million, in February 2007, Viacom ordered leaked copyrighted video clips be taken off the videosharing service YouTube for copyright reasons. On February 21, Viacom publicly announced they would be offering free access to their own material through Silicon Valleys distributor Joost thanks to a thorough content licensing deal. All future Viacom content for India and new ventures such as a Hindi entertainment channel, on December 19,2007, Viacom signed a five-year, $500 million contract with Microsoft that included content sharing and advertisement. The deal allowed Microsoft to license many shows from Viacom owned cable television and film studios for use on Xbox Live, the deal also made Viacom a preferred publisher partner for casual game development and distribution through MSN and Windows. On the advertisement side of the deal, Microsofts Atlas ad-serving division became the provider of previously unsold advertising inventory on Viacom owned web sites. Also, Microsoft purchased a large amount of advertising on Viacom owned broadcasts, finally, Microsoft will also collaborate on promotions and sponsorships for MTV and BET award shows, two Viacom owned cable networks. On December 4,2008, Viacom announced layoffs of 850 personnel, at the end of the year, Time Warner Cable and Viacoms MTV Networks could not come to terms for the renewal of any Viacom channel beyond the end of year
27.
Fairness opinion
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A fairness opinion is a professional evaluation by an investment bank or other third party as to whether the terms of a merger, acquisition, buyback, spin-off, or privatization are fair. It is rendered for a fee and they are typically issued when a public company is being sold, merged or divested of all or a substantial division of their business. Some of the functions of a fairness opinion are to aid in decision-making, mitigate risk. Controversy in financial and management circles surrounds the question of the objectivity of fairness opinions, a potential exists for a conflict of interest when an entity rendering an opinion may benefit from the transaction either directly or indirectly. Directors and officers of the companies also may have an interest in the outcome of the proposed transaction. ”According to the certification hypothesis fairness opinions may also serve the interest of the shareholders by mitigating informational asymmetries in corporate transactions. Example Fairness Opinions relating to the merger of Merck & Co. Inc. and Schering-Plough Corporation, J. P. Morgan Goldman Sachs Morgan Stanley
28.
Tom Freston
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Thomas E. Freston is an American entertainment industry executive. He grew up In Rowayton, CT and he received a Bachelor of Arts from Saint Michaels College and an MBA from New York University. Freston began his career advertising at Benton & Bowles, in 1972, after a year of traveling, he moved to South Asia to start a textile and clothing business, Hindu Kush, and worked and lived in New Delhi, India and Kabul, Afghanistan. Returning to the USA in 1979, he joined the Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment Company and he was one of the founding members of the team that created MTV, Music Television. As head of marketing, he worked on the I Want My MTV ad campaign helped make the new network a cultural phenomenon. In 1987 he became the President and CEO of MTV Networks, MTV Networks launched and operated networks including, Nickelodeon, Nick at Night, VH1, Comedy Central, TV Land, Spike, Country Music Channel, Logo, Noggin, and others. As CEO of MTV Networks, Freston expanded the reach, built an animation studio, produced feature films. Popular characters and shows included, Blues Clues, Beavis and Butt-head, SpongeBob SquarePants, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, South Park, The Real World, Behind the Music, and Rugrats. In 2004, after Viacom President & COO Mel Karmazin stepped down, Freston oversaw MTV Networks, Paramount Pictures, Famous Music Publishing, and Simon & Schuster. In January 2006, Viacom split into two companies, Viacom led by Freston and CBS Corporation headed by Moonves. Frestons successor as CEO, Philippe Dauman, was quoted as saying “never, ever let another competitor beat us to the trophy”. Redstone told interviewer Charlie Rose that losing MySpace had been “humiliating, ” adding, “MySpace was sitting there for the taking for $500 million. ”Murdochs company ended up selling Myspace and he currently is the principal in Firefly3 LLC, a consulting and investment company. He is an advisor to Vice Media and the Moby Group and he is also an advisor to the Raine Group, a boutique merchant bank. Freston is now Board Chairman of the ONE Campaign, an organization for extreme poverty issues. He also serves on the boards of DreamWorks Animation, Moby Group, Vice Media and he has received many industry awards and recognitions. Freston was noted by Time in 2006 as one of the top 100 most influential people in the world and he was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame in 2010. In 1980, Freston married Margaret Ellen Badali and they had two children, Andrew and Gilbert. In 1998, Freston married Kathy Freston, a model, self-help author
29.
Charlie Rose
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Charles Peete Charlie Rose, Jr. is an American television talk show host and journalist. Since 1991, he has hosted Charlie Rose, a show distributed nationally by PBS since 1993. Rose has also co-anchored CBS This Morning since 2012, Rose also substitutes for CBS Evening News with Scott Pelley when Pelley is off or on assignment. Rose was born in Henderson, North Carolina, the child of Margaret and Charles Peete Rose. As a child, Rose lived above his parents store in Henderson, Rose admitted in a Fresh Dialogues interview that as a child, his insatiable curiosity was constantly getting him in trouble. Everett Jordan got him interested in politics, Rose graduated in 1964 with a Bachelors Degree in History. At Duke, Rose was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order fraternity, Rose earned a Juris Doctor from the Duke University School of Law in 1968. Rose met his wife, Mary, while attending Duke, after his wife was hired by the BBC, Rose handled some assignments for the BBC on a freelance basis. In 1972, while working at New York bank Bankers Trust, Roses break came in 1974, after Bill Moyers hired Rose as managing editor for the PBS series Bill Moyers International Report. In 1975, Moyers named Rose Executive Producer of Bill Moyers Journal, Rose soon began appearing on camera. A Conversation with Jimmy Carter that aired on Moyerss TV series U. S. A, people and Politics, won a 1976 Peabody Award. The Nightwatch broadcast of Roses interview with Charles Manson won an Emmy Award in 1987, on September 30,1991, Charlie Rose premiered on PBS station Thirteen/WNET and has been nationally syndicated on PBS since January 1993. In 1994, Rose moved the show to a studio owned by Bloomberg Television, Rose was a correspondent for 60 Minutes II from its inception in January 1999, until its cancellation in September 2005, and was later named a correspondent on 60 Minutes. Rose was a member of the Board of Directors of Citadel Broadcasting Corporation from 2003 to 2009, in May 2010, Charlie Rose delivered the commencement address at North Carolina State University. Rose has appeared as himself in the film Primary Colors, in a 2000 episode of The Simpsons, Rose and his show were parodied in the Wes Anderson film The Royal Tenenbaums. He appears as himself in the George Clooney-directed film The Ides of March, episodes of The Good Wife and Breaking Bad, Rose has attended several Bilderberg Group conference meetings, including meetings held in the United States in 2008, Spain in 2010, and Switzerland in 2011. Member of Council of Foreign Relations 2014, Rose received an honorary doctorate from the State University of New York at Oswego on October 16,2014, during the colleges annual Lewis B. ODonnell Media Summit, for his contributions in the broadcast, media, on May 8,2016, Rose also received an honorary degree from the University of the South
30.
Oxfam
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Oxfam is an international confederation of charitable organizations focused on the alleviation of global poverty. It was one of local committees formed in support of the National Famine Relief Committee. Their mission was to persuade the British government to allow food relief through the Allied blockade for the citizens of occupied Greece. The first overseas Oxfam was founded in Canada in 1963, the organization changed its name to its telegraph address, OXFAM, in 1965. By 1960, it was a major international aid organization. The name Oxfam comes from the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief, founded in Britain in 1942, Oxfam International was formed in 1995 by a group of independent non-governmental organizations. Their aim was to work together for greater impact on the stage to reduce poverty. Stichting Oxfam International registered as a foundation at The Hague. Oxfams first paid employee was Joe Mitty, who working at the Oxfam shop on Broad Street. Engaged to manage the accounts and distribute donated clothing, he originated the policy of selling anything which people were willing to donate, Oxfams programmes address the structural causes of poverty and related injustice and work primarily through local accountable organizations, seeking to enhance their effectiveness. In November 2000, Oxfam adopted the approach as the framework for all the work of the Confederation. The right to a sustainable livelihood, and the right and capacity to participate in societies and make changes to peoples lives are basic human needs. Though Oxfams initial concern was the provision of food to relieve famine, Oxfam works on trade justice, fair trade, education, debt and aid, livelihoods, health, HIV/AIDS, gender equality, conflict and natural disasters, democracy and human rights, and climate change. Through programmes like Saving for Change, Oxfam is working to help communities become more self-sufficient financially, the Saving for Change initiative is a programme whereby communities are taught how to form collective, informal credit groups. Ultimately, the goal of the programme is to leave the community with an organization where people who otherwise would not qualify for formal bank loans can go for financial assistance. In doing so, borrowers can start businesses which benefit not only themselves, the Bosfam NGO was also founded in May 1995 by women participating in an Oxfam GB psycho-social radionice project to support internally displaced women during the Bosnian war. Oxfam has become a recognized leader in providing water sanitation to impoverished. In 2012, Oxfam became one of the groups that comprise the UKs Rapid Response Facility to ensure clean water in the wake of humanitarian disasters
31.
Wendi Deng Murdoch
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Wendi Deng Murdoch is a Chinese-American actress, producer, and businesswoman. She was the wife of News Corporation chairman and CEO Rupert Murdoch. Dengs debut in the media came with Fox TV, and she was offered an internship at Star TV in Hong Kong. Wendi Deng Murdoch was born in Jinan, Shandong, and raised in Xuzhou and her birth name was Deng Wenge, Wenge meaning Cultural Revolution. She changed it in her teens and she is one of four children born to engineers. She attended Xuzhou First Secondary School and she developed an interest in playing volleyball. While she was in school, her father relocated to Guangzhou. In 1985, at age 16, she enrolled in Guangzhou Medical College, in 1987 she met an American businessman and his wife, Jake and Joyce Cherry, who had temporarily relocated to China and helped build a refrigerator factory. In 1988, she abandoned her studies and traveled to the United States to study, with Jake. She enrolled at California State University, Northridge, where she studied economics and was among the top students and she received a bachelors degree in economics from California State University at Northridge and an MBA from the Yale School of Management. Upon graduation from Yale, Deng began searching for a job and she met Bruce Churchill through a mutual friend. At that time, Churchill oversaw finance and corporate development at the Fox TV branch in Los Angeles and he subsequently offered Deng an internship at News Corp subsidiary Star TV in Hong Kong, which developed into a full-time junior executive position. Though a junior employee, she took a role in working to plan Star TVs operations in Hong Kong and China, additionally, she investigated interactive TV opportunities for News Digital Systems. Previously she had been an executive at News Corps Star TV in Hong Kong in 1999. Deng led Murdochs Chinese internet investments totaling between $35 million and $45 million and helped form business links with China for high-speed video and internet access. In 2011, Deng made her producer debut with the release of Snow Flower and the Secret Fan. May-Bowles was subsequently sentenced to six weeks imprisonment, Jake Cherry soon followed and moved in with Deng, and the two married in 1990. Nonetheless, she had been able to secure a card through her marriage to Cherry
32.
Bebo
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Bebo is a social networking website launched in 2005. The company announced the launch of their newest app, Blab, in early 2014, as of July 2013, it is owned and operated by its founders Michael Birch and Xochi Birch, who took over from Criterion Capital Partners after the company declared bankruptcy. Bebo was founded by husband-and-wife team Michel and Xochi Birch in January 2005 at their home in San Francisco, the website name was bought by the founders, and the backronym Blog Early, Blog Often was invented to answer the question of what the name meant. The site was extremely popular in Ireland – at one point it claimed to have over a million Irish users. Its popularity saw it sold to AOL for $850 million in 2008, the site was purchased by AOL on March 13,2008 for $850 million, with the Birches combined 70% stake yielding a profit of $595 million from the deal. The BBC later described the AOL purchase of Bebo as one of the worst deals ever made in the dotcom era, on April 7,2010, AOL announced that it would either sell the website, or shut it down. This was mainly due to the numbers of unique users, Bebo users were moving to rival sites Facebook. It has been reported that AOLs finances were struggling, the National Space Agency of Ukraines RT-70 radio telescope sent 501 messages chosen by Bebo users, called A Message From Earth, toward planet Gliese 581c. Sent on 9 October 2008, it will arrive in the spring of 2028, on June 16,2010, AOL sold Bebo to hedge fund operators Criterion Capital Partners. On February 17,2011, Bebo launched a brand-new design and this consisted of a new, more modern header and home page, as well as a new profile layout option. Users could also see who had visited their profiles, in April 2011, Bebo added a new notification system, similar to Facebooks - a feature which had been much-requested in feedback. It notified users of new messages, lifestream activity and more. On January 30,2012, access to Bebo became unavailable for 36 hours, a Bebo spokesperson told TechCrunch that the site was down due to a technical clusterfuck. Adam Levin, CEO of Bebo and Criterion Capital Partners, stated that they were trying to some new features which caused the site to crash. No data was lost as a result of the outage, the crash triggered a belief that Bebo was gone for good, so that the hashtag #bebomemories trended worldwide on Twitter. In May 2013, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Many analysts have questioned the value proposition that Bebo could offer users, on July 1,2013, Michael and Xochi Birch, the original founders, purchased the social network back from Criterion Capital Partners for $1 million. They tweeted We just bought Bebo back for $1m, who knows, but it will be fun trying
33.
Hi5
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Hi5 is a social networking site based in San Francisco, California. Founded in 2004, it was reported to be the 2nd largest social network after Myspace by 2007, in 2008, comScore reported that hi5 was the third most popular social networking site in monthly unique visitors behind Facebook and MySpace. The social networking site, if, formerly known as Tagged, purchased hi5 in December 2011, for an undisclosed sum, the company was founded in 2003 by Ramu Yalamanchi. and had become the 8th largest social network by mid 2006. Prior to 2004, the Company had raised $250,000 in an investment round. In 2007, the Company raised $20 million in series A venture capital from Mohr Davidow Ventures, bill Gossman was appointed CEO in April 2009, and at that time, hi5 refocused itself as a social gaming platform and opened itself to new game developers. In early 2010, hi5 acquired social gaming company Big Six. in 2010, in July 2010, the company raised $14 million from Crosslink Capital. In January 2011, Alex St. John joined the company as President, quantcast reported hi5 has 2.7 million monthly US visitors and 46.1 million global visitors. Software-industry veteran Karen Richardson served as chairwoman of the board in 2011. In December 2011, the assets of the company were acquired by Tagged, hi5 had many typical social networking features, such as friend networks, photo sharing, user groups, and status updates. In a 2009 redesign, hi5 added a number of features oriented toward gaming, the site featured over 200 games in a variety of genres, and was adding games at a rate of 2-3 per week. At hi5, users can create a profile in order to show information such as interests, age. Users can also upload photos and create personal photo albums where other users can post comments, users can also send friend requests via e-mail to other users. When a person receives a friend request, he may accept or decline it, if the user accepts another user as a friend, the two will be connected directly or in the 1st degree. The user will appear on the persons friend list and vice versa. Some users opt to make their profiles available for everyone on hi5 to view, other users exercise the option to make their profile viewable only to those people who are in their network. In early 2009, hi5 began to evolve from a network into a gaming network. In order to join hi5, you must be 18 or older, with Taggeds acquisition of hi5, their gaming platform changed from third-party developed games to games developed by Taggeds in-house team. Tagged noted that hi5s games werent as vibrant as they could be, Tagged has seen better results from their own games
34.
LinkedIn
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LinkedIn is a business and employment-oriented social networking service that operates via websites and mobile apps. Founded on December 28,2002, and launched on May 5,2003, it is used for professional networking, including employers posting jobs. As of 2015, most of the revenue came from selling access to information about its members to recruiters. As of September 2016, LinkedIn had more than 467 million accounts, LinkedIn allows members to create profiles and connections to each other in an online social network which may represent real-world professional relationships. Members can invite anyone to become a connection, the gated-access approach is intended to build trust among the services members. LinkedIn participated in the EUs International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles, the site has an Alexa Internet ranking as the 20th most popular website. According to the New York Times, US high school students are now creating LinkedIn profiles to include with their college applications, LinkedIn filed for an initial public offering in January 2011 and traded its first shares on May 19,2011, under the NYSE symbol LNKD. On June 13,2016, Microsoft announced plans to acquire LinkedIn for $26.2 billion, the acquisition was completed on December 8,2016. The transaction resulted in the payment of approximately $26.4 billion in cash merger consideration, in January 2016, the company had around 9,200 employees. LinkedIns CEO is Jeff Weiner, previously a Yahoo. Inc. executive, founder Reid Hoffman, previously CEO of LinkedIn, is Chairman of the Board. It is funded by Sequoia Capital, Greylock, Bain Capital Ventures, Bessemer Venture Partners, LinkedIn reached profitability in March 2006. Through January 2011, the company had received a total of $103 million of investment, the company was founded in December 2002 by Reid Hoffman and founding team members from PayPal and Socialnet. com. In late 2003, Sequoia Capital led the Series A investment in the company, in August 2004, LinkedIn reached 1 million users. In March 2006, LinkedIn achieved its first month of profitability, in April 2007, LinkedIn reached 10 million users. In February 2008, LinkedIn launched a version of the site. In October of that year, Silicon Valley Insider ranked the company No.10 on its Top 100 List of most valuable start ups, by December, the company was valued at $1.575 billion in private markets. LinkedIn filed for a public offering in January 2011. The company traded its first shares on May 19,2011, under the NYSE symbol LNKD, shares of LinkedIn rose as much as 171% on their first day of trade on the New York Stock Exchange and closed at $94.25, more than 109% above IPO price
35.
Plaxo
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Plaxo is an online address book that launched in 2002. It has been a subsidiary of cable television company Comcast since 2008, at one point it offered a social networking service. The company was founded by Sean Parker and two Stanford University engineering students, Todd Masonis and Cameron Ring, rikk Carey joined Plaxo at its inception and led engineering and products for six years as Executive Vice President. Funded by venture capital including funds from Sequoia Capital, the service launched on November 12,2002. On July 7,2005, Plaxo announced it had struck a deal with America Online to integrate its contact management service with its AOL and AOL Instant Messenger products, however, after changes at Plaxo and discussions with the companys remaining co-founders, Coursey reversed his stance. Plaxo also responded to these issues in a section of their website, on May 7,2007, Comcast announced that it had partnered with Plaxo in the launch of its universal communications service, SmartZone. On August 4,2007 Plaxo announced the beta of a social networking service called Plaxo Pulse. The service enabled sharing of content from different sources across the social web, including blogs, photos, social networking services, rating services. Users can selectively share and view content according to either pre-determined categories or customized groups, Plaxo Pulse was the first site to feature a working version of an OpenSocial container. In May 2008, Plaxo announced that it had signed an agreement to be acquired by Comcast, the terms of the deal were not disclosed. Comcast completed its purchase of Plaxo on July 1,2008 and that month the website reported 20 million users. In March 2010, it was announced that CEO Ben Golub would be replaced by the general manager. Plaxo provides automatic updating of contact information, users and their contacts store their information in the cloud on Plaxos servers. When this information is edited by the user, the appear in the address books of all those who listed the account changer in their own books. Once contacts are stored in the location, it is possible to list connections between contacts and access the address book from anywhere. Additionally, Plaxo can be maintained online, on June 24,2007 Plaxo announced the public beta of a major new version of its service, called Plaxo 3.0. The service emphasizes automated, multi-way sync, on July 30,2009, the previously-free synchronization services for Outlook moved to Plaxos premium service. According to Plaxo, this change will allow us to continue to invest in the development, existing users of the free service were offered a 20% lifetime discount on Plaxo premium
36.
Ning (website)
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Ning is an online platform for people and organizations to create custom social networks, launched in October 2005. Ning, Inc. is owned by Mode Media, Ning was co-founded by Marc Andreessen and Gina Bianchini. By June 2011 there were over 90,000 social websites running on the Ning Platform, Ning started development in October 2004 and launched its platform publicly in October 2005. At its launch, Ning was a platform for the development. The source code for Ning applications was available to users, applications included photo albums, blogging software, and many for sharing business reviews. In late September 2006, Ning narrowed its focus to offering a group website, a website. These three templates were later superseded by a single customizable application aimed at enabling anyone to create their own social network. Ning was initially funded internally by Bianchini, Andreessen and angel investors, in July 2007, Ning raised US$44 million in venture capital, led by Legg Mason. In 2008 and 2009, the company announced it had raised an additional US$75 million in capital, on April 15,2010, CEO Jason Rosenthal announced changes at Ning. The free service would be suspended and of the current 167 employees, current users of the free service had the option to either upgrade to a paid account or transition their content from Ning. For a time, Ning had its headquarters in Facebooks old office space, once purchased by Mode Media, Ning moved to its headquarters. Ning has 90,000 customers with social websites on the Ning Platform, customers include bands Linkin Park, and Weezer, The Twilight Saga, Tony Hawks Shred or Die, the Diabetes Hands Foundations TuDiabetes, and the Brooklyn Art Project. Ning allows users to create their own communities and social networks around specific interests with their own design, choice of features. The central feature of Ning is that anyone can create their own network for a particular topic. A Ning community can be integrated with services like Facebook, Twitter. The social networks running on Nings service are programmed with PHP, Ning added an iPhone interface in March 2009, and In October 2010, Ning launched an iOS application for network administrators to use in managing their social networks. In February 2011, Ning introduced a new way for customers to customize, the feature allows customers to use pre-made templates to make custom visual changes on their community. In December 2008, Ning announced that it would no longer host networks that featured pornography, network owners were given just over a month to move their pornographic content to another provider
37.
Six Apart
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Six Apart Ltd. sometimes abbreviated 6A, is a software company known for creating the Movable Type blogware, TypePad blog hosting service, and Vox. The company also is the owner of LiveJournal. Six Apart is headquartered in Tokyo and is planning to open an office in New York, the name is a reference to the six-day age difference between its married co-founders, Ben and Mena Trott. The company was founded in September 2001 after Ben, during a period of unemployment, when version 1.0 was put on the web, it was downloaded over 100 times in the first hour. In 2004, Six Apart completed a round of funding with August Capital. In January 2005, Six Apart purchased Danga Interactive, parent company of LiveJournal, from owner Brad Fitzpatrick, in March 2006, Six Apart announced the acquisition of the SplashBlog camera phone blogging service. June 2006 saw the release of their new Web 2.0 blogging platform, prominent weblogger Anil Dash joined the company in 2003, as did former head of Wired Digital Andrew Anker. Six Aparts board of directors consists of Barak Berkowitz, Mena Trott, David Marquardt, David Hornik, Reid Hoffman, on September 6,2006, Six Apart bought Rojo. com. President Chris Alden became executive president of Six Apart and general manager of Movable Type. CTO Aaron Emigh became executive president and general manager of core technologies. On September 15,2007, chairman and chief executive Barak Berkowitz stepped aside and was replaced by Chris Alden, who had run the companys professional software unit. On December 2,2007, Six Apart announced it was selling LiveJournal to SUP Fabrik, on April 21,2008, Six Apart said it acquired Apperceptive, a New York social media agency, as part of its new strategy. It declined to disclose financial terms of the deal and it is also partnering with advertising agency Adify. Just as in a network, bloggers will be able to sign up. On December 1,2008, Six Apart announced the acquisition of micro blogging website Pownce, the Pownce website was shut down on December 15. The key developers of Pownce stayed on at Six Apart through early 2010, on September 2,2010 Six Apart announced that they would be shutting down their blogging/social networking site Vox with a final termination date set for September 30,2010. Beginning from September 15,2010 Vox users would not be able to post new blog posts, on September 22, Six Apart announced its intention to join forces with VideoEgg to create a modern media company called SAY Media. On January 21,2011, SAY Media announced that it was selling the Six Apart brand and the worldwide Movable Type business to Infocom, as a result of this transaction, the headquarters of Six Apart is now Tokyo, Japan
38.
Orkut
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Orkut was a social networking website owned and operated by Google. The service was designed to help meet new and old friends. The website was named after its creator, Google employee Orkut Büyükkökten, on June 30,2014, Google announced it would be closing Orkut on September 30,2014. No new accounts could be created starting from July 2014, users can download their profile archive by Google Takeout. Orkut was one of the most visited websites in India and Brazil in 2008, in 2008 Google announced that Orkut would be fully managed and operated in Brazil, by Google Brazil, in the city of Belo Horizonte. This was decided due to the large Brazilian user base and growth of legal issues, Orkut had a feature that allowed users choose and change Themes. Users could change their interface from a range of colorful themes in the library. Themes were only available in Brazil and India, unlike Facebook, where a member can view profile details of people only on their network, Orkut allows anyone to visit anyones profile, unless a potential visitor is on your Ignore List. Importantly, each member can also customize their profile preferences and can restrict information that appears on their profile from their friends and/or others. Another feature is any member can add any other member on Orkut to his/her Crush List. When a user logs in, they see the people in their friends list in the order of their logging into the site, Orkuts competitors are other social networking sites including Myspace and Facebook. Ning is a direct competitor, as they allow creation of social networks which are similar to Orkuts communities. An Orkut user can add videos to their profile from either YouTube or Google Video with the additional option of creating either restricted or unrestricted polls for polling a community of users. There is an option to integrate GTalk with Orkut enabling chatting, currently GTalk has been integrated in Orkut – users can directly chat from their Orkut page. Similar to Facebook, users may use a like button to share interests with friends. Orkut was quietly launched on January 22,2004 by Google, Orkut Büyükkökten, a Turkish software engineer, developed it as an independent project while working at Google. While previously working for Affinity Engines, he had developed a system, InCircle. In late June 2004, Affinity Engines filed suit against Google, claiming that Büyükkökten, the allegation is based on the presence of 9 identical bugs in Orkut that also existed in InCircles
39.
Yahoo!
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Yahoo Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. Yahoo was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 2,1995, Yahoo was one of the pioneers of the early internet era in the 1990s. Marissa Mayer, a former Google executive, Google Employee number 20 and it is globally known for its Web portal, search engine Yahoo. Search, and related services, including Yahoo, answers, advertising, online mapping, video sharing, fantasy sports, and its social media website. It is one of the most popular sites in the United States, according to news sources, roughly 700 million people visit Yahoo websites every month. Yahoo itself claims it attracts more than half a billion consumers every month in more than 30 languages, in January 1994 Yang and Filo were electrical engineering graduate students at Stanford University, when they created a website named Jerry and Davids guide to the World Wide Web. The site was a directory of websites, organized in a hierarchy. In March 1994, Jerry and Davids Guide to the World Wide Web was renamed Yahoo, the yahoo. com domain was created on January 18,1995. The word yahoo is a backronym for Yet Another Hierarchically Organized Oracle or Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle, the term hierarchical described how the Yahoo database was arranged in layers of subcategories. However, Filo and Yang insist they mainly selected the name because they liked the definition of a yahoo, rude, unsophisticated. This meaning derives from the Yahoo race of beings from Gullivers Travels. Yahoo grew rapidly throughout the 1990s, like many search engines and web directories, Yahoo added a web portal. By 1998, Yahoo was the most popular starting point for web users and it also made many high-profile acquisitions. Its stock price skyrocketed during the bubble, Yahoo stocks closing at an all-time high of $118.75 a share on January 3,2000. However, after the bubble burst, it reached a post-bubble low of $8.11 on September 26,2001. Yahoo began using Google for search in 2000, over the next four years, it developed its own search technologies, which it began using in 2004. In response to Googles Gmail, Yahoo began to offer unlimited email storage in 2007, the company struggled through 2008, with several large layoffs. In February 2008, Microsoft Corporation made a bid to acquire Yahoo for $44.6 billion
40.
Twitter
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Twitter is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages, tweets, restricted to 140 characters. Registered users can post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them, users access Twitter through its website interface, SMS or a mobile device app. Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, California, United States, Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams and launched in July. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, in 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day, and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has described as the SMS of the Internet. As of 2016, Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users. On the day of the 2016 U. S. presidential election, Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news, Twitters origins lie in a daylong brainstorming session held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then a student at New York University. The original project name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, inspired by Flickr. The developers initially considered 10958 as a code, but later changed it to 40404 for ease of use. Work on the project started on March 21,2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9,50 PM Pacific Standard Time, Dorsey has explained the origin of the Twitter title. we came across the word twitter, and it was just perfect. The definition was a short burst of inconsequential information, and chirps from birds, and thats exactly what the product was. The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as a service for Odeo employees. Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitters startup until 2011, Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007. Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview, With Twitter and they called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didnt replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is, Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network, the tipping point for Twitters popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000, the Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages, remarked Newsweeks Steven Levy
41.
Danah boyd
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Boyd grew up in Lancaster, Pennsylvania and Altoona, Pennsylvania, and attended Manheim Township High School from 1992–1996. According to her website, she was born Danah Michele Mattas, once she reached college, she chose to take her maternal grandfathers name, Boyd, as her own last name. She settled decided to spell her name in lowercase so as to reflect my mothers original balancing, after her parents divorce, in 1982, she moved to York, Pennsylvania, with her mother and her brother. Her mother married again during danahs third grade and the moved to Lancaster. She used online forums to escape from high school. She called Lancaster a religious and conservative city, thanks to some online discussions, she decided to identify as queer. A few years later, her brother taught her how to use IRC, even though she thought computers were lame, the possibilities for connecting with others intrigued her. She became a participant on Usenet and IRC in her junior year in high school, spending a lot of time browsing, creating content. Though active in many activities and excelling academically, boyd had a difficult time socially in high school. She assigns her survival to her mother, the Internet, and her initial ambition was to become an astronaut but after an injury, she became more interested in the Internet. She pursued her masters degree in media with Judith Donath at the MIT Media Lab. She worked for the New York-based activist organization V-Day, first as a volunteer and she eventually moved to San Francisco, where she met the individuals involved in creating the new Friendster service. She documented what she was observing via her blog, and this grew into a career, in 2008, boyd earned a PhD at the UC Berkeley School of Information, advised by Peter Lyman and Mizuko Ito. During the 2006–07 academic year, boyd was a fellow at the Annenberg Center for Communication at the University of Southern California, in January 2009, boyd joined Microsoft Research New England, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as a Social Media Researcher. The article focuses on social networks implications for youth identity, the project culminated with a co-authored book Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out, Kids Living and Learning with New Media. In addition to blogging on her own site, she addresses issues of youth and technology use on the DMLcentral blog. Boyd has written academic papers, as of today, boyd has been working for Harvard University, Microsoft Research and New York University. Shes also the founder of the Data & Society Research Institute and her career as a fellow at MIT started in 2007. She published untraditional research on youth using Facebook and MySpace the same year and she demonstrated that most young users of Facebook were white and middle-to-upper class, while MySpace users tended to be lower-class black teenagers
42.
Microsoft Research
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Microsoft Research is the research division of Microsoft. Microsoft Research is co-led by corporate vice presidents Peter Lee and Jeannette Wing, Lee leads Microsoft Research New Experiences and Technologies, Wing leads the organization’s core research labs. Microsoft has research labs around the world, Microsoft Research Redmond was founded on the Microsoft Redmond campus in 1991 and it has about 350 researchers and is headed by Eric Horvitz. Microsoft Research Cambridge was founded in the United Kingdom in 1997 by Roger Needham and is headed by Christopher Bishop, Microsoft Research Asia was founded in Beijing in November 1998. Microsoft Research India, located in Bangalore, was founded in January 2005, Microsoft Research India also collaborates extensively with research institutions and universities in India and abroad to support scientific progress and innovation. Microsoft Research Station Q, located on the campus of the University of California, Station Qs collaborators explore theoretical and experimental approaches to creating the quantum analog of the traditional bit—the qubit. The group is led by Dr. Michael Freedman, a mathematician who has won the prestigious Fields Medal. Microsoft Research New England was established in 2008 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Microsoft Research New York City was established on May 3,2012. Jennifer Chayes serves as Managing Director of this location as well as the New England lab, Microsoft Research Silicon Valley, located in Mountain View, California, was founded in August 2001 and closed in September 2014
43.
Richard Blumenthal
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Richard Dick Blumenthal /ˈbluːmənˌθɑːl/ is the senior United States Senator from Connecticut, in office since 2011. Previously, he served as Attorney General of Connecticut from 1991 to 2011 and he is a member of the Democratic Party. Born in Brooklyn, New York, Blumenthal attended Riverdale Country School, Blumenthal is a graduate of Harvard College, where he was editorial chairman of The Harvard Crimson. He studied for a year at Trinity College, Cambridge in England before attending Yale Law School, while at Yale, he was a classmate of future President Bill Clinton and future Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. From 1970 to 1976, Blumenthal served in the United States Marine Corps Reserve, after college, Blumenthal served as administrative assistant and law clerk for several Washington figures. From 1977 to 1981, he was United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut, in the early 1980s he worked in private law practice, including serving as volunteer counsel for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund. He served in the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1984 to 1987 and he was elected state Attorney General in 1990, and served for twenty years. During this period he was speculated as a contender for Governor of Connecticut. Blumenthal announced his 2010 run for U. S. Senate after Democrat incumbent Chris Dodd announced his retirement and he faced professional wrestling magnate Linda McMahon in the general election, winning by a 12-point margin with 55 percent of the vote. On January 5,2011, he was sworn in and took seats on the Senate Armed Services, Judiciary, Aging and he became the senior senator after the retirement of Joe Lieberman. Blumenthal was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Jane and Martin Blumenthal and his mother was born in Omaha, Nebraska, to a Jewish family that originated in Prussia and Baden. His grandfather, Fred Fritz Rosenstock, raised cattle on his farm, Blumenthals father was a German Jew who emigrated alone at age 17 from Frankfurt in 1935. Blumenthal attended Riverdale Country School in the Bronx before graduating from Harvard College with a A. B. magna cum laude as a member of Phi Beta Kappa, as an undergraduate, he was editorial chairman of The Harvard Crimson. Blumenthal was an intern reporter for The Washington Post in the London Bureau. Blumenthal was also selected for a Fiske Fellowship that allowed him to study at the University of Cambridge in England for one year after graduation from Harvard College. In 1973, Blumenthal received his J. D. from Yale Law School, while at Yale, he was classmates with future President Bill Clinton and future Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. One of his co-editors on the Yale Law Journal was future United States Secretary of Labor Robert Reich and his brother, David Blumenthal, is the President of the Commonwealth Fund. Blumenthal received several draft deferments during the Vietnam War before enlisting and he served in United States Marine Corps Reserve units in Washington, D. C. and Connecticut from 1970 to 1976
44.
White flight
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The term has also been used for large-scale post-colonial emigration of whites from Africa, or parts of that continent, driven by levels of violent crime and anti-colonial state policies. In the 1970s, attempts to achieve effective desegregation by means of forced busing in some areas led to families moving out of former areas. However, some historians have challenged the white flight as a misnomer whose use should be reconsidered. Such conditions are considered to have contributed to the emigration of other populations, according to the environmental geographer Laura Pulido, the historical processes of suburbanization and urban decentralization contribute to contemporary environmental racism. The result was severe urban decay that, by the 1960s, prior to national data available in the 1950 US census, a migration pattern of disproportionate numbers of whites moving from cities to suburban communities was easily dismissed as merely anecdotal. Because American urban populations were still growing, a relative decrease in one racial or ethnic component eluded scientific proof to the satisfaction of policy makers. In essence, data on urban population change had not been separated into what are now familiarly identified its components, the first data set potentially capable of proving white flight was the 1950 census. But original processing of data, on older-style tabulation machines by the US Census Bureau. It was not simply a more powerful calculating instrument that placed the reality of white flight beyond a high hurdle of proof required for policy makers to consider taking action. In other words, central cities had been bringing back their new suburbs, real estate prices often fall in areas of economic erosion, allowing persons with lower income to establish homes in such areas. Since the 1960s and changed immigration laws, the United States has received immigrants from Mexico, Central and South America, Asia, immigration has changed the demographics of both cities and suburbs, and the US has become a largely suburban nation, with the suburbs becoming more diverse. In addition, Latinos, the fastest growing minority group in the US, began to migrate away from traditional entry cities and to cities in the Southwest, such as Phoenix, in 2006, the increased number of Latinos had made whites a minority group in some western cities. Blacks were effectively barred from pursuing homeownership, even when they were able to afford it, after World War II, aided by the construction of the Interstate Highway System, many White Americans began leaving industrial cities for new housing in suburbs. The roads served to transport suburbanites to their city jobs, facilitating the development of suburbs and this may have exacerbated urban decay. In Birmingham, Alabama, the government used the highway system to perpetuate the racial residence-boundaries the city established with a 1926 racial zoning law. Constructing interstate highways through majority-black neighborhoods eventually reduced the populations to the poorest proportion of people unable to leave their destroyed community. The real estate business practice of blockbusting was a for-profit catalyst for white flight, the remaining white inhabitants, fearing devalued residential property, would quickly sell, usually at a loss. Losses happened when they sold en masse, and would sell the properties to the black families, profiting from price arbitrage
45.
Peter Chernin
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Peter Chernin is an American businessman and investor. He is the chairman and CEO of The Chernin Group, which he founded in 2010, TCG manages, operates and invests in businesses in the media, entertainment, and technology sectors. In April 2012, Chernin sold a minority stake of TCG to strategic investment partners Providence Equity Partners, a private equity firm. Chernin sits on the Boards of American Express, Twitter, Pandora and Friends of the Global Fight Against AIDS, Tuberculosis and he is also chairman of Malaria No More and a trustee of Malaria No More UK, non-profits dedicated to ending deaths due to malaria. In April 2013, Chernin made a bid of around $500 million for Hulu, Chernin has donated over $100,000 to the Democratic Party, candidates & associated organizations, as well as hosting Barack Obama at his home for a fundraiser in 2013. Chernin was born in Harrison, New York, the son of Mary, Chernin, whose father was Jewish, was raised Unitarian. He earned a B. A. in English literature from the University of California, Chernin is married to Megan Chernin. They have three children, David, John, and Margaret, widely considered one of the most powerful media executives in the world, Chernin joined Fox from Lorimar Film Entertainment, where he served as president and chief operating officer. Earlier, he served as vice president of programming and marketing for Showtime/The Movie Channel. Prior to Showtime, Chernin was vice president of Development and Production at the David Gerber Company and he began his career in publishing, first as associate publicity director of St. Martins Press and later as an editor for Warner Books. Prior to starting TCG, Chernin served as president and chief operating officer of News Corporation from 1996-2009. s aggressive expansion into the digital media and internet space. During his two decades with News Corporation, Chernin gained a reputation as an executive with a mastery of both the creative and corporate sides of the entertainment business. He headed both Twentieth Century Fox Filmed Entertainment and, earlier, the Fox Broadcasting Company and he has also had oversight of Fox’s tremendous growth in sports, cable and general entertainment television programming and distribution in the U. S. and internationally. Under Chernin’s leadership, Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation produced the two top-grossing movies of all time, Titanic and Avatar, the Fox Broadcasting Company became the No. News Corporation’s cable network group experienced explosive growth during Chernins tenure – going from zero to more than 400 million cable subscribers in less than 10 years. From 1989 to 1992, Chernin was president of entertainment for the Fox Broadcasting Company, on February 24,2009, the Wall Street Journal reported that Peter Chernin made the decision to leave News Corporation, to pursue entrepreneurial ventures. On June 4,2009 Chase Carey was named Chernins successor, Chernin was approached in October 2010 by the Tribune Company to be either CEO or chairman of the board. There was also speculation about Chernins having a role in Yahoo. s future after Carol Bartzs abrupt departure in September 2011
$109 million (2011 est.)[2]
4,468 (As of 2 April 2018[update])[4]
